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A SURVEY and USE-WEAR ANALYSIS of WICKLIFFE THICK POTTERY in the SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES Anthony P

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A SURVEY and USE-WEAR ANALYSIS of WICKLIFFE THICK POTTERY in the SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES Anthony P Southern Illinois University Carbondale OpenSIUC Theses Theses and Dissertations 12-1-2018 A SURVEY AND USE-WEAR ANALYSIS OF WICKLIFFE THICK POTTERY IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES Anthony P. Farace Southern Illinois University Carbondale, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses Recommended Citation Farace, Anthony P., "A SURVEY AND USE-WEAR ANALYSIS OF WICKLIFFE THICK POTTERY IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES" (2018). Theses. 2421. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2421 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at OpenSIUC. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of OpenSIUC. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A SURVEY AND USE-WEAR ANALYSIS OF WICKLIFFE THICK POTTERY IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES by Anthony P. Farace B.A., University of Missouri- St. Louis, 2015 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Arts Degree Department of Anthropology in the Graduate School Southern Illinois University Carbondale December 2018 THESIS APPROVAL A SURVEY AND USE-WEAR ANALYSIS OF WICKLIFFE THICK POTTERY IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES By Anthony P. Farace A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the field of Anthropology Approved by: Dr. Paul D. Welch, Chair Dr. Izumi Shimada Dr. Jonathan W.F. Remo Dr. Mark J. Wagner Graduate School Southern Illinois University Carbondale September 12, 2018 AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF ANTHONY P. FARACE, for the Master of Arts degree in Anthropology, presented on September 12, 2018, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: A SURVEY AND USE-WEAR ANALYSIS OF WICKLIFFE THICK POTTERY IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Paul Welch The Wickliffe Thick pottery type, an unusual vessel with a globular body, thick wall, and funnel-like opening at the bottom, has been assumed to be related to salt production and/or juice pressing. The following project presents the results of a use-wear analysis in order to understand Wickliffe Thick’s possible uses demonstrating that past conclusions likely need revision. A systematic, macroscopic analysis of ceramic sherds from more than 20 Mississippian sites throughout Kentucky, Missouri, and Illinois are included in the study. Use-wear on the samples occur in a low frequency. Although other factors such as a white efflorescence, and Wickliffe Thick’s temporal and spatial layout may hint at its usage in the nixtamalization process. This paper lays out the evidence for these hypotheses while also recording the characteristics of Wickliffe Thick across the southeastern United States. i DEDICATION To my parents, Barbara Russell and Thomas Farace ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks to Dr. Paul Welch, Dr. Izumi Shimada, Dr. Mark Wagner, and Dr. Jonathan Remo for their guidance and input. Thanks to Carla Hildebrand, Dr. Tamira Brennan, Jessica Boldt, Dr. Anthony Ortmann, and serval other faculty and staff members at the many institutions I visited throughout my survey. Lastly, I would like to thank all my friends and family who have supported me throughout my Master’s, especially Kaleigh Best who’s input. was paramount to my project. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... i DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................ iii LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... xi CHAPTERS CHAPTER 1 – Introduction.................................................................................................1 Research Design .........................................................................................2 Intellectual Merit and Broader Impacts ......................................................4 Thesis Organization ....................................................................................5 CHAPTER 2 – Theoretical Background..............................................................................9 Experimental Archaeology .........................................................................9 Use-wear Analysis of Pottery ...................................................................12 History, Identity and the Technological Choice .......................................14 Project Application ...................................................................................17 Summary ..................................................................................................17 CHAPTER 3 – Approaches to Understanding Function ...................................................19 Function of Wickliffe Thick .....................................................................20 Description of Function ................................................................21 Ethnographic and Ethnohistoric Evidence for Plant Use .........................23 Botanical Review .....................................................................................24 iv Summary ..................................................................................................26 CHAPTER 4 – Geographical and Cultural Context of the Survey ....................................29 Examination of Geographical and Cultural Chronology ..........................29 Mississippian Culture ...................................................................29 Southeast Missouri ...................................................................................30 The Beckwith Collection (Towosahgy, 23MI2) ..........................31 The Crosno Site (23MI1) ............................................................31 The Hoecake Site (23MI8) ..........................................................32 The Lilbourn Site (23NM49) ......................................................32 The McCulloch Site (23NM251) ................................................33 Western Kentucky ....................................................................................33 The Adams Site (15FU4) ............................................................34 Andalex Village (15HK22) .........................................................34 The Burcham Site (15Hi15) ........................................................35 The Canton Site (15TR1) ............................................................35 The McLeod Bluff Site (15Hi1) ...................................................36 The Sassafas Ridge Site (15FU3) ................................................36 The Tinsley Hill Site (15LY18) ..................................................37 The Tolu Site (15CN1) ................................................................37 The Turk Mounds Site (15CE6) ..................................................37 The Twin Mounds Site (15BA1) .................................................38 The Wickliffe Mounds Site (15BA4) ..........................................38 Southern Illinois .......................................................................................39 v East St. Louis Mound Center (11S706) ........................................40 The Perrine Site (11U796) ..........................................................41 CHAPTER 5 – Research Hypotheses and Test Implications ............................................47 CHAPTER 6 – Methods ....................................................................................................51 Project: Part One ......................................................................................51 Replica Creation ...........................................................................51 Salt Production .............................................................................53 Juice Pressing ...............................................................................56 Project: Part Two ......................................................................................57 Study Area and Sample ............................................................................59 CHAPTER 7 – Results.......................................................................................................64 Experimental Results ................................................................................64 Salt Production .............................................................................64 Juice Pressing ...............................................................................65 Summary ......................................................................................65 Survey Results ..........................................................................................66 Use-wear Analysis ........................................................................66 Attrition ..............................................................................66 Residue ...............................................................................68 Fire-clouding ......................................................................69
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