Index

A Bajloni’s calotte BAJ, 17, 19–20 Accretion model of evolution, 29 Balanica Acculturation, 164–165, 253 BH-1, 15, 24–29, 309 , 80, 148, 172, 177, 201, 205, 306, 308, 310 hominin, 15–17, 29 large flake, 129, 132, 218 Mala, vi, 16, 24, 30, 139–140, 144–145, lithic artifacts, 80 148, 309–311 Lower, 308 Velika, 24, 36, 139–140, 144–145, 148 Middle, 308 Balıtepe, 214, 223–224 Admixture, vi, 29, 258 Balkan, v, 3, 139, 159, 171, 187, 218, 229, 274, 282, 303 Neanderthal, 51–64 and , 308–310 Adriatic, 46, 154, 157, 162, 164–166 Central, vi, 3, 15–30, 139–150 Aegean, 29–30, 74–76, 116, 119, 121–122, 134–135, 148, 213, implications for earliest settlement of , 220–221, 261, 283, 305, 316 187–210 , 221 Mountains, 69, 187 Akçeşme, 214, 223–224 and neighbouring regions, 229–261 Aktaş, 214, 217 Peninsula, 51, 70, 74, 119, 134, 150, 187, 201, 208 Alluvial plain, 125, 314 Southern, 3, 12, 47, 275 Alykes, 270, 272 Bañolas mandible, 28 Amărăști, 176–177, 181 Basalt, 201, 217–218, 220, 284 Anatolia (Asia Minor), 3, 79–80, 308–310 Basins, 51, 74, 99, 119, 139, 213, 281, 303 Central (Region), 128, 132, 134, 213, 217–218, 220, 223, 313 Anagni, 306 Eastern (Region), 217 Apennine, 310, 314 and hominin dispersals, 213–225 Beni Fouda, 307 North, 120 Čačak-Kraljevo, 140 Southeastern (Region), 215, 217, 220, 223 Carpathian, 51, 148 west, 119, 121 Denizli, 83 Anatomically modern , 23, 36, 41, 44, 46, 55–56, 62, 70, 72, evolution on archaeological distributions, 313–317 76, 95, 111, 153, 165–166, 229 Grevena, 269, 272 Apidima, 4, 7–8, 11–12, 96, 310–311 Kalloni, 121–122 Apolakkia, 270–271 Megalopolis, 9, 12, 134–135, 298 Apollonia, 74, 270, 273, 276–277, 286–287 Mygdonia, 12, 273 Arago, 10, 25, 29, 56, 59, 87–90, 149, 312 Niš, 139, 146 Archaeological pattern, 303, 305 Pannonian, 15, 23, 319 Areopolis, 97 Thessalian, 310 Asprochaliko, 95, 148, 238–239, 253, 260 Venosa, 306 Assimilation model, 162 Belen Tepe, 221–222, 225 Atapuerca, 28, 276, 285, 287, 312, 318 Benkovski, 187, 205–209, 309 Sima de los Huesos, 27–29, 304, 306–307 BH-1. See Balanica , 4, 43, 46, 52, 69, 70, 82, 100, 102, 104, 109, 111, 114, Bhimbetka, 24 157, 164, 254–259, 261 Biface/bifacial . See Technology artifacts, 53, 154 Biochronology, vii, 199, 269–273, 282, 285 Proto-, 249–251 Biodiversity, 213, 300 Biogeography, vi, 70, 74, 77 Biostratigraphy, 245, 269, 285, 291 B Bioturbation, 43, 164 Bacho Kiro, 69–71, 238, 240, 248, 259 Black Sea (Region), 17, 29–30, 51, 74, 178, 187, 208, 213, 220, 277, Bački Petrovac, 16–17, 19–22 281–283, 287

© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016 325 Katerina Harvati and Mirjana Roksandic (eds.), Paleoanthropology of the Balkans and Anatolia, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology, DOI 10.1007/978-94-024-0874-4 326 Index

Blade early , 74–75 bidirectional, 230–231, 235, 239–240, 242, 245–246, 249, hominin, 51, 70, 72, 79, 122, 134–135, 171, 183, 213–225, 305 251–252, 255–257, 259–260 Late Pleistocene, 76 bladelet, 44, 53, 100, 102–108, 110–115, 245, 248–250, Middle Pleistocene, 75–76 254–257, 261 Dispersal pathway carinated, 102, 104, 108, 110–111, 250, 253, 255, 257, 261 Coastal/Trans-Aegean, 74–76 direct, 239, 245–246, 248–249, 259–261 Peri-Pontic, 74–75, 282, 284, 287 narrow-faced, 243, 245, 250, 252, 260–261 Trans-Marmaran, 74–76 prepared, 239–240, 243, 245–246, 248–250, 252, 259–261 Disperse, 70, 72, 74–76, 121, 201, 214, 218, 221, 277, 282–283 unidirectional, 239–240, 242–243, 245, 249–252, 255–256, 259 Distribution (site distribution), 217, 305, 317–319 volumetric, 102, 110, 229, 239–240, 245, 256–258, 261 , 10, 15, 17–18, 25, 27, 38, 217, 225, 275–277, 281–282, Bodo, 18, 22, 75, 85, 88, 90 303–304 Bohunician, 76, 230, 239, 246, 251, 256–257, 259–260 Dobrogea, 172, 178, 180–181, 309 Boker Tachtit, 230, 245, 257 Dülük, 214–216 Bone point Dursunlu, 134, 214, 218, 220, 223, 225, 304, 310, 312 massive based, 165 split base, 43, 164–165 Bordul Mare. See Ohaba Ponor E Brno-Bohunice, 238, 245–246, 261 Eastern Rhodopes, 187, 201, 205, 309 Brunhes/Matuyama reversal, 218 Electron Spin Resonance (ESR), 4, 7, 24, 38, 80–81, 146, 154, 161, Bugiulești (Tetoiu), 173, 276 205, 221, 245, 309 Bukovac pećina, 153–154, 157–158 Ephoreia of Paleoanthropology and (EPS), v, 5, 8–9, 12 , v, vi, vii, 3, 15, 69–77, 187–189, 201, 205, 208, 238–240, Epigravettian, 35, 44, 46, 70, 72, 104, 109–111, 164, 189, 258 246, 273–277, 282, 285–287, 309 Eşkini Sefine, 214, 217 Buran-Kaya, 238, 258 Et-Tin, 24 Euphrates, 215, 217, 313 Europe C Central, 11, 15–16, 46, 51, 149, 153–166, 180, 230–231, 238–239, Campanian Ignimbrite (CI), 4, 70 245, 255–256, 259, 261, 292, 304, 319 Ceprano, 29, 87–90, 118, 306 Eastern, 24, 62, 148, 172, 183, 230, 235, 238–239, 255–256, Chalcedony, 128, 201 258–259, 261, 284, 304, 309, 319 Charentian. See Southeast, v, 9, 29–30, 74, 119, 122, 139, 146, 148–150, 153–166, Charophyte gyrogonite, 126 171–172, 187, 229–230, 236, 238–239, 253, 255–259, 261, Châtelperronian, 44, 165 281–288, 313 , 43, 121, 127–128, 132, 139–140, 146, 156, 159, 161–162, 164 Excavation, vi, 5, 15, 36, 75, 79, 95, 122, 140, 154, 173, 199, 217, 309 Chopper/chopping , 35, 44, 133–134, 140–141, 143, 148, 176, at Bukovac pećina, 158 178–179, 199–201, 215, 217–218, 223–224, 284, 308–310 of A yielded, 7 Cioclovina. See Peştera Cioclovina Uscată -bearing sediments, 54 CI tephra. See Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) of Melitzia, 97 Clacton, 222 as Mousterian, 40 , 134, 148–149, 172, 220–221, 308–309 at Mujina pećina, 160 , 128–129, 131–132, 215–216, 218, 220, 310 for Sava bridge, 16 Forcing hypothesis, 74 season, 80–81 Climate Releasing hypothesis, 74 Systematic, 40 Climatic changes, 74, 317 trench at Kolominitsa, 103 Coastal/Trans-Aegean dispersal pathway. See Dispersal pathway trench at Melitzia, 110 Contact, 5, 8, 29–30, 44, 46, 164 at Üçağızlı, 82 Core-and-flake industries, 310 at Velika pećina, 159 Cormani, 52 Exchange, 3, 29–30, 162, 164 Crimea, Ukraine, 180, 253, 258 , v, vi, 11, 16–17, 30, 35–37, 44, 46–47, 62, 148, 153–154, 157, 162, 164, 166, 309 F Crvena Stijena, 139–140, 148–150 Faunal event, 283–284, 287 Cryoturbation, 43, 164 Faunal Wave hypothesis, 74 Culture Releasing hypothesis, 74 sources, 215, 220–221 Cutmarks, 176, 218 Floodplain deposits, 125 sediments, 125, 307, 314 D Fluvial Dafnero, 270, 272, 286 deposits, 125, 127, 307–308, 310, 315 Dalmatia, 36, 154, 157, 159, 161 network, 125, 127, 314–315 Dealui Guran/Dealul Guran, vi, 51, 148, 171–184, 309 Fossile directeur, 258 Denizli. See Kocabaş, Denizli Franchthi, 4, 95, 238, 250, 255, 258–259, 261, 295 Dispersal, 3, 51, 69, 121, 150, 187, 253 Fresh-water central area, 150 depositional environment, 125–126, 134 earliest human, v, vii, 11, 187, 269–277, 281–288 resources, 121 Index 327

G Insectivores, 99, 300 Gene, 30, 43–44, 54, 61, 72, 162 Insular, 121 Genetic exchange, 162 Interbreeding, 44, 54, 61, 64, 162 Geoarchaeology, 134, 214, 303–319 Interglacial, 16, 29, 38, 76, 121, 127, 144, 148, 150, 220, Geometric morphometric, vi, 8, 28, 54, 57, 62, 80, 85 298, 311, 317 Geomorphic, 303–305, 307, 312–313, 317–319 Istria, 35–36, 44, 154, 164 Geothermal springs, 120–121, 135 Itylon, 109, 115 Gerakarou, 74, 270, 272, 276, 282, 295 Glacial, v, 29, 76, 96, 98, 120–121, 127, 148–150, 171, 181, 201, 220, 225, 235, 239, 275, 298, 306, 313, 317–318 J Glyfias River, 121 Jerinina cave, 16 Göksu, 214, 223 Ježevica, 140 Göllüdağ, 132, 214, 217–219 Gorjanović-Kramberger, Dragutin, 36–38, 40 Gorski kotar, 153–154, 157 K , 44, 53, 70, 72, 100, 103–104, 106, 109–111, 189 Kabazi, 235, 238, 245, 248, 251, 255–256 Greek islands, 120 Kabwe, 8, 10, 18, 22, 85, 88, 90 Gura Dobrogei, 175–177, 181 Kalamakia, vi, 4–7, 96–102, 109–110, 114, 238, 240, 253, Gürgürbaba, 217 258–259, 311 Kalamoto, 270, 273, 276 Kaletepe Deresi 3 (KD3), 128, 132, 134, 214, 217–218, 220, H 223, 225, 310 Hadži Prodanova cave, 140, 146 Kalloni Gulf, 119–121, 125, 127 Handaxe, 36, 128–129, 131–132, 134–135, 214–215, 217–218, Karain (Cave), 79–81, 134, 148–149, 214, 220, 223, 304, 309 220–221, 223, 309–310 Kastanis, 96, 104, 109, 111, 113 High resolution dating model, 295 Kaštel Štafilić–Resnik, 154, 162–163, 165–166 Hominin, v, 4, 35, 51, 96, 119, 144, 165, 171, 187, 275, 281, 298, 303 Kessani, 270 Ante-Epivillafranchian, 284 Klisoura (Klissoura), 4–5, 7, 95, 110–111, 230, 236, 238–239, 244, BH-1, 29 248, 250–251, 253–256, 258–261 biogeography, 70 Kocabaş, Denizli, vi, 79–80, 82–90, 134, 214, 221, 225 Croatian Pleistocene, 35–47 Kokkinopilos, 134, 238, 253, 310–311, 316 dispersals, 51, 70, 72, 79, 122, 134–135, 171, 183, 213–225, 305 Kolominitsa, 96–97, 100, 102–111, 114, 116 European, 3, 74 Kolubara, 16 fossil, 15–16, 38, 64, 69–75, 79 Kombewa, 132, 144, 146, 148, 181, 231–232, 237, 239–240, 257, Kocabaş, 80, 83 259–260 Middle Pleistocene, 8, 29, 64, 122 Korolevo, 233–234, 238–240, 246, 249, 251, 256, 259–260, 304 Kosovska Kosa, 140–142, 144, 148 antecessor, 72, 75 , vi, 9, 15, 69–70, 74, 139, 146, 148, 181, 187, 189–200, dispersal, 282–287 205, 238–239, 250, 275, 277, 283–285, 287, 304, 309, 312 early, 9, 20, 25, 79, 282, 284, 287 Kozarnikian, 250–251, 261 erectus, vi, 9–10, 17–18, 20, 22–25, 27–28, 70, 72, 74–75, 82, , vi, 10, 16–17, 25, 35–41, 43, 46, 56, 59, 62, 82, 88, 90, 148, 84–85, 87–89, 134, 144, 221, 282, 309 154, 156 ergaster, 10, 17–18, 20, 25, 27, 72, 85, 281 Hušnjakovo, 35–38, 40, 46 in Europe, 276, 281–288 Kremenac, 139–140, 148, 309 habilis, 10, 17, 72, 75, 87–89, 281 Kremenete, 187, 201, 204–205 heidelbergensis, vi, 4, 7–11, 17, 28, 57, 59–60, 72, 75–76, 85, Krimni, 270, 272 87–90, 134 Ksiecia Jozefa, 233, 238–239, 241–243, 245, 249–252, 257–261 Middle Pleistocene African Homo (MPAfH), 17–18, 20, 22, 25–26 Kureyşler, 221 Middle Pleistocene European Homo (MPEH), 17–20, 22, 24, Kuştepe, 214, 223–224 26–28 Kuzfındık, 214, 221 neanderthalensis, 3–4, 10, 28, 39, 52, 57, 72, 80, 82, 85, 87–89 (see also (Neanderthal/Neandertal)) primigenius, 52 L rudolfensis, 17, 281 Lake Van, 217 sapiens, 3–4, 9–11, 18–20, 22–26, 28, 38–39, 53, 69–70, 72, 76, Lakonis, 4–7, 95, 97, 111, 238–239, 253–254, 258, 311 81–82, 87–89, 96, 116 (see also (Modern human, La Micoque, 149. See also Micoquian anatomically modern human)) Landmarks, 8, 56–64, 85–90, 172, 176 sapiens diluvialis, 53 Landscape, vii, 3, 51, 98, 120, 122, 134, 180–181, 183, 213, 217, 275, Hrvatsko zagorje, 36, 40, 153–154, 157, 164 277, 283, 286–287, 303, 305–306, 310, 312, 317–319 Hybrid, 54, 61–62, 64 Large cutting , 122, 128–129, 132, 134 Later . See , Upper Lesbos/Lesvos, vi, 119–135, 148, 225, 275 I Levallois Ignimbrite, 4, 70, 120–121 , 100, 108, 146, 230, 251, 256 Individual technical behavior, 251 centripetal, 100, 132, 231, 235–236, 239–240, 253, 259–260 Infrared/post-infrared Luminescence (IRSL), 24, 126–127, 181, 309 convergent, 102, 108, 132–133, 231–232, 236, 240, 242, 256 328 Index

Levallois (cont.) Micro-fossil, 126–128 flake, 43, 99, 101, 104, 107–108, 110, 142–143, 146, 176–177, Middle Palaeolithic. See Paleolithic 215, 218, 220, 222, 231, 235, 239–240, 245, 247, 251, 253, Middle Pleistocene African Homo (MPAfH), 17, 18, 20, 25 256–257, 259, 261 Middle Pleistocene European Homo (MPEH), 17–20, 22, 24, Levallois-Mousterian, 148, 189, 231, 235, 239–240, 245–246, 251, 25, 27, 28 253–255, 258, 260 Migration lineal, 231, 235–236, 239–240, 245, 257, 259 animal, 15, 208 point, 100, 108, 110, 132–133, 230, 232, 239–240, 242, 246–247, terrestrial, 120 251, 253, 256–261 Migratory routes, 15, 213, 215, 283 recurrent, 110, 146, 149, 231, 235–236, 239–240, 253, 257, 259 Milia (MIL), 272 uni-and bi-directional, 230–231, 235, 239–240, 242, 245–246, 249, Modern human, anatomically modern human, v, 16, 36, 53, 70, 79, 251, 256–257, 259–260 111, 153, 229 Lisvori, 119–135 at Bacho Kiro, 70 Lithic, vii, 4, 29, 38, 51, 76, 80, 99, 121, 144, 154, 172, 187, 215, 229, behaviors of non-European, 76 275, 284, 304 dispersal along Mediterranean coast, 11 Acheulian, vi and early, 3–7, 162 artifacts, 9, 106–108, 275, 285, 309 teeth from , 41 assemblages, 9, 99–100, 102, 103, 181, 183 Molodova, 240, 259 from deposits, 111 Mousterian Dursunlu, 218 Blade Levallois-Mousterian, 231, 235, 240, 245, at , 255 246, 251, 255 from Kastanis, 113 Blade Mousterian, 235, 239, 255, 256 from Kolominitsa, 104 Charentian, 149 from Melitzia, 111 Levallois-Mousterian, 148, 189, 231, 235, 239, 245, 251, 253–255, from Skini 4, 114 258, 260 from Tripsana, 115 Quina scrapers, 144, 146 Aurignacian, 53 Mujina pećina, 36, 154, 159–162, 165 finds, 127–134, 161 Mytilene, 120 industries, 146–149, 223, 284, 287, 309 inventory, 177 , 177 N Rodafnidia, 128 Neanderthal/Neandertal, v, vi, 3, 16, 39, 72, 80, 96, 149, 153, 229. Libakos, 270, 272, 276, 277 See also Homo, neanderthalensis LKH1, 4–5 admixture, 51–65 . See Paleolithic ancestral population, 29 common features, 81 diagnostic morphology, 155 M DNA, 54, 61 Madler, 214, 217 and early modern , 3–7 , 164 at Krapina, 36–40 Mala Balanica. See Balanica middle-late Pleistocene and origins of, 7–8 Mammal Neogene (MN) zonation, 292 sample of, 46, 156 Mani, vi, 4, 5, 7, 11, 12, 95–97, 109–116 site, 35 Maramena (MAR), 270, 271 skeletal remains, 36, 154–156 Marine Isotope Stage (MIS). See Oxygen Isotope Stage (OIS, MIS) skull, 16 Marine transgression, 96, 97 Vindija, 40–44, 46 Marmara (Region), 74, 213, 221–223 Nizip, 215 Mauer, 25, 29, 59, 75 Non-Aurignacian, 246, 251, 253, 256, 257, 261 Mechanical mixing, 230–238 Non-Levallois flake methods Mediterranean centripetal, 239, 240, 259, 260 Lower Paleolithic sites, 303–319 discoidal, 239, 240, 259, 260 region, 220 Kombewa, 259, 260 Megalon Emvolon (MEV), 270, 271 polyhedral (change orientation/multidirectional), 259, 260 Megalopolis (MGP), vi, 8–12, 134, 135, 269, 275, 291, unidirectional, 239 298, 300, 310 North Anatolian Fault, 120 Melitzia, 96, 97, 103–104, 109–112, 114 North-east Mediterranean Basin, 134 Menekşe Kayalar, 221, 225 Methods blade, 43, 156, 231, 232, 234, 235, 253, 256, 260 O bladelet, 236, 261 Obercassel 2, 18, 20, 59 combined, 260–261 , 132 flake, 43, 156, 239, 246, 256 source, 217, 310 laminar, 230, 256 used for bifaces, 218 Micoquian, 134 Ohaba Ponor, 51 Microcrystalline , 128 OIS. See Oxygen Isotope Stage (OIS, MIS) Index 329

Oldowan, 284, 307 Romanian , 54 Olschewian, 157, 164 site, 181, 318 Open-air, vii, 36, 119, 134, 139, 154, 166, 215, 223, 246, 309, 310, skull, 81 312, 318 Principal Components Analysis (PCA), 19, 21, 22, 28, 57–60, 63, 64, Orce, 15, 284, 285, 287, 304, 307, 310, 313–315, 317 85, 87–89 Osteodontokeratic, 172, 176, 308 Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCO), 24–27 Oxygen Isotope Stage (OIS, MIS) Procrustes, 56, 57, 59, 62–64, 86, 87, 90 OIS 3, 239, 240, 245, 246, 253, 255, 259–261 Proto-Aurignacian. See Aurignacian OIS 4, 239, 240, 256, 258–260 Proto-Dinarid, 20 OIS 5, 239, 240, 253, 255, 258, 259 Pseudo-tools/pseudotools, 148, 154, 157, 162, 164 OIS 6, 239, 260 OIS 7, 239, 259, 261 OIS 8, 239, 245 Q OIS 13, 176, 183 Quartz, 43, 99, 114, 223 artifacts, 134, 146 flaking properties, 218 P hard hammer flake, 221 Paleogenomic analysis, 64 pebbles, 144, 146 Paleolithic from volcanic environments, 126 Lower, vi–vii Quartzite, 99, 114, 223 in Aegean , 134 artifacts, 199 artifacts from Rodafnidia, 130 cores on, 193 artifacts of trench IV, 199 lithics, 177 assemblages of trenches II and III, 190–199 pebbles, 190, 193, 196, 199, 200 component, 12, 128 Quina scrapers. See Mousterian from Croatia, 36 Quinson point, 140, 141 evidence for human presence in Bulgaria, 187 of revisited, 171–184 sites in north-east Mediterranean Basin, 134 R sites of Rhodope Mountain, 201–205 Radiocarbon, 4, 44, 69, 82, 246, 248, 254, 255 spatio-temporal distribution of Mediterranean, dates from Kolominitsa, 102, 103 303–319 dates from Melitzia, 110 tool type, 133 dates from Mujina pećina, 154 in Turkey, 213–225 on Neandertal bone, 154 Middle, 5, 97–100 uncalibrated, 70, 74 artifacts from Kalamakia, 101 Ravin of Voulgarakis (RVL), 270, 273, 286 assemblages, 189, 201 Raw material, 190, 223, 231, 232, 235, 236 of Central Balkans, 139–150 dominant, 43 of Croatia, 36, 153 high-quality flint, 220 deposits, 95 lithic, 6, 121, 128, 134 Late, 153, 229, 238, 239 local, 156 permanent molars, 81 main, 99 sites, 51, 217, 218, 223 opal-chalcedony, 201 technological structure, 261 petrological analyses on siliceous, 128 Upper poor , 221 Early Upper, 4, 51–65, 70, 96, 153, 154, 162, 165, 166, 231, silicified volcanic rocks, 205 235, 236, 245–249, 253–255 sources, 217 Initial Upper, 5, 82, 111, 164, 165, 229, 248, 261 used for lithic tools, 114 Late Upper, 35, 46, 164 Reduction sequences, vii, 238, 240–243, 248, 252 Paleomagnetism, 176, 218, 285, 291, 295 direct blade, 260 Paradolichopithecus arvernensis, 120, 176, 272 reconstruction, 230 Peri-Pontic dispersal pathway. See Dispersal pathway technological analyses of core, 239, 259, 261 Peştera Cioclovina Uscată, 53 Refitting, 164, 165, 230, 238, 248, 256, 258–260 Peştera cu Oase, 41, 46, 53, 54 RGF94/1, 17, 23–24 Peştera Muierii, 53 Rhodope Mountains, vii Pešturina, 140, 146, 149 East, 206–209 Petralona, 4, 7, 8, 11, 29, 85, 95, 134, 310 location of, 188 Petrovaradin fortress, 140, 145–147, 149, 150 Lower Paleolithic sites of, 201–205 Piekary, 231, 240, 247, 249, 251, 256, 257 Rhyolite, 218 pIRIR dating, 119, 126 Ripiceni, 51, 238, 239, 249 Pirro Nord, 9, 181, 276, 285, 287, 305, 306 Rodafnidia, vi, 310, 311 Plopa-Ponor, 54 Acheulian site at, 119–135 Prepared core technology (PCT), 128, 132 Rodents, 82, 98, 99, 146, 295, 300 Preservation, vii, 311–316, 319 Rodia, 148, 310, 311, 315 Petralona cranium, 8 Româneşti-Dumbrăviţa, 238, 250 330 Index

Romania, v, vi, 11 transformation (transition), 229, 230, 239, 248, 261 human fossil record from, 51–65 variability, vii, 149–150, 229–261 Lower Paleolithic of, 171–184 Tectonic, 134, 305–307, 313, 315–319 LP of, 308 Temnata (Dupka), 69, 70, 72, 73 site of Dealul Mijlociu, 284 Tephrachronology, 217 Ruscinian Tetoiu. See Bugiulești (Tetoiu) early Ruscinian faunas, 270–271 Thrace, 134, 213, 223, 271 of , 273 Tighenif, 25, 28 Late, 271–272 , 215, 217, 313 Tooth morphology model, 82 Topography, 82, 120, 305, 314, 316, 317 S Tourkovounia, 269, 270, 272, 292, 295 Sakçagözü, 215 Transition Samaila, 140, 143, 144, 148 , 157, 164, 239, 246, 253 Šandalja, 35, 36, 44–46, 154, 164, 309 Middle-to-Upper Palaeolithic, 229–261 Sândominic, 177, 181 period, 12, 102, 256, 261 Sangiran, 10, 18, 25, 27, 88, 90, 281 technological, 256, 257, 260–261 Sedimentary history, 120 Trans-Marmaran dispersal pathway. See Dispersal pathway Şehremuz, 214, 215, 217, 223 Trenches, 106, 123 Şenköy, 214, 220 aval and amont, 217, 218 Sesklon (SES), 270, 272 excavation, 97, 103, 104, 110, 113, 124, 157, 180, 246 Shiroka Poljana, 309 extension, 133 Sickenberg, Otto, 9, 269, 298, 300, 310 in Kozarnika cave, 189 Silata (SLT), 270 lower paleolithic artifacts of, 199 Silica diagenesis, 128 lower paleolithic assemblages of, 190–199 Siliceous rocks, 120, 132 L-shaped, 124 Sima de los Huesos. See Atapuerca Trés Ancien Paléolithique. See Paleolithic, Lower Skini Treugol’naya, 148, 149, 183, 312 3, 96, 106, 109 Tripsana, 96, 106, 109, 112, 114–116 4, 96, 104, 106, 109, 112–114 Turkey, vi, vii Slatina, 175, 176, 179 Aegean, 134, 135 Slivnitsa, 74, 273, 276, 282–287 bifacial technology, 134 Smaller mammals, 199, 221, 273, 285, 291–301 European, 134 Soil profile, 126 human fossil record from, 79–90 “Sources” and “sinks,” 29 Lower Paleolithic in, 134, 213–225 Spatial, 123, 127, 140, 146, 239, 255, 261, 305, 308, 312, Western, 148 317, 318 Typology, 132, 135, 154, 159, 178, 200, 254 Splintered pieces (pièces esquillées), 236, 248, 255 Tyrrhenian, 96, 97, 102 Starinar, 20 Stranska skala, 238, 245, 246, 261 Survey U field, 95, 172, 180, 184 Ubeidiya, 15, 304, 308, 310, 313 geophysical, 9 Uluzzian, 4, 111, 250, 251, 255, 256 surface, 121–125, 127, 128, 132 diagnostic segments, 248 Szeletian, 157, 164, 258 episode, 258 in Greece, 11 industry, 254, 258 T in , 11, 258 Tabun C, 19, 20, 56, 59 at Klisoura, 5, 258 Taman Peninsula, 285, 287 Uplift, 201 Taphonomy, 305 importance of, 317 Taubachian, 149 in Late Pliocene, 317 Technique Lower Paleolithic sites, 318 hard hammer, 231, 251, 257, 259, 260 of Meseta, 313 soft hammer, 251, 255–257, 259, 261 Pleistocene sediments, 315, 317 Technology regional, 314 biface/bifacial, 43, 134, 149, 198, 201, 205, 208, 214–223, 225, Rhodopes massif, 205 260, 309 Upper Paleolithic. See Paleolithic combination, 157, 239, 245, 246, 248, 251, 259, 261 Uranium series/U-series, 24, 309 continuity, 229, 254, 256–258, 261 Ursus spelaeus, 54 discontinuity, 229, 256, 258, 261 flake, 43, 81, 99, 128, 140, 156, 172, 190, 215, 238–239, 256, 309 independent, 230, 239, 255, 256, 260, 261 V laminar, 230, 245, 253, 255–256, 261 Vârtop Cave, 51, 52 mixing (fusion), 245, 260, 261 Vassiloudi (VSL), 270, 272 technological structure, 230, 240, 245, 246, 248, 249, 260, 261 Vatera (VTR), 120, 272 Index 331

Velika Balanica. See Balanica Volcanic history, 120 Velika pećina Volcanism, 120, 128, 312 in Hrvatsko zagorje, 36, 164 in Kličevica, 154, 157, 159, 160, 164–165 Vértesszőlős, 146, 183 W Viljuša, 140 West Asia, 119 Villafranchian Western Rhodopes, 187, 201, 205, 309 early, 272 epi-, 199, 273, 275 Final, 286, 287 Y late, 74, 272–273, 276, 282–286 Yabrudian, 149 middle, 272, 274, 277, 284 Yarımburgaz (Cave), 134, 148, 221, 223, 304, Vindija, vi, 40–44 309, 310 human interaction at, 162, 164 Yatak, 214, 223, 224 human remains, 164 Yezupil, 238, 239, 259 hybrid status for, 62 Krapina and, 36, 154 Neandertals, 46, 162, 164 Z sites, 154–157 Zagorje. See Hrvatsko Zagorje Visogliano, 29, 31, 305, 306, 310 Žitište, 16, 20–22 Volax (VOL), 269, 270, 272, 276 Zobište, 148