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This Article Appeared in a Journal Published by Elsevier. the Attached This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/copyright Author's personal copy Journal of Human Evolution 60 (2011) 618e636 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Human Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jhevol On the evolution of diet and landscape during the Upper Paleolithic through Mesolithic at Franchthi Cave (Peloponnese, Greece) Mary C. Stiner a,*, Natalie D. Munro b a School of Anthropology, P.O. Box 210030, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0030, USA b Department of Anthropology, Unit 2176, 354 Mansfield Rd., University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA article info abstract Article history: Franchthi Cave in southern Greece preserves one of the most remarkable records of socioeconomic change Received 1 July 2010 of the Late Pleistocene through early Holocene. Located on the southern end of the Argolid Peninsula, the Accepted 17 December 2010 area around the site was greatly affected by climate variation and marine transgression. This study examines the complex interplay of site formation processes (material deposition rates), climate-driven Keywords: landscape change, and human hunting systems during the Upper Paleolithic through Mesolithic at Zooarchaeology Franchthi Cave based on the H1B faunal series. Building on earlier work, we establish the full spectrum of Vertebrate taphonomy the meat diet using taphonomic evidence, and we analyze these data for trends in socioeconomic reor- Site formation processes “ ” Diet breadth ganization. Foraging patterns during the Aurignacian and Gravettoid occupations at Franchthi were fi Prey choice model terrestrial and already rather diversi ed in comparison to Middle Paleolithic diets in southern Greece. Marine foraging Hunting shifted abruptly to a mixed marineeterrestrial pattern during the Final Paleolithic, and fishing Hunting activities intensified though the Mesolithic. The zooarchaeological data indicate two consecutive trends of Fishing increasing dietary breadth, the first within an exclusively terrestrial context, and the second as marine habitats came into use through the end of the Mesolithic. The intensity of the human occupations at this site increased in tandem with intensified use of animal and plants. Comparison to the inland site of Klissoura Cave 1 indicates that the trend toward broader diets was regional as well as local. Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Introduction groups from subsistence risk (e.g., Davis, 1982; Belfer-Cohen, 1991; Tchernov, 1992, 1993, 1994; Stiner et al., 2000; Stiner, 2001; Munro, Franchthi Cave on the Argolid Peninsula of the Peloponnese was 2004, 2009). Comparatively little is known about human subsis- visited by humans over a span of more than 30,000 years. The tence in southern Greece during the Late Pleistocene and earliest massive archaeological sequence in this cave includes two of the Holocene. The situation is improving with recent excavation projects most important cultural transitions in prehistorydthe reorgani- on the Peloponnese (e.g., Koumouzelis et al.,1996, 2001, 2004; Tomek zation of foraging societies associated with social and economic and Bochenski, 2002; Panagopoulou et al., 2002e2004; Starkovich, intensification during the Late Pleistocene (Paleolithic through 2009) and revisiting older collections. Mesolithic), and the shift from a foraging to a farmingeherding The Franchthi Cave sequence presents a fascinating range of (Neolithic) way of life. subsistence and environmental extremes through time. Because This study examines the complex interplay of landscape change, the small Argolid Peninsula projects into the Aegean Sea, the material deposition rates, and the evolution of local human hunting locality was directly affected by marine transgression towards the systems at Franchthi Cave from the Upper Paleolithic through end of the Pleistocene. With global warming, shorelines were Mesolithic. In the eastern Mediterranean Basin, this interval saw reconfigured, water tables rose, and habitat structures and biotic significant expansions of human populations, greater site perma- diversity altered (e.g., van Andel and Lianos, 1983). Early reports on nence, and increasingly complex cultural mechanisms for insulating the Franchthi faunas by Payne (1975, 1982) suggested that human foraging strategies underwent a dynamic evolution as well. Knowledge of Late PleistoceneeHolocene shoreline dynamics in the Franchthi vicinity has led Jacobsen (1976) and others (e.g., * Corresponding author. Payne, 1975; Lambeck, 1996) to ask whether the appearance of the E-mail addresses: [email protected] (M.C. Stiner), natalie.munro@ uconn.edu (N.D. Munro). first marine resources in the archaeological sequence at about 0047-2484/$ e see front matter Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.12.005 Author's personal copy M.C. Stiner, N.D. Munro / Journal of Human Evolution 60 (2011) 618e636 619 12e10 ka BP, and the exploitation of larger deepwater fish by about (Aurignacian, “Gravettoid” phases), “Epigravettian,” Final Paleo- 9.2 ka BP, were explained foremost by coastal evolution rather than lithic, and multiple Mesolithic and Neolithic phases (Jacobsen, human economic evolution. Unfortunately, no further publications 1981; Perlès, 1987; Farrand, 2000). have appeared on the faunal remains from Franchthi Cave, with the The excavated deposits in the cave span roughly 39,000 to 5000 notable exceptions of the marine mollusks studied by Shackleton years ago. An additional 5 m or more of unexcavated sediments (1988) and fish from the FAS trench studied by Rose (1995). (Stratum P and below) lie below the water table, equivalent to This paper presents the first results from a larger, on-going modern sea level, and could not be excavated for this reason (Perlès, study of the Franchthi Cave faunas. Using taphonomic criteria, we 1999). The transitions between the major cultural phases within identify the full range of prey animals in the diet. Our findings the Paleolithic deposits are relatively clear-cut and generally follow confirm some important trends in taxonomic representation first the lithostratigraphic divisions. Cultural phase changes are ill- identified by Payne (1975, 1982), but the taphonomic observations de fined in the Mesolithic by contrast, probably because of the clarify the true boundaries of the prey spectrum. We then take up strongly anthropogenic character of these deposits (Farrand, 2000; Jacobsen’s challenge through a detailed analysis of the trends in see cross-sections in Jacobsen and Farrand, 1987), high degree of hunting economics from the Upper Paleolithic through late Meso- lateral variation within layers, and low frequencies of diagnostic lithic periods. We want to know how humans responded to well- artifacts (C. Perlès, pers. comm.). For the Mesolithic, we follow documented changes in the local environment, and which of these Perlès’ (n.d.) recent revisions of the cultural phasing and its relation responses represented temporary adjustments to local conditions to the lithostratigraphy (see Table 1). as opposed to more fundamental reorganization(s) of technology The earliest dated event in the Franchthi stratigraphic sequence and social contracts. The null model in this study therefore overall is a wind-blown volcanic ash (Campanian tephra) repre- proposes that foragers simply adjusted to known changes in habitat sented by Stratum Q. Originating from the Naples area of Italy, this structure, without substantive changes in the energetic founda- tephra is dated to 39.28 Æ 0.11 ka by 40Ar/39Ar (De Vivo et al., 2001). tions of the economy. Alternatively, we hypothesize that prey A depositional hiatus of perhaps 2000e2500 years may separate choice was evolving in response to impoverishment of terrestrial the ashfall and the first Aurignacian occupations (Stratum R; food supplies and strong selection to intensify foraging efforts on Farrand, 2000), but this is not certain. Another hiatus in occupation land and sea. In the latter situation, following the predictions of certainly separates the Aurignacian from the “Gravettoid” occupa- a prey choice model (Stephens and Krebs, 1986), there should be tions of Stratum S, which bear general similarities to Gravettian evidence of increasing use of costly resources alongside the more industries elsewhere in Europe but are sufficiently distinctive to economical (high-return) types. merit caution in their classification. These “Gravettoid” occupations continued until about 20 ka based on evidence from multiple Background to Franchthi Cave trenches. The cave was used little if at all from 20 ka until about 15 ka. Farrand (2000) identified three major pulses of occupation Franchthi Cave is a very large, elongate chamber in a Lower after 15 ka, punctuated by brief hiatuses: the Final Paleolithic of Cretaceous limestone headland. It sits on the southwestern shore of Stratum T (T1e3);
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