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Organização E Variabilidade Gravetense No S Universidade do Algarve Faculdade das Ciências Humanas e Sociais Organização e variabilidade das indústrias líticas durante o Gravetense no Sudoeste Peninsular Dissertação Doutoramento em Arqueologia João Manuel Figueiras Marreiros Faro, Dezembro de 2013 Imagem da capa: Ponta de dorso duplo biapontada (Vale Boi) Ilustração de Júlia Madeira Escala 1:2 (Marreiros et al. 2012) II UNIVERSIDADE DO ALGARVE FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E SOCIAIS Organização e variabilidade das indústrias líticas durante o Gravetense no Sudoeste Peninsular (Dissertação para a obtenção do grau de doutor no ramo de Arqueologia) João Manuel Figueiras Marreiros Orientadores: Prof. Doutor Nuno Gonçalo Viana Pereira Ferreira Bicho FCHS, Universidade do Algarve Doutor Juan Francisco Gibaja Bao Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC-IMF. Cataluña, España III O presente trabalho, redigido em português, não segue o novo (des)acordo ortográfico IV Agradecimentos Esta dissertação representa seis anos de investigação que, iniciada durante o Mestrado, fica marcada pela colaboração profissional e pessoal de um número alargado de pessoas e instituições, sem as quais grande parte do trabalho não teria sido possível e cujo agradecimento é eterno. Em primeiro lugar gostaria de agradecer aos meus orientadores que me têm encaminhado ao longo destes últimos anos, Nuno Bicho e Juan Gibaja. Ainda que qualquer erro neste trabalho seja de minha única e exclusiva responsabilidade. O meu agradecimento para o Nuno é infindável e imperecível! O seu apoio como investigador, orientador, professor e amigo ao longo destes anos, desde os tempos de licenciatura, tem sido inexcedível. O Nuno reúne em si, na sua maneira de estar, pensar e ser, todas as qualidades de um excelente professor e orientador. Não me lembro de alguma vez uma pergunta ou dúvida minha ter tido indiferença da sua parte! A minha formação académica e profissional deve-se, em grande parte, à sua dedicação e na transmissãodos seus conhecimentos e larga experiência. Tenho a certeza que não teria aprendido tanto de outra forma. Não posso estar mais grato por toda ajuda, disponibilidade, confiança e amizade, que se traduzem no prazer de trabalharmos e convivermos juntos. O meu enorme agradecimento ao Juan pela sua completa disponibilidade e amizade ao longo destes últimos seis anos. O seu apoio e orientação têm sido infindáveis para a minha introdução e formação no mundo da microscopia e da análise funcional. Um agradecimento muito grande e especial à sua família, Eva, Marti e Xavi que durante as minhas primeiras estadias em Barcelona para formação, me acolheram em sua casa de braços abertos, proporcionando-me o maior conforto e hospitalidade que eu poderia imaginar! Este trabalho não teria sido possível sem a colaboração de um conjunto de instituições que me proporcionaram a hipótese de desenvolver grande parte deste projecto, às quais eu gostaria de prestar o meu sincero agradecimento: Museu Nacional de Arqueologia (MNA) em Lisboa, Museo de Prehistoria de Valencia, Universidad de Valencia, Universidad de Sevilla, Museo arqueológico de Banyolles e Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas – Instituto Milá y Fontanals. A minha investigação não teria sido possível sem a ajuda de Dr.ª Luísa Guerreiro e do Dr. Luís Raposo do MNA, a colaboração de Miguel Cortés (Universidade de Sevilha), Joan Emili Aura Tortosa (Universidade de Valência), Valentin Villaverde V (Universidade de Valência), Narcis Soler (Universidade de Girona), Josep Tarrús (Museu Arqueológico de Banyolles), Helena Bonet (Museu de Prehistoria de Valencia) e Assumptión Vila (CSIC,Barcelona), o meu obrigado. Não poderia deixar de destacar a amabilidade com que fui recebido no CSIC em Barcelona, onde passei várias semanas em formação. O meu especial agradecimento pela ajuda e colaboração sempre pronto de Juanjo Ibáñez, Xavier Terradas, Nacho Clemente, David Ortega e Niccollo Mazzucco, muchas gracias! Durante estes últimos anos tive o previlégio de partilhar conversas, troca de emails, discussões científicas com diferentes pessoas, das quais muitos projectos nasceram e em muito contribuíram para o meu crescimento e amadurecimento científico. O meu obrigado a Isabell Schmidtt, Marcel Bradtmoller, Paloma de la Peña, Vera Aldeias, Sam Lin, Maria Borao, Cleia Detry e Jonathan Haws, Tiina Manne, entre outros embora aqui não mencionados não estão esquecidos. O meu agradecimento a José Álvaro Assis Lopes (Univesidade Lusíada de Lisboa) e Cristina Veiga Pires (CIMA, UAlg) pela disponibilidade e ajuda nas questões relacionadas com a análise estatística. A todos os elementos do Núcleo de Arqueologia e Paleoecologia (NAP), por contribuírem para uma dinâmica de trabalho que em muito me ajudou durante estes anos, através das diferentes iniciativas, reuniões, discussões científicas e convivío.Sinto-me orgulhoso de pertencer a este grupo. Em especial, o meu agradecimento à Olivia Figueiredo e Patricia Monteiro com quem dividi diariamente o laboratório, e ao Telmo Pereira, Marina Évora e João Cascalheira, com os quais partilhei muitas conversas, viagens (horas de aeroporto!), congressos e bons momentos. O meu reconhecimento pelo apoio dos amigos Luís Jesus e Daniela Almeida! Por sim, o meu infinito agradecimento à minha família que, apesar da minha persistente ausência e isolamento, sempre me apoiaram desde o primeiro até ao último minuto.À Rita, como quem partilho a minha vida, pela ajuda na revisão do texto em português e ingês, pelo seu apoio incondicional nas horas mais difíceis e nos meus momentos de maior ausência, e tantos que foram... Está feito! Obrigado! VI “[…] Porque eu sou do tamanho do que vejo E não do tamanho da minha altura...” Alberto Caeiro, em "O Guardador de Rebanhos", 1914 VII Tabela de conteúdos Agradecimentos V Resumo XI Abstract XII I. Lista de tabelas XIII II. Lista de figuras XIV III. Lista de anexos XVI IV. Introdução IV.I. Objectivos da investigação 17 IV.II. Estrutura da tese 19 Capítulo 1. Enquadramento cronológico e geográfico 1.1. A origem do Gravetense 23 1.2. O Gravetense na Europa central e oriental 25 1.3. O Gravetense na Europa ocidental 27 1.4. O Gravetense no Sudoeste peninsular 32 1.5. Organização e variabilidade durante o Gravetense: unidade ou polimorfismo? 1.5.1. Norte Peninsular: das Astúrias ao País Basco 33 1.5.2. O Sul mediterrâneo 36 1.5.3. Portugal: a fachada Atlântica e Vale do Côa 44 Capítulo 2. Enquadramento teórico-metodológico 2.1. Organização e variabilidade das indústrias líticas 56 2.2. Chaîne opératoire , conceito de cadeia operatória 61 2.3. A Nova Arqueologia e método de Organização tecnológica 63 2.4. Análise funcional 2.4.1. Enquadramento teórico e metodológico 68 2.4.2. Atributos funcionais 72 2.4.3. Funcionalidade versus Tipologia 77 2.5. Metodologia de análise 2.5.1. Análise tecno-tipológica 80 2.5.2. Análise estatística 82 2.5.3. Análise funcional 83 2.5.4. Projécteis líticos, fracturas diagnosticas de impacto e “ hafting traces ” 84 Capítulo 3.Flake technology from the Early Gravettian of Vale Boi (Southwestern Iberian Peninsula). 86 3.1. Introduction 87 3.2. The archaeological site of Vale Boi (Southern Portugal) 87 3.3. Early Gravettian lithic technology from Vale Boi 88 3.4. Flake technology during the Early Gravettian 90 3.5. Discussion 92 VIII Capítulo 4. Early Gravettian projectile technology in Southwestern Iberian Peninsula: the double backed and bipointed bladelets of Vale Boi (Portugal). 102 4.1. Gravettian backed technology 103 4.2. Macro and micro wear analysis on lithic projectiles 104 4.3. The site of Vale Boi 105 4.4. Results 106 4.5. Discussion 108 4.6. Conclusion 109 Capítulo 5. Nuevas evidencias sobre el Paleolítico superior inicial del Suroeste Peninsular: El Gravetiense Vicentino de Vale Boi (Sur de Portugal). 119 5.1. Introducción 120 5.2. El yacimiento de Vale Boi 5.2.1 Localización 121 5.2.2. La estratigrafía y secuencia cronométrica 122 5.3. La tecnología 5.3.1. Las materias-primas e cadenas operativas 124 5.3.2. Análisis funciona de las huellas de uso 126 5.4. La subsistencia 127 5.5. El territorio y la identidad del Gravetiense Vicentino 128 5.6. Conclusiones 130 Capítulo 6. Lithic technology variability and human ecodynamics during the Early Gravettian of Southern Iberian Peninsula 142 6.1. Introduction 142 6.2. Paleoenvironmental data from Southern Iberia 146 6.3. Methods and case studies 147 6.4. The Stone Tool variability during the Gravettian of Southern Iberia 6.4.1. Vale Boi 6.4.1.1. Lithic technology variability 149 6.4.1.2. Statistic analysis 150 6.4.2. Cueva de Cendres 6.4.2.1. Lithic technology variability 151 6.4.2.2. Statistic analysis 151 6.4.3. Syntheses of the Gravettian lithic variability: diachronic phases and geographic diversity 152 6.5. Discussion 155 6.6. Conclusion 157 Capítulo 7. Lithic technology from the Gravettian of Vale Boi: new insights to the Early Upper Paleolithic human behavior in Southern Iberian Peninsula. 168 7.1. Introduction 169 IX 7.2. The archaeological site of Vale Boi 170 7.3. Materials and methods 172 7.4.Gravettian lithic technological variability from Vale Boi 7.4.1. Raw materials 174 7.4.2. Reduction sequences and technological attributes 175 7.4.3. Retouched tools 178 7.5.Statistical analysis within and between assemblages 7.5.1. Vale Boi 179 7.5.2. Portuguese Estremadura 180 7.5.3. Southern Spain: Cueva de Cendres 181 7.6. Discussion: new evidences for the Gravettian lithic technological organization and variability of Southwestern Iberia 182 7.7. Conclusion 186 Capítulo 8. Síntese e conclusões finais 8.1. Outras publicações 214 8.2. Síntese final 216 V. Referências bibliográficas 222 VI. Anexos 274 X Resumo A origem e expansão das indústrias gravetenses está associada às primeiras evidências claras de regionalismos tecno-culturais entre as primeiras comunidades de populações modernas no Ocidente europeu. Durante as últimas décadas, os modelos de organização e variabilidade das indústrias líticas têm sido vistos como reflexo do polimorfismo tecno-cultural que caracteriza o Gravetense.
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