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Fluctuating Dental Asymmetry As an Indicator of Stress in Prehistoric Native Americans of the Ohio River Valley Dissertation

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Fluctuating Dental Asymmetry As an Indicator of Stress in Prehistoric Native Americans of the Ohio River Valley Dissertation FLUCTUATING DENTAL ASYMMETRY AS AN INDICATOR OF STRESS IN PREHISTORIC NATIVE AMERICANS OF THE OHIO RIVER VALLEY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Christopher K. Barrett, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2005 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Paul W. Sciullli, Adviser Associate Professor Douglas Crews ________________________ Associate Professor Kristen Gremillion Adviser Graduate Program In Anthropology Assistant Professor Debbie Guatelli-Steinberg ABSTRACT Fluctuating asymmetry is characterized by random deviations from perfect symmetry in bilaterally symmetrical structures. Elevated levels of fluctuating asymmetry indicate developmental instability usually associated with environmental stress. The utility of fluctuating dental asymmetry as an indicator of developmental instability and stress was tested using human adult teeth from prehistoric and modern populations from the Ohio River valley area; eight Late Archaic, two Protohistoric and one modern dental sample. Fluctuating asymmetry was estimated from thirty-six buccolingual measurements and compared to an index value for linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH). Some researchers have claimed that the transition to agriculture and maize diets caused a decline in health evident in the increased frequency of skeletal and dental stress indicators in the Late Prehistoric. Contrary to expectations, fluctuating asymmetry was different in only one of the measurements between periods, even though LEH varied significantly. The presence of strong leptokurtosis in the Protohistoric sample prevented many of the measurements from being used. The absence of other factors that ii explain leptokurtosis suggests that individuals in the Protohistoric were heterogeneous for the expression of fluctuating asymmetry. In addition, fluctuating asymmetry correlated positively with the LEH index in two measurements from the Protohistoric. Since fluctuating asymmetry cannot be estimated for non-normal distributions, the presence of leptokurtosis may be a better indicator of developmental instability than fluctuating asymmetry alone. This is supported by data from the Late Prehistoric site of Pearson Village. Despite similar levels of measurement error and fluctuating asymmetry, measurement distributions at Pearson Village remained relatively normal. This suggests that populations in the Protohistoric were under greater stress than other Late Prehistoric populations and that maize agriculture alone does not account for these differences. iii Dedicated to my grandparents: William F. and Lucy S. Bean iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank my adviser, Dr. Paul W. Sciulli for his encouragement, patience, and his willingness to provide feedback on matters of style, content and statistical analysis. I would also like to thank Martha Otto of the Ohio Historical Society and Dr. Robert Riordan of Wright State University for allowing me access to their skeletal collections. I am grateful to my mother, Deborah S. Bean, for encouraging my scientific leanings from an early age. I would also like to thank my good friends Craig Demel, Marcus Williford, Sara Williford and David Yonek for helping me to remember what is really important in life and reminding me not to take myself too seriously. Above all I would like to thank my wife, Elizabeth Barrett. Without her support, both emotional and financial, this dissertation might never have been written. v VITA December 4th, 1970………………Born – Columbus, OH 1995 …………………………………B.A. Anthropology, Ohio State University 1998 …………………………………M.A. Anthropology, Ohio State University 1999 – present …………………….Adjunct Professor Columbus State Community College Columbus, OH 1999 – present …………………….Graduate Teaching Associate / Lecturer Ohio State University Columbus, OH 2002 – present …………………….Instructor Wright State University Dayton, OH 2004 – present …………………….Adjunct Professor Pontifical Josephenum Columbus, OH PUBLICATIONS Research Publications 1. Barrett, Christopher K, Cavallari, Wendy A, and Sciulli, Paul W. “Determination of Sex from the Talus in Prehistoric Native Americans” Collegium Anthropologicum, 25(1):13-19, (2001) 2. Sciulli, Paul W., Barrett, Christopher K., and Proctor, Rick. “The Proctor Rock Shelter (46NI84) Burial: Possible Carcinoma or Myotic Infection” West Virginia Archaeologist 45(1):35-42, (1993) vi FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Anthropology Specialization: Osteology Forensic Anthropology Human Biology vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract…………………………………………………………………………. ii Dedication………………………………………………………………………. iv Acknowledgments…………………………………………………………….. v Vita………………………………………………………………………………. vi List of Tables…………………………………………………………………… x List of Figures…………………………………………………………………. xii Chapters: 1. Introduction……………………………………………………….. 1 Problem Statement………………………………………….. 6 Research Question…………………………………………… 7 Methods………………………………………………………… 9 Limitations…………………………………………………….. 11 2. Literature Review Developmental Stability, Stress, and Fluctuating Asymmetry…………………………………………………….. 12 Statistical Analysis of Fluctuating Asymmetry………… 21 Studies of Fluctuating Asymmetry………………….……. 29 Dental Development………………………………………….. 39 Interpretation of Health from Archaeological Samples…………………………………………………………. 46 Summary……………………………………………………….. 69 3. Methods…………………………………………………………….. 72 Sample Composition…………………………………………. 72 Data Collection………………………………………………… 77 Analysis…………………………………………………………. 79 Summary……………………………………………………….. 85 4. Results…………………………………………………………….…. 87 Descriptive Statistics……………………………………….…. 88 Assessment of Outliers…………………………………….…. 91 Homogeneity of Error Variances………………………….… 94 Test for Size Dependence………………………………….…. 95 viii Test for Normality……………………………………………… 96 Adjustment for Leptokurtosis………..……………………… 101 Fluctuating Asymmetry……………………………………… 104 Linear Enamel Hypoplasia………………………………….. 107 Summary……………………………………………………….. 110 5. Discussion and Conclusions……………………………………. 112 Problem Statement……………………………………………. 113 Review of Methods…………………………………………….. 115 Summary of Results………………………………………….. 117 Discussion of Results………………………………………… 119 Conclusion……………………………………………………… 133 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………. 135 Appendix A: Critical Kurtosis Values…………………………………….. 149 Appendix B: Descriptive Statistics………………………………………… 151 Appendix C: Results of Analysis of Variance…………………………… 160 ix LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Relationship of Variance to Asymmetry………………………….. 23 2. Indexes of Asymmetry………………………………………………… 24 3. Composition of Sample………………………………………….……. 73 4. Average Number of Observations by Period and Sex………….. 88 5. Descriptive Statistics for BL Measurements by Period…..……. 89 6. Descriptive Statistics for LEH Index………………………………. 91 7. Outliers by Period……………………………………………………… 92 8. Observations Rejected by Grubb’s Test…………………………… 93 9. Results of Levene’s Test of Equality of Variances: Significant Measurements…………………………………………… 95 10. Trait-size Dependence: Significant Correlations Coefficients... 96 11. Kurtosis values for 1st and 2nd Measurements with Outliers Removed…………………………………………………………………. 98 12. Number of Measurements Exceeding Critical Values for Leptokurtosis…………………………………………………………… 99 13. Significant Results of Paired T-Test of Left and Right 1st Measurements………………………………………………………….. 100 14. Measurements Rejected Due to Leptokurtosis with with Significance Level After Log Transformation……………… 102 15. Directionally Asymmetrical Measurements……………………… 105 x 2 16. Average Si Values…………………………………………………….. 106 2 17. F-Test of Fluctuating Asymmetry (Si ) Between Periods………. 107 18. Analysis of Variance for LEH Index……………………………….. 108 19. Significant Correlations Between LEH Index and FA2 with Sexes Combined……………………………………………………….. 108 20. Significant Correlations Between LEH Index and FA2 by Sex………………………………………………………………………… 109 21. Critical Values of Kurtosis Test Statistic From Normality in the Direction of Platykurtosis and Leptokurtosis……………… 150 22. Descriptive Statistics: Late Archaic Males………………………. 152 23. Descriptive Statistics: Late Archaic Females……………………. 153 24. Descriptive Statistics: Late Archaic Unknown Sex…………….. 154 25. Descriptive Statistics: Protohistoric Males………………………. 155 26. Descriptive Statistics: Protohistoric Females…………………… 156 27. Descriptive Statistics: Protohistoric Unknown Sex……………. 157 28. Descriptive Statistics: Modern Unknown Sex…………………… 158 29. Average Differences Between Sexes and Periods………………. 159 30. Analysis of Variance, Late Archaic, Sexes Combined (Posterior Maxillary)………………………………………………….. 161 31. Analysis of Variance, Late Archaic, Sexes Combined (Anterior Maxillary)………………………………………………….. 162 32. Analysis of Variance, Late Archaic, Sexes Combined (Mandibular)……………………………………………………………. 163 33. Analysis of Variance, Protohistoric, Sexes Combined…………. 164 34. Analysis of Variance, Modern, Sexes Combined………………… 165 xi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. The Odontogenic Homeobox Code…………………………………. 41 2. Model for the Interpretation of Skeletal Stress Indicators………………………………………………………………… 47 3. Location of Samples…………………………………………………... 76 4. Distribution of L-R for Protohistoric Maxillary Canine……….. 97 5. Distribution of Log-Transformed L-R for Protohistoric Maxillary Canine………………………………………………………. 103 xii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to evaluate differences in two stress indicators for populations from the Late Archaic, Protohistoric, and modern periods in the Ohio River Valley area.
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