Studies in the Late Prehistory of Indiana, AD 700 to 1700 Indiana
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Facing the Final Millennium: Studies in the Late Prehistory of Indiana, A.D. 700 to 1700 Indiana Department of Natural Resources Division of Historic Preservation & Archaeology Facing the Final Millennium: Studies in the Late Prehistory of Indiana, A.D. 700 to 1700 Indiana Department of Natural Resources Division of Historic Preservation & Archaeology State of Indiana Frank L. O’Bannon Joseph E. Kernan Governor Lieutenant Governor Indiana Department of Natural Resources John R. Goss Paul J. Ehret Director Deputy Director Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology Jon C. Smith James R. Jones III Director State Archaeologist Editors Brian G. Redmond, Cleveland Museum of Natural History James R. Jones III, Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology Acknowledgements Shelia M. Griffin Authors of Chapters This publication has been financed in part with funds from the U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, and administered by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology. However, the contents and opinions do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of the Interior. Under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, the U.S. Department of the Interior prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, or disability in its federally assisted programs. If you believe that you have been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility as described above, or if you desire further information, please write to: Office of Equal Opportunity, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C Street. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20240. Published 2003, minor revisions 2008 Indiana Department of Natural Resources Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology 402 West Washington Street, Room W274 Indianapolis, Indiana 46204-2739 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Chapter 1 THE LATE PREHISTORY OF NORTHWESTERN INDIANA: NEW PERSPECTIVES ON AN OLD MODEL 4 INTRODUCTION 4 THE REGION AND ITS NATURAL ENVIRONMENT 4 EXISTING MODELS OF THE REGION’S LATER PREHISTORY 7 The View from Moccasin Bluff 7 Faulkner’s Model for Northwestern Indiana 9 NEW PERSPECTIVES 12 Late Woodland in Northwestern Indiana 13 Albee in the Kankakee Valley 15 Upper Mississippian Origins and Terminations 18 CONCLUSION 22 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 22 REFERENCES CITED 23 ENDNOTES 27 LIST OF FIGURES 28 Chapter 2 THE MORELL-SHEETS SITE: REFINING THE DEFINITION OF THE ALBEE PHASE 32 INTRODUCTION 32 BACKGROUND 32 MORELL-SHEETS SITE 34 REFINING THE ALBEE PHASE 35 Chronology 35 Ceramics 36 Points 37 Other Artifacts 38 Mortuary Patterns 40 Subsistence 40 Settlement 40 SUMMARY 41 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 43 REFERENCES CITED 43 LIST OF TABLES 48 LIST OF FIGURES 53 Chapter 3 DENTAL EVIDENCE FOR MAIZE CONSUMPTION DURING THE ALBEE PHASE IN INDIANA 61 INTRODUCTION 61 HUMAN OSTEOLOGY AND DIETARY RECONSTRUCTION 62 Dental Macrowear 62 Dental Microwear 62 Dental Pathology 62 Strengths and Limits of Dental Macrowear, Microwear, and Pathology in Dietary Reconstruction 63 HYPOTHESIS 63 MATERIALS 64 METHODS 64 Age, Sex, Temporal Period 64 Macrowear Scoring 65 Dental Microwear Analysis 65 Caries Scoring 66 Statistical Procedures 66 Macrowear 66 Microwear 67 Caries 67 Results Presentation 68 RESULTS 68 Macrowear 68 Microwear 68 Caries 68 DISCUSSION 69 CONCLUSION 70 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 70 REFERENCES CITED 71 LIST OF TABLES 79 LIST OF FIGURES 83 Chapter 4 MADISON TRIANGLES: THERE MUST BE A POINT 85 INTRODUCTION 85 BACKGROUND 85 SETTING 85 CULTURAL AFFILIATION FOR SECREST-REASONER 85 SECREST-REASONER: BURIAL 14 86 RESEARCH POTENTIAL FOR GRAVE GOODS 86 RESEARCH ORIENTATION 87 TECHNOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES 87 REALITY CHECK 88 CONCLUSION 88 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 88 REFERENCES CITED 88 LIST OF TABLES 91 LIST OF FIGURES 93 Chapter 5 SKELETAL BIOLOGY AND CEMETERY USE AT THE ALBEE MOUND, BUCCI, SHAFFER, AND SHEPHERD SITES 95 INTRODUCTION 95 MATERIALS AND METHODS 95 RESULTS 97 Dental Wear 97 Dental Health 97 Anemia 98 Metabolic Disturbance 98 DISCUSSION 98 Skeletal Biology 98 Cemetery Use 99 CONCLUSION 101 REFERENCES CITED 101 LIST OF TABLES 106 LIST OF FIGURES 110 Chapter 6 PATTERNS OF CHANGE IN BOTANICAL REMAINS FROM SOUTHERN INDIANA DURING THE LATE WOODLAND AND LATE PREHISTORIC 114 INTRODUCTION 114 SETTING THE SCENE 114 Botanical Data Set 114 Cultural Background 115 Chronology 115 Discussion 116 ALBEE PHASE 117 Cultural Background 117 Botanical Data Set 118 Cultivated Plants 118 Nutritional Implications 119 Wild Plants 120 Discussion 120 OLIVER PHASE 121 Cultural Background 121 Botanical Data Set 121 Cultivated Plants 121 Wild Plants 122 Discussion 122 CONCLUSION 123 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 123 REFERENCES CITED 124 LIST OF TABLES 128 LIST OF FIGURES 132 Chapter 7 CULTURAL INTERACTION ALONG THE WEST FORK OF THE WHITE RIVER DURING THE LATE PREHISTORIC PERIOD 141 INTRODUCTION 141 OLIVER PHASE 141 WESTERN BASIN TRADITION INFLUENCES ON THE OLIVER PHASE 144 UPPER MISSISSIPPIAN IN CENTRAL INDIANA 148 VINCENNES PHASE MISSISSIPIAN IN THE LOWER WEST FORK 151 SUMMARY 153 REFERENCES CITED 154 LIST OF FIGURES 162 Chapter 8 IMPLICATIONS OF THE WOLF PHASE DISPERSAL OF TERMINAL WESTERN BASIN TRADITION POPULATIONS INTO NORTHERN INDIANA DURING LATE PREHISTORY 172 INTRODUCTION 172 BACKGROUND 172 WESTERN BASIN TRADITION 173 THE ‘FIRE-NATION’ CO-TRADITION 174 WESTERN BASIN TRADITION POPULATION DISPERSAL 175 INDIANA EVIDENCE FOR WESTERN BASIN TRADITION DISPERSAL 176 THE ‘OLIVER PHASE’ 177 A DISCUSSION OF CERAMIC VARIATION 178 DISCUSSION OF RADIOCARBON DATES 179 SUMMARY 181 DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 182 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 184 REFERENCES CITED 184 LIST OF TABLES 194 LIST OF FIGURES 195 Chapter 9 THE OLIVER PHASE OCCUPATION OF THE EAST FORK WHITE RIVER VALLEY IN SOUTH CENTRAL INDIANA 201 INTRODUCTION 201 THE OLIVER CERAMIC COMPLEX 201 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OF THE STUDY AREA 203 PREVIOUS RESEARCH IN SOUTHERN INDIANA 203 INITIAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE EAST FORK WHITE RIVER VALLEY 204 INTENSIVE SURVEY AND TESTS EXCAVATIONS 206 VILLAGE EXCAVATIONS 209 Natural Settings 209 Preliminary Site Surveys 210 RESULTS 211 Stockade Defenses 211 Domestic Features 212 Material Remains 214 Lithics 214 Flora and Fauna 214 Ceramcis 215 Temporal Placement 218 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 218 REFERENCES CITED 219 LIST OF TABLES 225 LIST OF FIGURES 231 Chapter 10 THE ANGEL TO CABORN-WELBORN TRANSITION IN SOUTHWESTERN INDIANA, NORTHWESTERN KENTUCKY, AND SOUTHEASTERN ILLINOIS 255 INTRODUCTION 255 THE ANGEL CHIEFDOM 256 COLLAPSE OF THE ANGEL CHIEFDOM 257 CABORN-WELBORN 259 ANGEL TO CABORN-WELBORN SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES 260 Material Culture 260 Settlement and Subsistence Patterns 261 Inter-societal Relationships 262 CABORN-WELBORN SOCIOPOLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS 263 CONCLUSION 267 REFERENCES CITED 267 LIST OF TABLES 276 LIST OF FIGURES 277 Afterword PROTOHISTORIC CULTURES AND THE PROBLEM OF LATE PREHISTORIC-EARLY HISTORIC CONNECTIONS IN INDIANA 287 HISTORICAL OCCUPATIONS 287 LATE PREHISTORIC AND PROTOHISTORIC OCCUPATIONS 288 PREHISTORIC ANTECEDENTS 289 REFERENCES CITED 292 INTRODUCTION This publication is the result of a 1998 symposium of the Midwest Archaeological Conference, titled Facing the Final Millennium. The symposium was organized by Brian G. Redmond of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. The papers treat cultures from a range of time in Indiana’s prehistory: A.D. 700 to 1700. The authors provide insights into the Late Prehistory of Indiana, as well as perspectives, and disagreement, on the cultures present in Indiana at that time. In Chapter 1, Mark Schurr discusses and provides a synthesis of the Late Prehistory in northwestern Indiana and brings up the question or problem of connections between late prehistoric groups to protohistoric or historic groups. An overall question is what is Albee and how does it fit into the regional sequence? He also discusses seminal ideas and questions dealing with phase definitions, the questions of ethnic identifications of sites (and the relevance of this to the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act), and the idea of multi-ethnic encampments as a long-standing tradition. In the second chapter, McCord and Cochran refine the definition of the Albee phase, tracing it through over thirty years of research. Recent data from the single component Albee Morell- Sheets site and other sites is used to redefine the phase. Originally defined by the presence diagnostics such as cambered or wedge-shaped ceramic rims, the presence of Jack’s Reef points, and mortuary patterns, the authors refine the chronology to A.D. 800-1200, suggest revisions to the original Albee ceramic type classifications, find that triangular points are associated with Albee (and not Jack’s Reef), and a greater variety of mortuary patterns than previously thought. The subsistence/settlement pattern at Morell-Sheets consists of “temporary Late Woodland occupations based on horticulture,” with little barley and corn the primary cultivated crops. The authors suggest further research avenues, including determining the relationships of Albee in the cultural sequence of the region and further work on settlement patterns and structure. Schmidt and Greene examine the relationship of paleoethnobotany and human osteology in terms of the consumption of maize. They look at questions such as differential consumption of maize; incipient maize use, especially in the Albee Phase; and availability of maize to individuals or groups. An effort is made to distinguish maize reliance in a population from non- maize reliance.