Relic Hunting, Archaeology, and Loss of Native American Heritage at the Dalles

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Relic Hunting, Archaeology, and Loss of Native American Heritage at the Dalles Portland State University PDXScholar Anthropology Faculty Publications and Presentations Anthropology Winter 2007 Relic Hunting, Archaeology, and Loss of Native American Heritage at The Dalles Virginia L. Butler Portland State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/anth_fac Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Citation Details Butler, V. L. (2007). Relic Hunting, Archaeology, and Loss of Native American Heritage at The Dalles. Oregon Historical Quarterly, 108(4), 624-643. This Article is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Anthropology Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. VIRGINIA L. BUTLER Relic Hunting, Archaeology, and Loss of Native American at Heritage The Dalles Excavation ofWake Map mound will be resumed thissummer by universitystudents who willfind theirexcavation of lastyear sadly addled bypot huntersdisclaimed by theOregon Archaeological Society... most of thearea around it [themound] are beginning to look as if theyhad beenworked over by a gold dredge.... The Indians dont like it but arent doing anythingabout it. "It doesnt look right,"said Chief CharleyKahelamat, who lives at themound. "All those thingsbelong to theIndians." ? Oregonian, March 29,1933 NINETEENTH CENTURY EXPLORERS marveled at the thousandsof across Native people from the Pacific Northwest and northern Great Basin who gathered in The Dalles region each summer to fish, trade, and socialize. Archaeology demonstrates that various aspects of these gatherings have been going on for close to ten thousand years.'Along the twenty-four-mile shore line of The Dalles Dam reservoir inOregon andWashington, archaeologists have recorded over 120 sites that contain house pits, lithic scatters, elaborately made stone and bone carvings, petroglyphs, and graves.2 Native people and non-Native people alike feel strong personal and spiritual connections to this place, in part because it holds such a lengthy record of occupation. we It is important to study the history of how came to know about that as tangible record of the ancient past before activities such construction of The Dalles Dam seriously degraded it.Relic hunters who took hundreds of or are thousands of artifacts from the region for curiosity profit prominent This essay is adapted from a talkVirginia L. Butler gave at the "Celilo Stories" conference in The Dalles, Oregon, inMarch 2007. ? Historical OHQ vol. 108, no. 4 2007 Oregon Society Workers pose at theFivemile Rapids "Roadcut" site (35WS 8) at the end of the University ofOregon excavation season in 1955.Careful study of artifacts in context demonstrates human occupation between 9300 and 5600 years ago. The deepest layerscontained huge quantities of salmon bone, indicatingNative people have been salmonfishing in thearea for thousands ofyears. While not heavily looted beforedam construction likeWakemap Mound, the site has been seriouslydisturbed. The top twometers of theabout 7.8-meter-thickdeposit were destroyed during constructionof Highway 30; the lowest twometers were inundated when water backed up behind The Dalles Dam. Butler,Relic Hunting, Archaeology, and Loss of Native American Heritage 625 as in the story, is their complex relationship with professional archaeologists. Neither group gave much consideration to Indian views about archaeology. our This history highlights national priorities, which promoted hydro across development theWest, yet supplied limited federal dollars tomitigate resulting losses to cultural heritage. Those past activities caused pain and hurt feelings that are still with us. The court battle over control of the 9400-year-old skeleton, so-called Kennewick Man or the Ancient One, stems in part from a long history of archaeologists and relic hunters treating Indian graves with far less respect own than theywould give to graves of their ancestors. Another legacy is the disposition of artifacts looted from The Dalles, most of which are now in private and museum collections and continue to be bought and sold through on-line auctions and other venues. This paper does not offer any solution or salve for the hurt, but it seeks to tell some of the story,warts and all. MOST EXCAVATING AND COLLECTING of artifactson the lower Columbia River before construction of The Dalles Dam was done by relic hunters, hobbyists who were interested in Indian history and who appreci ated the thrillof findingold and beautiful thingsand building personal was collections. Some collectors were driven by profit, as there a market for antiquities through individual buyers and museums.3 The Antiquities Act of 1906 made it illegal to excavate or "appropriate" antiquities on federal land, but the law was little enforced and did not much deter collectors. Estab ? as lishing the scale of the activities such the number of items actually taken, the amount of soil screened or dug into, and the number of people ? on own who participated is difficult. Individuals worked their and kept limited records, and most collections have become dispersed over time. Anecdotal accounts by collectors and by professional archaeologists who a documented plundered sites suggest level of taking that is almost beyond imagination. was One prominent hobbyist in the first half of the twentieth century Norma G. Seaman, who in 1946 wrote Indian Relics of thePacific Northwest, a guidebook for collectors. Seaman directed collectors to The Dalles and hinted at the extent of artifact collecting there: That part of theColumbia fromThe Dalles toCelilo is themost interestingpart of the riverfor any kind of Indian study... greatyearly gatherings and thepermanent village lifenaturally enriched the adjoining sandygrounds. The number of relicsremoved from can at.4 them only be guessed 626 OHQ vol. 108, no. 4 One of Seaman's associates, Robert Miller, wrote about the huge number of items taken from a locale known as the "Bead Patch": name to a ... a This is the given affectionately low mound of sand and rock lying few miles east of the cityof The Dalles_To compute thenumber of beads taken from this seems a ... I camp site almost hopeless task. During the eight years which worked there, as an as many people have been "screening."... Making careful estimate possible from definiteknowledge and allowing a fairamount on indefinitereports, I would figure that over 1,000 lineal feetof stone beads have been taken from this camp site during that time, and I believe my estimate is under, not over the actual amount.5 Another avid collector was Charles Beckman, known as "Arrowhead Charlie," who made his living buying and selling artifacts taken from along the Columbia River. Beckman was introduced to collecting and to the rich ness of the artifact record at The Dalles in 1915,when he came to work as a laborer on the Celilo Canal. Between that time and his death in 1947, a friend estimated that Beckman had collected over 150,000 arrowheads. One account suggests he sold 6,500 arrowheads that he had taken between 1930 a and 1937 to collector inNew York. Beckman spent three years working at themouth of the Deschutes River when, as he told a friend, he "would work for about a week when he would have between 800 and 1000 arrowheads, then go to Portland and sell what he had." Clearly, there was a local market for antiquities. Over his thirty-year career, Beckman's takings must have been enormous.6 By themid-i920s, The Dalles region had been extensively scoured by relic hunters. Henry Biddle, an engineer and naturalist from Vancouver, Wash a ington, funded research team from the University of California, Berkeley, summers to spend parts of three from 1924 through 1926 documenting the archaeological record between The Dalles and Miller Island, as well as on Sauvie Island.7 At the time, professional archaeology in the United States was were in its infancy. By 1935, there only seven Ph.D. programs where students could receive training in archaeological methods and principles, was one and UC Berkeley's the only in theWest.8 Professional, scholarly were archaeologists mainly concerned with "culture history." Researchers as used comparative analysis of "culture traits," such distinctive artifact style, house type, or burial form, to trace historic Indian groups back in time and over was space.9 Controlled excavation of material evidence in context key to deciphering past events; researchers used the relationships of artifacts to or each other and their presence in house pits graves, layers in the ground, or on particular parts of the landscape to establish date of use or cultural group affiliation. Butler,Relic Hunting, Archaeology, and Loss ofNative American Heritage to6 Horsethief Lake State Park Spedis Valley Wakemap i Mound *& Fivemile Rapids Site ' The Dalles CANADA .Dam Washington Idaho 1 km ',Columbia?. Portland Cityof ^. The Dalles The Dalles 1 mile Oregon The Fivemile Rapids, or Long Narrows, section of theColumbia River has an extraordinarily rich archaeological record.Both relic hunters and archaeologists focused theiractivities on the upstream end of the rapids. [Basemap modified from Geo-Recon International, 1983;dark and lightshading in riverchannel indicate water level beforeand afterdam construction.] The Berkeley team thatworked inThe Dalles area?W. Duncan Strong, ? W. Egbert Schenck, and Julian H. Steward was
Recommended publications
  • Effects of Dams on Native Americans in the Columbia River Basin Elliott
    Dammed Societies: Effects of Dams on Native Americans in the Columbia River Basin Elliott McGill Senior Capstone Project Faculty Advisors: Dr. Jamie Dolan, Dr. Jeremy Johnson, and Dr. David McCanna McGill 1 Abstract Since dam construction began in the New Deal Era, it has represented a dominance of humankind over nature. These massive structures have harnessed, collected, and distributed electricity from the rivers they hold back and allow humans to reap the benefits of that cycle. One of the areas where dams are particularly apparent is in the Columbia River Basin in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. While the dams in this region certainly have allowed the area to develop and build by using the electricity collected by these dams, they have also had several negative effects on the tribal people in the region who once fished the mighty Columbia during its populous salmon runs and relied on the salmon for nutritional, economic, and cultural reasons. This project seeks to examine the costs of human advancement when it comes to dams, and will do so by studying three dams located in the Columbia River Basin: The Bonneville Dam, The Dalles Dam, and The Grand Coulee Dam. These dams will be studied using Black’s Theory of Law as a framework to examine the manner in which law was applied to each case. The research finds that although the dams certainly provide a useful resource to the people of the region, it has had negative effects on the Native American people who depended on the river. McGill 2 Introduction When President Franklin D.
    [Show full text]
  • Oak Creek Canyon
    ' " United States (. Il). Department of \~~!J'~~':P Agriculture CoconinoNational Forest Service ForestPlan Southwestern Region -""""" IU!S. IIIII.IIIIII... I I i I--- I I II I /"r, Vicinity Map @ , " .. .' , ",', '. ',,' , ". ,.' , ' ' .. .' ':':: ~'::.»>::~: '::. Published August 1987 Coconino N.ational Forest Land and Resource Management Plan This Page Intentionally Left Blank Coconino Foresst Plan TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION Purpose of the Plan. 1 Organization of the Forest Plan Documentation. 2 Planning Area Description. 2 2. ISSUES Overview . 5 Issues . 5 Firewood . 6 Timber Harvest Levels. 7 The Availability of Recreation Options . 8 Off-Road Driving . 9 Wildlife Habitat . 9 Riparian Habitat . 11 Geothermal Development . .. 11 Management of the Transportation System . 12 Use of the Public Lands . 13 Law Enforcement . 13 Landownership Adjustment . 14 Opportunities . 14 Public Affairs . 14 Volunteers . 15 3. SUMMARY OF THE ANALYSIS OF THE MANAGEMENT SITUATION Overview . 17 Prior Allocations . 18 4. MANAGEMENT DIRECTION Overview . 21 Mission . 21 Goals . 21 Objectives . 26 Regional Guide/Forest Plan . 26 Outputs & Range of Implementation . 26 Management Prescriptions . 46 Management Area Description . 46 Management Emphasis . 46 Program Components . 46 Activities . .. 47 Standards and Guidelines . 47 How to Apply Prescriptions . .. 47 Coordinating Requirements . .. 47 Coconino National Forest Plan – Partial Cancellation of Amendment No. 15 -3/05 Replacement Page i Coconino Forest Plan Table of Contents continued Standards and Guidelines . 51 Forest-wide . 51 MA 1 Wildernesses . 98 MA 2 Verde Wild and Scenic River . .. 113 MA 3 Ponderosa Pine and Mixed Conifer, Less Than 40 Percent Slopes. .. 116 MA 4 Ponderosa Pine and Mixed Conifer, Greater Than 40 Percent Slopes. 138 MA 5 Aspen . 141 MA 6 Unproductive Timber Land .
    [Show full text]
  • The Columbia River Treaty
    The Columbia River Treaty John Shurts General Counsel Northwest Power and Conservation Council Portland, Oregon CREW May 2014 Northwest Power and slide 1 Conservation Council Columbia River Treaty (1961/64) 15 maf of storage in Canada (Mica, Duncan, Keenleyside/Arrow) Downstream flood control and power generation benefits Sharing of downstream benefits – incl. Canadian Entitlement to ½ of downstream Northwest Power and Conservation power benefits Council Columbia River Treaty (cont’d) US authorized to build Libby Dam on Kootenai River – no sharing of benefits – operations coordinated Entities designated to implement Treaty are BC Hydro in BC; Bonneville Admin and Corps Div Commander Northwest in US Power and Conservation Council Canadian Outflows for Power and Flood Control on Planning Basis Arrow+Duncan Treaty Outflows (60-yr Avg.) 140000 120000 Unregulated 100000 04AOP Regulated 80000 60000 40000 20000 Arrow+Duncan Outflow in cfs in Outflow Arrow+Duncan 0 SEP FEB JAN DEC OCT NOV MAR MAY JULY NorthwestJUNE 15-Apr 30-Apr 31-Aug 15-Aug Power and slide 5 Conservation Council Columbia River: average regulated flows average flows at The Dalles -- natural and regulated 500000 400000 Natural Regulated 300000 200000 Cubic Feet per SecondFeet Cubic per 100000 0 Northwest Power and slide 6 Conservation Council Bonneville Dam 1948 Northwest Power and 1996 Conservation Council Kinbasket Lake (Mica Dam) slide 9 AVERAGE ANNUAL RUNOFF AND USABLE RESERVOIR STORAGE MAJOR WESTERN RIVER BASINS 250 240 230 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 Average Annual Runoff 150 Usable Reservoir Storage 140 130 120 110 100 90 MILLIONS OF ACRE FEETACRE MILLIONS OF 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Columbia Colorado Missouri Northwest RIVER BASINS Power and Conservation Council Northwest Power and Conservation Council U .
    [Show full text]
  • Seals and Sea Lions in the Columbia River
    Seals and Sea Lions in the Columbia River: An Evaluation and Summary of Research By Deward E. Walker, Jr., Ph.D. WALKER RESEARCH GROUP, LTD. June 2015 Table of Contents I. Introduction and Methodology ................................................................................................ 1 A. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 B. Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 4 II. Pinniped Predation .................................................................................................................. 7 A. Pinniped Ranges ..................................................................................................................... 7 B. Pinniped Increases .................................................................................................................. 7 C. Mitigation Efforts at Bonneville Dam .................................................................................. 13 D. Effects of Pinneped Predation on Tribes .............................................................................. 16 III. Traditional Tribal Uses of Seals and Sea Lions ................................................................. 17 A. The Traditional Presence of Seals and Sea Lions in the Columbia River ............................ 18 B. Tribal Use of Seals and Sea Lions .......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Columbia River Treaty 2014/2024 Review Paul Lumley, CRITFC Executive Director Yakama 1 Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission
    Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission Columbia River Treaty 2014/2024 Review Paul Lumley, CRITFC Executive Director Yakama 1 Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission Columbia River Treaty Mica Duncan Keenleyside Libby Treaty came into force in 1964, no end date. Canada builds three dams, U.S. gets to build Libby. Twin goals: optimize hydropower and coordinate flood control. With a 10 year notice, Treaty may be terminated starting in 2024 (Sept 2014). US Corps of Engineers dam No mention of tribes, fish or wildlife Other dam US Bureau of Reclamation dam 18 Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission U.S. Commitments Payment for flood control benefits ~ $65 million total over the years (good deal for US) Canada receives title to one-half the downstream power benefit produced by U.S. projects due to Canadian storage ~ $300 million annually (bad) After 2024, the other US reservoirs must be used for flood control before we can ask Canada for assistance (bad) Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission Implementation Designation of an Entity by each Party “charged with the duty to formulate and carry out operating arrangements necessary to implement the Treaty” Formation of the Permanent Engineering Board 4 members, two from each country, reporting at least annually to the U.S. and Canada Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission Treaty Operations Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission Columbia Basin Tribes 15 tribes with management authorities and responsibilities affected by the Columbia River Treaty Columbia River
    [Show full text]
  • Route-Specific Passage and Survival of Steelhead Kelts at the Dalles and Bonneville Dams, 2012
    PNNL-22461, Revision 1 Prepared for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District, under an Interagency Agreement with the U.S. Department of Energy Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830 Route-Specific Passage and Survival of Steelhead Kelts at The Dalles and Bonneville Dams, 2012 FINAL REPORT B Rayamajhi J Kim GR Ploskey AH Colotelo CM Woodley Z Deng MA Weiland T Fu DM Faber July 2013 PNNL-22461, Revision 1 Route-Specific Passage and Survival of Steelhead Kelts at The Dalles and Bonneville Dams, 2012 FINAL REPORT B Rayamajhi J Kim GR Ploskey AH Colotelo CM Woodley Z Deng MA Weiland T Fu DM Faber July 2013 Prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District under an Interagency Agreement with the U.S. Department of Energy Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington 99352 Preface The study reported herein was conducted by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District (CENWP). The PNNL project manager was Mr. Gene Ploskey. The CENWP technical lead was Mr. Robert Wertheimer. Under a subcontract with Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, the Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission helped conduct the study. A team from the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife contributed by tagging lower Columbia River kelts, and a team from PNNL tagged and released Snake River kelts that were subsequently detected by arrays deployed for this study. The study was designed to estimate route- specific passage and survival for steelhead kelts passing through The Dalles and Bonneville dams and assist managers in determining powerhouse priority for operations at Bonneville Dam.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 49, Number 2 Fall 2015
    Journal of Northwest Anthropology Volume 49, Number 2 Fall 2015 Richland, WA JOURNAL OF NORTHWEST ANTHROPOLOGY FORMERLY NORTHWEST ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH NOTES EDITORS Darby C. Stapp Deward E. Walker, Jr. Richland, WA University of Colorado ASSOCIATE EDITORS C. Melvin Aikens (University of Oregon), Haruo Aoki (University of California), Virginia Beavert (Yakama Nation), Don E. Dumond (University of Oregon), Don D. Fowler (University of Nevada), Raymond D. Fogelson (University of Chicago), Rodney Frey (University of Idaho), Ronald Halfmoon (Lapwai), Tom F.S. McFeat (University of Toronto), and Jay Miller (Lushootseed Research) Julia G. Longenecker Operations Manager Kara N. Powers Editorial Assistant Heather Hansen Production Assistant Composed by Northwest Anthropology LLC, Richland, WA; Printed by CreateSpace. Missing issue claim limit 18 months. For back issues and catalogue of prices contact Coyote Press, P O Box 3377, Salinas, CA 93912. <http://www.californiaprehistory.com> POLICY Journal of Northwest Anthropology, published semiannually by Northwest Anthropology LLC, in Richland, Washington, is a refereed journal and welcomes contributions of professional quality dealing with anthropological research in northwestern North America. Regular issues are published semiannually. Theoretical and interpretive studies and bibliographic works are preferred, although highly descriptive studies will be considered if they are theoretically significant. The primary criterion guiding selection of papers will be how much new research they can be expected to stimulate or facilitate. SUBSCRIPTIONS The subscription price is $45.00 U.S. per annum for individuals and small firms, $60.00 for institutional subscriptions, $30.00 for students with proof of student status, and $25.00 for all electronic subscriptions; payable in advance. Remittance should be made payable to Northwest Anthropology LLC.
    [Show full text]
  • The Emigrant Métis of Kansas: Rethinking the Pioneer Narrative Written by Shirley E
    THE EMIGRANT MÉTIS OF KANSAS: RETHINKING THE PIONEER NARRATIVE by SHIRLEY E. KASPER B.A., Marshall University, 1971 M.S., University of Kansas, 1984 M.A., University of Missouri-Kansas City, 1998 A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Colorado in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History 2012 This dissertation entitled: The Emigrant Métis of Kansas: Rethinking the Pioneer Narrative written by Shirley E. Kasper has been approved for the Department of History _______________________________________ Dr. Ralph Mann _______________________________________ Dr. Virginia DeJohn Anderson Date: April 13, 2012 The final copy of this dissertation has been examined by the signatories, and we Find that both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards Of scholarly work in the above mentioned discipline. iii ABSTRACT Kasper, Shirley E. (Ph.D., History) The Emigrant Métis of Kansas: Rethinking the Pioneer Narrative Dissertation directed by Associate Professor Ralph Mann Under the U.S. government’s nineteenth century Indian removal policies, more than ten thousand Eastern Indians, mostly Algonquians from the Great Lakes region, relocated in the 1830s and 1840s beyond the western border of Missouri to what today is the state of Kansas. With them went a number of mixed-race people – the métis, who were born of the fur trade and the interracial unions that it spawned. This dissertation focuses on métis among one emigrant group, the Potawatomi, who removed to a reservation in Kansas that sat directly in the path of the great overland migration to Oregon and California.
    [Show full text]
  • Upstream Migration Timing of Columbia Basin Chinook and Sockeye Salmon and Steelhead in 2017
    19-05 Upstream Migration Timing of Columbia Basin Chinook and Sockeye Salmon and Steelhead in 2017 Jeffrey K. Fryer, John Whiteaker, Denise Kelsey, and Jon Hess May 24, 2019 Upstream Migration Timing of Columbia Basin Chinook and Sockeye Salmon and Steelhead in 2017 Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission Technical Report for BPA Project 2008-518-00, Contract 76151 Report date range: 1/17–12/17 Jeffrey K. Fryer John Whiteaker Denise Kelsey Jon Hess May 24, 2019 ABSTRACT Between April 19 and October 18, 2017, we sampled Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and Sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) salmon as well as steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at the Bonneville Dam Adult Fish Facility (AFF). Fish were measured for fork length, scales were collected for analysis of age, tissue samples collected for genetic analysis, and the fish were tagged with Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tags. These fish were tracked upstream as they passed through sites with PIT tag antennas, including fish ladders at dams, juvenile bypasses, hatcheries, weirs, as well as in-stream antennas. Total numbers of fish tracked upstream were 829 spring Chinook, 1,005 summer Chinook, 971 fall Chinook, 836 steelhead, and 1,079 Sockeye Salmon. Chinook Salmon median migration rates between mainstem dams ranged between 18.7 km/day for fall Chinook migrating between McNary and Priest Rapids dams and 42.0 km/day for spring Chinook migrating between The Dalles and McNary dams. An estimated 31.8% of spring Chinook passed into the Snake Basin upstream of Ice Harbor Dam, while an estimated 58.0% of summer Chinook passed upstream of Priest Rapids dam into the Upper Columbia Basin.
    [Show full text]
  • GOVERNMENTAL POLICIES and the PRESERVATION and DISPLAY of NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURAL RESOURCES in the MIDDLE COLUMBIA BASIN
    AN ABSTRACT CF THE THESIS OF Elva Olson Michael for the degree of Masterof Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies: Anthropology, Art, and Resource Recreation presented on July 25, 1979 Title: GOVERNMENTAL POLICIES and THE PRESERVATIONAND DISPLAY OF NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURAL RESOURCES IN THE MIDDLE COLUMBIA BASIN Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: Thomas C. Hogg , " Prior to advent of Europeans in thePacific Northwest, the Middle Columbia River Basin was thelocation of highly develped native cultures. For centuries it was the center of very important native trade networksthat extended over western North America and a site ofimportant intertribal rituals relating to renewal of natural andfood resources. It possessed remarkably rich cultural resourceswhich are part of our national heritage andtrust. Today the Pacific Northwest Region isthe locus of 53 dam's which have inundated formervillages, fishing grounds, and prehistoric sites ofIndian people. This is especially true along the ColumbiaRiver. The construction of The Dalles Dam in 1952 institutedprior removal of ap- proximately forty of the 450prehistoric petroglyphs along the banks of the Long Narrowsand Celilo Falls, just east of The Dalles, Oregon. Following the removal of these native works of art, they werestored at The Dalles Dam site where they have remained for twenty-seven years. The situation of the petroglyphs prompted the question of who is responsible for their care, preservation, and proper interpretation. Research was conducted to examine pertinent federal and state policies as revealed in laws, regulations, executive orders, and in the actions and statements of public officials whose responsibilities relate to cultural resources. It was determined that laxity in enforcement of the Federal Antiquities Act of 1906 allows the petroglyphs to have remained in obscurity over the years and to never have been properly cared for or interpreted in a scientific or educational context.
    [Show full text]
  • Columbia River Treaty
    An Overview: Columbia River Treaty WHAT IS THE COLUMBIA RIVER TREATY? KEY DATES: 2014 AND 2024 The Columbia River The Columbia River Treaty (CRT) is The years 2014 and 2024 are key dates an international agreement between for the CRT for two reasons: Basin is a transboundary Canada and the United States for the 1. The year 2024 is the earliest date watershed that crosses joint development, regulation and either Canada or the U.S. may one international and management of the Columbia River terminate the CRT, provided seven state boundaries. in order to coordinate flood control 10-year advance notice is given and optimize hydroelectric energy (2014); and production on both sides of the border. 2. The Assured Annual Flood The CRT has no official expiry date, Control provision of the CRT BC AB CANADA but has a minimum length of 60 years, expires automatically in 2024 U.S. which is met on September 16, 2024. It (unless renegotiated) and flood wa MT is possible that one or both countries control specified under the CRT may wish to renegotiate parts or all of changes to a Called Upon Flood Wy the CRT, or terminate it entirely. Control operation. id or Photo: Kinbasket Reservoir behind Mica Dam. William D. Layman, courtesy of Wenatchee Valley Museum & Cultural Center. Right: Map shows the Columbia RIver Basin in Canada and the U.S. in lighter green CA UT and the Columbia Basin Trust region in darker green. NV www.cbt.org/crt Why Was the CRT Signed? Key Provisions of the Columbia River Treaty THE CHALLENGE DAMS AND RESERVOIRS DOWNSTREAM POWER BENEFITS Canada and the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Narratives of Celilo Falls, 1805-2021
    Bates College SCARAB Honors Theses Capstone Projects 5-2021 Stories from the Flood: Narratives of Celilo Falls, 1805-2021 Maximilian LeGrand Friedenwald-Fishman Bates College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scarab.bates.edu/honorstheses Recommended Citation Friedenwald-Fishman, Maximilian LeGrand, "Stories from the Flood: Narratives of Celilo Falls, 1805-2021" (2021). Honors Theses. 366. https://scarab.bates.edu/honorstheses/366 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Capstone Projects at SCARAB. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of SCARAB. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Stories from the Flood: Narratives of Celilo Falls, 1805-2021 An Honors Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History Bates College In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts By Maximilian Friedenwald-Fishman Lewiston, Maine May 5, 2021 1 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank Professor Andrew Baker, the advisor for this thesis, for all of his invaluable input and support throughout this process. I am beyond grateful for his close readings, detailed feedback, thoughtful insight, and words of encouragement. I would also like to thank the Bates Department of History as a whole for providing me the foundation to be able to research and write this project. Specifically, I want to thank Professor Patrick Otim, for inspiring me to become a history major and Professor Joseph Hall, for providing me with key sources and whose class, “Native American History,” made me ask the questions that eventually led me to my topic.
    [Show full text]