OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 50 NO. 4 FALL 2000 PUBLISHED BY THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio MEMBERSHIP AND DUES TERM Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of EXPIRES A.S.O. OFFICERS January as follows: Regular membership $20.00; husband and wife (one copy 2002 President Walt Sperry, 3021$ Fairmont Ave., Mt. Vernon, OH of publication) $21.00; Individual Life Membership $400. Husband and wife Life Membership $600. Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, published 43050 (740) 392-9774. quarterly, is included in the membership dues. The Archaeological Society of 2002 Vice President Russell Strunk, PO Box 55, Batavia, OH Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization. .45103, (513)752-7043. PUBLICATIONS AND BACK ISSUES 2002 Immediate Past President Carmel "Bud" Tackett, 905 Charleston Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: Pike, Chillicothe, OH 45601, (740) 772-5431. Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $40.00 add $4.50 P-H 2002 Treasurer Gary Kapusta, 3294 Herriff Rd., Ravenna, OH 44266, Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H (330) 296-2287. Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 add $1.50 P-H The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse.$25.00 add $2.50 P-H 2002 Executive Secretary Len Weidner, 13706 Robins Road, 1980's & 1990's $ 6.00 add $1.50 P-H Westerville, OH 43081 (740) 965-2868. 1970's $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H 2002 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, 1960's $10.00 add $1.50 P-H OH 43064, (614)873-5471. Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are gener­ ally out of print but copies are available from time to time. Write to busi­ 2002 Recording Secretary Rocky Falleti, 5904 South Ave., ness office for prices and availability. Youngstown, OH 44512 (330) 788-1598. ASO CHAPTERS 2002 Technical Advisor Jane Weidner, 13706 Robins Road, Aboriginal Explorers Club Westerville, OH 43081, (740) 965-2868. President: Jeff Bendie, 1127 Esther Ave., Wellsville, OH BUSINESS MANAGER Alum Creek Chapter Don Casto, 138 Ann Court, Lancaster, OH 43130 President: Craig Alward, 62 Belle Ave., Delaware, OH Business phone: 1-800-736-7815 - Home phone: 1-740-653-9477. Beau Fleuve Chapter TRUSTEES President: Richard Sojka, 11253 Broadway, Alden, NY Black Swamp Chapter 2002 Dr. Brian G. Folz, 6566 Charles Rd., Westerville, OH 43082 President: Marie Plummer Minniear, c/o Dr. David Strothers, (614)890-0777. Anthropology Dept, University of Toledo, 2801 Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 2002 Chris Rummell, 478 Burns Dr. N., Westerville, OH 43082 Blue Jacket Chapter (614)895-0714. President: Greg Johns, 301 Chillicothe St., Bellefontaine, OH 2002 Elaine Holzapfel, 415 Memorial Dr., Greenville, OH 45331 Chippewa Valley Chapter President: Skeeter Kish, 3014 Clarkmill Rd., Norton, OH (937) 548-0325. Cuyahoga Valley Chapter 2002 John Mocic, Box 170 R.D. #1, Dilles Bottom, OH 43947 President: Bill Mitchell, 153 Sterling Ave., Orrville, OH 44667 (740)676-1077. Dividing Ridges Chapter 2004 Jim Hahn, 770 South Second St., Heath, OH 43056 President: John Mocic, Box 170, RD#1, Valley Drive, (740)323-2351. Dilles Bottom, OH Flint Ridge Chapter 2004 Randall Hackworth, 1963 Moulton-Ft. Amanda Rd., President: Joel D. Embry, 7503 Columbus-Lancaster Rd. NW, Carrol, OH Wapakoneta, OH 45895 (419) 657-6557. Fort Salem Chapter N 2004 Jon Anspaugh, 210 E. Silver, Wapakoneta, OH 45895 President Dennis Link, 1037 Richey Rd., Felicity, OH 45120 (419)738-3708. Fulton Creek Chapter 2004 James G. Hovan, 16979 South Meadow Circle, Strongsville, President: Don Mathys, 23000 St. Rt. 47, West Mansfield, OH Johnny Appleseed Chapter OH 44136 (440) 238-1799. President: Jeff Zemrock, 903 Twp. Rd. 2850, Perrysville, OH CHAIRMAN FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS COMMITTEE King Beaver Chapter RUSSELL STRUNK, PO BOX 55, BATAVIA, OH 45103 President: Richard McConnell, 836 Cleland Mill Rd., New Castle, PA REGIONAL COLLABORATORS Mahoning Valley Chapter Mike Rusnak, 1642 Friar Road, Stow, OH 44224 President: Rocky Falleta, 176 Clarencedale, Youngstown, OH Mark W. Long, Box 627, Jackson, OH 45640 Miamiville Archaeological Conservation Chapter President: Arthur Heaton, 165 North St., Batavia, OH Steven Kelley, Seaman, OH Mound City Chapter William Tiell, 13435 Lake Ave., Lakewood, OH President: Gary Argabright, 92 N. Courtland Ave., Chillicothe, OH James L. Murphy, University Libraries, 1858 Neil Avenue Mall, Plum Run Columbus, OH 43210 President: Chris Darin, Morning Glory Farm, 37086 Eagleton Road, Gordon Hart, 760 N. Main St., Bluffton, Indiana 46714 Lisbon, OH Dr. Phillip R. Shriver, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056 Sandusky Bay Chapter Jeff Carskadden, 960 Eastward Circle, Colony North, President: George DeMuth, 4303 Nash Rd., Wakeman, OH Zanesville, OH 43701 Sandusky Valley Chapter Elaine Holzapfel, 415 Memorial Drive, Greenville, OH 45331 President: Dale Stansberry, 13825 C.H. 64, Upper Sandusky, OH Seneca Arrow Hunters Chapter Brian DaRe, 58561 Sharon Blvd., Rayland, OH 43943 President: Don Weller, 3232 S. State Rt. 53, Tiffin, OH Lloyd Harnishfeger, 203 Steiner St., Pandora, OH 45877 Six River Valley Chapter Gary Fogelman, 245 Fairview Rd., Turbotville, PA 17772-9599 President: Brian Foltz, 6566 Charles Rd., Westerville, OH All articles, reviews, and comments regarding the Ohio Archaeologist Standing Stone Chapter should be sent to the Editor. Memberships, requests for back issues, President: Bill Pickard, 1003 Carlisle Ave., Columbus, OH changes of address, and other inquiries should be sent to the Busi­ Sugarcreek Valley Chapter ness Manager. President: Larry L. Morris, 901 Evening Star Ave., East Canton, OH Their Fires Are Cold Chapter PLEASE NOTIFY THE BUSINESS MANAGER OF ADDRESS President: Kevin Boos, 5710 Old Railroad, Sandusky, OH CHANGES IMMEDIATELY SINCE, BY POSTAL REGULATIONS, SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. NEW BUSINESS OFFICE PHONE NUMBER 1-800-736-7815 TOLL FREE A.S.O. Website: www.ohioarch.org TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENT'S PAGE President's Page 3 Front Cover Information 3 The November 2000 meeting of the ASO was an excellent Burins and The Burin Flaking Technique one. It featured a new format for the main speaker, judging dis­ by Robert N. Converse 4 plays and field finds, presentation of awards, and the Board of An Archaeological Survey of the Burkholder Farm near Galion in Crawford County, Ohio Directors business meeting. The schedule for the January 14, by Tony DeRegnaucourt 9 2001 meeting will be as follows: 10:30 AM closing time for field Ohio Fluted Points by Keith Baranski 14 find entries, 10:30 AM to 11:15 AM featured speaker Dr. Old Indian Trail Finds in Northern Cuyahoga County Richard Yerkes in the Aladdin Room, 11:30 AM announcement by Dan Rosette 15 of display and field find winners, 12 Noon business meeting in An Old Artifact Collection 16 the Aladdin Room. A Hand Held Beveled Knife by Bob White 17 Presently the Board of Directors and a committee is working Mahoning Black Flint by Gary Kapusta 18 on changes to the Constitution and By-Laws. The Constitution Surface Collection from Central Indiana must be brought up-to-date and into the computer age. The by Michael Rusnak 20 Artifacts From The Schrock Collection areas of misunderstanding and multi-interpretation stemming by bar Hothem 22 from the past will be addressed. Hopefully, we will have the pro­ A Kentucky Cobbs Triangular by Robert J. Davis 23 posed changes ready before the March 18, 2001 meeting. A Flint Ridge Diagonal Notch by Shannon White 23 Membership in the ASO continues to increase. With the ASO Two Adena Blades From The Eicholtz Cache going on-line and a website, our membership is expanding by Robert N. Converse 24 across America and the world. Along these lines, plans for a Ohio Flint Artifacts by Richard Coulter 25 two-day meeting November 17th and 18th, 2001 are going Oak Hill Cottage Archaeology in Ad to Historic Preservation by John R. White 26 nicely. A two-day meeting will be very attractive for people trav­ Spirit Cave Man 'Unaffiliated Native American' 32 eling long distances and allow more time to get acquainted. Annual Mike Kish Award 32 We still need members to volunteer their services at meetings Archaeology and History of Investigations of Stow for judging, the raffle and other duties. Please let me know if you Rockshelter, Summit County, Ohio would like to help your Society. by OlafH. Pruferand Sara E. Pedde 33 A Skull Effigy Gorget From Mason County, Kentucky Happy hunting! by Elaine Holzapfel 43 Friends of America's Past 45 Henry Deringer's Pipe Axe by Wayne Steerman 46 Walt Sperry Annual Artifact Show Ripley, Ohio 46 President Great Lakes Prehistoric Artifact Show Huron, Ohio ... 46 The Archaeological Society of Ohio Meeting Theme for January 14th Meeting 47 Dr. Richard Yerkes to Speak at January Meeting .... 47 2001 Meeting Dates for the Archaeological Society of Ohio 47 2001 Dues are Due! 47 Chapter Presidents Session at January Meeting 47 Reprints of Early Ohio Archaeologists Available .... 47

Front Cover Photograph: In this last issue of the year 2.000 - the 50th volume of the Ohio Archaeologist - we are featuring artifacts from the collection of Ron Helman, Sidney, Ohio. The Helman collection is without question one of the finest in the Midwest and we are indebted to Ron Helman for both his photography and allowing us to share some of the artifacts from his collection. Upper left is a granite gorget found 1 Vz miles southeast of Laud. Indiana. Top center is an Ashtabula point of rare Flint Ridge flint from Sandusky County, Ohio. Upper right is a miniature pick banner of banded slate from Ohio. Second from top on left is a Flint Ridge heavy duty point found east of Carey, Wyandot County, in the early 1900s. Center top is a boatstone of steatite from Delaware County. Below it is a granite bar amulet from Shelby County. Left is a 7x inch Adena point of Coshocton flint from the Delmarva area in the state of Delaware. Second from bottom center left is a moss agate-like Flint Ridge Hopewell point from Erie County. The Effigy pipe is of banded slate and is from Wayne County. The keel gorget on the right is TA inches long and is from Kalamazoo County, Michigan. Bottom left is a chlorite pipe and bottom center is an expanded notch Flint Ridge point found by Joe Witzman in Wayne County, Ohio.

3 BURINS AND THE BURIN FLAKING TECHNIQUE by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio 43064

The word "burin" is French and is the Because burins made on blades are not the surface left from its removal is called name for a chisel-edged engraving tool. found in the New World, this tool has a burin facet, and the edge it produced is Certain flint artifacts found with prehis­ almost totally been ignored as an imple­ called a burin (figure 1). toric assemblages in France resembled ment used in the Americas. The only burins Burin flake removals should not be these engraver's tools - thus the name on blades occurring in the New World, are confused with impact fractures. Although burin was applied to them. found in what is called the Paleo-northern the two are similar, burin removals are Burins were developed nearly 25,000 Tradition (Wormington 1957 - 218) which always at right angles to the face of the years ago in the European Middle Pale­ centers in Alaska and northern Canada. blade and if they don't produce a chisel olithic period. They are among the oldest The burins from that tradition, however, are edge, they are not burins. In addition, flint blade tools in the world. More than 20 made on micro-blades and are unlike those burin flakes almost always terminate in a different types of burins occur in Paleolithic of Paleolithic Europe. The Paleo-northern stair step-like configuration, especially if contexts and all of them have been given tradition does not occur outside Alaska and more than one re-sharpening flake has French type names. Some cultures are contiguous Canada. been removed, and this angular hinge- characterized primarily from the kinds of When the first fluted point-pleistocene out is the telltale clue to burin faceting. burins they made. The Mousterian culture, animal associations were discovered in The skilled flint knapper knew how to which has been associated with Nean­ the 1920s and 1930s, burins were not remove burin flakes. He could produce a derthals, includes burins in its flint assem­ reported. In the meager Paleo associated flake which stopped and hinged out at a blage. The flint technology of all European flint assemblages published since those precise spot. How he could terminate the Paleolithic cultures is based on blades and early discoveries, few if any burins have length of his burin flakes, seemingly wher­ blade making, consequently, all burins been included. By and large, the burin as ever he wanted, is one of the mysteries of from that period are made on blades. a distinct and prevalent tool is not con­ the process. Ordinary flakes run off to a The idea for a burin was to create a sidered to be a major part of the Paleo feather edge, while burin flakes end tool with a sharp but thick chisel-like tip tool kit. Burins of any kind in later cul­ abruptly in an angular hinge-out. Many which would not easily break (figure 1). tures have received little attention from burin flakes appear to have been well on Since burins were made for cutting, archaeologists. Many of the point and their way to splitting a piece from end to incising and carving antler, bone and tool typologies (with their plethora of end but somehow seem to stop in mid wood, a sharp but heavy tip was essen­ names, inaccuracies, and mythical distri­ flight and turn outward producing the char­ tial. In addition, it had to be renewable tip bution maps) don't even mention burins. acteristic stair step ending. Some special­ - one which could be salvaged by re- Perhaps because New World burins ists do not accept the presence of sharpening and used again. were made in an entirely different way from intentional burin flaking unless there is Although the burin appears to be a those in Europe, American burins have more than one stair step configuration simple tool, the technique used to pro­ gone unrecognized by archaeologists and where the flakes ended. However, famil­ duce it is rather sophisticated. Paleolithic have been overlooked as one of the most iarity with the technique can easily tell the flint knappers in Europe created burins in sophisticated and interesting tools and flint observer whether the piece in question has the following way (see figure 2). First a working techniques of prehistory. been burinated or fractured from impact. blade, usually around four or five inches American burins, at least those in the Burin flaking is a sophisticated tech­ long, was detached from a large flint Midwest are, very nearly without excep­ nique still not completely understood but core. An oblique blow was struck at an tion, made on broken projectile points it was familiar to all Midwestern cultures angle parallel to the face of the blade (figure 6). I have never seen a true Euro­ and they all made burins. Although burin which removed a small angular flake from pean style burin made on a blade from faceting can be seen on practically any the tip. Secondly, a similar blow was anywhere in the eastern United States. kind of projectile point, it is still one of the struck from the opposite side leaving a Since American burins are unlike those rarest and most unique methods for sharp but heavy angular tip. This is the from Europe, this may account for the lack manipulating flint known and the tools burin - and hundreds of them were made of definition and study of these important and points produced by this technique by Paelolithic flint knappers in Europe. flint tools. Many archaeologists, and those are highly uncommon. The burin-on-a-blade technique prevails doing typology books, don't pay much But the technology was also used for in all of the European Paleolithic (figures attention to broken projectile points. other than creating burins. For example, 3,4,5). In fact Paleolithic flint industries Because burins are made on broken the process was an integral part of pro­ were centered on blades and blade points, they have been neglected by ducing Fractured Base points, a rare type, making and nearly every tool created came archaeologists unfamiliar with surface col­ but one which is found over a great part of from a blade. As a side comment it is inter­ lections and are simply dismissed as the eastern United States. The unique esting to note that bifacially chipped arti­ broken points. I have found a number of base was created by first removing a small facts in the European Paleolithic are fine burins in junk boxes and it would pay chip from the center of a somewhat practically nonexistent, while in the New collectors and those who surface hunt to rounded stem. Then a burin flake was World, bifacial chipping was the common examine their broken points more carefully. directed from each corner of the stem to procedure for manufacturing points and American burins were created much the center, leaving the characteristic flat tools. Flint projectile points, bifacially differently than those in the Old World. In base with burin flake scars (figure 7). The chipped or otherwise, did not appear until America, when an arrowhead or projectile base was then heavily ground, the late in the Paleolithic period in Europe. point was broken, it could easily be grinding occasionally obliterating most of Because of the late appearance of true turned into a burin. To do this, a heavy the flat burin surface. On most genuine bifacial projectile points in the Old World, flake was removed at right angles to the Fractured Base points, a tiny burin, usually fluted points in the New World may be the broken edge, producing a heavy chisel­ less than an eighth of an inch long, was oldest bifacially chipped projectile points in like point, and a useful tool was created. removed at each comer of the stem on the all the world. The flake removed is called a burin flake, inside of the notch.

4 The unusual Fractured Base Dovetail is point from Stark County (figures 10, 11) removed from each side of the fan- one of the rarest of all Midwestern types was made into a classic burin. Fashioned shaped base much in the manner of the and was altered by burin faceting (figure from a broken fluted point of Carter Cave Fractured Base Dovetail. A Hopewell drill 8). Apparently, a typical Dovetail base flint, it displays two 15s inch burin flake from the Troyer site has had its shoulders was prepared, and then a burin flake, scars, both of which terminate in the removed by burin flakes. It is not unusual directed upward from each corner of the unique stair step configuration. This to see common Hopewell points from the stem, was removed and produced the unusual artifact is proof that Paleoindians Troyer site which were made into burins characteristic flat fractured surface. The were practitioners of the burin technique. after being broken. Examination of mate­ base was then heavily ground. Although it is possible that later people rial from other Hopewell village sites such Burin flaking was also employed in found this broken fluted point and altered as Lichliter, Dodson and the Harness vil­ shaping certain types of points by modi­ it, patina on the piece leads to the belief lages might also reveal such tools. fying their bases or shoulders. It can be that it is a tool made by Paleo craftsmen. seen on a minor number of small bifur­ Although I have examined numerous Conclusions cates. Here, the technique was used to Paleo artifacts, this is one of the very few The fact that rare examples of fluted remove the sides of the stem. Curiously, true burins made on a fluted point I have points, stemmed lanceolates, archaic the shoulders were also sometimes ever seen. points, Adena points and Hopewell removed by the same process (figure 9). The Piano and Archaic periods include points sometimes display burin treatment Until burin flaking was recognized it was burins although they are rare. Piano is proof that nearly all Midwestern cul­ believed that many of these diminutive stemmed lanceolates, as well as many tures were aware of the burin flaking bifurcates with no shoulders had been archaic types were turned into burins technique but used it sparingly. Perhaps damaged, but shoulder removal was actu­ after being broken as can be seen in fig­ a more intensive study of site collections, ally part of the manufacturing process. ures 12, 13,15. especially the broken points they contain, Incidentally, the burin flakes seen on small The technique was also known in Early might reveal more burins than have thus bifurcates are the smallest and most deli­ and Middle Woodland times. Although far been reported. cate known and the technical skill in Adena points are not often made into removing tiny burins from the stem sides burins, they do occur (figure 6 left). References and shoulders of points less than an inch During the Hopewell period both burins 1959 Oakley, Kenneth long is remarkable. It is probable that this and burin flaking are more evident. A sig­ Man the Tool-Maker was done to negate the cutting of hafting nificant number of Hopewell points were Phoenix Books, University of Chicago sinew. Strangely, burin faceting is rarely converted to burins after being broken Press, Chicago seen on larger bifurcated points. (figure 6 right two examples) and (figure 1973 Klein, Richard Although burins are not often reported 14). I have also seen a classic Hopewell Ice-Age Hunters of the Ukraine as Paleoindian tools, a broken fluted point with a base which had a burin flake University of Chicago Press, Chicago

Burin tip.

Burin flake hinge-out.

Figure 1 (Converse) Typical burin made from a broken projectile point.

Figure 2 (Converse) Method by which Paleolithic burins were made.

5 Figure 3 (Converse) Paleolithic Burins from Europe. All Paleolithic burins from Europe were made on blades. The chisel edged point is at the top. There are as many as 20 different types of burin in the Lower Paleolithic of Europe.

Figure 4 (Converse) Upper Figure 5 (Converse,) Two Paleolithic Paleolithic burin from the burins from the Dobranichevka site in Magdalenian culture in France. the Ukraine. (After Klein page 73) Shown in front and side views, it is called a Bec-de-Flute type burin. (After Oakely page 94)

Figure 6 (Converse) Four broken points which have been made into burins. Left is an Adena point with the burin edge lower left. Center is an Archaic cor­ ner notch with the burin on the lower left. Upper right is a Flint Ridge Hopewell point with the burin lower left. Bottom right is a Hopewell point with the burin lower right.

Figure 7 (Converse) Two views of a classic Fractured Base point from the Marmon farm. Figure 8 (Converse) Two views of a Fractured Base Dovetail found on the Marmon farm near Zanesfield. Both sides of the stem have been removed by burin faceting.

Figure 9 (Converse) Bifurcates with burin flaking. All the small bifurcates, except bottom left, have had the sides of the stem removed by burin faceting. The shoulders have also been removed by the same technique. Large bifurcate on right has had the right side of the stem removed by a burin facet. This is the largest bifurcate I have seen which has had this treatment. Point bottom left has had burin facets removed from both sides of the blade.

Figure 10 (Converse) Three views of a fluted point of Carter Cave flint from Stark County. Two burin facets were removed after it was broken. Such tools prove that Paleo flint knappers were familiar with the burin technique. Arrows point to the burin tip.

7 Figure 11 (Converse) Illustration showing how burin flakes were detached Figure 12 (Converse) Stemmed Lanceolate of Flint Ridge flint. It has from the fluted point in Figure 10. Burin flake removal nearly always had at least two burin facets removed, the scars of which can be seen results in the stair step-like termination evident on the right. on the lower left.

Figure 15 (Converse) Three views of a Bottleneck point found on the Florence farm in Madison County. It has had burin flakes removed from the top of the stem and several burins removed from the lower right of the blade.

Figure 14 (Converse) Front and side of a clas­ sic Hopewell point made of Flint Ridge flint. A strong burin flake was removed from the lower Figure 13 (Converse) Serrated Archaic point right of blade. which has had a strong burin flake removed from the lower left of its blade.

8 AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE BURKHOLDER FARM NEAR GALION IN CRAWFORD COUNTY, OHIO by Tony DeRegnaucourt UMVARM 106 North Street Arcanum, Ohio 45304

Ever since 1978, Mike Burkholder, an silt loam, 0-2% slope (Steiger et al, 3 cores (1 of Upper Mercer, 1 of Flint avid collector and avocational archaeolo­ 1979). Luray soils are poorly drained soils Ridge and 1 of Pipe Creek chert); 3 gist, has conducted repeated detailed that represent old glacial lake beds and biface fragments of Upper Mercer chert, surface archaeological surveys of the lacustrine environments. It appears that 1 endscraper of Pipe Creek chert; 1 family farm and surrounding areas of during prehistoric times, the lowest areas ovate knife of Flint Ridge; 2 broken point Crawford County about one mile north of of the Burkholder Farm consisted of a tips of Upper Mercer; 2 utilized flakes of the town of Galion. Not only has Mr. large glacial lake or pond, probably Upper Mercer chert; and 3 flake scrapers Burkholder kept extensive records and spring fed with higher glacial ridges sur­ of Upper Mercer chert (Burkholder log­ catalogued his personal surface finds, he rounding it. Chili and Fitchville sods are book, 1978-2000). has also kept a well illustrated journal typical of glacial kames, stream terraces, Any site that yields more than one with excellent line drawings of many of and rises within glacial lake beds (Steiger Paleo-lndian artifact is rare within the his best finds. It is rare to run into such a et al, 1979:56, 58). These soil types indi­ state of Ohio; 33Cr24 has actually seven well documented collection and a real cate where most of the archaeological diagnostic point fragments attributable to pleasure for a professional archaeologist finds were found. Their slightly higher the Agate Basin and Lanceolate Phases to view it and examine it for all the infor­ elevations would have placed them of the Late Paleo-lndian (DeRegnaucourt mation it can yield about a specific area. above the level of the prehistoric glacial 1992, Converse 1994). Two of the points While still in high school, Mr. Burkholder pond or lake that may have existed here. bear marked resemblance to those met and worked with David Morse who Paleo-lndian points found at the Sawmill was the professional archaeologist then PALEO-INDIAN STAGE. Site in northeastern Ohio (Smith 1960). working at the regional Ohio Historic The most interesting site discovered by These two points exhibit the character­ Preservation Office in Mansfield, Ohio. Mr. Mike Burkholder was found in March of istic collateral, parallel flaking of a Paleo- Morse taught Mr. Burkholder the proper 1979. This site, designated 33Cr24, lndian lanceolate point, but also have techniques and methodology for a com­ yielded the bases of two lanceolate well-defined square shoulders at the prehensive surface archaeological survey points of Upper Mercer flint and an abun­ base of the blade portion of the spear or of his family farm and environs. Conse­ dance of debitage. Subsequent surveys knife. This site appears to therefore have quently, Mike Burkholder's records are of over the years have added to the original one or possibly two Late Paleo-lndian professional quality and enhanced by his data recorded on the Ohio Archaeolog­ Stage components. Site 33Cr24 defi­ natural artistic talent in his artifact draw­ ical Inventory (OAI) form for this site. As nitely bears further investigation as a ings in his journal. Mr. Burkholder still late as the spring of this year, Mike has possible single component late Paleo- does some archaeological surveys every found the base and mid-section of two lndian manifestation. year and has maintained his records and points that appear to be Agate Basin Another Late Paleo-lndian component shared them with this author. This paper is Paleo-lndian spearpoints, both manufac­ also seems to be present on the largest an attempt to provide a rough overview of tured of upper Mercer flint (Figure 1). site on the farm, 33Cr3, close to the the prehistory of the Galion area centered In the intervening years two other point Burkholder farmhouse. Two Hi-Lo Late on the Burkholder Farm and to especially midsections and a base exhibiting the Paleo-lndian points have been found concentrate on the Paleo-lndian site dis­ characteristic thinness and parallel collat­ there, one of Upper Mercer chert. The Hi- covered by Mike Burkholder. eral flaking associated with Paleo-lndian Lo point of Upper Mercer chert is also The Burkholder Farm is located about points of the Lanceolate Tradition have slightly reminiscent of a Crowfield Paleo one mile north of Galion Ohio along been found by Mr. Burkholder (Figure 2). point from Ontario because of its excur- Fairview Road in an area of flat to gently They are also made of Upper Mercer vate sides. Hi-Lo points are relatively rolling topography characteristic of the Till chert, with three pieces being of the abundant in northern Ohio and appear to Plains physiographic province which con­ lighter grey variety of Upper Mercer be a northern analog to the Dalton point sists of heavily glaciated plains and end (DeRegnaucourt and Georgiady 1998). of the Southeast. These points appear to moraines. Furthermore, the farm is located Agate Basin points have been radio­ date from about 9,000 to 8,000 B.C. at the headwaters of the Sandusky River carbon dated in the Great Plains to about (DeRegnaucourt 1992 and Holzapfel on the Lake Erie side of the drainage 10,000 to 11,000 years B.P. (Frison 1982). 2000). See Figure 3. divide. Numerous springs flowed on the Agate Basin points are found infrequently Two large trapezoidal blades (Figure 4) farm and a large pond created by in Indiana and Ohio and are thought to found by Mr. Burkholder on 33Cr3 may interurban railroad borrow pit removal in have followed the distribution of the east­ also be from the Paleo-lndian stage, one the late 19th century still is present (Marilyn ward extension of the prairie peninsula of these is of Upper Mercer chert while Burkholder, unpublished research). The (Transeau 1938 and DeRegnaucourt the other is of Bloomville chert (DeReg­ glacial ridges and the farm's location at the 1992). The Burkholder Farm is just north naucourt and Georgiady 1998). Sandusky River headwaters and the of the prairie peninsula as drawn by drainage divide between Lake Erie and the Transeau (1938) and suggests perhaps ARCHAIC STAGE Olentangy River drainage likely made the an eastward incursion of bison hunting The Early Archaic Period is well repre­ Burkholder Farm a strategic location for Paleo-lndians into north-central Ohio sented on the Burkholder Farm in the col­ aboriginal dugout canoe travelers in pre­ pursuing a definite Paleo-lndian lifeway lections. The Kirk Tradition is present in the historic times. following the herds. form of a Kirk Corner notched point, which The dominant soil types on the Burk­ Other artifacts found on this site which appears to have been reworked into a drill, holder Farm consist of Luray silt loam; may or may not be attributable to the made of Upper Mercer chert (Figure 5) and Chili silt loam, 2-6% slope; and Fitchville Paleo-lndian Agate Basin Phase include a Kirk Serrated point, also of Upper Mercer

9 chert (Figure 5). Three Rice Concave Base point, large variety. It is also very similar Period from 7500 to 6000 years BC. points of Upper Mercer chert are also to what Converse (1994:90) names as the (DeRegnaucourt 1992). The Late Archaic present (Figure 6). These Kirk Tradition Broadblade point which he attributes to Period was represented by the Brewerton points date from about 7,300 to 6,900 B.C. the Late Archaic. This point, illustrated in Phase of the Laurentian Tradition which (DeRegnaucourt 1992). One Palmer Corner Figure 13, is made of the Nethers variety dates from about 3500 to 2500 BC notched point of Upper Mercer chert was of Flint Ridge chert (DeRegnaucourt and (DeRegnaucourt 1992). A stemmed Late also present in the upper right of Figure 6. Georgiady 1998) and has a natural snake Archaic phase also appears to have been The Bifurcate Tradition was well repre­ inclusion chipped into it. The snake motif present (DeRegnaucourt 1992). sented on sites 33Cr3, 33Cr16, and is common in historic Indian tribes, and The Adena Early Woodland phase was 33Cr20. Figure 7 shows two classic Mac- most likely an important motif to the pre­ represented by an Adena Ovate Corkle Bifurcated points which date to historic Indians. This inclusion appears to Stemmed point. The Middle Woodland about 6,850 BC (DeRegnaucourt 1992). be masterfully worked within the point by Phase was indicated by Affinis Snyders One of these points are made of black the flintknapper and definitely not a fortu­ point, a Lowe Flared Base point, Vos- Upper Mercer chert and one is made of itous occurrence. This point would most burg, and Intrusive Mound or Jacks Reef the whitish-grey Flint Ridge chalcedony likely date to about A.D. 100 to 500 point. Finally, the Late Prehistoric Stage (DeRegnaucourt and Georgiady 1998). (DeRegnaucourt 1992). was indicated by the presence of one Figure 7 also shows two LeCroy points, The base of a Lowe Flared Based point Madison triangular arrowpoint. one of Flint Ridge and one of Upper characteristic of the Late Middle Woodland Further research on this site cluster will Mercer chert. Two Kanawha Stemmed period from about AD 500 to 700 (DeReg­ no doubt yield much more valuable infor­ are present, one of Upper Mercer chert, naucourt 1992) is also shown in Figure 13. mation on the prehistory of north-central the other of white Flint Ridge (DeRegnau­ The Late Middle Woodland period is also Ohio. Thanks and acknowledgments are court and Georgiady 1998). The LeCroy represented by two classic Jacks Reef or due to Mike, Dawn, Marilyn, and Don points date to about 6,300 BC, and the Intrusive Mound points and two Vosburg- Burkholder for the access to study their Kanawha Stemmed points to about like points (Ritchie 1961 and DeRegnau­ carefully kept prehistoric collection. 6,200 years BC (DeRegnaucourt 1992). court 1992). See Figure 14. These points No artifacts directly attributable to the date from about A.D. 500 to 900. Middle Archaic period were in the Burk­ REFERENCES CITED holder collection. This is not surprising, LATE PREHISTORIC STAGE since it is the rarest and apparently least One triangular arrowhead has been Converse, Robert N. populous period in Ohio after the Paleo- recovered from 33Cr3 (Figure 15). This 1994 Ohio Flint Types. Archaeological Society of Ohio. Columbus, Ohio. lndian stage (DeRegnaucourt 1997). arrowpoint could represent terminal Late The Late Archaic Period is well repre­ Woodland occupation or even represent DeRegnaucourt, Tony sented with three Brewerton Side Erie or some other Late Prehistoric mani­ 1985 A Middle Archaic Study Unit for Ohio. Notched points (Figure 8) which date festation. This arrowhead most likely Unpublished report prepared for the from about 3,500 to 2,500 BC (DeReg­ dates from about A.D. 900 to A.D. 1500 Ohio Historic Preservation Office. naucourt 1992). These three points were (DeRegnaucourt 1992). Two other small Columbus, Ohio. all made of Upper Mercer chert. A total of points are pictured with the triangular 1992 A Field Guide to the Prehistoric Point five grooved hammerstones (Figure 9) arrowpoint. Their diminutive size and Types of Indiana and Ohio. UMVARM have also been found on 33Cr3 which are thinness suggest that they also are Monographs in Archaeology, No. 1. also characteristic of the Laurentian and arrowpoints of Late Prehistoric times. Arcanum, Ohio. 1997 The Early Archaic of the Upper Miami Stemmed Late Archaic Traditions in west Figure 16 shows an endscraper of central and northern Ohio (DeRegnau­ Valley and Environs. The Amateur probable Early Archaic affiliation and a Archaeologist Buffalo, New York. court 1992). Two large stemmed points drill and sidescraper with graver of unde­ are also present which appear attribut­ termined prehistoric age. Figure 17 DeRegnaucourt, Tony, and Jeff Georgiady able to the Late Archaic. See Figure 10. shows three chert blades, one of Upper 1998 Prehistoric Chert Types of the Midwest. (DeRegnaucourt 1992). Mercer, one of Crooksville, and one of UMVARM Monographs in Archaeology, One classic Stringtown point (Figure 11) Pipe Creek chert (DeRegnaucourt and No. 7. Arcanum, Ohio. was found made of Brush Creek/ Georgiady 1998). The ovate Pipe Creek Crooksville chert of southeastern Ohio blade in the lower right might be of Holzapfel, Elaine 2000 The Paleo-American Occupation of (DeRegnaucourt and Georgiady 1998). Adena Early Woodland affiliation. Figure Darke County, Ohio and Environs. This type has been classified by many 18 shows a pendant or gorget preform M.A. Thesis in preparation. Ball State observers as a Late Paleo-lndian Piano which most likely is from the Late Archaic University, Muncie. type point (Converse 1994), but more period or the Early Woodland period. It is recent evidence from radiocarbon dates made of blue slate. Frison, George W. and Dennis Stanford obtained on sites in Ontario and Michigan 1982 The Agate Basin Site. Academic Press. indicate that this type may be Late Archaic SUMMARY New York. (Jeb Bowen, Personal Communication). Careful surface survey and note taking Ritchie, William A. by Mike Burkholder on his family farm 1961 A Typology and Nomenclature of New WOODLAND STAGE over the last 22 years has given us a York Projectile Points. Albany. The Early Woodland stage is repre­ good glimpse into the prehistory of north- sented by the presence of one Adena central Ohio near Galion in Crawford Smith, Arthur George Ovate Stemmed point base of Flint Ridge County, Ohio. Mr. Burkholder's surveys 1960 The Sawmill Site. Ohio Archaeologist (Figure 12) This point would date from have revealed the presence of two or 10(3):84-97. Columbus. about 1,000 BC to around A.D. 100 possibly three Late Paleo-lndian compo­ (DeRegnaucourt 1992). nents. The Agate Basin phase, possibly a Steiger, John, et al The Middle Woodland Period is well Lanceolate Sawmill Stemmed Phase, and 1979 A Soil Survey of Crawford County, represented with at least six points diag­ a Late Paleo-lndian Hi-Lo phase. Ohio. USDA, Washington. nostic of the period. One point is a large The Archaic Stage was well repre­ Transeau, Earl Affinis Snyders-like point or what Con­ sented by points from the Kirk and Bifur­ 1938 An Eastward Extension of the Prairie verse (1994:114) refers to as a Hopewell cate Traditions of the Early Archaic Peninsula. Ecology, Vol. 16.

10 Figure 2 (DeRegnaucourt) Fragments of Paleo-lndian lanceolates and Sawmill Stemmed-like points from r 33Cr24.

Figure 1 (DeRegnaucourt) Two Agate Basin Paleo-lndian point midsections of Upper Mercer chert.

Figure 4 (DeRegnaucourt) Two trapezoidal blades of Upper Mercer and Bloomville chert.

Figure 3 (DeRegnaucourt) Two Hi-Lo Late Paleo-lndian points. Figure 5 (DeRegnaucourt) Kirk Serrated and Kirk Corner Notched points of Upper Mercer chert.

Figure 6 (DeRegnaucourt) Three Rice Figure 7 (DeRegnaucourt) Two MacCorkle points, Concave base points and one Palmer Corner two LeCroy points, and two Kanawha Stemmed Figure 8 (DeRegnaucourt) Three Brewerton Notched point of Upper Mercer chert. points, Bifurcate Tradition. Side Notched points of Upper Mercer chert.

11 Figure 9 (DeRegnaucourt) Five grooved hammerstones, Late Archaic. Figure 10 (DeRegnaucourt) Two late Archaic Stemmed points.

Figure 12 (DeRegnaucourt) Base of an Adena Ovate Base point of Flint Ridge chert.

Figure 11 (DeRegnaucourt) Stringtown point of Crooksville chert.

Figure 13 (DeRegnaucourt) Lowe Flared Base point base and Large Hopewell or Broadblade point of Nethers chert with snake motif.

Figure 14 (DeRegnaucourt) Two Jacks Reef or Intrusive Mound points on left and two Vosburg-like points on the right.

12 Figure 75 (DeRegnaucourt) Madison Triangular arrowpoint on the left and two small possible arrowpoints on the right.

Figure 16 (DeRegnaucourt) Sidescraper with graver, a drill, and an Early Archaic endscraper.

^1 ^j i • ™ • I I 1 \

• \^ VI Figure 17 (DeRegnaucourt) Three blades or flint preforms, left to right, Figure 18 (DeRegnaucourt) Blue slate preform for a gorget or Upper Mercer chert, Crooksville chert and Pipe Creek chert. pendant.

13 OHIO FLUTED POINTS by Keith Baranski Brownsville, Ohio

In Figure 1 are fluted points from my made from a variety of materials. The Others are made of Coshocton and Flint collection. All are from Ohio. As with most largest point in the top row is five inches Ridge flints. Ohio Clovis type fluted points they are long and is made of Indiana Hornstone.

Figure 1 (Baranski) Nine Ohio Clovis type fluted points.

14 OLD INDIAN TRAIL FINDS IN NORTHERN CUYAHOGA COUNTY by Dan Rosette 1625 Chassett Lakewood, Ohio 44107

Madison Avenue is part of what was surer of the ASO and a well-known ama­ found before 1920 at locations along once the old Mahoning Trail during pre­ teur archaeologist. Sarge hunted many these trails. These trails are also listed in historic times. Warren Road was a north- times in Lakewood along Warren Road, Frank Wilcox's book Ohio Indian Trails. south connector to the Mahoning Trail Madison Avenue and Detroit Avenue. All according to Sarge Smith, one-time Trea­ four of the axes shown in Figure 1 were

•t\w .i

Figure 1 (Rosette) Northern Cuyahoga County old Indian trail finds. Upper Left: % groove, found Detroit Ave. & Wooster Road in Rocky River, Ohio - Lake Trail (Ex-Hall Collection) Upper Right: full groove, found Wan-en Road & Madison Ave., Lakewood, Ohio - Mahoning Trail (Ex-Doc Deneke Collection) Lower Left: % groove, found Spring Garden & Detroit Ave., Lakewood, Ohio - Lake Trail (Ex-Hall Collection) Lower Right: A groove, 9*A" x 5" found E. 86 Street & Euclid Ave., East of Millionaire Row, Cleveland, Ohio - Lake Trail Trails as per Frank Wilcox's book - Ohio Indian Trails Axes in collection of Dan Rosette

15 AN OLD ARTIFACT COLLECTION

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16 A HAND HELD BEVELED KNIFE by Bob White Thornville, Ohio

The hand held beveled knife, repre­ color, I put them in my pocket and con­ The knife measures b"A inches long and sented in figures one and two, was surface tinued to surface hunt the area, finding T/i inches wide at its widest point, near found by the author on 4-16-82 in a field one more small point. After finishing my the base. It exhibits excellent chipping that had been plowed that day in Madison hunt, I returned to my truck, where I over its entire surface and beveled V* of its County, Ohio. The field is located directly retrieved my field finds from my pocket, length. Although it was designed to be across from the dam at Madison Lake and laid them on the seat and suddenly real­ hand held, it exhibits no grinding. It is across from the first rise east of Darby ized that the two worked pieces of flint fit fashioned from gray and white mottled Run, the waterway that fills Madison Lake. together forming a large knife. After Upper Mercer flint, a blend of colors that While hunting this field I picked up two finding the broken knife and one small is rare and desirable to collectors. broken pieces of flint that appeared to be point, no additional artifacts were found in Although this knife is broken and glued different artifacts. Although the pieces of 1982. When I returned the next spring the back together, it is one of the finest flint were worked and were similar in rise had a house built on it. pieces of flint in my collection.

Figure 1 (White) Large knife 5'A inches long found in Madison County. Obverse and Reverse.

17 MAHONING BLACK FLINT by Gary Kapusta Ravenna, Ohio I live in Portage County and I have seen nearby areas. Comparison of the Alliance grade stone heavily loaded with fossils many artifacts in northeastern Ohio col­ and New Castle materials proved that which appears to have needed more geo­ lections and museums made of black flint they were alike in nearly every respect logical time to change to high quality flint. which, it was assumed, came from the including the inclusions and blue/white Further investigations for sources of Coshocton deposits. I am familiar with "lightning" streaks although their sources this flint lead me to believe that there is a flint quarries in east central Ohio and sev­ are nearly 100 miles apart. It is likely that more or less continuous outcrop from the eral years ago I discovered a large out­ there may be other outcrops of this same outskirts of Alliance to perhaps Newton crop of low to medium grade of black flint stone which extend into Pennsylvania. Falls and east into Pennsylvania. Contin­ near New Castle in Coshocton County. The drought of 1999 lowered the levels uing studies may reveal the extent of Many artifacts were made of this material of the Berlin Reservoir and I had been these flint sources. and a tremendous amount of debitage told that many people had looked for arti­ This locally abundant flint I have called could be found in workshops around the facts there. The reservoir is operated by "Mahoning Black" since it lies within the quarry area. It was a dull black stone with the U. S. Army Corp of Engineers and it is Mahoning River watershed. After expo­ many inclusions including crystals and illegal to remove artifacts from there. sure to weathering it exhibits a flat black iron oxide. Some of it was gray and con­ Most Ohio residents are unaware of this appearance - some of it even resembles tained numerous fossils. law which covers government owned Nellie chert - and many artifacts made of However, I believed that many of the property. Berlin Reservoir has been in it can be seen in local collections. I have black flint artifacts in my area were made existence for over 60 years and probably also observed it in adjacent counties. of a local stone and I decided to search many artifacts have been collected from The sources of this stone are located closer to home for a source of this black its snores. on both public and private property and material. A few years ago I discovered an I learned that outcrops of black flint had individuals interested in further research outcrop of a poor to good grade of been seen some distance from the main should obtain permission to investigate black/gray flint near the outskirts of highway by individuals walking the shore­ it. Where it occurs on public property, the Alliance, Ohio. Mixed in the debitage of line. I found the area where it occurs and investigator should work with govern­ this flint was a glossy black variety. It observed much debitage along the ment agencies to protect them from resembled the classic Coshocton flint but exposed surface. It was apparent that it being pilfered or destroyed. If artifacts it was from here in Stark County. Not was quite similar to the Alliance and are found they should be surrendered many artifacts of this stone were found Coshocton materials. Much of it could be and made part of an educational display but there was a sufficient amount of deb­ seen in the roots of upturned trees and for all to enjoy. itage to identify its local origin. veins of it were being slowly exposed by It is a real enjoyment to record and The outcrop is located on private prop­ the wave action of high water levels. report your discoveries and every one of erty near the Alliance-Portage County The area in which it is found is about them sheds a little more light on the past. border within ten miles of the Plum Run one half mile long. Its depth ranges from Some of them, like Mahoning Black, may deposits. The stone is quite solid and three to about eight feet. Associated with provide a new flint source for Ohio. worked nicely for the artifacts found in this deposit is another outcrop of poor

Figure 1 (Kapusta) Points and scrapers from Mahoning and Portage counties.

18 Figure 2 (Kapusta) Debitage of Mahoning Black Flint.

Figure 3 (Kapusta) Detached flakes.

Figure 4 (Kapusta) Two cores of Mahoning Black flint.

19 SURFACE COLLECTION FROM CENTRAL INDIANA by Michael Rusnak 4642 Friar Rd. Stow, Ohio 44224 Much like the Scioto or the Musk­ damaged Archaic knife made of black blade, it was deliberately fashioned to ingum, the Wabash of Indiana - another Upper Mercer (Figure 3). display the stone's natural beauty. While major tributary of the Ohio - contains the point is exhausted, you can only many prehistoric sites along its length. In Artistic Quality In Prehistoric Knives imagine how spectacular it must have central Indiana, the Eel River joins the Occasionally, an artifact displays not only looked when it was freshly made, as the Wabash in the city of Logansport. extraordinary workmanship, but artistry in striping pattern, undoubtedly, would have Recently, my brother Wayne Rusnak of the use of the natural color and banding in continued up the length of what may Logansport, Indiana introduced me to the material. One such piece is the Horn- have once been a 4+ inch blade. Tom and Marcy Klein, experienced sur­ stone leaf blade, pictured in three different face hunters from this central Indiana lighting angles (Figure 4). This stunning Interesting Pieces region. The Kleins allowed me to examine piece contains an oval bull's eye of blue- It is worth noting some other inter­ and photograph their excellent collection gray banding. Here, the prehistoric esting points in the collection. One of prehistoric artifacts. It contained points craftsman chose to shape the piece such unusual piece is the Concave Base point from many time periods - triangle points, that this oval swirl would be near the center in Figure 5. It has the outline of a Paleo archaic knives and a concave base. of the blade, creating a uniform appear­ point along with a heavily ground, arched Much of their collection was found in ance, and at the same time, preserving the base. However, the point is also distinctly Indiana's Cass County and in neigh­ pattern as the blade was resharpened. beveled on opposite sides - much like boring Clinton County. Marcy explained Additionally, the banding - in an artistic Archaic styles. that her relatives live and farm all along sense - is perfectly appropriate for this Additionally, there were two finely the Wabash River area. knife style. Note how the oval banding knapped Archaic Bevels which stood out closely resembles the leaf outline of the among the collection, as shown in Figure 6. Indiana Lithic Material blade itself. Modern artists and designers Much thanks again to Tom and Marcy It was indeed exciting to handle so many might call the oval shape of the banding Klein (Figure 7) for sharing their fine collec­ fine prehistoric knives - knives which were an "echo" of the oval outline of the blade. tion and for allowing me to share it with both familiar to me in their shapes and I just call it beauty. ASO members. Also thanks to Joyce types, and unfamiliar in the chert materials A blade such as this one stands as tes­ Rusnak for her help with the photography. from which they were made. timony that prehistoric Americans were The collection had several classic sometimes creating pieces of art and not References: examples of Indiana Cherts and flints. just something utilitarian. Among the points in the collection, most Similarly, the smaller Indiana Green 1994 Robert Converse, appeared to be of the local Kenneth and point in Figure 2 is another artifact with a Ohio Flint Types, Ohio Archaeological Liston Creek Cherts. Figure 1 shows sense of artistic composition. This small Society of Ohio, Columbus, three points made up of Kenneth Chert gem was fashioned such that the green - a material found along the Wabash banding runs nearly perpendicular on one Elaine Holzapfel, "Chert Workshop in near Logansport. Indiana," Ohio Archaeologist, Spring, side of the blade, creating a piece where 2000, Volume 50, No.2, pp. 14-15. There were also some examples of the coloring seems to split the blade in Indiana Hornstone and Indiana Green. half - green striped on one half and 1998 Tony DeRegnaucourt and Figure 2 shows two corner notch points cream white on the other. Jeff Georgiady, of a colorful Indiana Green. Additionally, I do not believe such a pattern hap­ Prehistoric Chert Types of the Midwest. one exception in the collection was a pened by accident, but like the leaf UMVARM, Arcanum, Ohio

Figure 1 (Rusnak) Three points of Kenneth chert. Figure 2 (Rusnak) Two points of Indiana Green.

20 Figure 3 (Rusnak) Damaged point of Upper Mercer flint. Figure 5 (Rusnak) Unfluted fluted point. Figure 4 (Rusnak) Hornstone blade showing Beveling is result of reworking damaged lines of the nodule from which it was made. point.

Figure 6 (Rusnak) Two Archaic bevels.

Figure 7 (Rusnak) Marcy and Tom Klein display their artifacts.

21 ARTIFACTS FROM THE SCHROCK COLLECTION by Lar Hothem Box 458 Lancaster, OH 43130

A portion of the Schrock collection was The artifacts were all surface finds in Mercer material predominated for the sold in early 2000, and the eight major the course of agricultural activity and the artifacts, plus some Flint Ridge and other, pieces from it are pictured here. This col­ majority of pieces were from the Archaic unidentified flint and chert. These arti­ lection was put together mainly in the period, followed by Woodland. A Late facts are now in a private collection. 1940s, and the artifacts came from sev­ Paleo lance and some Mississippian tri­ eral farms in Holmes County, Ohio. angular points were also present. Upper

Figure 1 (Hothem) Figure 3 (Hothem) Heavy-duty blade. Archaic knife, Archaic, dark blue 4% inches long, in mixed Upper tan patinated Mercer with lighter Flint Ridge. inclusions. This The lower blade piece is 3% inches edges have long. been heavily resharpened.

Figure 2 (Hothem) Archaic pentago­ nal point or blade, 21A inches long. The material is probably Upper Figure 4 (Hothem) Mercer in gray Adena stemmed with faint stripes. point or blade, black Upper Mercer with several inclusions, 5'A inches long.

Figure 5 (Hothem) Figure 7 (Hothem) Archaic corner- Late Paleo notch point or lanceolate, in blade, tan and high-grade cream material of multicolored uncertain origin, Upper Mercer. 27/e inches long. It measures 4'A inches long and was broken and glued near the tip.

Figure 6 (Hothem) Figure 8 (Hothem) \ Knife, probably Hopewell point or \ Archaic period, blade, 4'A inches 4'A inches long. long, in cream- The material is colored Flint mixed Upper Ridge. A small Mercer flint in break is on the several shades. base corner.

22 A KENTUCKY COBBS TRIANGULAR by Robert J. Davis Milford, Ohio 45150

I found this example of an early archaic Cobbs Triangular blade while surface hunting a field of cover crop in northern Kentucky on October 16th, 2000. It is made from high grade Sonora flint from the Nolin River area of central Kentucky. The lighter colored chalcedonic quartz inclusion is completely translucent. One side of each face is steeply beveled, and the piece measures 3%" long by 1V wide. This artifact was lying completely exposed, clean and shining on the ground.

Figure 7 (Davis) Blade of Sonora flint found in northern Kentucky.

A FLINT RIDGE DIAGONAL NOTCH by Shannon White Thornville, Ohio

On Friday, the 13th of February, 1998, in Licking County, I was surface hunting in a cultivated field. That day, I found my best personal find ever - a white Flint Ridge Diagonal Notch. Unbelievably, it was in perfect condition and not a single bit of damage. It measures exactly 2/j" long and 2V at the widest point, demonstrating excellent craftsmanship by prehistoric man. It is heavily ground on the base and shows the distinct deep narrow notches common for this type. The middle of the blade exhibits large percussion flakes remaining from its earlier pre-form work. The blade's edge show very nice serration chipping from the top to bottom, giving it a needle tip. Needless to say, I was extremely happy to have found such a nice artifact. This made it a Friday the 13th I will never forget.

References

Ohio Flint Types By Robert Converse Figure 1 (White) Obverse and reverse of Diagonal Notch point.

23 TWO ADENA BLADES FROM THE EICHOLTZ CACHE by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio 43064

Mrs. Iva Price of western Lawrence other ten blades are made of the same there was a significant Adena presence in County, Pennsylvania, found a cache of Flint Ridge flint and are about 4 inches western Pennsylvania and northern West Adena blades in her garden around 1910. long. John Eicholtz first saw the cache in Virginia - the Grave Creek mound and There were twelve blades in all, the two the 1940s and searched the Price garden others - few Adena caches have been largest of which are shown here. The for more blades but found none. Although reported from that area.

24 OHIO FLINT ARTIFACTS by Richard Coulter 59 Griswold St. Delaware, Ohio 43015 The color plate shows some of the Included are: drills, dovetails, heavy duty, bifurcated types. The materials are from more colorful flint in my collection. fractured base, fluted, Hopewell and the Flint Ridge and Coshocton deposits.

25 OAK HILL COTTAGE Archaeology in Aid to Historic Preservation by John R. White Youngstown State University September 2000

BACKGROUND architect's plan view of the site showing in thickness. Discovered at a depth of Oak Hill Cottage, once characterized by the dimensions of the various sides. between -2 and -5 cm, it was covered the architectural critic Ralph Cram as "the According to early drawings and historic with a thin layer of dark brown topsoil one perfect Gothic house I've seen in the records, until relatively recent times the and turf. A gap of 75 cm between the United States", was built according to area (and much more) north of the house base of the cottage and the east end of most sources, in 1847 (Fig. 1). Its first was a mazeway of gardens, trees and the pavement, testifies to the prior exis­ owner was John R. Robinson. Little is shrubbery embraced with an intricate tence of a set of steps leading from the known of Robinson. Until 1976 it was system of paths. Today much of that area porch to the walkway. generally accepted that he was a suc­ has been given over to urban development The pavement is made up of courses cessful farm produce or livestock dealer and what part remains of the original prop­ of bricks laid in a north-south alignment who situated his home in order to take erty has been disguised by modern usage. bordered perpendicularly by bricks laid advantage of the newly established and The field north of the house, formerly a on their sides in an east-west direction. nearby Mansfield and New Haven Rail­ deep swale dotted with trees, has been The entire walkway rather than being road. In 1976, Mrs. Ethel Zolt the great covered to a depth of up to two meters by level, or even nearly so, undulates in a granddaughter of Robinson revealed that a clayey field dirt matrix throughout which most irregular manner. On the western­ he was in fact associated with the railroad are found large sections of city pavement, most edge, i.e. the point at which the and not in the livestock business at all. and building materials such as pipes, pavement intercepts the adjacent car­ Robinson apparently sold the property bricks, cement and stone; and curbstones. riage drive, there is a butt or curbing of in 1861. After a brief tenure by one The house was at one time encircled by poured concrete sitting atop the bricks. Harvey Hall, the house and grounds a slag or gravel carriage drive. Over time This curb measures between 15 cm and came into the hands of Dr. Johannes A. the drive had been covered with several 28 cm in width. Jones in 1864. It was under the owner­ centimeters of topsoil and planted in lawn Discussion: This brick walkway evi­ ship of Jones, a very successful eye-ear- or obliterated entirely by the encroach­ dently served to receive visitors coming nose and throat specialist that Oak Hill ment of adjacent Oak Hill and Springmill to the west entrance of the cottage. Cottage saw its maximum florescence. Streets and the activities attendant to Excavations beyond the western tip of By the late 1800s, Oak Hill with its spa­ their creation, widening, leveling and sur­ the pavement indicates that it was laid cious gardens was a local showplace. facing. In short, very little remains, above immediately adjacent to and abutting on After the death of Dr. Jones in 1895, Oak ground at least, of what was once an the carriage drive. The cement curb, was Hill began a steady decline slowed only elaborately landscaped estate. poured atop the bricks some time after by the efforts of its final private owner they were laid and before the abutting Mrs. Leile Barrett, his youngest daughter. THE SITE FEATURES carriage drive fell into disuse. That the In 1965, the Richland County Historical Site examination and excavations butt was not part of the original design is Society purchased the property with the revealed a total of thirteen cultural fea­ readily attested to by the casual, sloppy intention of preserving it as a historical tures which ought to be of value in the way in which it was poured. It is not at all monument and utilizing it as a meeting accurate reconstruction of the Oak Hill consistent with the structural quality evi­ place for various social events, etc. The Cottage landscape. In terms of the age of denced in the rest of the grounds. The house, which was placed on the National the site itself, these features ranged in fact that the cement curb, like the under­ Register of Historic Places in 1969, has, their creation from the early to the more lying brick on which it sits, abuts on the since its acquisition by the Historical recent and included items as ephemeral edge of the drive, taken along with the Society, been the focus of the energies of a as a single row of round cobblestones fact that it even exists at all, warrants small group of community-minded people and as substantial as a long, cut sand­ stating that it predates the disuse of the with a keen historical sense who have, stone block retaining wall; as casual as a drive. The uneven undulating quality of through various ways and means, raised deposit of pig mandibles, and as well- the pavement surface certainly was not enough money to make considerable devised as a brick pavement. Figure 3 part of the original design but was likely improvements on the house and grounds. shows the location of the various site imparted to it by a combination of natural It is in keeping with the goals of this group, features that were uncovered. factors such as underlying or nearby root and their desire to see the return in some The cultural features discussed specifi­ disturbance and frost action. degree, of the site's 1870 splendor, that the cally include a carriage drive, a sandstone historic landscape preservation study, of retaining wall, two brick pavements, two Carriage Drive which this archaeological investigation is a brick paths, a limestone flag walk, a The remains of a carriage drive were part, was undertaken. cement pavement, a slab pavement, a cis­ recovered completely encircling Oak Hill tern, a gateway, a cobblestone row and a Cottage. Averaging between 2.5 m and SITE DESCRIPTION pit laden with pig bones. Each of these fea­ 3.1 m in width with a mean of 2.7 m and Located in the mid-northern section of tures will be discussed fully in turn; they are of indeterminate length (most of the drive the City of Mansfield, in Richland County, described in encapsulated form in Table 1. on the east side of house was obliterated Ohio, the present Oak Hill Cottage occu­ by construction of Oak Hill Place), this pies a parcel of land sub-rectangular in Brick Pavement - West drive apparently made a nearly perfect shape and measuring approximately A brick pavement, complete through­ circle around the house at a distance 32,280' in area. Bordered by Aten Street out its length, was uncovered running in between 3 m (the southeast corner) and on the north, Oak Hill Place on the east, a due west direction out from the porch 7.9 m (the southwest corner) out from the and Springmill Street on the south the on the west side of the cottage. Mea­ house. It lay at a depth of between -5 present boundaries measure but a small suring 6.2 m in maximum length by 1.95 and -10 cm, and was overlain by a thin part of the original holdings. Figure 2 is an m in width; this pavement was one brick layer of dark brown topsoil and grass.

26 Table 1 - Oak Hill Cottage Features* topsoil and turf. Over most of its length the walkway sits immediately atop the Description Dimensions Location Associations Remarks 2. Brick pavement 6.20 m east-west; Runs due west F-3; F-4 Pavement is not level but undulates. cindery carriage drive. (West) 1.95 m north-south. from Cement bun on western edge apparently The wall is essentially level, and as porch on rear west added later. such functional, but it is rudely laid and side of house 3. Carnage drive Full encircling length Encircles the Oak F-2; F-4; Remains are subtly perceptible as dun completely out of character with the rest undetermined. Width Hill Cottage F-16; F-7; black cindery level 1 cm thick. of the Oak Hill grounds of the carefully vanes between 2.7 m F-9; F-12 and 3 I m landscaped early, florescent years. This 4. Flagstone walkway 5.10 m east-west; 48 1.3 m southwest F-2; F-3 Crossed F-3 dnveway and was set after walkway begins at the edge of the drive cm maximum width of F-2 pavement. F-3 use was abandoned. Appears to be but terminates abruptly west of the cot­ extension of F-2 pavement. 6. Retaining wall 5.15 m north-south; 30- 6.2 m northeast of F-13:F-I4; Made from hand cut sandstone blocks. tage. There are no structural remains, 39 cm wide; 30 cm northwest comer F-18 etc. located at its western terminus. thick of cottage Discussion: It is clear from its strati- 7. Brick pavement 4.8 m. east-west; 2.8 m. Extends to curb of F-3 Appears as a hode-podge of different (East) (wide) north-south. Oak Hill Place tames and styles. Jack-on-Jack graphic position that the walk was set from porch on predominates. down after the drive was abandoned, i.e. east side of cottage. it sits atop it. It also seems likely that its 8. Cistern Maximum diameter 2.1 mfrom Brick-lined cistern with cement outer placement came some time after the 2-6 m; Diameter at northwest comer lining. opening 1.2 m; Depth on north side of west brick pavement was obscured. 1 53 m. home What service this walkway was originally 9. Cement walkway 3.28 m northeast- 3.92 m from F-3; F-12 Crumbling, friable cement walk post­ designed to fulfill or what points or struc­ southwest; 1.3 m northeast comer dates carriage drive and pre-dates 1930. northwest-southeast. of house. tures it connected we cannot now say for 12. Cobblestone row 2.65 m east-west; 5.3 m northeast of F-3; F-9 The cement walk (F-9) cuts through the the walkway ends abruptly at the prop­ 25 cm wide. 1 cobble northeast comer row of rocks; it is contemporary with F- thick (5-10 cm). of house. 9. erty line to the west and in all likelihood 13. Brick path 2.25 m north-south; 58 Leads north off of F-6;F-14 Brick path probably leads into originally extended beyond that point to cm wide. retaining wall (F- previously low garden area from rear its ultimate destination. 6). lawn. 14. Brick path 1.94 m northeast- Comes off F-6;F-13 In more disarray (probably by heavy southwest; 32 cm wide retaining wall

27 served to separate the once manicured dimensions, shape, construction and unison and chronologically relate to the backyard from the adjacent low (and wet) whether or not it contained any early same post-1900 period. gardens. To this extent their presence was and/or diagnostic artifacts. There was Discussion: Since these rocks were both aesthetic and functional. also a measure of danger involved in its carefully chosen for their uniform size It is worthy of note that Mr. John W. Hill excavation as the bricks continued to col­ and shape, and as their continuity is of Mansfield, a keen, perceptive octoge­ lapse as each load of supportive fill was interrupted for 1.25 m by the cement narian who as a boy in 1916 tended the removed. In recent times the cistern was walk which passes through them, they lawns at Oak Hill Cottage did not used to collect rain water - downspout likely served in no more profound remember the retaining walls. Either they connections show this - but whether this capacity than as a decorative fringe. were obscured - buried - by this time or was also the manner in which it was used such a subtle part of the surroundings as in its earlier days cannot be verified in the Brick Path #1 to not be subject to ready notice and archaeological record. A narrow brick-lined path was uncov­ recall. From a landscape preservation or ered leading north from the curved restoration perspective, these walls Cement Walkway retaining wall north of the cottage. The would seem to be of singular importance. A badly decomposed cement walkway recovered portion measured 2.25 m in was uncovered extending in a generally length and 58 cm in width. It was covered Brick Pavement - East northeasterly direction from the edge of the with more than 25 cm of black, ashy fill. A brick pavement was uncovered brick patio under the porch at the northeast The path, in some disarray due to root extending due east from the east porch of corner of the house. Measuring 3.28 m in disturbance, consists simply of a pattern the cottage to Oak Hill Place. Measuring length by 1.3 m in width, the walk was of bricks laid lengthwise and flat, side- 4.8 m in length by 2.8 m wide it is one approximately 4 cm in thickness. It lay -7 by-side, four wide, and bordered with brick in thickness and ends approximately cm below the present lawn surface. Com­ bricks laid on their sides. It abuts on, and 50 cm from the curb. It lay between -.5 cm posed of crumbling, friable cement in very leads north from the west end (first block) and -3 cm below the present surface. In poor state of preservation, it is evident that of the large segment of curving retaining considerable disarray, this poorly laid this walkway was laid sometime after the wall. Time and the great amount of over­ pavement is a hodge-podge of styles in cessation of use of the carriage drive that burden sitting atop this feature prevented which Jack-on-Jack predominates. Many encircles the cottage. The cement sits its full exposure but there is every likeli­ of the bricks are missing. directly atop the cindery drive and would hood that it continues out into what was Discussion: There is some doubt as to not likely have been poured while the drive once the garden area of the site. the age of this pavement. Local residents was still being used. It is clear also that Discussion: The close relationship of state that it is of relatively recent creation. what remains of the walkway is only a part this path with the retaining wall puts them Whether it is as new as that, it certainly is of the original, the walkway having been in the same time frame. They were both not consistent - quality-wise - with the abruptly foreshortened by landscape alter­ part of the much talked about maze of rest of the grounds, and likely was laid ations just north of the cottage. gardens and paths that existed at Oak Hill well after the "grand" period at Oak Hill Discussion: Walkways invariably lead in its halcyon days. It is possible, even Cottage. The gap of 50 cm between the somewhere. This walk is no exception; probable, that a fairly elaborate system of end of the pavement and the curb can be unfortunately however, the direction in paths like this one still exist in places accounted for by the disturbance con­ which it leads takes us out onto concrete- beneath the many inches of fill used to comitant with the paving of Oak Hill paved Oak Hill Place. It may have eventu­ level the swale area north of the cottage. Place in the 1960's. In all likelihood what­ ally led to the carriage house (now a small ever pavement originally existed on this apartment house) or to the smokehouse or Brick Path #2 spot went from porch to carriage drive as to some other as yet undiscovered out­ A pavement of bricks, identified as the did the one on the west side of the building. As it was laid after the carriage start of a garden path, were revealed in house. The carriage drive in this section drive was abandoned, it did not lead to a close proximity to Brick Path #1. Running of the property was obliterated by Oak privy or laystall as by that time the written in a northeasterly direction from the north Hill Place. records indicate that the cottage residents terminus of one of the retaining walls, it enjoyed indoor plumbing. It is possible that, measures 1.94 m in length and was 32 Cistern as the house occupants have owned auto­ cm wide. It was overlain by 25 cm of dark A cistern was noted with its opening mobiles since early in this century and it is fill. The bricks were in far greater disarray 2.1 m north of the northwest corner of known that the northernmost extension of than in the other garden path; clearly the the cottage. Squat in cross-section, the the cottage was used as a garage — at result of heavy root disturbance. cistern measured 1.53 m in depth with a least in more recent times — the cement is Discussion: The placement of these maximum diameter of 2.6 m across the all that remains of a rear-of-the-house bricks and their apparent direction seems bottom and a diameter of 1.20 m across driveway connecting with Oak Hill Place (or to indicate that they at one time hooked- the contracting neck. The cistern opening as it was originally named, Daisy Street). up with nearby Brick Path #1. The area (Figure 6) was clearly visible and was between the two retaining wall segments filled to overflowing with dirt and debris Cobblestone Row may at one time have been entirely paved (cement, metal straps, tile, lumber and A line of cobblestones 2.65 m long with in bricks to form a patio-like floor. The the like) removed from the house during a maximum width of 25 cm was uncovered bricks of this feature abutting as they do recent renovations. Brick-lined with an running perpendicular to the F-12 cement the inside (east) face of one wall segment outer lining of cement it had suffered a walkway in a roughly east-west direction are ample evidence that the retaining walls partial collapse of its opening in recent 5.5 m out from the northeast corner of the were not at one time a continuous unit. years but in its original state was prob­ cottage. The cobbles lying -5 cm below ably covered with a stone slab. the surface, stop 60 cm short of the curb Gateway Discussion: Because of the intrinsic of Oak Hill Place. The cobblestones sit Approximately midway along the nature of the feature itself, the ready dis­ immediately atop the carriage drive indi­ curved retaining wall the remains of a covery of its function and the amount of cating their placement at some time after gateway were found. Consisting of two time it would take to empty it completely its disuse. As the stones are contiguous to, notches, one cut into the corner of the of its muddy and consolidated contents, and coterminous with, the poorly pre­ fifth large sandstone block and the other we elected to carry out just enough exca­ served cement walkway described above, created by an offset between blocks vation necessary to determine its precise it would appear that they functioned in seven and eight, this feature is tentatively

28 identified as the support footing for an purchase entire animals for butchering existing from the early period of occupa­ above-ground gateway. Based on the and serving, always have a way to pre­ tion at the site. Among those specific fea­ distance between the notches, the struc­ serve the unused portion. Homes of the tures mentioned, five - the carriage drive ture's opening would have measured 1.5 period and status of the Oak Hill Cottage pergola, gazebo, smokehouse, privy, and m across. Bricks were found nestled in usually accomplished this with a smoke­ well - were not recovered. the bottom of the notch likely functioning house. The pig mandibles may well signal Mr. John Hill, who as a boy tended the as extra support against the downward a once-existent and nearby smokehouse lawns at Oak Hill, knew precisely where the thrust of the heavy gateposts which once or similar structure. "old worn-out gazebo" once stood. It stood rested on them. south of the cottage, across what is now Discussion: While deducing a garden THE NORTHERN FIELD AREA Springmill Street, on property now owned gate from two corresponding notched Although much greater efforts were by the Tenney Tool and Supply Company. rocks in a retaining wall may seem a bit expended in testing and excavating the What remains there are now lie beneath the precipitous, it does fit all of the necessary grounds immediately around the cottage, concrete foundations of a small, modern criteria. There are not many things it could several deep pits were dug by shovel and commercial building, the apparent victim of be given its configuration and placement. backhoe, in the low northern field. No earlier urban expansion. John Hill also cultural features were uncovered, but the attests that there was a small building "a Front Walk deep excavations provided valuable little longer than your pick-up truck and A trench dug across the front of the insights into the stratigraphy obtaining in twice as wide" in the close north yard house parallel to the present street steps that part of the site. which, when he was a boy in 1916, 1917 and sidewalk revealed the artificial gravel Soil profiles made in the five units and 1918, was "made entirely of brick, win- bed of the original front walk or approach. excavated generally repeat the same pat­ dowless, bare inside and used to store The trench, excavated a distance of 3.57 tern, indicating that the original Oak Hill tools and equipment like the lawnmower". m from the edge of the front porch, Cottage surface now lies beneath alter­ This could well have been the smokehouse revealed, at a depth of -16 cm, a 5 cm nating layers of rubble and field dirt to a of an earlier era relegated to a secondary thick stratum of orange-brown sand and depth of between -1.0 m and -1.6 m. The role as a twentieth century tool shed. Also gravel. This level was directly overlaid with underlying subsoil is a yellow clay in the concentration of pig mandibles found in a 6 cm thick layer of rich black topsoil, and places mottled with gray. Trenches M, S the area, and described above, are totally topped with a 10 cm thick layer of brown and Q are typical of the pattern: consistent with the presence of an adjacent sandy soil and turf. The sand-gravel smokehouse. A copy of a photograph shown to this archaeologist definitely stratum represents the bedding material on Stratum 1 (0-50 cm) - A yellow, clayey which the front walk was laid. shows a privy-like structure sitting out from fill with some small rocks interspersed the northeast corner of the cottage in what Discussion: While it is impossible to say throughout. Minimal artifactual material at the time that the picture was taken (pre- with absolutely certainty what the front within but some large pieces of 1896) was the east yard. If this was the walk was made of, we can, nevertheless, building and paving material on surface privy it would have been totally destroyed make a reasonably accurate guess. Given and upper cms. by the public right-of-way (Daisy Street the type of underlying bed — gravel and renamed later Oak Hill Place) laid atop it. sand — and the character of the walk as it Stratum 2 (50-118 cm) - A dark brown to black fill heavily laden with rubble, Again, urban expansion leaves its mark. appears in photographs — white and dis­ Evidence would seem to indicate that there tinctly smooth — it would appear that the including glass, bricks, sandstone, plaster, scrap metal, etc. never had been the need for a well. There is walk was made from the same material as sound geological, historical and live the original porch itself — concrete. Con­ Stratum 3 (118-160 cm) - A gray to informant evidence that a live spring once crete slabs would have done the job nicely. black, highly organic, loamy soil devoid existed on the Oak Hill site. of artifactual material. Pig Bone Deposit A small pit full of pig {Sus scrofa) bones Stratum 4 (160 cm - ?) - Sterile yellow SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS — predominantly mandibles — was clay mottled with gray. Of the thirteen cultural features discov­ uncovered in the northern end of Trench G ered and discussed in this report, all, with Stratum 4 is the subsoil (B horizon) near its junction with Trench H. The pit in the exception of the cache of pig bones, which underlies the Oak Hill site. Stratum 3 which the bones were found originated 38 would appear to be worthy of in-place is the original A horizon or topsoil which, cm below the present ground surface and preservation and stabilization for inter­ during the golden days at the Oak Hill Cot­ was overlain with a rich brown sandy loam pretive purposes. Each of the features tage, supported the flourishing gardens fill. The circular pit measured approxi­ contribute in some measure to the recon­ and groves. Stratum 2 represents an effort, mately 50 cm by 40 cm and was 30 cm struction of the sense of time so neces­ after contraction of the property grounds deep. Along with the ossic remains, a few sary in accurate site preservation. While it and during the site's decline, to raise the fragments of ceramics were also found. is agreed that the carriage drive or contour of the low, garden area. This was This feature represents a hole purposely retaining walls are more substantial and done by filling in the area with any avail­ dug and filled with pig bones sometime intrinsically more important to the able rubble, etc. from the property itself relatively early in the cottage's occupation. restoration of the Oak Hill landscape, and from the street department. The top At least three individual pigs are indicated particularly from a public visibility point- stratum is a fill of yellow field soil placed by the mandibular remains. of-view than are, perhaps the remains of there to mask the rubble level and to serve Discussion: The discovery of a con­ a flagstone walk or a decomposed as a matrix for the planting of a ground cement pavement, still there is room for glomeration of pig bones might, at first cover. It is interesting to note that the blush, seem relatively prosaic but they the more subtle aspects. It must be kept sequence described was largely respon­ in mind that, however simple the struc­ may, in fact, be quite telling. The presence sible for killing many of the remaining trees of pig mandibles at a historic site invari­ tural change, the reason for its installa­ on the property as their crowns were tion, at the time, must have been ably means - unless pork is raised at the undoubtedly buried too deep. site - that the occupants are purchasing compelling enough to bring it about. the entire animal for processing. This is so THE FEATURES NOT FOUND Many questions were answered by these because pig crania (to which mandibles This archaeologist was directed, prior to archaeological investigations and the ancil­ are attached) are not themselves choice excavations, to be on the lookout for the lary research attendant thereto. We have, cuts purchased for eating. People who below-surface remains of cultural features given the time allowed, collected, collated,

29 and analyzed a respectable amount of data tablewares (crocks, jugs, etc.), bottles, The only early fastener, a thick, hand on the features, remains of which, still exist glassware, cutlery, buckles, stove grate, wrought, square-shanked specimen, below the surface of the Oak Hill grounds. hearth grate, fireplace scoop, scissors, was recovered from within the pig When work is finally done on stabilizing and buttons, beads, the Household Items and bone deposit. This would support the restoring the house and grounds, the infor­ 26.3 percent of the entire artifact inven­ hypothesis that this feature marks the mation contained herein will be an invalu­ tory. The bottles were separated into four site of the original smokehouse and/or able aid in allowing for a more precise job. broad and specific classes based on their butchering shed. apparent use. Condiment bottles, beer Most of the pane glass, both clear and THE ARTIFACTS bottles, sodas, and medicinals. No dis­ aqua, was of generally uniform thickness Artifacts per se were not of central con­ tinction was made between bottles and and clarity indicating use within the last cern during the archaeological investiga­ jars. Jars - glass containers with rela­ 80 years or so. A single aqua specimen tions at the Oak Hill Cottage. Unlike with tively wide mouths were classed as bot­ of varying thickness (36mm) and with a most other prehistoric and historic site tles for purposes of this report. One rippled appearance may be part of the excavations, where the investigations are hundred and eleven nondiagnostic frag­ original house structure; it was found in not oriented to a specific problem but ments were recovered. the -50 cm level of Trench C. rather are designed to gather and process The Oak Hill ceramics represent a full a broad spectrum of data on a wide range Tools range of moderate to fine quality wares. of problems, the Oak Hill project was Two artifacts categorized by the general There was a higher percentage of porcelains undertaken specifically to provide the term Tools were recovered comprising .44 to earthenwares than one normally recovers project director with information on subsur­ percent of the total artifact inventory. from sites of the late historic period. This face architectural and structural remains. Tools, as the term is used here, refers to undoubtedly reflects the higher living stan­ The Oak Hill archaeological work was those artifacts, simple or complex, by dards of the house occupants. The 206 designed to locate and, where feasible, which humans effect modifications in the ceramic fragments were recovered from all excise any major features which might aid material to which they are applied. areas and depths of the site, indicating the in the accurate reconstruction of the cot­ Specifically, this category includes a mixed nature of the site fill. Ironically, the tage grounds and ultimately allow for suc­ hammer handle and a whetstone. oldest specimens, pieces of a blue, feather cessful implementation of the plan to edge dish which may date from the mid- restore, rehabilitate, and landscape the Oak Prehistoric Artifacts 1800s, were found on the surface. Hill property. In short, the artifacts, though Nine pieces of flint identified as prehis­ In summary, a total of 456 artifacts were not ignored, were ancillary to the study of toric artifacts were recovered comprising recovered from excavations at Oak Hill the in-ground features themselves. 2.0 percent of the total artifact inventory. Cottage. These artifacts fell unevenly into A total of 456 artifacts were recovered Three of the pieces show signs of casual five major use categories. The artifacts, from excavations at the Oak Hill Cottage use (rather than purposive manufacture): including the prehistoric ones, were found and removed to the laboratory for further one chunk as a concave scraper and two throughout various areas and depths of description and study. as utilized flakes. The remaining six are the site indicating an admixture of fill(s) unused flakes. and cultural debris which has accumu­ Building Material lated over the years since the site was ini­ A total of 75 items categorized as ARTIFACT DISCUSSION tially inhabited. For this reason, and Building Material were recovered com­ Soil profiles done in several areas of because so many of the artifacts were, in prising 16.4 percent of the artifact inven­ the Oak Hill Cottage property repeat a themselves, chronologically nondefinitive, tory. This category includes artifacts, which similar stratigraphic pattern which indi­ they were not particularly helpful in delin­ constitute an integral part of the structure cates that the original Oak Hill Cottage eating activity loci or time frames. or structures being investigated. The fol­ surface presently lies, at various depths, lowing classes and types of artifacts fell beneath alternating layers of rubble and REFERENCES into this category: fastening devices field dirt to a depth of between .3-1.6 (including nails, spikes, bolts, etc.), hinges, meters. Most of the artifacts recovered Cotter, John gutter strap hangers, locks, insulators, from the Oak Hill excavations came from 1968 Handbook for Historical Archaeology. toilet fragment, drain pipe, pane glass and these upper disturbed strata and there­ John Cotter: Wyncote, PA. mending plates. The Oak Hill fastening fore were not especially helpful in a con­ Fontana, Bernard devices were separated into three divisions textual sense. 1962 "Johnny Ward's Ranch". on the basis of the technique of their man­ The nine prehistoric artifacts (three The Kiva, Vol. 28, No. 1,2, pp. 1-115. ufacture, e.g. handwrought, machine- actually tools and six debittage) all came 1965 "The Tale of the Nail: On the Ethnolog­ made, and wire nail. This triadic division from the upper centimeters of the site ical Interpretation of Artifacts". has gained considerable currency through (the most definitive from the cistern) and Florida Anthropologist, Vol. XVIII, No. 3, its use (sometimes modified) in other therefore do not indicate so much the pp. 85-102. reports and articles (Mercer 1923,1975; presence of a prehistoric component as a Mercer, Henry Nelson 1963; Fontana 1962,1965; Noel- likelihood that the site was covered at 1923 "The Dating of Old Houses". Hume 1970; and Cotter 1968). These divi­ some later time, with fill from elsewhere. Papers of the Bucks County Historical sions also take strength from the fact that A great deal of rehabilitation had already Society, Vol. 5, pp. 536-549. they represent relatively sound chronolog­ been done on the cottage when the exca­ ical divisions from early to late. 1975 Ancient Carpenter's Tools. (Fifth Edi­ vations were undertaken and so it was to tion). Horizon Press: New York. (Origi­ be expected that a good number of nally published 1928, Bucks County Household Items building materials would be found on the Historical Society: Doylestown, PA) A total of 368 items categorized as surface or in the upper-most centimeters of Nelson, Lee H. Household Items were recovered com­ the site grounds. This turned out to be the 1963 "Nail Chronology As an Aid to Dating prising 80.7 percent of the artifact inven­ case. One hundred ninety-nine artifacts Old Buildings". American Association tory. This category, the largest, consisted were recovered from the surface of units for State and Local History. Technical of those artifacts commonly found in the and features excavated at the site. These Leaflet 15. home either as kitchenware, furnishings included a mixture of common-cut nails Noel Hume, Ivor or items of personal use. Specifically, it and spikes and wire nails representative of 1970 A Guide to the Artifacts of Colonial includes such items as tablewares, non- two different time frames. America. Alfred Knopf. New York.

30 FRIENDLY HOUSE f(

ATEN ST. 137.5 1- o o ooooac / o )«! O OAK HILL > • 0 COTTAGE r K o 0 SITE <= EC UJ 0 c CD _i D 0 G c X 40 •b D • V^ ° SPR'^\J u?ip \pLOTPLAN"\^r OAK HILL

F/gure 1 (White) Oak Hill Cottage Figure 2 (White) Plat of Oak Hill Cottage Property.

Figure 3 (White) Archaeological map of Oak Hill Cottage property.

Figure 4 (White) Trench across drive.

Figure 5 (White) Section of retaining wall. Figure 6 (White) Cistern at Oak Hill Cottage.

31 SPIRIT CAVE MAN 'UNAFFILIATED NATIVE AMERICAN' Federal Agency Makes Preliminary Ruling Under NAGPRA

The U.S. Bureau of Land Management the mummy indicates he lived more than (BLM) has made a preliminary determina­ 9,000 years ago. A request by the tion that ancient human remains from Museum to conduct DNA analysis and The Spirit Cave mummy as it may Spirit Cave are Native American but radiocarbon dating on Spirit Cave Man have appeared when discovered. cannot be culturally affiliated with the and other sets of human Fallon Paiute-Shoshone Tribe or with any remains from the Lahontan other contemporary group. The remains, Basin was withdrawn ear­ including Spirit Cave Man, a remarkably lier this year. well preserved mummy discovered in "The Secretary of the 1940 and later determined to be more Interior is considering than 9,000 years old, will remain in federal recommendations ownership. ("Remarkable Discovery" from the NAGPRA Mammoth Trumpet 12:2) Review Committee "After more than four years of consulta­ on the disposition of tion with the tribe, analyzing the informa­ remains like those tion and reviewing policy, I feel it's time to from Spirit Cave that make this determination," said Bob cannot be affiliated," Abbey, Nevada State Director for the said Abbey. "I am BLM, in a mid-August news release. keenly aware of the cul­ "Although this determination is disap­ tural sensitivity of the pointing to the tribes, I am committed to a materials from Spirit Cave DENISE SINS/NEVADA STATE MUSEUM continuing dialogue with them on this and and I have no intention of any other issue that comes up as we con­ approving any research that tinue to determine the affiliation of human involves invasive testing of the human remains until the Secretary acts." remains from BLM-managed lands." Reprinted through the courtesy of The Native American Graves Protection An inventory of human remains in the Mammoth Trumpet and Repatriation Act of 1990 (NAGPRA) BLM-managed collections at the 355 Weniger Hall requires federal agencies to inventory Museum lists 145 sets of remains, rep­ Corvallis OR 97331-6510 Native American human remains removed resenting at least 154 individuals. Three Volume 15, Number 4 from public lands and housed in museums of these sets have been affiliated and to determine if they are culturally affiliated two have been repatriated. An additional with a contemporary Indian tribe. 35 sets may be reasonably affiliated and Cultural affiliation means there is a rela­ the BLM is in consultation with appro­ tionship of shared group identity which can priate tribes on these remains. The BLM reasonably be traced historically or prehis- is working on determinations of affilia­ torically between members of a present- tion for the other 107 sets. In addition, day Indian tribe and an identifiable earlier seven sets of remains, discovered on group. Cultural affiliation is established BLM managed lands after 1990, have when the preponderance of the evidence been repatriated. indicates a relationship. The kinds of evi­ The BLM said it would accept state­ dence reviewed can be geographical, bio­ ments and evidence disputing the prelimi­ logical, archaeological, linguistic, or based nary determination until Oct. 2. The agency on folklore, oral tradition, historical, other said it would evaluate additional evidence information and expert opinion. using the same process and criteria used Spirit Cave Man has been housed at in making the preliminary determination the Nevada State Museum for nearly 60 and could affirm the original determination years. The mummy is of particular or make a new determination. interest to scientists studying the initial The report and an executive summary colonization of the Americas, because on the evidence presented are available radiometric dating on artifacts found with on the Internet at www.nv.blm.gov

ANNUAL MIKE KISH AWARD

The second annual Mike Kish Award will be presented at the recovered archaeological material from a site or from excavation. March meeting of the Archaeological Society of Ohio. The For more information call Dr. Brian Folz of the Program Com­ award is given for the best educational display of personally mittee at 614-890-0777.

32 ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORY OF INVESTIGATIONS OF STOW ROCKSHELTER, SUMMIT COUNTY, OHIO by Olaf H. Prufer and Sara E. Pedde Kent State University

Investigated rockshelters and caves in limit of the overhang amounts to 17.85 m The site had been so badly disturbed northern Ohio are rare. They include Krill (58.55 ft), although not all of this would and we were finding broken potsherds Cave (Prufer et al., 1989), Boston Ledges have covered usable floor space. Given and broken arrowheads. Somebody - I (Read 1880), and Gillie Rockshelter (Bern­ recent modifications, the configuration of know the fellow that was in there but I'm hardt 1973), all in Summit County. They the original floor can no longer be deter­ not going to mention his name. But he yielded predominantly Late Prehistoric mined. Large boulders constituting was from Stow, and he wasn't one of us. materials. In addition, there are other breakdown from the shelter roof, have He ended up being an archaeologist in small, undocumented rockshelters in the been noted by all investigators. Figure 1 the Mid East - classic, doing classic Cuyahoga River drainage and near is a plan map of the shelter based upon archaeology. Anyway he had been in Nelson Ledges in Portage County. Further Sofsky's 1955 field sketch; the locations there and potholed the living daylights afield are two sinkhole caverns, Hen­ of excavation trenches have been recon­ out of it. dricks Cave (McKenzie and Prufer 1967) structed from field notes. Figure 2 is a This quote clearly refers to the youthful and nearby Sheriden Cave (Tankersley photograph of the rockshelter as of sins of David Mitten, who, given his age and Redmond 2000) in Wyandot County. November 2000. Earlier photographs and lack of experience at the time, can Finally, there is Squaw Rockshelter in were published by Mitten (1955) and readily be forgiven. Cuyahoga County (Brose 1989), which is Kapusta (2000). After Sofsky's operations the Stow almost certainly a fabrication (Prufer Rockshelter did not resurface until about 2001). From our point of view, whatever History of Research 1998 when Thomas Pigott of Warren, their status, the latter three localities are There are anecdotal indications that Ohio, began to organize Sofsky's monu­ not relevant to the late prehistory of Stow Rockshelter was publicly known in mental collections and documents, which northern Ohio. Because of the scarcity of the nineteenth century (Mitten 1955), are now known as the Sofsky Archives. reliably documented cognate shelter sites although Read (1880) does not mention He visited the shelter and, upon reading in the Cuyahoga Valley, we will restrict our it. The earliest published archaeological Kapusta's (2000) article, brought the site comparisons to the very similar over­ record of the site resulted from investi­ to the attention of Prufer. This study is hangs known as Krill Cave (Prufer et al., gations conducted by then high school due in large part to the cooperation of 1989) and Gillie Rockshelter (Bernhardt junior David G. Mitten in 1952. The Thomas Pigott and Gary Kapusta for 1973) which are located at a distance of editor of the Ohio Archaeologist saw fit lending their materials. less than 20 miles from Stow Rockshelter. to praise the Mitten operation, noting As a comic footnote, Prufer recalls the that "here is a young, interested col­ fortuitous but ephemeral role of Stow Setting lector who has done a fine job of Rockshelter in or about 1969. At that Stow Rockshelter is located quite liter­ exploring and reporting his site" time, one of Prufer's professional col­ ally below the intersection of State (Wachtel in Mitten 1955:86). At that leagues who shall remain nameless Routes 59 and 91, in Stow, Ohio (UTMS time, Mitten was mentored and inspired explored the shelter with students from coordinates: 455620 N, 463250 E; USGS by one of Ohio's archaeological legends, Kent State University. He and/or some of Hudson Quadrangle 7.5' topographic the late Arthur George Smith (died these students carried with them some series map). The shelter is in the Walnut 1964). In fact, Smith launched Mitten Upper Mercer chippage from Coshocton Creek gorge that feeds into the Cuya­ upon a distinguished career in Old County, Ohio, where they had been col­ hoga. At its base, this gorge is approxi­ World Archaeology; he is presently lecting flint samples prior to their visit to mately 1020 feet above mean sea level. Hanfmann Curator of Ancient Art at Har­ the shelter. Apparently, they carelessly The top of the plateau stands at approxi­ vard University. His major achievements dumped some of that chippage in the mately 1100 feet. The deeply dissected are connected with the excavations at shelter, where some years later it was landscape here is part of the glaciated Sard is in Turkey. found by collectors who excitedly Appalachian Plateau of northeastern In 1952, Mitten explored Stow Rock­ appeared in Prufer's office to show their Ohio. Geologically, Stow Rockshelter was shelter with James and Larry Cross of 'finds,' trying to generate further interest formed in the Sharon Conglomerate, Stow. Their finds ended up in the Cross' in the exploration of the site. They were Pottsville Formation, Pennsylvanian possession in Arizona after the material sadly disabused of their ardor, but the System. This conglomerate consists of was published by Mitten in the Ohio shelter has once again generated no poorly cemented medium-grained Archaeologist (1955). However, Gary small amount of interest. quartzarenite. Originally it was part of an Kapusta of Ravenna, Ohio recently alluvial plain formed by braided streams obtained and reported upon these mate­ The Archaeological Evidence (Mrakovich and Coogan 1974). The rials (Kapusta 2000), many of which are The Mitten excavations of 1952 were - deposits are macroscopically character­ still extant. unintentionally - no more than unsystem­ ized by a soft matrix containing large In 1955, Charles Sofsky, a remarkably atic diggings. Mitten describes the quantities of small quartz pebbles. competent and meticulous avocational results as a "layer of brown soil gradually Stow Rockshelter faces northwest; it is archaeologist of Warren, Ohio, carried shading into black toward the surface. fronted by a natural amphitheater-like out well-documented residual investiga­ This layer varies in depth from a few space traversed by Walnut Creek. tions at the site. Along with his associ­ inches near the south wall of the cave to According to measurements taken in ates, Lester and Weldon Thompson and over two feet in the center and in the rear November 2000, the shelter measures Thomas McKibben, he spent three days of the shelter. At various places ashes 3.7 m (12.14 ft) from floor to ceiling. From in January 1955 excavating the shelter. were uncovered, mixed with large frag­ talus slope to back wall, the maximum Of the remains of the Mitten excavation ments of charcoal" (1955:85). He deemed depth of the shelter is 8.38 m (27.49 ft); Sofsky had this to say during a taped much of this material of recent historic the maximum lateral dimension at the interview on April 8, 1991: origin. More significantly, he notes that

33 during the excavations, "a great many associates laid out four, possibly five 24 inches below datum an undisturbed animal bones in fragmentary condition formal trenches, the location of which we pit was discovered, half-hidden under a were uncovered" (1955:85). He includes have reconstructed from the field notes, large rock. This contained a deliberately among these, without citing any authority, the artifactual record designations, and placed cache of two perforated dis- timber wolf, lynx, fox, raccoon, rabbit, recent interviews with Sofsky. In his orig­ coidals, a large Madison triangular point, squirrel, wild turkey, woodpecker, frog, inal records, they are referred to as units. and a complete bone awl. Several cord- sheepshead carp, catfish, etc. This faunal Three of these, each five feet wide, marked body sherds were found either in list contradicts the findings of a rather extend from the rear of the shelter to the association or as part of the fill of the restricted range of fauna here analyzed by limit of the overhang. The fourth was laid cache pit. At 26 inches below the surface Bills. It is unclear how much of this mate­ out from this line down the talus to the of the unit, tight against the west-facing rial was prehistoric. He also reports the creek. The location of the unproductive bedrock flanking the boulder under which presence of many small bivalve mussel fifth trench was not recorded, but it the cache was found, another bone awl fragments and land snails. We need not appears to have been beyond the limits was recovered. A few inches below the concern ourselves here with the details of of the overhang. The massive distur­ 27-inch level, natural soil having been the prehistoric artifact inventory as identi­ bances at the site were due not only to reached, the excavation was abandoned. fied by Mitten, however, the artifacts and Mitten's operations of 1952, but they also In Unit 3, below the ubiquitous surface faunal remains that have survived or are resulted from root and rodent activities. disturbances of approximately four recorded in the 1955 publication amount Of the test holes excavated on January inches in depth, and at a depth of to 58 items. Some of this illustrated mate­ 1, 1955, Test Hole 1 was wholly disturbed approximately 24 inches from the sur­ rial has since disappeared. In addition, no by historic intrusions mixed with prehis­ face, a perfect Late Prehistoric beamer flint debitage was retained. toric remains. It was excavated to a was recovered. For cultural reasons, and Sofsky's field records from January 1, depth of 12 inches. Test Hole 2 showed by virtue of its proximity to the discoidals, 1955 note that among other distur­ signs of recent 'stratification' probably this artifact appears to have been associ­ bances, he traced the outlines of an due to discarded earth from Mitten's ated with the cache. Unit 4 was laid out 'excavation' measuring approximately operations. At a depth of 12 inches the from the edge of the overhang to appar­ 2x6 feet and 18 inches in depth. He excavation was abandoned; prehistoric ently as far as the creek. It produced only attributes this hole to Mitten. It is clear ceramics and bone fragments were a few bone and pottery fragments, inter­ from Sofsky's notes that he considered found throughout. Test Hole 3 near the preted by Sofsky as outwash from the Mitten's retention of artifacts and bones cave wall appears to have been undis­ shelter. The actual available space for very haphazard because material clearly turbed below the one-inch level. occupation in the shelter is much smaller derived from his operation was found in Ceramics and bones were found in the than illustrations suggest; we estimate the backfill of this and other disturbed disturbed surface area. Test Hole 4, that it did not exceed 50 square feet. areas. Sofsky's sketch map from 1955 located at the edge of the overhang, It must be stressed that although (Figure 1) indicates the approximate loca­ merely produced some pottery and bone Sofsky's excavations were meticulous tion of Mitten's main pit. Sofsky and his fragments that Sofsky interpreted as dis­ considering the times, they were never­ associates excavated, apparently in cards from the Mitten operation. theless rather primitive: neither was the totality, the remaining areas of the shelter. The formal trenches or units, num­ backdirt screened nor was it subjected to Wherever possible, he operated by four- bered 1 through 4, were excavated on flotation, a recovery technique not yet inch arbitrary levels. A total of four tests January 8 and 10, 1955 (Figure 1). Unit 1 known in 1955. This means - as we will and five trenches was excavated. The ini­ was excavated in four-inch levels to a have occasion to comment on later - that tial test holes are marked on Sofsky's depth of eight inches; it proved entirely much of the archaeological material of field sketch (Figure 1). These test holes disturbed by roots and historic items. small size was clearly not recovered. were excavated on January 1, 1955. On Unit 2 yielded mixed historic and prehis­ January 8 of that year, Sofsky and his toric remains in the upper levels, but at Cultural Context of Stow Rockshelter The principal occupation of the rock­ shelter dates from Late Woodland times. As at many similar sites in Ohio, there is also a small Archaic component, here represented by eight Late Archaic flint artifacts. These materials will be dis­ cussed below. The shelter is located in the Lake Erie region of northeastern Ohio. Ever since the venerable days of Emerson Greenman, and in line with the McKern system of classification, the late prehistory of this area had been simplistically characterized by the so-called Whittlesey Focus. By the 1960s, it became apparent that this designation had little meaning in cultural, geographic, or chronological terms. Fur­ thermore, northern Ohio prehistory blended into other regions such as south­ eastern Michigan, Ontario, northwestern Pennsylvania and New York. Finally, there

0 5 10 15ft seem to be some tenuous connections Mitten 1952 „ _ _ Reconstructed location of Figure 1 (Prufer and excavation trenches based on Sofsky's toward the Mississippian Fort Ancient cul­ 1955 field notes Pedde) Map of Stow tures of southern Ohio. Rockshelter showing Roof fall lO Sofsky 1955 — — — Edge of shelter overhang boulders test hole location of test holes Many, although not all, of the attempts and Mitten's previous at unraveling the prehistoric evidence for 5' contour intervals estimate elevation from Walnut Creek to top of shelter excavation. the region was based upon the analysis of

34 detailed classificatory jungles. We view Stow Rockshelter only in the light of its immediate cultural environment, i.e., the Cuyahoga Valley and adjacent areas. We also will interpret the site in the context of other nearby rockshelters, as they may relate to Whittlesey village sites in the same area. Finally, we will deal, to the extent to which this is possible, with the chronological affiliations of the datable artifacts, notably ceramics within an early- to-late local framework. From the ceramic point of view this is not easy because of the aforementioned Broseian obfuscations characterized by many name changes of many formerly established ceramic types.

Artifact Analysis Of the material presented by Mitten (1955:84), only eight artifacts have been preserved as part of the Cross material curated by Kapusta. They are here incor­ porated in the general analysis.

Ceramics In archaeology, pottery is a most impor­ tant cultural and chronological indicator, because of its sensitivity to stylistic and Figure 2 (Prufer and Pedde) Photograph of Stow Rockshelter, November 2000. Trowel to righttempora of boul­ l variation. Stow Rockshelter der in foreground marks approximate location of cache located in 1955. Photograph by S.E. Pedde.yielded 489 ceramic sherds, representing a minimum of 20 vessels. Except for 15 rims, the abundant ceramic remains yielded by cannot but bewilder the reader who, in the this material consists of mostly cord- ever-increasing numbers of sites. A first absence of hard verifiable data, is left with marked body sherds. With some excep­ attempt at creating order was made by little to increase his/her understanding. On tions, they can be assigned to the Late Fitting (1964). By the early 1970s, many occasion, his methods of presentation Woodland "Whittlesey" type Fairport other archaeologists such as James L. have been called "data-free." In all fair­ Harbor Cordmarked (Brose 1994:68-69). Murphy, Orrin C. Shane, and Earl J. Prahl ness, the same can be said about Brose in They represent large vessels and are highly began to expand upon Fitting's pioneering northeastern Ohio. While he too creates all variable in quality. All are grit-tempered, work. It became quite clear that the lacus- manner of prehistoric socio-cultural units a exhibiting a considerable range of particle trian area of northern Ohio, during later la Stothers, his forte is ceramic analysis. size and density distribution. Thickness prehistoric times, consisted of many over­ His major attempts at this game, specifi­ ranges from 7-18 mm, with a mean of 12.5 lapping units of varying complexity. From cally in the newly revised permutation of mm. Cordmarking, ranging from fine to about this time on, the archaeology of the the Whittlesey Focus, now Tradition, of course, shows no marked directionality. region began to be dominated by two northeastern Ohio, he has recently sum­ Smoothed and unsmoothed sherds were gurus and their entourage: David Stothers marized in his monograph on South Park noted. Colors vary from red-brown to from the University of Toledo in the west, Village (1994), and elsewhere. Full of statis­ black. Coil breaks are the norm. In addition and David S. Brose from Case Western tics and dubious trait and attribute to these body sherds, there are two plain, Reserve University and the Cleveland analyses, Brose's presentations are totally hard and well-fired, thick grit-tempered Museum of Natural History in the east. incomprehensible and of no use to practi­ sherds, which may represent Brose's Fair- Both of these individuals penned, to the tioners confronted with the very real prob­ port Plain type (Brose 1994:68). present day, an astonishing array of lems of placing Whittlesey and related studies that have done little to clarify the ceramics into a replicable framework. His very real complexities of the prehistoric writings remind us of medieval scholasti­ Other ceramic sherds include: record. Both generated increasing num­ cism, where only the master knows what • approximately 30 very thin (4-6 mm), bers of cultural and chronological units, he wants to say. We might also add that finely cordmarked, unsmoothed, hard, which when viewed as interpretive evolu­ Brose's South Park monograph is deeply almost sandy grit-tempered specimens; tion in progress, constantly shift ground. It flawed with miscitations, incomprehensible • one straight rim and ten thin (5-7 mm), does not help that Stothers and Brose, as mis-attributions of materials and other grit-tempered body sherds with exte­ well as their acolytes, manage to write in defects. These matters recently erupted in rior/interior fine cordmarking (Figure an almost impenetrable prose interlarded a polemic (Stothers et al., 1997). The cogi­ 3 a-c). Similar sherds have also been with hundreds of citations to virtually any­ tations of Stothers, Brose, et al. and their recovered at Krill Cave (Prufer et al., thing of real or imagined relevance. Many numerous bibliographic references can be 1989:16); of these citations, especially in the case of found in convenient condensation in Gen- Brose, are very difficult to check because heimer (2000). • two thick, grit-tempered, smoothed they are largely contained in the profes­ cordmarked body sherds decorated sionally noncommittal gray literature of From our point of view, the above with groups of three, diagonally platted, CRM reports that often amount to little issues are only of interest in order to trailed incisions from the neck of a more than glorified field notes. understand what we are doing with Stow single large vessel (Figure 3 f and g); Rockshelter. We grant that the remains • two grit-tempered simple-stamped Stothers, in his domain, excels in cre­ from this site are part of Whittelsey as cur­ sherds (Figure 3 d and e) similar to ating innumerable traditions, phases, rently conceived, but we are not willing to those found at Krill Cave (Prufer et branches of traditions, and complexes that follow Brose and Stothers into their al., 1989:97, Figure 11) and probably

35 part of Tuttle Hill Notched vessels. ited carefully drilled perforations (Figure 4 itage and artifacts are comparable. This type is closely related to shell- a; also see Prufer et al., 1989:97, Figure Triangles (Figure 7) are the dominant tempered Wellsburg Simple Stamped 11). Such perforations have also been projectile points at both sites (Stow Rock­ ware (Whitman 1975); noted at numerous other cognate sites shelter 58, Krill Cave 27). We do not sepa­ • and six small, grit-tempered and and have usually been interpreted as rate these tools into Levanna and Madison unsmoothed cordmarked sherds 'repair' holes. This seems unlikely points, because operationally the distinc­ bearing fairly 'wild' diagonal or because of the often-isolated position of tion seems meaningless. These 'types,' as zigzag-like incisions (Figure 3 h-j). the holes on the vessels; rather they usually defined, seem to constitute a fluid They may represent McFate Incised seem to be culture-specific attributes of typological as well as chronological con­ vessels that are chronologically quite regional Late Woodland assemblages. tinuum. They are typical of Late Woodland late and would not be out of place at Their function remains unexplained. and Mississippian assemblages in the Stow Rockshelter. In the light of the ceramic evidence, eastern United States. Rather, we distin­ and dated comparative materials, Stow guish between straight-, concave-, and Twelve rim sherds represent what is Rockshelter should date to from between convex-based variants. At both Stow now called Fairport Harbor Cordmarked 1500-1650 A.D. Rockshelter and Krill Ave, concave-based (a.k.a. Chautauqua Cordmarked, Fairport forms are followed in frequency by Plain, Mahoning Cordmarked, Mononga- Archaic Lithics straight-based forms (Stow 26:17, Krill hela Cordmarked, Wayne Punctate, etc.). 14:7). Krill did not yield convex-based Brose (1994:68-69) has recently subdi­ Like many other sites in the area, Stow Rockshelter produced a very minor Late forms. As far as triangles are concerned, vided this type into vessels with punc- the metric difference between the Stow tates below the rim (var. Painsville) and Archaic assemblage of flint tools (Figure 5). They fit into the Laurentian as defined and Krill assemblages are, given the other­ vessels without this attribute (var. wise similar typological configurations, Willoughby). At Stow Rockshelter, both by William Ritchie and elaborately docu­ mented for northern Ohio (Prufer and probably due to differences in sample size varieties are present (Figure 4 a-d); at Krill (Table 3). Cave only the unpunctated variant were Sofsky 1965). Included are one large recovered; and, at Gillie Rockshelter, both Brewerton Notched point, four crude All three shelters produced single variants are known. Here this material stemmed points, one hafted endscraper Jack's Reef Corner-Notched specimens. was subsumed under the misleading des­ and two unifacial endscrapers. Precise This well-defined type, although of Late ignation of Peters Cordmarked, var. Gillie. proveniences from apparently undis­ Woodland genesis and wide distribution, At all three shelters, in conformity with the turbed contexts are available for two clearly predates the Whittlesey Tradition type descriptions, the rims exhibit lip- stemmed points (Figure 4 a and b). Both by several centuries - especially its later notching and/or low castelations. were found at the 24-inch level of Units 2 manifestations. We assume that our and 3. The remainder came from dis­ specimens were casually picked up by Although Fairport Harbor Cordmarked turbed contexts. the shelter inhabitants. They are isolates seems to have been a fairly long-lived not associated with any earlier Late type within the Whittlesey Tradition, it is a The Late Woodland Flint Industry Woodland materials. characteristic component of Brose's late Apart from debitage, this assemblage is 'Culture Level III' with a chronological Apart from projectile points, the only dominated by projectile points. With the span of 1550-1640 A.D. (1994:82-83, diagnostic Whittlesey, or at least, Late Pre­ exceptions of one Jack's Reef Corner- 164). The radiometric date of 1545±80 historic flint tools are small, bifacial, plano­ Notched point (Figure 6 a), they are all tri­ A.D. (UGA 1531) for the Late Woodland convex endscrapers and small drills of angles. Table 1 presents the inventory of occupation at Krill Cave should also various shapes (Figure 6). The remaining worked flint, excluding Archaic materials apply to Stow Rockshelter. worked and/or fragmentary flint tools have discussed above, from Stow Rockshelter. no specific diagnostic significance. Most significant among the rims are two Just as at Krill Cave, cores are here The metric differences (Table 4) between sherds originally published by Mitten included with artifacts. The ratio of tools flint chips from Stow and Krill are readily (1955:84). The first is a finely shell-tem­ to debitage is 77 (21%):287 (79%). Only explainable as a function of different pered rim of Indian Hills Stamped var. one tool and seven chips show signs of recovery methods used at the two sites; at Trailed type (Figure 4 e) characteristic of exposure to fire. Stow Rockshelter very small specimens Stothers' terminal Sandusky Tradition in were, in the absence of screening and northwestern Ohio. Stothers illustrates a Table 2 provides details on raw mate­ flotation, simply overlooked. virtually identical specimen from his area rial distribution. It is apparent that, (2000:58, Figure 2:3i). He was aware of beyond various ubiquitously available The composition of the flint assem­ Mitten's sherd from his 1955 publication, local flints and cherts, Upper Mercer blages at both sites emphasizes a distinct but erroneously names the Stow Rock­ dominates this as well as the Krill Cave focus on hunting. Processing activities do shelter 'Devil's Kitchen,' a purely local des­ assemblage. Upper Mercer flint is usually not seem to have been very significant. ignation. The Indian Hills phase has been derived from the famous deposits in This indicates off-site butchering of the multiply dated from between 1550-1650 Coshocton County, Ohio, although minor take, something that is also suggested at A.D. This range thus neatly applies to Stow outcrops as well as look-alikes have also Stow Rockshelter in relation to the faunal Rockshelter as well. Stothers further notes been noted in Summit and Mahoning remains (see below). The dimensions of that a similar vessel was found at the Riker counties and elsewhere in the region the debitage and the virtual absence of site in Tuscarawas County, Ohio where it (Prufer et al., 1989:32). Both Onondaga cores at both localities imply that tools was associated with Wellsburg Simple and Plum Run flint are also locally avail­ were not locally manufactured; only Stamped pottery radiometrically assayed able in outcrops and glacial drift. Only resharpening is indicated. to 1560±170 AD. (OWU-175). Flint Ridge chalcedony, barely repre­ senting at either site, is a truly exotic The Cache The second rim is a perfect specimen material imported from distant Licking The only feature at the site was a of Tuttle Hill Notched type (Figure 4 f) County, Ohio. From this it follows that the shallow pit in Units 2-3, at a depth of which has been repeatedly dated to circa Stow and Krill lithics demonstrate con­ approximately 24 inches, in a niche formed 1500-1600 A.D. (Brose 1994:174). It was siderable local parochialism. The flint by a large boulder that had broken away also found in the context of dated Wells­ assemblage from Gillie Rockshelter is too from the shelter roof. This is the location of burg Simple Stamped pottery at the Riker small to permit meaningful statements, a clearly deliberate cache which contained site (Murphy 1971). Finally we note that although, here too, localism is indicated. two typical Mississippian discoidal stones, at Stow and Krill, several sherds exhib­ At Stow and Krill the ratios between deb­ a deer bone beamer, a deer bone full awl,

36 and a triangular projectile point (Figure 8). heavily involved in hunting activities. tion. It should be noted that this assem­ Figure 9, a black and white copy of a 1955 Beyond these generalities, the two bone blage is somewhat biased because of color slide, shows one of the emerging dis- artifacts associated with the cache Sofsky's excavation procedures. All pre­ coidals, partly covered by the boulder to deserve comment. The awl is remarkable served material was analyzed by Thomas which adheres some soil clearly showing because of its unusually high quality. The M. Bills of Kent State University. Except root disturbances. beamer is culturally and chronologically for incidental creatures such as small Both discoidals are very well made and entirely in line with the associated dis­ rodents, songbirds, etc. the assemblage centrally perforated. The unbroken spec­ coidals. Both tool categories are usually is dominated by bones of the white-tailed imen appears to be made of a hard associated with more southerly regions deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Approxi­ igneous rock and measures 8 cm in of the State, where they are found in Fort mately 1500 such bones (93%), mostly diameter and a maximum of 3.4 cm in Ancient and related contexts. In lacus­ longitudinally splintered and notably thickness. The broken specimen, acci­ trine northern Ohio they are uncommon. affected by fire, were recovered from all dentally damaged during excavation, is Specifically in Whittlesey associations, levels of the site. The fairly consistent made of soft sandstone and measures beamers seem to be rare indeed, and absence of articular processes, verte­ 8.4 cm in diameter and 3.5 cm in max­ they only occur in very Late horizons. brae, and cranial elements must remain imum thickness. The beamer and awl are Brose lists a mere three such tools in unexplained, although it suggests off-site 22.8 and 8.6 cm in length respectively. Culture Level III of the South Park site butchering. It also complicates esti­ mating the minimum number of deer The associated triangular point is made which he dates from 1550-1650 A.D. present. Given the database, seven indi­ of Upper Mercer flint, and is 3.7 cm long, (1994:42, 127). viduals can be securely identified. 2.4 cm wide, and 0.4 cm thick. Finally, the polished and use-worn deer Butchering marks have been noted on This cache is not culturally indigenous astragalus may have been a 'dice' for numerous specimens at the expected gambling. This was a well-known activity to the area - it appears to be of southern locations. On the evidence of extant affiliation. The nearest connection seems in a number of eastern North American teeth, most of the animals were at least to be with Fort Ancient, although a cog­ Late Prehistoric and Protohistoric con­ two years old at death; one juvenile nate relationship to Monongahela is also texts (Lewis 1996:146-147). animal must have been taken in late possible. In any event, this set of artifacts spring, thus providing a slender clue to is chronologically very late. As far as Other Artifacts the occupational season of the shelter. northern Ohio is concerned, we are In addition to the tool inventory dis­ aware of only one other discoidal stone cussed thus far, Stow Rockshelter As to the remainder of the fauna clearly associated with very late shell-tempered yielded three thin, utilized fragments of associated with the archaeological occu­ pottery, recovered by Sofsky many years green slate similar to those recovered pation, analysis demonstrates the pres­ ago at the Salaway Farm site on the from Krill Cave (Prufer et al., 1989:44). ence of at least one turkey (Maleagris Grand River in northern Trumbull County Furthermore, there is a single fragmen­ gallopavo), some geese and ducks, one (data on file at Kent State University). tary flat, ovoid hematite 'tablet'; this well- domestic dog (Canis familiaris), one rac­ ground object of unknown function coon (Procyon lotor), and several rabbits Bone Tools resembles a so-called gorget. Finally, and squirrels. Neither fish nor reptiles The bone tools from Stow Rockshelter there are 16 crude, medium-sized were noted. However, the site produced consist of 32 modified animal bones and igneous rock pebbles that are extraneous some badly preserved remains of fresh­ formal artifacts. They include: to the site. They may have served as water bivalve clams. 1 complete deer bone beamer asso­ casual hammerstones or pounders. Small This faunal assemblage demonstrates ciated with the discoidal stone cache lumps of red ochre were also noted. that the economic activities carried out at (Figure 8) the shelter were focused primarily on 1 highly polished full deer bone awl Historic Materials deer hunting. This compares favorably also associated with the cache Recent historic artifacts occur in abun­ with the evidence from Krill Cave and (Figure 8) dance. They are distributed through virtu­ Gillie Rockshelter (Bernhardt 1973). ally all levels of the site, thus attesting to No floral remains such as seeds or nut­ 8 small splinter awls, mostly deer the substantially disturbed nature of the shells were recovered. This may be due to 1 polished deer rib shelter. All material here discussed was the rather crude excavation techniques, 1 highly polished deer longbone recovered by Sofsky in 1955. It consists although at Krill Cave, such floral remains fragment of desiccated fragmentary wooden were very scarce notwithstanding exten­ objects of unknown function, bottle 2 polished and notched deer toes sive soil screening and flotation. glass, iron nails, wire, and similar mun­ 1 polished and use-worn deer astra­ dane items. Of greater interest is the Conclusions galus (ankle bone) presence of numerous 22-caliber shell 4 small antler projectile points casings. Such objects have also been 1. Stow Rockshelter is one of several 8 deer antler tines (punches and drifts) found in fair numbers at other rockshel­ small overhangs in the Cuyahoga ters such as Krill Cave, seemingly indi­ Valley of northeastern Ohio. These 1 incised birdbone tube (Mitten cating a kind of trans-cultural continuity 1955:84) shelters were occupied principally in the use of such overhangs for hunting by Late Woodland groups between 3 medium-sized bird bone tubular purposes. Finally, the site yielded four 1500-1650 A.D., probably in spring beads copper pennies, so-called 'wheaties', and/or fall. This chronological range With three exceptions, this assemblage three of which could be dated to 1920, is firmly grounded in typology and is unremarkable. It consists of the usual 1953, and 1954 respectively. radiometric cross dating. array of indifferent splinter awls, antler points and worked tines, and unidentifi­ Flora and Fauna 2. The shelters were part of a wider able modified bones. The tubular birdbone The fauna from Stow Rockshelter con­ settlement system that included beads are quite common at Late sites in sists of 1607 bones, all but 7 of which numerous more-or-less permanent northern Ohio, as is Mitten's incised bird­ were recovered by Sofsky. Materials villages based upon food produc­ bone tube. From a socioeconomic point of Mitten claims to have found in 1952 are tion. Such sites are well known in view, the antler points underscore the no longer extant, with the exception of the valley between Cleveland and impression that Stow rockshelter was seven items in the Cross-Kapusta collec­ Akron.

37 3. Deer hunting seems to have been the main economic activity carried out in all shelters. We assume that Table 1 this involved periodic brief visits by Late Woodland flint artifacts from Stow Rockshelter. hunters. At Stow Rockshelter the evidence indicates that butchering Number and processing occurred off-site. Artifact type Few processing tools were found, 58 Triangular points and the differential distribution of 1 Jack's Reef Corner-Notchedpoint faunal elements favors this conclu­ 3 Drills sion. Nevertheless, at Gillie Rock­ shelter and Krill Cave, processing 2 Bifacial plano-convex scrapers appears to have been marginally 4 Bifacial knives, small more significant. 5 Bifacial point or knife fragments 2 Retouched flakes 4. On the evidence, we assume that 2 Exhausted cores the visitors at the Stow shelter were 287 Debitage (flakes, etc.) mostly males; there is no conclusive 364 evidence in the tool inventory sug­ Total gesting female-oriented activities, unless the pottery so indicates.

5. The dimensions of the three rockshel­ ters here compared suggest that at no time the populations could have Table 2 exceeded a half-dozen individuals. Flint raw material distributions from Stow (where available) Rockshelter and Krill Cave.

6. The cache of discoidal stones and Stow Rockshelter Krill Cave associated tools indicate that this Debitage Tools Combined Debitage Tools Combined cluster of artifacts is extraneous to the local Whittlesey cultural tradition; Material type N % n % N % n % N % n % it strongly suggests southern, Fort Upper Mercer 135 47.0 28 44.4 163 46.5 84 13.4 10 15.8 94 13.6 Ancient and/or Monongahela affilia­ Local 147 51.2 33 52.3 180 51.4 531 84.8 45 71.4 576 83.6 tions. The cache also appears to have Flint Ridge 2 0.7 2 3.2 4 1.1 6 1.0 0 0 0 0 ceremonial, perhaps even religious 2 0.7 connotations. Discoidals are wide­ Onondaga 0 0 2 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 spread in many southern Mississip­ Plum Run 1 0.3 0 0 1 0.3 5 0.8 8 12.7 13 1.9 pian archaeological contexts of the Total 287 63 350 626 63 689 eastern United States. They have also been noted in early historic-ethno­ graphic accounts, and are also known as 'chunkey stones.' They seem to Table 3 have functioned in a religiously Measurements of triangular points from Stow Rockshelter and Krill Cave. imbued team sport, the so-called 'chunkey game' which has been Site Value Length Width described by James Adair in 1775, Thickness N 16(35) 37 35 among others. Prehistoric depictions Stow Range 23-39 12-39 6-11 of ceremoniously decked-out Rockshelter chunkey players occur on engraved Mean 26(31) 21 6 shell gorgets (Prufer 1965:77, 87, N 8 19 6 Figure 9e). The deliberately deposited Krill Cave Range 19-40 12-21 3-6 cache at Stow Rockshelter may rep­ Mean 29 17 5 resent a kind of valuable ceremonial Parenthetical numbers include projected lengths for all Stow specimens, (medicine?) bundle. including those that could be restored.

Acknowledgements We wish to thank Charles Sofsky, Thomas Pigott and Gary Kapusta for generously making available the Stow Table 4 Rockshelter data. We are also beholden Length of flint flakes from Stow Rockshelter and Krill Cave. to Thomas M. Bills for his faunal analysis. Stow Rockshelter Krill Cave Length in mm n % n % 0-9 0 0 84 13.4 10-19 106 42.9 447 71.4 20-29 121 48.9 76 12.1 30-39 16 6.4 16 2.6 40-49 4 1.6 3 0.5 Total 247 626

38 References Mitten, D.G. Read, M.C. 1955 A Rockshelter at Stow, Summit County, 1880 Exploration of a Rocky Shelter in Bernhardt, J.E. Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 5(3):84-86. Boston, Summit County, Ohio. 1973 Gillie Rockshelter: A Late Woodland in American Antiquarian 2:203-206. Summit County, Ohio. Unpublished Mrakovich, J.V. and A.H. Coogan Master's thesis, Kent State University. 1974 Depositional Environment of the Sharon Stothers, D.S. Conglomerate Member of the Pottsville 2000 The Protohistoric Timeperiod in the Brose, D.S. Formation in Northeastern Ohio. Southwestern Lake Erie Region: Euro­ 1989 Squaw Rockshelter: A Stratified Archaic Journal of Sedimentary Petrology pean-Derived Trade Material and Cul­ Deposit in Cuyahoga County, Ohio. 44(4): 1186-1199. tural Realignment. In Cultures Before 7Kirtlandia 44:17-54. Contact: The Late Prehistory of Ohio 1994 The South Park Village Site and the Murphy, J.L. and Surrounding Regions, edited by Late Prehistoric Whittlesey Tradition of 1971 Whittlesey Ceramic Types. R.A. Genheimer, pp.52-94. Ohio Northeast Ohio. Monographs in World Ohio Archaeologist 21(1):298-303. Archaeological Council, Columbus. Archaeology, No. 20. Prehistory Press, Madison, Wisconsin. Prufer, O.H. Stothers, D.S., J.L. Murphy, and O.H. Prufer 1965 Die Kunst des "Southern Cult" in den 1997 The South Park Village Site and the Fitting, J.E. Oestlichen Vereinigten Staaten. Late Prehistoric Whittlesey Tradition of 1964 Ceramic Relationships of Four Late Paideuma 11:68-90. Northeast Ohio, by D.S. Brose. North Woodland in Northern Ohio. Wisconsin 2001 The Archaic of Northeastern Ohio. In American Archaeologist 18(2):165-176. Archaeologist 45(4):160-175. Archaic Transitions in Ohio and Kentucky Prehistory, edited by O.H. Prufer, S.E. Tankersley, K.B. and B.G. Redmond Genheimer, R.A. Pedde and R.S. Meindl, in press. The 2000 Ice Age Ohio: A Deep Cave Yields 2000 Cultures Before Contact: The Late Pre­ Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio. Evidence of Paleoindians, Climate history of Ohio and Surrounding Change, and the Demise of the Mega- Regions. Ohio Archaeological Council, Prufer, O.H., D.A. Long and D.J. Metzger mammals. Archaeology 53(6):42-46. Columbus. 1989 Krill Cave: A Stratified Rockshelter in Summit County, Ohio. Kent State Whitman, J.K. Kapusta, G. Research Papers in Archaeology, No. 8. 1975 An Analysis of Ceramics from the Riker 2000 Recovering the Past a Second Time, The Kent State University Press, Kent, Site, Tuscarawas County, Ohio. Unpub­ Ohio Archaeologist 50(1):6-7. Ohio. lished Master's thesis, Kent State Uni­ versity, Kent, Ohio. Lewis, R.B. Prufer, O. H., and C. Sofsky 1996 Kentucky Archaeology. University of 1965 The McKibben Site (33Tr57), Trumbull Kentucky Press, Lexington. County, Ohio: A Contribution to the Late Palaeo-lndian and Archaic Phases McKenzie, D.H and O.H. Prufer of Ohio. Michigan Archaeologist 1967 Indian Skeletons from a Sinkhole 11(1):9-40. Cavern in Wyandotte County, north­ western Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 17(4):129-138.

Exterior

:'

0 12 3 4 Scm » V Figure 3 (Prufer and Pedde) Late Woodland ceramic vessel body sherds from Stow Rockshelter; (a-c) Exterior and interior cordmarked; (d-e) Simple stamped; (f-g) Incised; (h-j) McFate Incised.

39 f

5cm

Figure 4 (Prufer and Pedde) Late Woodland ceramic vessel rim sherds from Stow Rockshelter: (a) Fairport Harbor Cordmarked var. Painsville. note punctate; (b-d) Fairport Harbor Cordmarked var. Willoughby; (e) Indian Hills Stamped var. Trailed; (f) Tuttle Hill Notched.

Figure 5 (Prufer and Pedde) Late Archaic lithic artifacts from Stow Rockshelter: (a-c) stemmed projectile points; (d) Brewerton Notched: (e) unifacial scraper; (f) hafted endscraper.

40 Figure 6 (Prufer and Pedde) Late Woodland lithic artifacts from Stow Rockshelter: (a) Jack's Reef Corner-Notched projectile point; (b) drill; (c-d) bifacial endscrapers.

0 12 3 4 5cm

a b c d e f g kkkikU j k I m n ifcAAAiAft o P q u v

• m A w y z aa bb cc Figure 7 (Prufer and Pedde) 0 12 3 4 5cm Late Woodland triangular projectile points from Stow Rockshelter.

41 Figure 8 (Prufer and Pedde) Cache artifacts locat­ ed at Stow Rockshelter; deer bone beamer; two discoidal stones; triangular projectile point; deer STOW ROCKSHELTER bone awl. Photograph by T. Pigott. CUYAHOGA RIVER DRAINAGE SUMMIT CO.. OHIO

CACHE

Figure 9 (Prufer and Pedde) Photograph of discoidal stone cache in situ, January 1955. Photograph by C. Sofsky.

42 A SKULL EFFIGY GORGET FROM MASON COUNTY, KENTUCKY by Elaine Holzapfel 415 Memorial Drive Greenville, Ohio

Bowls, containers or gorgets made of Whether such objects were actually the thickness of and the color of bone. A the upper portion of the human skull used as containers for a special purpose hole is drilled at each end. were first seen in the Adena period. Part or ceremony is conjectural. It is possible This gorget is a convincing replica on a of a human skull made into a gorget or that they were retained in some sort of small scale of a human skull. Quite prob­ bowl was recovered from the Adena Flo­ custom related to the Hopewell "trophy" ably it served in some part of a ritual or rence mound (Webb and Baby 1957). It skulls in which human crania, either those was the symbol of an official or shaman. was engraved with stylized elements of a of ancestors or enemies, were handled bird all folded inwardly (figure 1). Three frequently enough to become polished. References Cited skull bowls were reported from the The gorget shown in Figures 3 and 4 Fisher mound in Kentucky (figure 2) was found in Mason County, Kentucky, 1999 Ford, Nancy (Webb and Baby 1957). Bowls made many years ago. A more precise prove­ Rogers Mound 11. from human skulls were excavated from nience is unknown but Mason County is Ohio Archaeologist 49(4):24-26. the Rogers mound in Athens County the location of the famous Fox farm Ft. (figure 5) (Ford 1999). Thus, the occur­ Ancient site. The effigy is fashioned of 1957 Webb, William S., rence of such objects is a well-estab­ dense limestone which is highly polished and Raymond S. Baby lished Adena trait. on the outer surface. It is approximately The Adena People No. 2. Ohio State University Press, Columbus.

Figure 1 (Holzapfel) Drawing of a skull gorget from the Florence mound.

Figure 2 (Holzapfel) One of 3 small bowls from the Fisher site, Fayette County, Kentucky (Webb and Baby 1957).

43 Figure 3 (Holzapfel) Interior of limestone skull effigy gorget or bowl from Mason County, Kentucky. It measures 4 inches long and 1'A inches in depth.

Figure 4 (Holzapfel) Exterior of skull effigy gorget shown in Figure 3.

Figure 5 (Holzapfel) Items, including two Skull bowls from the Rogers mound.

44 FRIENDS OF AMERICA'S PAST

7410 S. W. Oleson Rd., Suite 202 Portland, OR 97223 www.friendsofpast.org

Greetings, November, 2000

The Kennewick Man case is not over, it has just begun. After more than four years of govern­ ment delays, the Court has scheduled a trial for June 19, 2001.

We can still save the 9,300 year old Kennewick Man from joining the Buhl Woman, Hourglass Cave, Minnesota Woman, Browns Valley, Prospect Man, and all the others who are lost forever. All these First Americans were as old (or nearly so) as the Kennewick Man. One by one, each was repatriated without clearly established cultural affiliation, as the law requires. The fate of Kennewick Man hangs in the balance.

Our nation's long tradition to conduct science free from arbitrary government limits has been set aside. The Department of Justice maintains that scientists have no right to study ancient, skeletal remains. The Secretary of the Department of the Interior has declared, despite all evi­ dence to the contrary, the Kennewick Man remains are now culturally affiliated with the claiming tribes. With this one act, questions about his past are silenced. Questions that future genera­ tions might ask won't be answered. We must not allow one group to dictate their version of pre­ history, as they bury the Kennewick Man.

We need your continued support to stop this loss. We created Friends of America's Past to support the 8 scientists who sued the U.S. Government for the right to study the Kennewick Man skeleton. Their case, now in its fifth year, is unfunded and sustained by volunteers, including their attorneys. Your tax-exempt contribution is urgently needed now to support preparations for the trial scheduled for June 19, 2001.

To give these scientists sound footing against the resources of the Justice Department requires funds to assemble evidence from expert witnesses, for travel, and for the out-of- pocket expenses of conducting a trial. For example, the Court's direction to provide all the Indian tribes' attorneys with documents has significantly increased day-to-day expenses.

Your continued support assists the legal challenge of unreasonable government-imposed limits on the conduct of science and will ensure that an accurate story of the Kennewick Man can be told. Let us add your name to our growing, impressive list of continuing supporters.

Our thanks,

Cleone Hawkinson, President

For maximum benefit, please consider making a tax-exempt donation in the form of stock or other securities. Please call Paul Pritkin, PIM, (503) 224-7828 ext. 12 or toll free (877)-211-0034 ext. 12.

45 HENRY DERINGER'S PIPE AXE by Wayne Steerman 630 11th Ave. Lewiston, ID 83501 During the American Fur Trade Period, In the summer of 1983, while vaca­ References roughly from the time of the Lewis-Clark tioning in Wyoming and Western Expedition of 1803 to the year 1840 when Nebraska, I took the tomahawk to the "Henry Deringer's Guns for Indian," The the beaver trade in the west declined, the Museum of the Fur Trade near Chadron, Museum of The Fur Trade Quarterly, U.S. Office of Indian Trade offered many Nebraska. A long-time friend, Charles E. Vol. 111, No. 4, Winter, 1967, page 5. contracts to private manufacturing firms Hanson Jr., director there, was quite who could supply Indian trade goods. H. excited about the piece. He said that Harold L Peterson, "American Indian Deringer of Philadelphia, Pa., was one of Deringer made 51 brass pipe-tomahawks Tomahawks," Heye Foundation, NY, 1965, page 47 (mentions the same many firms involved in such an endeavor. in 1816 for the Office of Indian Trade at order of 1816). More commonly known among firearms a cost of $2.50 each. He told me this collectors are his U.S. Military flintlock was the first one he had ever seen and rifles, 1814 and 1817 patterns, and his that records show only the one order of many single-shot pocket and belt pistols. 1816. Deringer may have also produced However, less widely known is his direct them for the civilian trade. No record of participation as a supplier of Indian trade this is known. goods for government distribution. A number of questions come to mind: From 1814 to 1844, Deringer was under Could this pipe-tomahawk be one of the contract to produce muzzleloading rifles, 51 ordered in 1816? If so, what has been North West type muskets, traps, knives, the survival rate? Did the government also tomahawks and perhaps other items for contract for additional orders after 1816? the Indians. The illustrated pipe-toma­ Perhaps one will never know. As the hawk head is one which he produced. saying goes, if only it could talk. I certainly The head is a brass casting with a agree with Hanson in saying that this is a dovetailed steel edge with stars and dots very fine and exotic pipe-tomahawk with a Figure 2 (Steerman) Top view showing stars accenting the lip of the pipe bowl. The great deal of historical value. I know that I and dots stamped into the rim of the bowl. eye is teardrop receiving the haft. This am most fortunate to have it in my collec­ piece came from a collection in Ohio. tion of American Fur Trade items.

Stamped name "Deringer"

TWIN s bw.w, w/fim. WWVJH

Steel bit dovetailed into brass casting

f - ff- • f \tsj.'.sir(f,*')rsj,

Figure 1 (Steerman) Deringer brass tomahawk head - ca 1816 - shown in actual size.

ANNUAL ARTIFACT SHOW SkoAtf Ripley, Ohio • February 4, 2001

Sponsored by: Mother's Day Weekend Fort Salem Chapter Archaeological Society of Ohio May 11,12, and 13, 2001 The Lodge at Open to the Public • 10 AM to 4 PM "Sawmill Creek" Admission Adults - $2.00 • Children & Seniors - Free (A First Class Resort) 400 Sawmill Road Location - Ripley Senior High School Huron, Ohio 44839 St. Rt. 52 in Brown County, 50 miles east of Cincinnati, Ohio; 62 miles west of Portsmouth, Ohio. Hosted by Food & Raffles The Sandusky Bay Chapter of the Archaeological Society of Ohio Tables must be Reserved by January 23, 2001 For more information call: Doug Hooks (419) 526-0079 Call Cecil Beckett (513) 753-6774 Gene Edwards (440) 965-4451

46 MEETING THEME FOR JANUARY 14TH MEETING WILL BE LANCEOLATE AND STEMMED LANCEOLATE POINTS FROM THE LATE PALEO PERIOD AND PLANO PERIODS.

We encourage all our members to bring individual pieces, collections and site material from the Piano period - lanceolates and stemmed lanceolates and other material pertaining to the Piano or Late Paleo period. Recognition awards will be given for the most educational, most colorful, largest, finest and other categories.

DR. RICHARD YERKES TO SPEAK AT JANUARY MEETING

At the January meeting of the ASO January 14th, 2001, at the Aladdin Shrine Temple, Dr. Richard Yerkes of Ohio State University will speak on the Hopewell culture. Dr. Yerkes is one of Ohio's foremost archaeologists and his talk is scheduled for 10:30 to 11:15 in the Aladdin Room. This will be an opportunity to hear the latest research on the Hopewell culture from a leading expert in the field.

2001 MEETING DATES FOR THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO

January 14th March 18th May 20th (Annual Meeting) November 17th and 18th

2001 DUES ARE DUE! Please send your 2001 dues as soon as possible. Early registration greatly helps our Society in getting ready for the coming year. Don't be late - many new and exciting things are planned for 2001. Be part of the largest state archaeological society in the United States by joining now!

Check the ASO Website - www.ohioarch.org

CHAPTER PRESIDENTS' SESSION AT JANUARY MEETING There will be a meeting of chapter presidents at the January ASO meeting. The meeting will be held in the Aladdin room at 9:30 AM. Call Russell Strunk for further information 513-752-7043 or write PO Box 55, Batavia, Ohio 45103.

REPRINTS OF EARLY OHIO ARCHAEOLOGISTS AVAILABLE Reprints of the first five years of the Ohio Archaeologist - 1951 through 1955 - will be available after January 15th, 2001. A set of the first 19 issues plus a bulletin of the OIRCS - make up the 20 issue set. The entire set will be sold for $100.00 - postage paid for orders dated before January 15th, 2001. Mail orders only. Orders after that date add $6.00 postage. Individual year sets are available for $6.00 per issue in set.

Send Check or money order to: ASO Back Issues 138 Ann Court Lancaster, Ohio 43130

Back Cover: A well-proportioned Archaic pestle from the collection of Rick Waibel, Springfield, Ohio. Made of black diorite with porphyry inclusions, this finely made pestle is seven inches high. It was originally collected prior to 1950 byA.E. Wehrle, a Newark, Ohio industrialist, in Preble County, Ohio.

47 -< 03 H I m C/5 O O m H o m O H O -n The Arc haec ogical So of O hio is ized to disco er and conserv re arch aterial M in tr Ohio, tc see and proi a be tter u andi ng amon stude nts and collect material, ofes non-pro fessi mal, inclu indiv iduals eum s, and in: titution s of lear ning, a iwledge the - a =j ro «. CD a CD' 5L ID CD" a CD S" Ot7D» ?q?o archaeo logy, Members the socie II be open to ny per son of g ood cl- S3a 8 to §> o „ B.f(S Bj => s-8 rchaeola R Z3 o ort CD <5 <5 B »> P> CD 3 CD a" 3 CD =! o s 5 3 °-« | 3- a o o o" O CD _ "*CQ Q- =>' "> r> E CD m »(Q < 3- ~o a o fD O tfl 3 CD[Q o) =r a. d o merii a<•' n *r •?- n Indian cts, upon tanc e of writt n appli cation a nd pay ing of A "O CD 0) C/3 q