OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 38 NO. 1 WINTER 1988

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Published by THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF The Archaeological Society of Ohio

TERM Back Issues EXPIRES O AS. OFFICERS 1988 President Martha Potter Otto, Ohio Historical Society, Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: Columbus, OH 4321 1 -Tel. 614/297-2641; Ohio Types, by Robert N. Converse $ 5 00 Home 614/846-7640 Ohio Stone , by Robert N. Converse $ 4.00 Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N Converse $10.00 1988 Vice-President Donald A Casto, 138 Ann Ct.. Lancaster. The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse . $15.00 OH 43130-Tel. 614/653-9477 Back issues—black and white —each $ 4 00 1988 Exec. Sec. Michael W Schoenfeld, 5683 Blacklick-Eastern Back issues—four full color plates—each $ 4.00 Rd. N.W., Pickerington, OH 43147 Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 1988 Treasurer Stephen J Parker, 1859 Frank Dr. Lancaster. are generally out of print but copies are available from time to time Write to business office for prices and availability. 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Ohio 43701 1:00 pm All articles, reviews, and comments regarding the Ohio Archaeolo­ Six Rivers gist should be sent to the Editor Memberships, requests for back President: Sam Speck, 13662 Mishey Rd , Fredericktown, OH issues, changes of address, and other inquiries should be sent to 43019 the Business Manager Meeting place: State Savings Bank, Shrock Rd and SR. 3, Westerville, first Thursday of each month PLEASE NOTIFY THE BUSINESS MANAGER OF ADDRESS Standing Stone CHANGES IMMEDIATELY SINCE, BY POSTAL REGULATIONS, President: Don Casto, 138 Ann Court, Lancaster. OH 43130 SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. Meeting place: State Savings Bank, 1583 East Main St., Membership and Dues Lancaster, last Thursday of each month, January through October, also early December Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows Regular membership $12.00. hus­ Sugar Creek band and wife (one copy of publication) $13 00; Life membership President: Dave Lehberger. 330 34th St , S W, Canton. OH $300 00 Subscription to the O/7/0 Archaeologist, published quar­ 44706 terly, is included in the membership dues. The Archaeological Meeting place: St John United Church of Christ, Bolivar, Society of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization fourth Monday of each month. 7:30 p.m President's Column Recently the news media have been full of stories about an injunction filed against a number of people digging on an archaeological site in northern Ken­ tucky. This column is not the place to specifically debate a situation which, in my opinion, had, until it was stopped, severely damaged an extremely impor­ tant archaeological site. Nevertheless, as a result of this and similar incidents, a number of new laws will likely be pro­ posed that will affect the activities of professional and responsible amateur archaeologists alike. As you already know, various states, including Ohio, and the federal govern­ ment have passed laws pertaining to excavation of archaeological sites and collection of artifacts. Other countries have also enacted similar regulations. For example, permits are required be­ fore any archaeological specimens can be collected in the province of Ontario or transported out of Canada. At the March 20 ASO meeting, I expect to have a compilation of the various state and federal laws available so members can learn precisely what is "on the books". If you would like a copy but will not be at the meeting, please contact me and I can send you one. To my knowledge, as of the end of February, there are no bills relating to archaeological matters pending in the Ohio General Assembly. If any are intro­ duced, you can be assured that the ASO's Board of Directors will see that the organization's views are expressed clearly and deliberately. In the mean­ time, it is each member's responsibility to be as informed as possible. Poorly conceived antiquity legislation can arouse long-standing animosity and can fail to achieve its intended purpose. On the other hand, constructive, thoughtful discussion of all legitimate viewpoints can go far to provide the long-term protection of archaeological sites and materials that is one of the ASO's prime goals. Martha Potter Otto

FRONT COVER Seven fluted projectile points and from the Lamb site, Genesee County, New York. Photo courtesy of the Buffalo Museum of Science and PRSC. See story beginning on page 4. Discoveries at the Lamb Site, Genesee County, New York 1986-7 By Richard Michael Gramly Division of Anthropology, Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, New York

For the benefit of the readers of the The fluted point proved to be a real Palaeo-lndian artifacts under poor con­ Ohio Archaeologist who are fascinated surprise. It had been freshly fractured ditions for surface-collecting suggested by the search for Palaeo-lndian remains, by farm machinery. The break revealed that excavation and sieving would reveal I intend to summarize recent work at the the true color of the stone that was much more. I was intrigued by the seem­ Lamb fluted point Palaeo-lndian site in masked by a thick, white patina. It ap­ ing lack of from the manufac­ western New York State, east of Buffalo, peared to be tea-colored chalcedony or ture and maintenance of stone tools. If New York (Figure 1) and front cover. that resembled stone from the Lamb site had been used only for The Lamb site teaches an important River, North Dakota (Figure 2). No arti­ burial, one would expect little or no lesson about the need to be thorough fact of this attractive raw material had refuse from daily living. The possibility when reconnoitering for archaeological ever been reported from New York that we had stumbled upon a real Palaeo- sites and not to "leave any stone State. (Later the North Dakota origin of lndian burial or implement cache was unturned." this specimen was confirmed by Dr. tantalizing, and brooking no delay, I The first discovery at the Lamb Kenneth B. Tankersley of the Glenn A. assembled a team of volunteer exca­ site was made in 1965 by John —a Black Laboratory of , Indi­ vators to lay bare the site. hired man working on the Lamb family ana University at Bloomington.) Chris Lamb informed us that cultivat­ farm, Town of Darien, Genesse County, A review of the Larrib collection, piece ing on the ridge where the site lay and New York. Mr. Wells happened to notice by piece, disclosed the three bifaces or around the swamp was awkward with a an ovate biface of banded, bluish-gray fluted point preforms of Ohio/Indiana big tractor. Much turning was necessary, chert lying in the furrow of a corn field chert. I asked Chris Lamb if perchance and the plowshare always cut deeply in while he was out walking. This specimen, they and the fluted point had been dis­ going uphill. Therefore, we expected likely a fluted point preform of Upper covered together? He was visibly that Palaeo-lndian artifacts might be Mercer (Ohio) or Holland (Indiana) chert, amazed by my question and wondered widely scattered from their original is still owned by Wells. how I could have known that they came resting places in clusters. We weighed Alerted by this discovery in a location from the same place? At that very mo­ the possibility that a broad area of the where no other artifacts had ever been ment I knew that the Lamb site had to be slope running into the swamp would found, Chris Lamb kept a close watch very special. It was surely no ordinary have to be excavated and gleaned for for new tolls at every ploughing. Finally Palaeo-lndian habitation site, for still- specimens. Such a large-scale effort did in 1977, he unearthed another biface servicable implements were rarely, if not daunt us in the spring of 1986, and and the basal half of a deeply-concave ever, discarded by early hunters at we did not yet appreciate the enormity fluted point. Both implements were camps. It occurred to me that the Lamb of our undertaking. We were eager to fashioned of raw materials quite unlike site might be a cache of tools set aside recover the missing fragment of Chris local New York Devonian , which for future use or even a burial like the Lamb's fluted point of North Dakota are predominantly mottled tan and gray Anzick site near Wilsal, Montana (Lahren chert and whatever else might be with in color. In 1978 Chris Lamb found a and Bonnichsen 1974) or like the Crow- it. Our work still continues and may not second unfluted biface of exotic chert, field site in Ontario (Deller and Ellis be finished until 1989. and in 1985 yet another. 1984). Our main trench, two meters wide, was For three generations the Lamb family In early spring Chris Lamb and I visited laid out so as to connect the find-spots had collected stone artifacts from their the place of his discoveries. There was of the bifaces I had collected. A grid of large dairy farm among the gentle hills nothing prepossessing about the loca­ 2-meter squares was adopted, and soil at the headwaters of Murder Creek in tion. The nearest stream, Murder Creek, from each square was passed through a Genesse County. They had amassed lay several hundred feet away. The soil 6 mm (J4-inch) mesh sieve. As there had projectile points that represented nearly at the site had developed upon glacial been no soil accumulation since the every cultural phase from Early Archaic till, and it was neither sandy nor very retreat of the glaciers, it was sufficient through the Late . Most -drained. The artifacts had been to strip away the plough zone and search of these finds were isolated, whole ploughed out from the face of a low, it for objects. No deep excavating was points that had either been lost by an­ rather inconspicuous ridge that encir­ required although we were careful to cient hunters or discarded at small cled a small, swampy depression, which leave none of the plough zone undug. campsites —now badly disturbed by was a modern refuge for songbirds. This Pick and shovel were the principal tools years of cultivating. depression (Figure 5) appeared to be a used; trowels were hardly employed In February, 1986, I was handed a glacial kettle pond that gradually had except to straighten the walls of our pits. clipping from a local newspaper by ama­ become filled with decayed plants and Work began on May 3, 1986, and teur archaeologist, Stanley Vanderlaan, soil washed down from the ridge. The concluded (so we believed at the time!) with the remark, "Why don't you follow site was planted in winter wheat, but on the 18th of that month. Fifteen 2-m' this one up?" The clipping showed one patches of bare earth were visible. squares were cleared (Figure 3) with of Chris Lamb's children holding a board- Crawling on all fours and watching the disappointing results. Although two mounted display of the family artifact ground very closely, I was rewarded with preforms were unearthed at the head of collection. Among the projectile points the discovery of two fragmentary bifaces the slope, no fluted points were met. could be seen the unmistakable outline of exotic chert among the wheat. One One of the preforms had been manufac­ of a large fluted point fragment (Gramly fragment lay at the bottom of the slope tured of Holland (Indiana) chert; its 1987: 4). Within a few days of reading at the edge of the swamp; while the other companion was made of local chert. A the newspaper article I telephoned the biface was 35 feet away at the crest of small quantity of flakes was found on Lambs and made an appointment to the slope. the sieves. No square yielded more than inspect their artifacts. Our good fortune to discover two 15 flakes, and some had none at all. The

4 flakes were concentrated near the find- "St. Louis Fluted" (1985:334), which he Coral Gables, Florida. The result was spots of the preforms and were proof considers to be a Palaeo-lndian knife. 11,400±100 years BP (Beta-18133). that one or two bifaces had been After savoring our discovery for a few This determination is a good "floor date" knapped from poor grades of local chert. minutes, we continued ploughing. In the or terminus post quern for the Our misfortune not to discover the very next furrow we were elated to occupation of the Lamb site. Although missing tip of Chris Lamb's fluted point uncover another fluted point preform of glaciers had been absent locally for of North Dakota chert led some of us to Ohio/Indiana chert and the mid-section several hundred years before this date, believethatfurtherworkwould be unre­ of a large fluted point of the same raw the vegetation in this ancient period may warding. We had to admit, as well, that material. All these discoveries in such a have been sparse and offered little the labor seemed more grueling when small area indicated that continued ex­ inducement for animal and human finds were few. plorations were mandatory. After the settlement. Conditions were likely Yet, Chris Lamb vaguely remembered rains ceased, we staked out new sec­ much improved as the peat began to that his fluted point base had been tions of the site and went to work. accumulate. unearthed a little west of our trenches. Thirty additional 2-m squares were Dr. Norton Miller, Chief Scientist of This nagging worry that we might have excavated in 1986 (Figure 4), and 17 the Biological Survey of the New York missed something important prompted units were opened in 1987. We strived State Museum, kindly identified pollen me to ask Chris Lamb to backfill our for complete recovery of artifacts al­ and larger-sized plant remains in a excavation and to plough the immediate though some fine flaking debris un­ sample of peat from the base of the area. He volunteered to use an old- doubtedly was lost through the mesh of deposit. He reported (personal com­ fashioned "one bottom" plough of the our sieves. Other objects may have been munication): ". . plant macro-fossils . . . type normally drawn by small tractors overlooked after heavy rains when soil indicate that the basin held a shallow and horses. I proposed to walk behind tended to become doughy and ball up pond . . . The pond and its shore sup­ his tractor as the earth was turned in the around stones. Perhaps another 15-20 ported a floristically diverse group of fond hope that specimens might be 2-m squares will have to be dug before plants . . . with herb-dominated com­ exposed. On May 19th, the day we had the Lamb site is exhausted. munities at the basin." Spruce and pine scheduled for ploughing, it began to rain, Several facts have emerged from our also grew at the edge of this pond; while but Chris and I carried on with our plans. research. First, the Lamb Palaeo-lndian tundra plants including dwarf willow and That day was one of the most satisfyi ng site is free of remains belonging to later birch were dominant away from the times I have ever spent as a field Indian cultures. Closed Palaeo-lndian water on the surrounding ridge and archaeologist. components lacking intrusive artifacts plain. The spruce and pine would have furnished materials for fires, shelters or In the first pass across the site begin­ are rare in northeastern North America. Second, the small artifact assemblage artifacts. The herbs along the shore ning at the foot of the slope along the might have been used for medicines and swamp we unearthed a fragmentary, from Lamb is derived from three over­ lapping clusters, suggesting that the site food or for making shelters (of mats). thick biface or preform of Ohio/Indiana Compared to the more barren tundra, chert. In an adjacent furrow a matching was occupied briefly and perhaps only once. Third, most of the tools that were the plant community at the kettle pond fragment was discovered. A few feet was, in effect, an oasis. One must con­ upslope another preform of Ohio/ made and used at Lamb were flaked of poor grades of local chert derived from sider, however, that if the site were Indiana chert, this specimen complete occupied during the cold season, these and undamaged, was exposed. We cobbles. This fact is surprising when one considers that much better chert was useful plants might have been buried by stopped the tractor to examine these a blanket of ice and snow. welcome finds and to plot their locations available at outcrop along the Onondega relative to the master grid for the Lamb escarpment only a few miles to the north. As may be seen in Table 1, over 300 site. Both Chris Lamb and I were im­ One wonders if the Lamb site inhabitants stone artifacts, of which one-third are pressed by the efficiency of this method knew about this important source of raw tools or fragments, have been re­ of discovering artifacts. We noted how material? Last, one of the artifact clusters covered to date from the Lamb site. As cleanly the soil parted from chert imple­ contained at least nine complete bifaces already said, these objects are distrib­ ments as the furrow fell over; soil condi­ (fluted point preforms and knives) and uted among three badly disturbed clus­ tions were obviously ideal for collecting. ten large fluted points. These seemingly ters. The densest cluster, which is rich in flakes, flaked gravers (cutters) and As we approached the crest of the fresh and unused implements had been bifaces, lies at the edge of the swamp. ridge where Chris felt he had found his manufactured from high-quality cherts Here by the water's edge Palaeo-lndians Knife River chert fluted point, he slowed from distant sources. This Palaeo-lndian sat and attempted to manufacture fluted the tractor to a crawl. I concentrated my burial lot or cache is an unique find for points from intractable cobbles of chert. attention on the cascading earth, which New York State; it is also one of the few Judging by the number of incomplete fell hypnotically. For awhile nothing of features of its kind and antiquity in North and fragmentary bifaces unearthed interest showed, but in retracing my America to have been documented in a there, they met with scant success. None steps along our most recently-turned controlled manner. of the fluted points resulting from this furrow at the head of the slope, I spotted Of great importance to understanding knapping would have been as large as a magnificent, large fluted point lying why the Lamb site was occupied by the projectile points made of Ohio, In­ under a thin dusting of soil. Reaching Palaeo-lndians are exploratory test-cuts diana and North Dakota cherts. down to pick up that specimen, forgotten that we made in the swampy kettle hole for nearly 11,000 years, was a joy. bordering the encampment (Figure 5). The cluster at the head of the slope, The point is broad and long (5% Using a backhoe we cut several deep which was excavated in the beginning inches). It had suffered slight nicking by trenches from dry land towards the of May, 1986, also yielded debitage, farm machinery. Judging by the rem­ center of the swamp (Figure 6). We flaked gravers (cutters) and rejected nants of original cortex on both faces of penetrated three to five feet of peat bifaces of local chert. Neither this cluster the point, it had been flaked from thin reaching a stiff, gray clay. This layer of nor its companion at the foot of the slope tabular chert. The raw material is either clay, in turn, rested upon gravelly glacial featured "classic" Palaeo-lndian tools Upper Mercer chert from Ohio or, just outwash. A sample of wood (likely black such as trianguloid endscrapers, large as likely, Ferdinand/Holland chert from spruce) was collected at the interface of sidescrapers, or pieces esquillees. southwestern Indiana. In every respect the peat and clay and later radiocarbon- Palaeo-lndian flaked stone assem­ the point resembles G. Perino's type, dated at Beta Analytic Laboratories in blages with a similar narrow range of

5 tools have been reported from Ontario been laid out upon the ground or in the the preforms are thick enough to with­ (Grid B at the Parkhill site; see Roosa snow. All manner of useful objects would stand rough handling without damage. and Deller 1982) and from Michigan have been abandoned with the dead. It is interesting to note that the Lamb (Extension E, Holcombe site; see DeVis- Afterward the burial place scrupulously preforms would have yielded fluted scher and Wahla 1970: 6-7). These en­ would have been avoided for genera­ points quite a bit smaller than the ­ campments together with the Lamb site tions. points deposited in the burial cluster and its impoverished tool inventory This scenario of Palaeo-lndian death (Figure 3). Exactly the same disparity of are best regarded as briefly occupied pushes far beyond the limit of evidence size was observed at the Sloan site—a hunters' camps. Rearming and weapon at the Lamb site; yet, similar events must Dalton cemetery in Arkansas that was maintenance were the primary activities have been acted out time and time again rich in tools (Morse and Morse, Ibid.). that necessitated stone-knapping. across the frigid tundra of northern North Although archaeological explorations No other Palaeo-lndian sites well America during Palaeo-lndian times. of the Lamb site will continue for one or known to me, such as Potts, Arc, Nobles Even recognizing cemeteries or individ­ two seasons and important new evi­ Pond (See Figure 1), have such reduced ual burials of this remote era has proven dence may be forthcoming, it is fair to tool assemblages like Lamb. These other difficult, and we can say little about the say that the nature and structure of this stations were likely occupied for a full patterns of mortuary behavior. A handful small site are understood. We must still season, perhaps year after year. A broad of Palaeo-lndian and earliest Archaic wrestle with the question of how so much range of domestic tasks was performed mortuary features are on record; how­ raw material from so far away came to at all encampments and many scrapers ever, reporting has neither been timely rest on a stony hillslope in rural western were resharpened and cast away. nor exhaustive—with a few noteworthy New York. In my opinion trade and The Lamb site is best remembered exceptions (e.g., Morse and Morse hand-to-hand exchange among Palaeo- not for its scanty (but interesting!) tool 1983). lndians are not the best explanations for assemblage but rather for the cluster of The Lamb fluted points exhibit deep the movement of these exotic lithics. remarkable fluted points and bifaces— basal concavities in the manner of points Rather, I feel that the Lamb occupants all of high-quality chert from distant from Debert, Nova Scotia (MacDonald had recently arrived from Ohio and sources. Most of these specimens were 1968) and the Vail site, northern Maine Indiana when they broke their journey derived from a pair of contiguous 2-m (Gramly 1982). The ten specimens mea­ to camp at the Lamb farm. They may squares. Matching fragments to broken sured in Figure 2 average almost 10 mm have come 400-500 miles, perhaps over implements were discovered for the deep, and the basal concavity of an a winter landscape, and where they went most part within a 10-foot perimeter eleventh fluted point of exotic chert from after burying one of their number will around these two squares. Farm ma­ the Lamb site (not associated with the never be known. Such long-distance chinery had caused identical damage burial cluster) is likewise 10 mm in depth. travelling presumes the use of convey­ on three fluted points suggesting that In other attributes, as well, the Lamb ances such as sleds, toboggans, travois they once were stacked or had lain face- points are remarkably like large, unre- and other devices for transporting heavy to-face. The artifacts also may have been worked spearpoints from the Vail site. loads. The ability to move rapidly across exposed to sun and weather for a long Were the sites near each other and not large territories may have been critical time in order for such a heavy, uniform 600 miles apart, I would be tempted to to the survival of hunters exploiting patina to have developed upon the Knife guess that the same persons had made a neo-Arctic environment. And what River chert fluted point. the weapon tips at these sites. Given better way is there to account for the good raw material in large chunks free appearance of fluted points—a techno­ During our excavation we detected logical innovation that spread so quickly no pit outlines around the cluster of of flaws, it is evident that a Palaeo-lndian knapper using this style of fluted point and so widely over a continent peopled spearpoints and bifaces. These objects only by hunters? were once buried shallowly or not at all. endeavored to produce blades 4-6 Whether these servicable, valuable im­ inches long. Points of this size were well- References plements were placed with a body along suited for tipping lances or stabbing Callahan, Errett with other property—now vanished (Gramly 1984). 1979 The Basics of Biface Knapping in without a trace—or whether the artifacts None of the fluted points made of local the Eastern Fluted Point Tradition: were deliberately set aside in a cache to chert by the Lamb knappers would have A Manual for Flintknappers and been as long as the points in the burial Lithic Analysts. Archaeology of be reclaimed at a future date may never Eastern North America 7(1): 1 -179. be decided. cluster. Being so small (estimated 2-3 Deller, D. Brian and C.J. Ellis I am inclined to believe that the fluted inches in length), these points of local 1984 Crowfield: A Preliminary Report on points and other bifaces were burial cherts would have featured shallow a Probable Paleo-lndian furnishings, as we are certain that basal concavities. The apparent relation­ in Southwestern Ontario. Archaeol­ Palaeo-lndian hunters died. On the other ship between overall point size and basal ogy of Eastern North America 12: hand, we only can speculate about the concavity depth, that is, small points 41-71. have shallow concavities while big DeVisscher, Wiliam B. and Edward J. Wahla need to construct tool caches. Among 1970 Additional Paleo-lndian Campsites certain hunters (e.g., the Inuit of the points have deeply concave bases, has certain implications for and Adjacent to the Holcombe Site. The north-central Arctic) who believe that Michigan Archaeologist 16(1): 1 -24. spirits of the dead can affect the living, culture that will not be explored in this Gramly, Richard Michael belongings of the deceased are aban­ paper. 1982 The Vail Site: A Palaeo-lndian En­ doned with the body. No hunter would The unfluted bifaces from the burial campment in Maine. Bulletin of the care to use the weapons of a dead man cluster are nearly all Stage 3 fluted point Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences for fear that his luck might go bad. We preforms. A single biface, which is oval 30. in shape, seems thin enough to have 1984 Kill Sites, Killing Ground and Fluted cannot know if Palaeo-lndian hunters Points at the Vail Site. Archaeology reasoned along this line, but it would served as a knife. With a little reshaping of Eastern North America 12: 110- not be surprising if they did. One can even it could have been transformed 121. envision a scaffold burial at the Lamb into a speartip. Stage 3 preforms (Cal­ 1987 An Unique Fluted Point Site in site. If the soil were frozen, wood of the lahan 1979) are admirably suited to Western New York. Indian Artifact right size were lacking, or the will (or long-distance transportation by mobile Magazine 6(1): 5-6, 54. custom) of the survivors were against hunters. Excess stone has been trimmed Lahren, Larry and Robson Bonnichsen erecting one, the body simply may have away thereby reducing weight, but still 1974 Bone Foreshafts from a Clovis Burial in Southwestern Montana. Table 1 (Gramly): Tally of Flaked Stone Science 186: 147-150. Artifacts from the Lamb Site, Current MacDonald, George F. Through December, 1987. 1968 Debert: A Palaeo-lndian Site in DEBITAGE Central Nova Scotia. National TOOLS A. Biface Reduction Flakes 102 Museum of Canada Anthropology A. Fluted Points (whole specimens and B. Angular Waste Flakes (includes Papers 16. Ottawa. unjoined fragments) 23 cortex removal flakes) 64 Morse, Dan F. and Phyllis A. Morse B. Unfluted Bifaces (whole specimens C. Flake Fragments 33 1983 Archaeology of the Central Missis­ D. Unidentified Flakes 4 sippi Valley. Academic Press. and unjoined fragments) 44 Perino, Gregory C. Sidescrapers (possibly backed cut­ E. Channel Flakes 2 1985 Selected Preforms, Points and ters) 2 F. Pot-lidded Flakes 3 Knives of the North American In­ D. Cutters 17 G. Cores 5 dians (Vol. 1). Privately printed. E. Tool Fragments 2 TOTAL 213 Roosea, William B. and D. Brian Deller TOTAL 88 GRAND TOTAL 301 1982 The Parkhill Complex and Eastern Great Lakes Paleo Indian. Ontario Archaeology 37: 3-15. Table 2 (Gramly): see front cover Measurements of Fluted Points Belonging to the Burial Lot or Cache, Lamb Site Width at Greatest Channel Flake Depth of Basal Specimen Raw Material Length* Base* Width* Lengths* Concavity* 1. L 77/124 Upper Mercerchert 140 29 35 38,38 10 2. L. 70/75 Ohio/Indiana chert ? 29 36 41,47 11 86/96/106 Ohio/Indiana chert 122 29 33 40,42 10 61/73/88 Ohio/Indiana chert 121 29 35 51,53 10 98/101 Knife River, ND 116 29 34 24,24 10 74/87 Flint Ridge, Ohio 92 27 30 46,48 9 84 Ohio/Indiana chert ? 27 30+ ? ? 10 8. L. 102 Ohio/Indiana chert ? 29 33+ ? ? 11 9. L. 60* Ohio/Indiana chert 134 34 45 32,42 9 10. L. 76/89* Unknown chert 94 30 39 36,36 9 *AII measurements in mm. **Fluted knives. Table 3 (Gramly): Measurements of Bifaces (Knives or Fluted Point Preforms) Belonging to the Burial Lot or Cache, Lamb Site Specimen Raw Material Length* Maximum Width* L 89 Ohio/Indiana chert 107 39 L 68 Ohio/Indiana chert 99 44 L 62 Ohio/Indiana chert 83 42 L. 97 Ohio/Indiana chert 98 42 100 Ohio/Indiana chert 105 44 67 Ohio/Indiana chert 85 42 33 Holland (Indiana) chert 90 39 99 Holland (Indiana) chert 92 38 136 Holland (Indiana) chert 102 41 *AII measurements in mm.

„ 75 150 0^^«=1^^??5KM

Figure 1. (Gramly) Map of New York, Ohio and Pennsylvania showing fluted point Palaeo-lndian sites mentioned in text.

7 Figure 2. (Gramly) Map of the United States showing lithic source areas and the Lamb site, Genesee County, New York. I, Knife River, North Dakota: 2, Ferdinand/Holland region, Indiana; 3, Flint Ridge and Upper Mercer (Co­ shocton) lithic sources, Ohio; 4, the Lamb site.

Fig. 3 (Gramly) Photograph of the Lamb site at an early stage of the excavation in May, 1986. Note the glacial kettle pond, now filled with peat. Many discoveries of large fluted points and unfluted bifaces were made near the parked motorcycle a few days after this photo was taken. Photo by R. M. Gramly.

8 Fig. 4 (Gramly) R. M. Gramly holding a fluted knife (in two pieces) shortly after its discovery in May, 1986. Onlookers are (from left): Ada Ernst, Betty Knop, Vicky Best, John Aures, Chris Lamb and C. D. Cox. Photo by Richard W. Roeller of The Buffalo News.

Fig. 5 (Gramly) Aerial view of the Lamb site, June, 1986, from an Fig. 6 (Gramly) Backhoe trenching in the glacial kettle at the Lamb site, altitude of 600 feet above ground. Note situation of site with respect September, 1986. Botanical remains that were discovered resting upon to swamp or filled kettle pond. Photo by R. M. Gramly. glacial clay during this operation were dated by radiocarbon to 11,400± 100 years before the present. Photo by R. M. Gramly.

9 Eight bifaces (knives, fluted point preforms) from the Lamb site, Genesee County, New York. Photo courtesy of the Buffalo Museum of Science and PRSC.

10 , A Rare Art Form By D. R. Gehlbach 3435 Sciotangy Dr., Columbus, Ohio

The decorative art of the late prehis­ Ancient era which lasted from 1000 A.D. grit (crushed pottery, limestone or sand­ toric Ohioans has long been a source of to about 1600 A.D. stone) or shell tempered. These mate­ particular interest to the student of In recent years, this writer has been rials were used in the firing process to archaeology. Of the many families of fascinated by the endless variety of Ft. protect against heat induced breakage. pottery which are seen in the state Ancient pottery styles and design ele­ The predominant bowl shape is slightly starting in the early Woodland period, ments. During this time he has been able concave with a slight expansion at the the Ft. Ancient people produced the to either acquire or observe diagnostic rim. A number have handles or lug ex­ widest varieties of this artform. Much of pottery examples from each of the listed tensions at the rim for suspension. Bowl our knowledge of Ohio pottery is a result sites, each of which has distinguishing rims are sometimes scalloped. Pottery of James Griffin's monumental treatise characteristics. One pattern occurs colors range from reddish tan or brown on the subject titled, "The Ft. Ancient throughout the focus. The so-called to various shades of gray. Aspect." Dr. Griffin, using the Midwest­ guilloche (pronounced gee-oash) pat­ It is obvious that Ft. Ancient pottery, ern Taxonomic System, identifies differ­ tern is a repetitive motif, featuring three while exhibiting decorative repetition, ent Ft. Ancient focus periods using parallel entwined semi-circular incised also features wide variations within a pottery forms to mark the evolution of lines which encircle the bowl just below defined theme. Illustrated are several this famous culture. He describes sig­ the rim. Often more complicated designs examples of Ft. Ancient pottery with nificant pottery collections gathered in are employed, such as a variety of punc- representative designs or features, in­ the past 100 years at such well known tates or needle like depressions associ­ cluding a group of pottery pieces or sites as Feurt's in Scioto County, Baum ated with parallel lines, triangles, and sherds. The latter examples were recov­ in Ross County, Madisonville and Turpin half-moon symbols. We do not know the ered in southern Franklin County along in Hamilton County. In each case, the significance of these decorations. the Scioto River. This location is ap­ local pottery style becomes the identifier Many Ft. Ancient bowls also a proximately the northern terminus for of a significant period within the Ft. cord marked surface. Most are either this classic family of pottery.

Fig. 1 (Gehlbach) Ft. Ancient bowl with guilloche design, , Fig. 2 (Gehlbach) Ft. Ancient bowl with punctate design, Madisonville Ross County, Ohio. Site, Hamilton, Ohio.

Fig. 3 (Gehlbach) Ft. Ancient bowl with cord marked design, Blain Fig. 4 (Gehlbach) Miscellaneous potsherds with various designs, Site, Ross County, Ohio. Southern Franklin County, Ohio.

11 The Mount Pleasant Excavation By Lar Hothem P.O. Box 458, Lancaster, OH 43130 As part of Lancaster Festival/USA, the and some organic material from roots, Indians. Often this was associated with Standing Stone Chapter of the Archae­ leaves, trees, etc. The average depth of funerary rites, but no evidence of burials ological Society of Ohio completed an excavation was about 16 inches, and or was found. Another arti­ excavation on Mount Pleasant in Lan­ several firepits were dug to serile earth, fact, a pottery pipe-like form, has been caster, Ohio. The investigation was or, bedrock. Here, individual pit depths identified by Col. Raymond Vietzen as conducted with the permission of the ranged from 32 inches to 37J4 inches. A being a product of the Late Woodland Lancaster Parks Board. It was the first number of and piles of fire- Cole Indians, ca. AD 500-1000. official excavation ever done on the marked stones were encountered. All Tentative conclusions suggest that massive outcropping of sandstone which loose earth was removed and carefully Mount Pleasant or Standing Stone was is Lancaster's landmark and was once screened through a large tripod- occupied from time to time by Indians known to the historic Indians as Standing mounted sieve, and even small objects until about 1000 BC. Thereafter some Stone. were recovered and recorded. ceremonial rites were held there by In progress from July 18th to August Shortly after the dig began, several Woodland-era Indians who destroyed 15th, 1987, the purpose of the controlled stories in out-of-town newspapers hinted some of their beautiful objects. At least excavation was information. While that many artifacts of great value were for the excavated areas, occupation Mount Pleasant has long been associ­ being recovered. No doubt the objects ceased after about AD 1000, or, one ated with Indian activity, no one could were highly valued by the Indians, but in thousand years ago. Of course, later say with any real certainty what such terms of today this simply was not true. artifacts might still be found in areas activity was in prehistoric times, or just All large artifacts were found in frag­ that were not excavated. when it took place. ments or badly damaged. The bulk of A charcoal sample was recovered for James Murphy, in An Archaeological the finds was broken pieces of various dating purposes, and this came from 27 History of the Hocking Valley (p. 52), types and sizes, especially the flint inches down in square 2-D, which struck mentions Mount Pleasant in the context points and blades. bedrock at 37J4 inches. The firepit con­ of work done by early geologist and A summary of artifacts found includes tained pottery shards, fire-cracked archaeologist E. B. Andrews. "Atop his­ a broken expanded-center gorget of stones and charcoal. toric, or at least romantic, Mount Plea­ compact reddish sandstone, and two of Submitted to a Coral Gables, Florida, sant, Andrews found the remains of a the three sections were found. A broken laboratory—Beta Analytic, Inc. —the stone mound: 'Some years ago bones banded-slate anchor-type pendant was date came back in early January, 1988. were found under the stones of this recovered, and a broken or groove- The reading was AD 840, plus/minus 70 stone-mound." No trace is known to less was found in three pieces. The years. Interestingly, this date corre­ remain of this mound today. smaller objects included about 50 whole, sponds to within the Cole culture period, Years ago, naturalist Robert Goslin damaged or fragmented flint artifacts, and the pipe that likely came from it. found some artifacts eroding from the but the average flint find was incomplete. The Cole Indians (Potter, Ohio's Prehis­ thin topsoil on Mount Pleasant. Herbert Over 500 pottery pieces or shards and toric Peoples, p. 59) often dug deep Turner, historian, also had a small collec­ over 1000 chips of flint were recovered, firepits, and sometimes filled them with tion found in the same area. The writer some of which had been utilized as camp debris. has seen both artifact groupings, which scrapers and shaft-smoothers. Material found during the excavation consist mainly of flint artifacts both Careful study of all recovered artifacts was displayed at the Archaeological whole and fragmentary. The Turner col­ gives a time frame for prehistoric Indian Society of Ohio meeting on November lection also had a very small hematite occupation on Mount Pleasant. The 15, 1987, at the Aladdin Shrine in Col­ celt which is believed to have come from oldest artifact is a Late Paleo (10,000- umbus. The finds will also be displayed Mount Pleasant. 8000 BC) flint lanceolate point base. A at the Lancaster Public Library, and For the Standing Stone project, Don number of flint artifacts were from the planning is now being done on this. Casto was the Excavation Supervisor, Archaic period which dates at 8000- Thereafter, all items will become the the Assistant Supervisor was Steve 1000 BC. The majority of the material — property of the Lancaster Parks Depart- Parker, and official photographer was many points, the gorget, pendant and ment, and a permanent display is Bill Pickard. The digging site was se­ celt, plus all pottery—was from the later possible. lected and surveyed, and vegetation was Woodland period, 1000 BC-AD 1000. Several dozen Chapter members took removed with an adz. A 10 by 10 foot From Woodland times, separate arti­ part in the excavation at one time or grid system was employed, each grid facts were identified as belonging to another; and, a great deal was learned providing 100 square feet of surface eithertheAdenaorthe Hopewell Indian about prehistoric activity at the place coverage. Four complete grids were lifeways. In fact, study of the Woodland the Indians called Standing Stone. excavated and three partial grids, for a material suggests that there was no true total of about 600 square feet. village at that time and in the excavation All work was done carefully by hand, area. There was a shortage of bone and References using short hoes, trowels and brushes. antler and typical debris or waste Hothem, Lar Accurate records were kept of all ex­ material. While Woodland peoples were 1987 Lancaster Eagle-Gazette. "First cavation phases. Any finds were placed indeed atop Mount Pleasant, it does not Excavation On Mount Pleasant Pro­ in numbered bags and information was seem they were there in large numbers vides Answers", Sept. 22, Lan­ transferred to field notes. The exact for long periods of time. caster, Ohio. location (point-of-find, depth) of any However, the gorget, pendant and celt Murphy, James all evidenced "killing", ceremonial break­ 1975 An Archaeological History of the artifact can, if necessary, be determined. Hocking Valley. Ohio University A permanent record of all finds and age. This was the systematic and regular Press, Athens, Ohio. ground features is being drawn up. destruction of artifacts, especially those Potter, Martha (Otto) The soil covering on Mount Pleasant of some scarcity or importance. This 1968 Ohio's Prehistoric Peoples. The is a mixture of crumbling sandstone practice was fairly common to the Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, fragments, wind-blown dust-like loess, mound-building Adena and Hopewell Ohio.

12 Fig. 1 (Hothem) View of the general excavation site, atop Mount Pleasant. Photographer is standing between the cliff face and open grassland, Fig. 2 (Hothem) General view of the Mount Pleasant excavation site. with work progressing just inside the treeline.

Fig. 3 (Hothem) Major portion of the Mount Pleasant excavation, showing plastic five-gallon buckets used to remove soil and debris, ready to run through the screen.

Fig. 5 (Hothem) Mount Pleasant excavation, Fig. 7 (Hothem) Official photographer Bill Pickard shooting a section with work progressing in one of the squares. of the expanded-center gorget in situ.

3 *—

Fig. 8 (Hothem) Suggested outline of a quadra- Fig. 9 (Hothem) Two sections, with suggested Fig. 10 (Hothem) The main and lower shaft concave gorget found at the Mount Pleasant outline of the original artifact, of an Adena ex- section of an anchor-type pendant, with sug­ excavation. panded-center gorget. These pieces, probably with gested outline of the original artifact. Break­ ceremonial breakage, were found within a few age may have been ceremonial, though break- inches of the other. surfaces have some later smoothing. Ti P *

Fig. 11 (Hothem) Flint artifacts and pottery shards from the Mount Fig. 12 (Hothem) Whole, broken and fragmented flint artifacts found Pleasant excavation. at the Mount Pleasant excavation.

Fig. 13 (Hothem) Large hematite lump of paint- stone grade, with several rubbed-on facets and planes. One-inch grid.

14 ggHH

;.

•§ *

o

Fig. 15 (Hothem) Elbow-type pottery pipe recovered from the Mount Plea­ sant excavation. This artifact has been Fig. 16 (Hothem) Rim and neck sec­ identified by Col. Vietzen as being tion of a ceramic vessel, shards from the Cole Indian (Late Woodland) found during the Mount Pleasant I culture. excavation.

,; '.'•:• :.:•:•'

Fig. 14 (Hothem) Hardstone artifacts from the Mount Pleasant excavation. Left, celt fragment. Right, Adena celt, with three pieces found in three different locations within the dig.

Fig. 18 (Hothem) Pottery shards from the Mount Pleasant excavation.

I JP Hi '•' • IN H

Fig. 17 (Hothem) Pottery shards glued and fitted together by Standing Stone Chapter member Jeff Crampton.

Fig. 19 (Hothem) Pottery shards from the Mount Pleasant excavation, showing the different textures and colors of ceramic fragments.

Fig. 20 (Hothem) Pottery shards from the Mount Pleasant excavation; some of the ceramic fragments were large. Fig. 21 (Hothem) Pottery shards from the Mount Pleasant excavation.

15 _>

Fig. 1 (Converse) Largest of the Roberts cache, slightly over 7Vi inches long. Collection of Jack Hooks, Mansfield, Ohio.

Fig. 2 (Converse) The entire nineteen blades of the Roberts cache. Collection of Jack Hooks, Mansfield, Ohio.

16 The Roberts Cache By Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064

In October 1987, Tom Roberts of Mar­ The Roberts cache is remarkable by tins Ferry, Ohio, was digging in his back any standard. The blades are large and yard to improve the drainage system. wide—the longest being slightly more The soil around his vintage home is than seven and one half inches. They rocky and difficult to dig, and after strik­ are extremely well chipped and thin but ing something hard, which he first none show the edge grinding found on thought was just more rock, he found he many fine Adena blades. They appear to was unearthing chipped flint blades. A be the work of one hand and made from total of nineteen in all were discovered- one source of material—probably done five of them broken from digging. They by a master Hopewell flint knapper. measured from five and one half to A similar cache is reported by Moore- seven and one half inches in length and head (1897-Fig XXIV). He excavated were made from Flint Ridge chalcedony. from the Workman mound near Wal- It appears that each piece was made honding, Ohio, a cache of sixty seven from the same block of this well known blades which are probably Hopewell— blue-white stone. (Moorehead being one of the poorest Since the Adena people are known reporters of all the early professional for their caches of flint blades, it was archaeologists gives few details in his first speculated by both amateur and reports). The Workman blades have the professional archaeologists that this same shoulder treatment as the Roberts deposit was also Adena. However, the blades, however, the Workman blades Roberts cache has little in common with are sharper at the point. They, also, are Adena caches. To begin with, open of Flint Ridge chalcedony. ground Adena caches often contain It is interesting to note that this is the large numbers of blades —some in third flint cache found in recent years excess of two hundred fifty. Rarely are during house construction or remodel­ they made of pure Flint Ridge chalce­ ing. Both the Rothenstein cache in dony. Most diagnostic of the Roberts Coshocton County, and the Eschbaugh blades is their shape. They have squared cache (Converse-1982) in Washington shoulders and are wider at the point than County were found under similar Adena examples and are typical of circumstances. blades found in Hopewell contexts (Con­ verse 1973-60). In fact that somewhat References blunted appearance of the tips of the Converse, Robert N. Roberts blades is reminiscent of some 1982 The Eschbaugh Cache, The Ohio of the large Hopewell spears of obsidian. Archaeologist, Vol. 32, No. 4. A small amount of red ocher was found Moorehead, Warren K. in association but this material has been 1897 Report of Field Work, Ohio Archae- found in many prehistoric contexts and ological and Historical Society, has little interpretive value. So far as is Columbus. known, this is the first cache of such blades reported from Belmont County.

17 An Exceptional Double-Crescent By Lloyd Harnishfeger Route #1, Pandora, Ohio 45877

In June, 1981, I was surface-hunting I continued to hunt in this field over (upper) crescents, and five and one-half in the flood plain area of the Blanchard the next four years, each time being inches across the lower pair. The artifact River near the village of Gilboa, Ohio. careful to cover the area in which I had had broken through the hole, which, at While I had often searched in this par­ had such good fortune before. Of course three-eighths of an inch, was rather ticular field, I rarely hunted the gently I felt a little foolish, since I "knew" I smaller in diamter than is usual for most rising area between the flood plain and would never be lucky enough to dis­ banner-stones found in this area of Ohio. its accompanying secondary terrace. On cover the missing half. Of all the many The height at its greatest point is three this occasion, however, I was doing so, broken artifacts I had found up to this and fifteen-sixteenth inches, and at the and was rewarded by finding the broken time, this was the one of which I would narrowest, one and one-sixteenth half of what later proved to be one of the most like to find the missing portion. inches. finest double-crescent I Luck was with me, however, and in Some restoration was necessary on have seen, even in the best known June, 1985, almost four years to the day the reverse side, as a chip approximately reference books on artifacts of slate. later, it appeared at my feet. You can one inch wide was missing. Even in its As I examined the truly remarkable imagine my happiness when an hour restored state, many who have exam­ workmanship on the broken piece, I was later I was able to fit the two parts ined the piece have commented at saddened by the lack of the missing half. together, and see the artifact as it had length on the remarkable symmetry, Every field hunter knows the feeling, of looked thousands of years before! artistic beauty, and general craftsman­ course, since very few large pieces, Made of the usual gray-green banded ship it exhibits. Truly this is an excep­ especially those of slate, have survived slate, and highly polished, it measures tional example of the lithic ability the ravages of time and cultivation. exactly six inches wide across the widest achieved by early man in Ohio.

Fig. 1 (Harnishfeger) Obverse and reverse of banded slate double crescent found near Gilboa, Ohio.

18 A Late Palaeo Stemmed Lanceolate Point From The Indian Creek Valley By Phillip R. Shriver Miami University William S. Webb of the University of that the term "Ohio Lanceolate" be the thickness of the rest of the point. Kentucky, for long decades the principal applied to them rather than the distant By way of contrast, two lanceolates investigator of the Archaic Tradition in Arizona desert name by which many in from the Sawmill Site in Erie County, Eastern North America, once observed this area knew them, "Yuma." (Webb, which were illustrated in a 1960 article that pre-Archaic Palaeo points "are fre­ 1950: 310; Smith, 1960: 84.) The late by Arthur George Smith in the Ohio quently found without significant as­ Arthur George "Sarge" Smith, in writing Archaeologist, are shown in Figures 3 sociations." Having found two Palaeo about the numerous "Ohio Lanceolates" and 4. The one in Figure 3, like that in points at the 4.0 and 4.5 depths of an 8.0 contained in two farmers' collections of Figures 1 and 2, is 2V2 inches in length. foot Archaic shell midden, one point artifacts found at the Sawmill Site near Made from black Coshocton County flint, broken and the other re-worked into Dimon Creek, a small tributary of the it was found in two pieces by Smith. what appeared to be a cutting tool, he Huron River in Erie County, hoped that The other in figure 4, is only slightly concluded that the presence of the one the term would catch on. But it never longer—2%6 inches—and was fashioned was a "chance inclusion" at the midden did. Like the term "Meso-lndian", which from Nellie chert. Each of the Sawmill base at that particular peripheral spot Smith hoped would replace the non­ lanceolates, like that from the Indian while the retouching of the other sug­ descript "Archaic" for the tradition which Creek Valley, is slightly stemmed. gested that it had been "found by Ar­ followed the "Palaeo-lndian", the term Yet the findings of multiple lanceolates chaic man who attempted by retouching "Ohio Lanceolate" seems to have died in a single site such as Sawmill remains to convert it to his own use. During this with old Sarge (Smith, 1960: 84.) a relatively rare occurrence. Webb was process, one edge was fractured and But Ohio lanceolates continue to be right. Palaeo points such as the lone the specimen was then discarded where found, including the one shown here in lanceolate picked up near Indian Creek found." (Webb, 1950: 309-311.) Figures 1 and 2, a surface find from a are indeed "frequently found without In their investigation of three Archaic farm west of Oxford in the valley of the significant associations." sites in northeastern Ohio, Olaf H. Prufer Indian Creek in Butler County, Ohio. Acknowledgements and Dana A. Long excavated a single Exhibiting the slightest hint of a shoulder My gratitude goes to the Miami Uni­ unfluted Steubenville Lanceolate point on each its blade edges, it appears to be versity Audio Visual Service for photo­ at one of them, the House Site near a stemmed lanceolate according to the graphing the point featured in this Lake Hodgson in Portage County, plac­ typology described by Converse. (1973: article, and to Arthur George Smith for ing it interestingly in general chrono­ 12.) In any event, Converse has noted conversations long years ago which logical position at the 2nd millenium B.C. that stemmed and unstemmed lanceo­ quickened my interest in Ohio's in an 8 millenia artifact typology. (Prufer lates are of the same period and are . and Long, 1986: 68, 73.) usually found in association with each other. He has pointed out that both forms Robert N. Converse, in his still useful References Ohio Flint Types, places lanceolate "represent a slight decline in flint work­ points (including Parallel-flaked, ing ability which came with the change Converse, Robert N. Stemmed, or Stringtown Stemmed) in of a hunting economy to that of a more 1973 Ohio Flint Types. The Archaeologi­ the Piano Complex, Palaeo Tradition. sedentary existence... Ohio lanceolates cal Society of Ohio, Columbus. are usually large and show fine percus­ Ohio Historical Society (1973: 10-13.) If current estimates of 1986 The First Ohioans. Leaflet Series. Piano chronology are reasonably accu­ sion and pressure chipping. The base is Prufer, Olaf H. and Dana A. Long rate, that would put them in the 8500 straight or gently concave and rarely 1986 The Archaic of Northeastern Ohio. B.C-7000 B.C. timeframe. (Ohio His­ convex. Because of their thinness a Kent State Research Papers in Ar­ torical Society, 1986: 3.) large number of surface finds are chaeology, No. 6. Kent State Uni­ An authority on the Palaeo-lndian, Dr. broken. Sizes range to as long as five versity Press, Kent, Ohio. Alex D. Krieger, Research Archaeologist inches. Specimens under two inches are Smith, Arthur George at the University of Texas and then with unusual. Nearly always a variety of local 1960 "The Sawmill Site, Erie County, chert or flint was used." (1973: 11.) Ohio." Ohio Archaeologist, 10(3): the Municipal Museum of Riverside, 84-91. California, noting the frequency of finds The stemmed lanceolate shown here Webb, William S. of large, well-shaped lanceolate points is thin in cross-section, 2V2 inches long 1950 "The Carlson Annis Mound: Site 5, in Ohio (though seldom in any concen­ by % inches wide, and was chipped from Butler County, Kentucky." Reports tration save in such places as Savannah a tan-colored local chert. It shows heavy in Anthropology, 7(4): 267-311. Lake in Ashland County and the Rey­ grinding on its blade edges and an ex­ University of Kentucky Press, nolds Site in Huron County) suggested tremely thin stem in comparison with Lexington.

Fig. 3 (Shriver) A stemmed lanceo­ Fig. 1 (Shriver) Stemmed lanceolate late of black Coshocton flint, 2Vi point found on a farm west of inches in length, from the Sawmill Fig. 4 (Shriver) Another stemmed 9 Oxford in the Indian Creek Valley, Creek Site, Erie County, Ohio, illus­ lanceolate, of Nellie chert, 2 /ie Butler County, Ohio. Chipped from trated earlier in the Ohio Archae­ inches in length. Also found at the local chert, it measures 2Vi inches ologist, 10(3), 1960, in an article Sawmill Site in Erie County, it too in length. Part of the author's Fig. 2 (Shriver) Reverse side of the oybythelateArthurGeorgeSmith.lt me laie nrinur George omun. u was illustratedmusiraieu in theine 1960I v< article personal collection point shown in Fig. 1. was found in two pieces by Smith. by Arthur George Smith.

19 A New York Birdstone By John C. McKendry 5455 Truscott Terrace, Lakeview, NY 14085

The popeyed birdstone shown in the friends found in the area in over thirty and scrapers, drills, thinning flakes and accompanying photographs was ob­ years of hunting. other tools. The flint is almost all Onon­ tained by the writer from the collection The writer recently interviewed Miss daga chert worked from cobbles found of Mr. Stanley McConnell who now lives Twila Knitch, a knowledgeable historian in the creek bed. These cobbles are in Port Charlotte, Florida. Mr. McConnell of the Seneca Reservation along Catta­ baseball sized pieces of glacial debris and two friends Messrs. Burmeister and raugus Creek, and she said that she moved from the escarpment 30 miles Frasier surface hunted together in west­ knew of no other birdstone found along north of the sites. ern New York in the 1930s. It has been the creek or on the reservation. In attempting to bring together the only in this year that the collections of This banded slate birdstone was found collections of people in the Cattaraugus these three men were brought together on a terrace one half mile south of Lake Creek area, the writer plans to map out to give an insight into habitation sites Erie just west of the creek. The field was sites now wooded over. The lack of along the banks of Cattaraugus Creek plowed this summer and was surface development in this area has kept most which flows into Lake Erie in western hunted for over three months but there sites untouched. However, removal from New York. According to Mr. McConnell, were virtually no other artifacts found. cultivation for grape farming has allowed this was the only birdstone he and his This is puzzling since the entire creek some of the sites known in the past to area is littered with Meadowwood sites become overgrown.

f Gerry

VcJl . v^^^^tefc»*TAMESTtrWN s,„™>

"jgTrTWSBurij '^y^^OESAN/^rtre PARK Fig. 1 (McKendry) Map showing location of birdstone find.

20 Fig. 1 (McKendry) left and right views of the Cataraugus birdstone. Note aboriginal damage to the eyes and subsequent aboriginal grinding.

Fig. 3 (McKendry) Bottom view of birdstone.

21 The Impossible Find By Robert H. Trace 2148 Chalmette Dr., Toledo, Ohio 43611

As a member of the Archaeological everything I could find on Indians of the find this would have been if only it were Society of Ohio for over 30 years, I have Great Lakes. I also observed, first hand, perfect. I remember standing in the long been a supporter of the Society the effects of water and ice erosion and same place for several minutes mentally and its objectives. I have been especially I made notes on the water level and calculating the dimensions of this enor­ pleased with the increased sophistica­ shoreline effects of heavy rains and mous spear point. The more I thought tion of the magazine over this period storms. It was also at this time that I about it, however, the more depressed I and the greater number of contributions joined the Archaeological Society of became. I had found many broken points by professional archaeologists. As a Ohio. in the past and knew from experience resident of Toledo, however, I have I quickly discovered that the lake had that there was no hope of ever finding always felt too distant from the centers seasons and that weather patterns dur­ the missing section. Unless a piece were of activity to become actively involved ing the year had a tremendous impact recently broken, (which was usually in society functions. This distance, com­ on water levels and shore erosion. The never the case and which was also not bined with college, career and raising prevailing winds on Lake Erie tend to the case with this point) wave action and a family has effectively confined my past shift 180 degrees during the year with ice movement along the shorelines activity to that of an interested observer. springtime northeasters causing exten­ would quickly separate the broken sec­ Despite this lack of direct involvement sive flooding along low-lying areas and tions. Some would be re-covered with with the society, however, I have long fall southwesters causing the water to sand and mud with the next storm, others promised myself that SOMEDAY I would leave Toledo en mass and pile-up some­ would simply migrate to deeper waters write and bring our members up-to-date where in Buffalo. It was the fall south- and be lost forever. on some of the happenings in Lucas westers, however, that made ideal I shook off my depressed thoughts County. conditions for hunting . Vast and continued to walk down the shore­ This almost forgotten promise to my­ areas of shoreline were exposed as the line. About 75 feet down the beach, I self was recently revived. While reading water receded in the storms. Many of noticed a piece of blank flint sticking out your Fall 1987 issue of the Ohio Archae­ the beaches had been u nder water since of the sand. Although it was no more ologist, I became interested in the story the prior fall with some areas being than a glint in the rapidly fading light, I by Dr. Russell J. Long concerning the radically altered by earlier spring storms. had developed a habit of looking at all Jack Lutman Lanceolate (page 8). This In some cases, where sandbars had pieces of flint regardless of their size. short article evoked a cherished memory existed the prior year, grey clay and lake As I attempted to "flick" the piece over of my own that I thought may be of silt had taken their place. New channels to look at it, it refused to easily move. interest to your readers. Prior to telling rapidly appeared and then disappeared, Clearly there was more to that little piece you my story, however, I think that some exposed marshes were literally wiped of flint than met the eye. I dug the piece background information on myself and out and huge trees along the shorelines out of the sand, took one long deep the uniqueness of this locale may help would seem to almost disappear over­ breath and then literally sat down on the set the stage. night. To this day, I am in awe of the spot. I had found the missing piece. I have long been an admirer of nature raw power of some of these lake storms Measuring about four inches long and and the outdoors, particularly the Great and how rapidly they can change the about two inches wide, I reached in my Lakes. Even as a young boy, I would landscape. pocket and quickly reconnected the two spend much of my free time walking the It was just such a fall day, about 30 sections. They fit perfectly! shorelines and beaches of Western Lake years ago, that I was walking the shore­ I cannot easily describe my feelings Erie, listening to the sounds of the water lines. Now admittedly that's a long time at that specific instant in time, but if I and the shore birds and watching the ago, but even after all those years, I still were to win the Ohio Lotto tomorrow, I large lake freighters winding their way vividly remember THAT day. It was cold could honestly tell the lottery official that up the Maumee River to the Port of with a strong off-shore wind and a light winning the money was probably the Toledo. misting rain, not an uncommon day for second most exciting moment in my life. Being a loner as a young boy, however, late October. The exposed shoreline was But while the two pieces fit together can be a difficult experience, what with extensive but it was after school and perfectly, a third, smaller section was peer pressure and all. But my lonely daylight was rapidly fading. Although the still missing on the edge. Although I activity changed the day I found my first weather was miserable and my toes were continued to look for the other missing "Indian ". Suddenly, it numb from the cold, I had found about a piece, I had apparently exhausted all seemed, everyone wanted to find arrow­ dozen pieces and was pleased that I had my luck that day and was never able to heads and the shorelines rapidly filled taken the time to walk the beaches. find the smaller section. with my friends. Local competitions As I continued to trudge through the The entire point, a lanceolate, mea­ quickly sprang up among us for the most mud and lake silt, (sometimes up to my sures just a fraction under nine inches arrowheads found, the largest piece and knees) I found, what appeared to be a in length and three inches wide at its most colorful example of this ancient large black flint . The piece widest point (about five inches down weapon. I distinctly remember that pink measured about five inches long, three from the tip) tapering down to about one was the most sought after color, but this inches wide and had been worked on and one half inches at the base. The was the mid-1950s and as I also remem­ both sides. Although still covered with thickness of the point measures approxi­ ber that pink was the rage for almost mud, I became curious as to why the mately one-half inch at it's thickest sec­ everything at that time. one end was finely worked and the other tion near the break. The material is a As time passed, however, and new end appeared to be merely broken off. dark blue/gray with a activities diverted the interests of my After looking at it further, it suddenly streak of what appears to be an iron friends, fewer and fewer made the trek dawned on me that I had found half of a deposit at the point of the break. There to the shorelines. Not me.. .by this time very large spear point. is no evidence of basal grinding, and I was really hooked. I began to read My heart sank to my knees. What a like the Jack Lutman Lanceolate, there

22 is a low number of pressure retouch flakes taken off between the large thin­ ning flakes. I have since restored the missing section with plastic wood. While I have found many, many pieces since that day 30 years ago, I have never found anything as large as this point, nor have I found two matching sections of a previously broken piece. I continue to look, however, as I have ever since I was a young boy. And while commercial marinas increasingly encroach on my old hunting grounds and high water and lake storms continue to ravage the shorelines and beaches, I know in my heart that the third missing piece is stiil out there somewhere. Who knows, maybe I can get lucky again, after all, people win the lottery all the time.

Missing Break Piece

Fig. 2 (Trace) ACTUAL SIZE DRAWING

I4S7

Fig. 1 (Trace) Nine inch lanceolate point of Upper Mercer flint found on the shores of Lake Erie.

23 Reworked From Clark County, Ohio By Robert W. Morris Department of Geology, Wittenberg Univerity, Springfield, Ohio 45501

This interesting artifact is believed by lower groove. It is certainly possible that broken. Several lines of evidence which the author to represent a full grooved, this tool could have been lashed to a support this interpretation, are as fol­ hand axe (or ) which very handle and used as an axe for chopping lows: 1) the groove is much better devel­ likely was salvaged from a larger full with the blade or delivering hammer­ oped along one side (Figure 1) than the grooved axe. As can be seen in the like blows with the poll. However, taking other; 2) the blade of this tool is too photographs (Figures 1 and 2) it is gener­ into consideration the width of the short and thin relative to the size of the ally oval in shape, has a large well devel­ groove (1 to 1 % inches) in relation to the poll; and 3) viewed in cross-section, the oped poll, and a wide, yet relatively thin, width of the blade (2 inches maximum), profile of this tool is quite assymetrical tapering blade. The blade is crescent­ it would seem that this axe is too short (Figure 3). A good explanation of this like or curved along its ground and and somewhat out of proportion if assymetry and other points mentioned polished edge; however, the side surface mounted on a handle. However, if one above, would be that this tool was re­ of the blade, as well as most of the holds this tool such that the poll rests in worked from a larger axe which fractured surface of the entire tool, is rough tex­ the palm of the hand, it fits comfortably or split obliquely through the poll and tured and pock-marked. The grinding and feels very much like it might well central portion of the axe (Figure 3). and polish is limited to the periphery of have functioned as a hand axe (or ) This would explain the disproportionate the blade only. Dimensions of this axe used for chopping. In fact, it seems most blade size to the larger groove and poll are as follows: the poll measures 5!4 similar to modern hand choppers used size, as well as the shallower groove inches across and the blade 4% inches in conjunction with a" wooden bowl for and flatter configuration on one side and across at its widest point. The height chopping vegetables, nuts, and other the overall assymetry. from blade edge to top of poll is 434 food items. Thus, it is possible that this This tool is from a small collection of inches. The poll itself measures 2% could have been hand held artifacts acquired by the author from inches in width, whereas the width of and used for a similar purpose, i.e. chop­ Mrs. Alice Parker Jones of Springfield, the blade area at its widest point is only ping foodstuffs against a wooden or Ohio. These artifacts were most likely 1% inches. This stone tool is fashioned other surface. Perhaps it could have collected in the Springfield-Clark County from a dark greenish-black, medium functioned as a hand axe used to strip area by the late Mr. Ernest Parker, a textured igneous rock; possibly gabbro and shape wood or even hollow out the lifelong resident of Springfield from or diabase. interior of a log? Whatever the uses, 1871-1972. Mr. Parker was an avid out- One item of interest regarding this tool which could have been many, this tool doorsman who hunted and fished in this is—how was it used? It is full grooved has the ideal heft and form to have area. The exact locality or sites from with definite along each side functioned well as a hand held, chopping which this axe and other artifacts came and has a notched indentation below implement. is unknown. Due to the full grooved the poll at each peripheral end. The side As mentioned previously, the author nature of this tool, it is possible that it illustrated in Figure 1 has the deepest, feels that this tool was very likely sal­ dates back to the Archaic period, but most well-developed groove; the re­ vaged or reworked from part of a larger, could also be younger in age. verse side (Figure 2) has a much shal­ normal full grooved axe which had been Fig. 1 (Morris) Side view of a full grooved hand axe. This side has the best developed groove. The scale is located in and oriented parallel to the groove. The blade is to the bottom; the poll at the top of the specimen. A ground and polished area is visible along the lower left periphery of the blade.

possjUe \ 'or -fracn-ur" reeve

-pproT'ile ot oV •former full grooved W»r>

Fig. 2 (Morris) Reverse side of hand axe. Again the scale is located in the shallow groove. Note the overall rough surface of this artifact.

24 An Effigy Pestle By Dale E. Roberts Mt. Sterling, Iowa 52573

This small 5Y2 inch granite pestle was originally collected by the late Dr. Gordon Meuser of Columbus, Ohio. It is pictured in The Meuser Collection (Con­ verse 1977-165). It is the bell type and is smoothly formed of speckled black and white granite. This pestle differs from most others in that it has three interesting projections or knobs at the tip of the poll. These protuberences give it the appearance of a frog's head no matter which way the piece is turned. It's provenience is listed as Delaware County, Ohio.

Reference Converse, Robert N. 1977 The Meuser Collection, Privately printed, Columbus, Ohio.

Fig. 1 (Roberts) Effigy pestle from the Meuser collection.

Fig. 2 (Roberts) Two views of poll of pestle showing knobs which give it the appearance of a frog.

25 The Davidson Site By Carl Mooney Route 7, Lexington, Ohio 44904

The Davidson site (33RI179, Site A, Table 1 (Mooney) Artifacts from the Davidson site 1-40), is located in the middle Cedar Type Period Material Creek valley near the southwestern corner of Richland County, Ohio (Fig. Stringtowr, (Fig. 2, i) Late Paleo/Archaic Upper Mercer 1). An interesting aspect of this site is MacCorkle (Fig. 2, a) Early Archaic Upper Mercer that the artifacts were found in our Untyped Bifurcate (Fig. 2, b) Early Archaic Upper Mercer vegetable garden. Forty artifacts were LeCroy (Fig. 2, c) Early Archaic Upper Mercer surface collected at the site between LeCroy (Fig. 2, d) Early Archaic gray chert 1975 and 1985. Of the 14 artifacts which Kirk Stemmed (Fig. 2, e) Early Archaic Upper Mercer can be identified to time period, all but St. Charles (Fig. 2, f) Early Archaic Upper Mercer one date to the early through late Ar­ Kirk Corner Notched (Fig. 2, g-h) Early Archaic Upper Mercer chaic (7500-1000 B.C.), and all but one Lamoka (Fig. 3, a) Late Archaic Upper Mercer LeCroy (Fig. 2, d), one Lamoka (Fig. 3, Lamoka (Fig. 3, b) Late Archaic gray chert b), and the Ashtabula (Fig. 3, m) are Fishspear (Fig. 3, c-f) Late Archaic Upper Mercer made of Upper Mercer flint. All but one side notched (Fig. 3, g-h) unknown Upper Mercer of the biface fragments from the site are hafted scraper (Fig. 3, i-j, 1) unknown Upper Mercer also made of Upper Mercer material. hatted scraper (Fig. 3, k) unknown gray chert The serrated triangular point from the Ashtabula (Fig. 3, m) Late Archaic Delaware Chert site is very similarto one recovered from pecked/ground object (Fig. 3, n) unknown ironstone the body of an elderly woman at the Serrated Triangle (Fig. 3, o) Late Prehistoric Upper Mercer Pearson Middle Cemetery (33SA9), which has been radiocarbon dated to about A.D. 1400-1450 (Bowen 1980, 1986).

References Bowen, Jonathan E. 1980 The Sandusky Tradition: People of the Southwestern Lake Erie Drain­ age. Toledo Area Aboriginal Re­ search Bulletin 9: 39-59. 1986 Stable Carbon Isotopes and Prehis­ toric Maize Agriculture in North- Central Ohio. Paper presented at the Northeastern Anthropological Association, Buffalo.

I 1 1 o X

mi'lis * o Kmj Fig. 1 (Mooney) Map showing location of the Fig. 2 (Mooney) Outline drawings of points from the Davidson site. Davidson site.

26 t c d ft f

Vtax*/ ao

Fig. 3 (Mooney) Outline drawings of various points from the Davidson site.

27 The Butterfly Banner-Stone: Ceremonial Symbol or Functional Atlatl Weight? By Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

A half-century ago Byron W. Knoblock both from their form and material, that rectangular barreled, Wisconsin winged, had a dream. He dreamed that someday, they were not designed for use." Con­ crescent, knobbed lunate, curved pick, somewhere, probably in a dry , cluded Squier and Davis, "They may be bi-face bottle, and tubular. Two of the someone would find a ceremonial ban­ regarded as having been intended groups he identified as butterfly: the ner-stone (his spelling, which I shall simply for ornament or display." butterfly group of the Mississippi follow for consistency's sake) still With the passage of the decades, the Valley and the banded slate notched mounted on its wooden staff, thereby confusion over the meaning of these butterfly group of what he styled the corroborating his theory that such ob­ artifacts only got worse. Archaeologists "Heart Area "—Ohio, Indiana eastern jects were indeed ceremonial symbols of the stature of Gerard Fowke, William Illinois, southern Michigan, and south­ and not functional tools. (See Knoblock, C. Mills, and Warren King Moorehead eastern Wisconsin. The notched butter­ 1939: 55.) In recent years, dry found it convenient to duck the issue of fly group included the single-notched indeed have been found and have been the purpose of these objects by simply and the double-notched variants, with explored, primarily in the desert south­ referring to them as "problematicals." sub-variants identified as drilled and west, but these have yielded prehistoric That term came to be the catch-all, the undrilled. (See Figures 1, 2, and 3.) Of wooden atlatls or throwing-sticks, still "garbage" term for any and all artifacts the double-notched drilled specimens, intact, in association with objects of for which clear-cut functions could not he identified two further variations: the stone which have come to be called atlatl be established. one having a rounded reinforced area weights. Inasmuch as some of these Gradually, however, in the minds of through the middle to accommodate the atlatl weights were to all intents and some of these men and of some who drilled perforation; the other having a purposes identical with some of the very followed them, including Henry C. She- reinforced area shaped into a sharp objects Knoblock had called banner- trone and Byron Knoblock, the idea ridge running parallel with the perfora­ stones, the conclusion was reached in that the "problematicals" were in fact tion. (See Figures 1 and 3.) He surmised many minds that because some of Knob- ceremonial "banner-stones" emerged. that the variation with the rounded rein­ lock's banner-stones were in fact atlatl Unfortunately, when the "problemati­ forced area was antecedent to the one weights, therefore all of Knoblock's cals" began to be called "banner- which was ridged. He further concluded stones were atlatl weights. End of the stones," there were caught up in this that the double-notched and ridged dream. new catch-all term many objects which butterfly bannerstone represented "the But has the dream ended? Are all so- had never been used at al I as ceremon ial highest stage of development" and con­ called banner-stones in fact atlatl symbols but rather had been used as stituted an "ultimate design." (See Knob­ weights, objects that once were attached atlatl weights. Then when many writers lock, 1939: 9, 132-133. 503-505. See to the spear-throwing-sticks of primitive in recent decades began to refer to also Figure 1.) man? Or were some of them prehistoric the former "problematicals,'' later Admitting that many of his conclusions ceremonial symbols, perforated to be "banner-stones," as "atlatl weights," the were hypothetical, Knoblock argued that attached to the tops of staffs or maces flood-tide of common acceptance was banner-stones were designed to be even as symbols of metal, paper, glass, over-whelming. Some objects that may inserted as "banners" on the ends of or cloth are carried on staffs or maces in well have been stones used as banners, staffs and carried or positioned during these historic times at the head of aca­ or banner-stones, were now being called tribal or religious ceremonies. He be­ demic or religious processions? I believe atlatl weights whether they had ever lieved they also "were probably painted the case can be made that some banner- been that or not. and decorated with feathers to enhance stones were exactly that—fragile, deli­ My thesis is this. The time has come to their beauty." He also hypothesized that cately-made, venerated banners to be sort out those objects which were totally "all banner-stones were not of equal carried on staffs or poles, probably functional, heavy-duty tools designed as importance. Those of larger sizes [par­ highly decorated with paint, feathers or weights for attachment to spear-throw­ ticularly the so-called "butterfly" types, fur—while others were never banner- ing-sticks or atlatls, from those other which seemed his favorites] displaying stones at all but were rather in fact atlatl delicately made, very fragile, ceremonial exquisite workmanship and made from weights, heavy-duty objects to be at­ objects which Squier and Davis fully 140 more beautiful materials, undoubtedly tached to heavy-duty, life-or-death, years ago argued were intended for carried more charm than those that were spear-throwing-sticks. "ornament or display", not "for use." less attractive." He speculated that "the The confusion over the meaning of I would also argue that Knoblock him­ great number of banner-stones which these objects appears to have had its self is at least partially responsible for were used ceremonially on the ends of beginning in the very first publication of the confusion which we have seen, staffs were also worn ornamentally [as the Smithsonian Institution in Washing­ simply because it was he who insisted centerpieces on necklaces of shell- ton, Ephraim Squier's and Edwin Davis's on lumping most of the old "problemati­ beads and animal teeth and claws] the epic Ancient Mounds of the Mississippi cals" under the rubric "banner-stones." greater part of the time ..." (See Knob­ Valley, published in 1848. In it (pages In all, in his monumental study entitled lock, 1939:52,55-56.) 218-219) they refer to a cluster of curi­ Banner-Stones of the North American To Dr. Warren K. Moorehead, the bi- ous perforated stone artifacts, including Indians, which he published in 1939, he pennate or butterfly bannerstones actu­ two of butterfly shape, in terms of puzzle­ sought to classify banner-stones into 24 ally "represented the body and wings of ment and wonder. While noting that groups, bearing such titles as humped, the thunder-bird, and to this stone body these objects were "generally called shield-shape, triangular, hour-glass, were added the head and tail which were hatchets" because they had "holes for saddle-face, single-face, bottle, hinge- made of perishable materials [literally the reception of handles," they also type, reel, double-bitted, shuttle, the head and tail-feathers of a bird, observed that "it is clear nevertheless, geniculate, paneled, notched, ovate, inserted into the perforation of the

28 banner-stone]." (See Knoblock, 1939: able materials, which readily disinte­ picks "banner-stones" and instead call 57.) grate, to appreciate the impressive com­ them "atlatl weights," which I believe Another, quite different, theory was plex which the surviving evidences [the they were. advanced by Lee E. Hill, for a third of a banner-stones] really represent." (See With those distinctions, Byron Knob- century the principal buyer of prehistoric Knoblock, 1939: 71-72.) lock's dream may yet come true. artifacts for E. W. Payne of Springfield, Noting that it is only rarely that banner- Acknowledgements Illinois, who amassed one of the most stones are found in burial association, Grateful appreciation is extended to notable collections in this nation earlier Knoblock concluded that they could not Robert N. Converse for permission to in this century. Said Hill, The butterfly have been intended to serve ornamental reproduce illustrations from his book, banner-stones were used by the Indians purposes primarily. Rather, he observed, The Meuser Collection, to the Miami in the burial ceremonies of infants .... they must have been ceremonial sym­ University Audio Visual Service for The Indian, in roaming through the bols, stones that were carried from place photographic reproduction of the single- woods, was attracted by the cocoons to place and used in tribal ceremonies, notched butterfly banner-stone from the hanging on the bark of trees. He watched dances, and festivals. This would help William Jacka Collection of the Heritage the cocoons and found, to his amaze­ explain, said he, why so many of them Hall Museum in Lakeside, and to Neil ment, that the butterflies, beautiful in were broken at the end of or along the Allen, curator of that museum, for his their many colors, emerged from the perforation, breaks "caused either by many courtesies to me. cocoons and flew into the air. From the staffs being inserted into the perfora­ watching this evolution from cocoon to tions too tightly, or by the staffs getting References butterfly, in its beauty and apparent wet and freezing, causing them to Converse, Robert N. freedom, he conceived the idea that it expand sufficiently to break these stone 1977 The Meuser Collection. Privately would make a wonderful escort for his objects." He then commented that many printed, Plain City, Ohio. beloved infant's spirit to the spirit world of the thin, delicate butterfly banner- 1979 Ohio Slate Types. The Archaeolo­ .... It is probable that these banner- stones that had been broken had been gical Society of Ohio, Columbus. stones were worn until needed in burial salvaged "by drilling a small hole through Gehlbach, D. R. ceremonies. Their rarity would make one each wing near the perforation, and the 1985 "Two Refined Bannerstone Forms From Ohio." Ohio Archaeologist, bel ieve that only chieftains or great war­ two halves were then bound together." 35(1): 32. riors were possessors of these effigies On the other hand, when many of the Kelly, Stephen for their children's burials ..." (See thicker, more sturdy banner-stones of 1987 "An Adams County Butterfly Ban­ Knoblock, 1939:60.) other types had been broken, "it seems nerstone." Ohio Archaeologist, ItwasDr. Henry C.Shetrone, then the that no particular attempts were made 32(2): 18. director of the Ohio State Archaeologi­ to repair them." Noting the extensive Knoblock, Byron W. polish and wear of many of them, he 1939 Banner-Stones of the North Ameri­ cal and Historical Society in Columbus, can Indians. Privately printed, La- who postulated that "Banner-stones, concluded, "There is little doubt... but that many of these objects were used Grange, Illinois. mounted on staffs, served as wands and Moorehead, Warren K. maces; . . . they were also adjuncts to from one to two hundred years and 1917 Stone Ornaments of the American ceremonial head-dresses. It may be possibly more." (See Knoblock, 1939: Indian. The Andover Press, Andover, supposed that they were tribal or group, 61,63-65.) Massachusetts. rather than individual possessions, and Frankly, I believe the time has come Piatt, William that they were placed in the keeping of not only to revive the term "banner- 1982 "The Beautiful Butterfly Banner- chiefs, shamans, priests and medicine stone" but to restrict its use to those stone.'' Ohio Archaeologist, 32(2): men for use on ceremonial occasions truly ceremonial stones, such as the very 20. Shriver, Phillip R. . . . . One has only to recognize the thin, very delicate, butterfly-shaped arti­ 1983 "An Early Archaic Single-Notched importance of ceremony and symbolism facts that I believe were never used and Winged Bannerstone." Ohio Ar­ in the culture of primitive peoples the were never intended to be used as chaeologist, 33(3): 26. world over, and to remember that by far heavy-duty atlatl weights. I also believe Webb, William S. the greater percentage of symbolic we ought to cease calling the heavy- 1974 . University of Tennes­ paraphernalia were made from perish- duty bars and tubes and barrels and see Press, Knoxville.

Fig. 1 (Shriver) A beautiful double-notched, Fig. 2 (Shriver) Blue-gray banded slate single- Fig. 3 (Shriver) Double-notched butterfly ridged, and perforated butterfly banner-stone notched butterfly or winged banner-stone from banner-stone of banded slate featured in, and of banded slate from Huron County, Ohio. At the William M. Ja??? Collection, Heritage Hall reprinted from, an article by D. R. Gehlbach one time part of the Gordon F. Meuser Collec­ Museum, Lakeside, Ohio. Reprinted here from in the Ohio Archaeologist, Winter 1985 issue, tion, its photograph is reprinted here from the Summer 1983 issue of the Ohio Archae­ 35(1): 32. Robert N. Converse's book, The Meuser Collec­ ologist 33(3): 26. tion, with the permission of Mr. Converse.

29 Two Fairfield County Miniature By Lar Hothem P.O. Box 458, Lancaster, Ohio 43130

Two miniature axes were acquired guides for making full-size axes. How­ right when placed on the small, flat polls. within the last three years, both with a ever, a close study of the two examples This too, is not too unusual, at least for Fairfield County, Ohio, provenance. The shown has produced several other inter­ some axes. However, the examples smaller, measuring 1 Y2 x % x 2% in. long, esting aspects of, at least, these two shown also balance (upright and unsup­ is of mottled brown hardstone with mica specimens. ported) on the rounded, ungrooved side. flecks. The slightly larger, of green hard- While it is common for miniature axes The longer axe balances in this way stone, measures 1% x % x 2V2 inches. to balance or stand upright without sup­ easily, the smaller axe takes a bit more Both very nearly replicate on a reduced port on the ungrooved or flat side of a % work but does the same. The indication scale their full-sized counterparts. groove miniature (see photo), these is that the axes were purposefully made The writer has believed that such examples have further, more delicate to have this three-position balance. Are small-scale examples were either toys, and unusual balance points. there other Ohio examples? or, manufacturing samples to be used as Both examples balance perfectly up­

Fig. 2 (Hothem) Miniature % axe, measuring 2Vi in. long. Fairfield County, Ohio.

Fig. 1 (Hothem) Miniature % axe, measuring 2Vs in. long. Fairfield County, Ohio.

Fig. 3 (Hothem) Fairfield County miniature axes, shown balancing on the ungrooved or flat sides.

30 A Winged Bannerstone By David Farrow 235 2nd St. SW, New Philadelphia, Ohio 44663

This winged bannerstone was found near Bolivar in Tuscarawas County, Ohio. It is made from a dark green almost black slate with no banding. This material often occurs in our area and a number of local artifacts are made from it.

Fig. 1 (Farrow) Winged bannerstone of green- black slate. Author's collection.

A Tuscarawas County Trade Axe By David Farrow 235 2nd St. SW, New Philadephia, Ohio 44663

This iron trade axe was found in the vicinity of Indian Meadows near Dover, Ohio. It was discovered by Michael Allen while he was clearing land in this histor­ ically rich part of the state in October, 1970. Collection of John Kohr.

Fig. 1 (Farrow) Iron trade axe from Tuscarawas County, Ohio.

Four Paleo Artifacts By David Farrow 235 2nd St., SW, New Philadelphia, Ohio 44663

The four Paleo points shown in Fig. 1 L im are from east-central Ohio. Each is fash­ ioned from locally available Coshocton .

Fig. 1 (Farrow) Left to right. Found by Lorraine Farrow on Schwark farm in 1986. Tuscarawas County. Found by the author on the Schwark farm near New Philadelphia in 1965. Found in Adams Twp., Coshocton County many years -yC~^ffWh/ ago by Emmet Schute.

31 Slate from the Ammerman Collection

By Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064

In the accompanying photographs are examples of outstanding slate in the collection of Ron Ammerman, Newcas­ tle, Indiana. Figure 1 shows three geniculates. The top example is the angular type which has an oblong hole. The hole on this type opens at the angle of the arm and occasionally a slight grooving extends along the arm. The center and bottom examples are the curved types which also have an oblong hole but which have no grooving on the arm. As can be seen, all are made of banded slate, no other stone being known in the type. Figure 2 shows a fine knobbed cres­ cent which has the lines of the banded slate coinciding with the contours of the piece.

Fig. 1 (Converse) Three geniculates from the Ammerman collection Top, Hamilton County, Ohio, collected by Dr. Meuser. Center, Wayne County, Ohio, Collected by Dr. Meuser. Bottom, Montgomery County, Ohio.

Fig. 2 (Converse) Knobbed crescent in the Ammerman collection. Provenience, Dela­ ware County, Ohio.

32 An Engraved Glacial Kame Gorget By David and Josephine Ramp Box 81, Columbia City, Indiana 46725

This unusual coffin-shaped gorget was end. The neck terminates in an odd (Tiell-p. 14). The Tiell gorget was found found in Holmes County, Ohio, by Allan angular design. in the Black River in Lorain County, 60 Selders in 1969. It is made from black One of the most intriguing parts of the miles north of Holmes County. There and gray banded slate and is broken engraving is the cross-hatching which was a portage between the Black River through a perforation in the heel end. appears to depict a collar in a five square and the Killbuck River which flows into After prehistoric breakage, it's abori­ by six square arrangement. Holmes County where our gorget was ginal owner lightly engraved the head It is interesting to note that a similar found. and neck of a bird. The beak is clearly engraved gorget is illustrated in Vol. indicated near the perforation in the toe 28—No. 2 of the Ohio Archaeologist

Fig. 1 (Ramp) Coffin-shaped gorget with engraving of a bird's head found near Millersburg, Holmes County, Ohio in 1969.

Fig. 2 (Ramp) Detail showing engraving.

33 A Chlorite Gorget By Mike Cross 344 Mirabeau St., Greenfield, Ohio

This three hole chlorite gorget was found near Bourneville in Ross County, Ohio, in the fall of 1986. It is just under three inches long and slightly over one inch wide. Even though it appears black in the photographs, it is dark green with streaks of silver and gold.

Fig. 1 (Cross) Obverse and reverse of chlorite gorget.

Field Finds By Perry Fletcher 13835 King Rd., Bowling Green, Ohio 43402

Fig. 1 (Fletcher) Large 2Vi inch bifurcate of Upper Mercer black flint. Large side notched point 4lA inches long of blue-black Upper Mercer flint. Fort Ancient knife of Flint Ridge flint, 2Vi inches long. Far right a small Paleo point 1% inches long made of Ten Mile Creek chert. All pieces were found in Wood County, Ohio.

34 A Glacial Kame Gorget By Ron Evans 600 S. Detroit St., Kenton, Ohio 43326

This Glacial Kame gorget was ac­ quired by the late Dr. Stanley Dopeland in 1960. It is made from banded slate and is usually referred to as a coffin- shaped gorget. This type often has three holes rather than two.

Reference Converse, Robert N. 1978 Ohio Slate Types. The Archaeologi­ cal Society of Ohio, Columbus.

Fig. 1 (Evans) Glacial Kame gorget 6% inches long.

A Small Base Dovetail By Ron Evans 600 S. Detroit St., Kenton, Ohio 43326

Dovetails with a small base are some­ times referred to by collectors as "button-based," Fig. 1. While some col­ lectors call dovetails spearpoints, they are probably Archaic period knives. This dovetail was found in 1953 in Hancock County, Ohio, by Lane Gilbert. It is made of Flint Ridge chalcedony and is in the collection of Robert Meyers.

Fig. 1 (Evans) Small based dovetail 5% inches long.

35 The Scott Component: A Functional Interpretation of a Unique Northern Ohio Fur Trade Site By Stanley W. Baker 109 S. Galena Rd., Sunbury, Ohio 43074

For several generations, the Scott aboriginal movements. From the earliest summarized for the southern shore of family of Fremont, Ohio has collected attempts at hunting, settlement along Lake Erie (Baker 1984). Prehistoric artifacts from along the Sandusky River. the lower Sandusky River grew steadily material culture based on localized tech­ In 1986, I became aware of this collec­ through the century. nologies supporting diverse subsistence tion through Jonathan Bowen, while I Historic accounts would attest to the practices, simply gave way to specialized was working on another archaeological intensity of activity in the vicinity of and intensified hunting. The acquisition survey in that region. Jonathan realized modern Fremont, Ohio after 1790 (John­ of surplus furs dominated aboriginal that I was on the lookout for clues sug­ ston 1827). This intensity would continue economics and allowed for the ex­ gesting the location of early historic sites at least until the War of 1812 (Wheeler- change and the transfer of non-locally and he guessed that I would be particu­ Voegelin 1974:300-305). In summary, a made manufactured goods. Typological larly impressed with the historical arti­ Wyandot town was the focus of activity analysis of traditional material cultures facts which the family had recovered at what has been called "Sandusky" or based on idiosyncratic handicraft can (Figures 1 and 2). Apparently, the ma­ " Lower Sandusky". Although lesser sites not be applied. Considering historic terial was not scattered but had all been were reported from the head waters of sites, a more rigorous artifact analysis found on one small area. Intensive the Sandusky River, the settlement at was needed to reconstruct the functional farming had uncovered the site. The the falls was considered the focal point and cultural nature of the Scott Com­ Scott's realized that their collection of the Sandusky River Wyandot prior to ponent. The following analysis will con­ probably represented the remains from 1812.,This settlement and associated sider the context by which each artifact an isolated habitation of early historic sites was a center for trade with at least became part of the archaeological origins. 15 whites living in the area. Munsee or record. In other words, behavioral Having worked on both large and Delaware Indian were also living just questions (i.e. how certain artifacts were small early domestic sites, I found the below the falls from 1808 to about 1812. deposited) were considered in an at­ composition of remains quite unique. I The United States also created a factory tempt to interpret the site function. gathered however, that this was not the (i.e. a governmental trading post) at Through this analysis it can be demon­ product of selective recovery. Once the modern day Fremont in 1806. strated that the site was probably a site was recognized, it was intensively This pool of activity evaporated in May trader's cabin. collected for a number of years. The 1813 when 350 Canadian troops with a In recent years, archaeologists work­ preponderance of very small artifacts force of 3000 to 4000 warriors murdered ing on historic sites have increasingly including lead shot (Table 1) and glass a white family, destroyed both the factory turned to functional interpretations of beads (Table 2) attests to the intensity of and an associated missionary school and refuse as an alternative to a simple the fieldwork. Detailed analysis seemed attacked the newly built Fort Stephen­ artifact description. This work can be warranted to supplement the work al­ son. An element of the Munsee had characterized as an attempt to abstract ready completed by the Scott family. In already moved to Ontario siding with "behavior" patterns or learn more about addition to customary typological inter­ the British. The Wyandot moved south­ the relationship between sites and pretations, it was felt that functional ward from the falls to already existing human activity. Such interpretation, has analysis would be helpful in determining settlements at Upper Sandusky. There been advocated by Stanley South (1977; the context from which the artifacts had is ample evidence that these sites were 1978). His work has focused on British- been deposited. not re-established after the War of 1812. American historic sites by the compari­ Typological data would suggest that Wheeler-Voegelin's research has shown son of the frequency of functionally the Scott component was related di­ that various traders passed through the specific artifact groups and not neces­ rectly to the early historic period or was area without seeing any settlements. sarily the stylistic types of artifacts found. inhabited during the last decade of the The Indian agent assigned to the region, From this work the Carolina Artifact 18th Century or possibly the first decade John Johnston, maintained the Indian Pattern and the Frontier Artifact Pattern of the 19th Century. Historic ceramics census and in 1819 specifically locates has been developed from the frequen­ from the site were limited to creamware, the Wyandot at Upper Sandusky. Today, cies of such remains in the following pearlware, and redware. Gunflints were one can conclude that the site discov­ categories: kitchen, architecture, furni­ a conspicuous part of the collection and ered by the Scott family was inhabited ture, arms, clothing, personal, tobacco typologically, the unique recovery of at this critical pre-war period. pipes, and activities. Obviously, such an gray English blade type flints would The likelihood that the Scott compo­ analysis works best from a direct historic support a hypothetical date of ca. 1800. nent was once a part of the Wyandot approach. Adaptation of the system to In fact, nothing in the collection includ­ town of Lower Sandusky is not very other cultures has to be seriously con­ ing kettle brass scraps, a candle stick great. This is obvious from locational sidered. Problems in comparisons can fragment, knife parts nor a pair of scis­ information. There is a strong possibility also arise through inadequate sampling sors would suggest anything other than that the site is either a Munsee house of sites. How artifacts became a part the afore mentioned date. site or the location of a trader's cabin. of the archaeological record may seri­ Considering historic data, a site dating Conventional typological artifact inter­ ously affect the result of unquestioned to this period is not surprising. Region­ pretations can not discern between comparison. ally, the re-establishment of Indian pop­ these two potential site types because Internal inconsistencies in Souths ulations can be traced to the first half of the basic material culture of the natives strategy have been recognized by other the 18th Century (Baker 1984). The was derived through trade from Euro- archaeologist's (Martin 1985: 10), who vehicle by which such goods came into American sources. The process of ac­ feel that if inconsistencies with artifact the southern Lake Erie basin, European culturation and potential changes in functional interpretations are recog­ traders, were associated with these aboriginal material culture have been nized and are used to explore possible

36 variation, the procedure does not seri­ 16). The divergence from South's orig­ development of an archaeological ously weaken its value. Martin has sum­ inal patterns was found to indeed be sample must be fully explored in order marized a variety of "pattern" studies significant and related to the particular to maximize our understanding of sites which seem to relate to behavioral nature of this rapidly expanding extrac­ and their function. anomalies. The most interesting of these tive and the more temporary Elements, both of a durable or con­ studies regarding the Scott Component nature of related sites. sumable nature, flow through cultural was the functional interpretation of Certain aspects of this pattern found systems. While these systems are in western fur trade sites in southwestern on fur trade sites can be explained. For operation, the elements are said to have Canada. It must be emphasized that this example, methods of architectural con­ a "systemic context". The context or the was only one attempt to fundamentally struction can be contrasted. Window behavior system can be divided into describe ethnically or regionally unique glass and nails were used in high num­ activity categories like: procurement/ behavioral patterns. bers on more permanent domestic sites. trade, manufacturing/preparation, con­ Ball (1984) has also utilized a variation These artifacts are not at all necessary, sumption/use, discard/loss, etc. Once of this analytical system in the Ohio however. Log construction was used elements have passed through a behav­ Valley. However, this work explored regionally and would have surely limited ior system or context, they become refuse types and not necessarily distinc­ the use of durable nails to construction refuse in an "archaeological context" tions between functionally differing detailing (i.e. doors and the like). Nails Considering elements or what are com­ sites. Simply, the composition of refuse were also used for wood shingling. In monly called artifacts, it can clearly be from around standing structures would wilderness or temporary circumstances, seen that functional interpretation can look different than refuse from aban­ easily constructed board roofs with not be static but considering a specific doned and destroyed sites. This and weight poles and knees would have also operational categories in a systemic other "pattern" studies will be discussed reduced the frequency of nails at a given context, elements can function in a more fully as will specific applications of site (Hutslar 1986: 225-226). variety of ways. For example, the func­ functional analysis. However, due to the There is good evidence that the dura­ tion of beads or gun flints are inherently nature of the Scott deposit, an aban­ tion of site use directly relates to the different if trade or procurement is con­ doned site, Ball's particularistic pattern quantity of kitchen refuse found at a site. sidered versus use or consumption. analysis was felt to be less ideal for inital This postulate was based on low fre­ Proper analysis must be made then to comparisons. quencies of ceramic sherds, other table­ determine if a specific element or artifact Setting aside Ball's analysis, South's ware, and utensils at certain from an archaeological context implies strategy has been used in many different sites. In fact, Stanley South found in­ a specific function within its original ways. Ian Brown (1979) while working verse ratio's of kitchen group artifacts systemic context. on early historic sites in the lower versus architectural group artifacts Figure 3 is a simplified flow chart of Mississippi Valley ordered artifacts from between Carolina and Frontier Pattern the fur trade systemic context. Obviously both aboriginal and French domestic sites. It would seem that this ratio relates any artifact or element can flow through sites into functional categories. This directly to momentary construction ac­ this system along a variety of paths. strategy was used in an attempt to track tivity compared to accumulative deposi­ Although this figure is highly simplified, acculturation and to help describe the tion of kitchen refuse. Martin (1985:158, it does suggest that resultant artifacts trajectory of aboriginal material culture. 162) through statistical analysis was able enter the archaeological record (i.e. Although changes in group frequencies to demonstrate that the length of occu­ "context") in a variety of ways. Two were detected, this article warned that pation was a contributing or influential obvious examples of how a context European manufactured materials might factor in pattern formulation and very develops include accidental loss or not be employed in an equivalent low frequencies of kitchen group refuse abandonment (defacto) and discarded manner and that material changes were might directly relate to short occupa­ unusable artifacts (primary and second­ not necessarily a measure of general tional duration. Other factors, such as ary refuse). For a more detailed discus­ social change. Unquestioned analysis the type of construction for example, sion of the variety of refuse types, one would provide unrealistic patterning in may have additionally contributed to the can consult South (1979:221). Definition non-European sites. The implications of pattern. Other explanations might also of the archaeological context most im­ Brown's work were seriously considered be found which might explain the ab­ portantly the type of refuse implied, during the formulation of the following sence of formal dining ware including should provide an insight into the sys­ analysis of the Scott component. the use of alternative more durable ware temic context. In other words, the site (i.e. in tin or wood), alternative eating type or site function might be addressed Table 3 is a direct comparison of arti­ habits or certain food types requiring through proper analysis of deposited fact groups from the Scott component differing dining requirements. remains. with previously reported artifact pat­ terns. Artifact groups were constructed Regardless of the reasons, primitive The question that needs to be asked (Table 4) in a fashion similar to South's conditions regionally had an obvious is: are the remains from the Scott com­ original scheme (i.e. the artifact class affect on resultant material cultures. ponent the result of disposing of second­ "beads" was placed in the clothing group Ultimate interpretations are hampered ary refuse from a domestic site (possibly and not in a specifically created fur trade by previously used functional and stylis­ aboriginal), or are the remains defacto activity group). This was done to clarify tic interpretations. Other methods of refuse or more properly defacto remains the differences in the array of artifacts reconstruction were sought to more fully deposited accidentally from trade activi­ from the Scott component with estab­ explain the Scott component. ties at a trading post? The formulation of lished patterns from known British- An interesting article was presented typologies and functional interpretation American sites. Obviously, the high several years ago regarding artifact are not the issue. Sorting artifacts into frequency of kitchen and architectural context (Schiffer 1972). This theoretic refuse types by subtle examination (i.e. refuse found on previously excavated research focused on the flow of mate­ considering condition) and considera­ sites is replaced by high frequencies of rials through cultural systems. In simple tion of archaeological context might artifacts from the clothing group (428 terms why artifacts become a part of the provide the necessary interpretive data beads) and the arms group (1300 ball/ archaeological record or how refuse to determine how the Scott Component shot). High frequencies of arms (4.54%) develops has not been related to a once functioned in its systemic context. and clothing (65.5%) have been reported thoroughly understood cultural frame­ Activities at a trading post and an from other fur trade sites (Martin 1985: work. The process responsible for the aboriginal domestic site can be con-

37 trasted. Ideally, activities at a trading post family habitation site. frequencies of glass in fact relate to loss would include procurement of trade Results unraveled from a strict inter­ or disposal of primary refuse of a per­ goods and redistribution. As the site pretation of the gunflints from the Scott sonal nature. functioned there would be vast quanti­ component are equally interesting. The Functional, contextural, and deposi- ties of goods in excellent physical condi­ examination of 19 gunflints indicate no tional analysis was used to reconstruct tion. Domestic activities would occur but edge deformation from actual use. Obvi­ the systemic context of the Scott com­ would be of secondary importance. Do­ ously these flints were procured but not ponent. High frequencies of defacto mestic refuse could develop but used or used prior to their incorporation into the refuse supplemented with other subtle damaged goods might be re-manufac­ archaeological record. The frequency pieces of data strongly suggest that the tured or subsequently traded in a less figure is lower than what one might Scott component was not necessarily a than ideal condition (Ray 1978). expect from one unbroken package of habitation site but a site where trade Procurement of manufactured goods flints or from a small keg of flints (Phillips activities were probably persued. Table would not have necessarily occurred at 1980). However, only a trade context 5 summarizes the frequency of defacto a domestic fur trade site. More typically, would most likely produce undamaged refuse versus primary and secondary artifacts would have been brought to a flints in such high frequencies. This refuse. Obviously, artifacts were sorted site previously used. Continued use would rule out that these flints were lost not into typological groups but functional would have caused them to be broken on a domestic site. classes relating to a behavioral perspec­ and repaired, or broken and finally dis­ The scissors, pins, and beads compos­ tive. This table provides a numerical carded. For example, hunting would ing the clothing group, because of there expression of the frequency of second­ have exhausted gunflints. They might condition can be considered defacto ary refuse (i.e. domestic activity) versus be re-used as strike-a-lites but even­ refuse. Whether they relate to domestic defacto refuse (i.e. trade activity). Inter- tually they would be discarded. Lead activity or trade activity can not be pretively, nearly 90% of the Scott collec­ shot and ball would be brought to a site strictly determined. Due to the high tion can be demonstrated to be defacto or manufactured. If it was not occasion­ frequency of simple white beads it might remains or refuse. Less than 15% can be ally lost, it was used elsewhere and only be suggested that they were accidentally positively identified as secondary and/or occasionally deposited, damaged lost as part of trade activity. However, primary refuse or artifacts which can not (spent) as secondary refuse. A similar 428 beads are not an exorbitant number be purely interpreted. It is interesting ballistics use pattern has been reported for one piece of beaded apparel dam­ that actual unwanted refuse is limited by Tordoff (1979: 43). Excavation of aged and subsequently discarded or to the Kitchen, Tobacco, and Activity primary refuse and defacto refuse at a undamaged and interred with a burial groups. fort in Minnesota recovered deformed (Seaman and Bush 1979). The absence Historic events just prior to the War of ball from kitchen refuse, which entered of skeletal remains would not document 1812 do not conflict with this interpreta­ the archaeological record through such a scenario and the occurrence of tion. In fact, coupling this analysis with butchering. at least the simple white seed beads can events of May 1813 provide additional Clothing, smoking pipes and personal only be described at defacto remains. details suggestive of the rational behind artifacts might be found as defacto Personal apparel include cone and ball the deposition of vast quantities of de- remains at a domestic structure. How­ earrings, silver brooches, brass tinkler facto or unused remains possibly from ever, the frequency of broken goods or cones, cut silver and cut brass. Ob­ the cellar hole of a trader's cabin. primary and secondary refuse should viously, cut metal scraps represent We have direct historic evidence of be high. This site functional pattern on-site craft activities. Ball and cone both the Munsee and the Wyandot In­ should not be affected by cross-cultural earrings and brooches from this historic dians leaving the region. Obviously, trad­ exchange of roles, although both Metis component can be divided between ing activities would have ceased. This or half-breed traders did exist and it was whole or defacto and other fragmentary would have caused a trading site to be not uncommon for a trader to share his examples, possibly primary refuse. abandoned. Through settlement/sub- cabin with an Indian wife. At the Scott These artifacts can be construed as sistance studies it is known that furs were Component we are strictly assessing site indicative of their being lost at the site assembled during the winter and quickly function through the frequency or ratio new (i.e. in the case of earrings complete taken to traders for the purchase of of defacto refuse versus discarded pri­ with ball, cone, and wire) and unused. needed supplies and/or to pay debts for mary and secondary refuse. This might Worn fragments would on the other hand hard goods acquired in preceding sea­ be demonstrated through addressing be indicative of personal use, wear and sons. Traders in the spring of 1813 would artifact condition or quality and artifact subsequent breakage. have had an abundance of fur and an placement in an archaeological context. Obviously, some artifacts are clearly exhausted supply of goods. Following Artifacts from the arms group were from domestic activity, like broken the melting of lake ice, these fur would the most commonly found class of re­ ceramics and the fragmentary candle have been taken to Detroit for new mains. This group is represented by gun stick. A low percentage of material like supplies of hard goods. Limited quanti­ flints but more commonly buck and ball. glass, nails, and brass tacks can not be ties of unused trade goods may have Few deformed lead ball (6) reflecting on placed because they might not display been temporarily cashed while the trad­ site butchering were noted on the site. evidence of use. Glass is an excellent ers were away. A personal calamity may It would appear that the vast majority of example of this problem in determina­ have befell the trader (i.e. a acci­ ball were accidentally lost or left at the tion of either a defacto category or a dent, disease, etc.). More likely, armies Scott Component as defacto refuse. refuse category. Additional contextual advancing on the southern shore of Lake Typically trade guns were smooth bore, evidence is needed to determine if flat Erie would have been a topic of conver­ capable and expected to discharge both glass fragments were related to broken sation and would have been a distracting shot and large ball. Although a variety of architectural remains or if a po­ situation to say the least. Such a situation both buck and ball might be expected, tentially from a personal artifact group or the army directly advancing on the large caliber ball ranging from .42 to .64 were deposited whole and subsequently site may have forced the trader to leave inches in diameter have been recovered. broken through natural transforming or not to return to the site and formulate This variety would suggest stock piling agents (Hanson 1986). Since glass was just the right circumstances to create a for various caliber guns and not the not conspicuously found, one might unique deposit at the Scott component. accidental loss of ball associated with hypothesize that glass was not used The preceding analysis of the Scott one or two guns from a single extended architecturally (8 fragments) and low Component should not necessarily be

38 considered a criticism of South's be­ thought of as an end but as a hypothet­ ing the capture, detention and ran­ havior study. It could only be construed ical beginning for cross cultural research som of Charles Johnston .... who as such if South considered it the end all and in this case a continued look at the was made prisoner by the Indians, work regarding functional interpreta­ function of early historic fur trade sites. on the river Ohio, in 1790. New York. tions. Quite to the contrary, South recog­ Martin, Patrick Edward The Mill Creek Site and Pattern nized that if nothing else this interpretive Acknowledgements 1985 strategy has a stimulating affect because Recognition in Historical Archae­ The author would like to thank Jona­ ology. Mackinac Island Park Com­ generated research causes additional than for generously introducing me to mission. Mackinac Island, Michigan. questions to be raised. Considering this collection. "JEB" and Annette Erick- Phillips, E. M. defacto remains, South was one of the sen-Latimer read an earlier form of this 1980 A paper of flints. Museum of the Fur first to recognize its presences at a site report and their comments were greatly Trade Quarterly 16(3): 4-5. and use it in an interpretive way. South's appreciated. Ray, Arthur S. (1977) work included a selective analysis 1978 History and archaeology of the of squares from the interior of the Public References northern fur trade. American Antiq­ House—Tailor Shop, Brunswick Town, Baker, Stanley W. uity 43: 26-34. North Carolina. By focusing on defacto 1985 Acculturation and evolutionary Schiffer, Michael refuse he found that specialized tailoring change in the historic settlement/ 1972 Archaeological context and sys­ activities were expressed in the archae- subsistence practices in the south­ temic context. American Antiquity ological record of the site. South's ern Lake Erie basin: the Wyandot 37(2): 156-165. almost visionary look and command of example. Mineral and Biological Seaman, Mark F. and Janet Bush Museum, Heidelberg College, Tif­ 1979 The Enderle Site: an historic burial refuse explanation was the basis for fin, Ohio. locality in Erie County (sic), Ohio. further investigations throughout North Ball, Donald B. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 49(3): America, and was the catalyst for work 1984 Historic artifact patterning in the 1-12. on many different types of sites. It would Ohio Valley. Proceedings of the South, Stanley be wrong to think that his work was not a symposium in Ohio Valley urban 1977 Methods and Theory in Historic substantial and basic contribution to and historic archaeology II: 24-36. Archaeology. Academic Press. anthropological research. University of Louisville, Louisville, 1978 Pattern recognition in historical Kentucky. archaeology. American Antiquity Each site examined by an historic Brown, Ian W. 43: 223-230. archaeologist may make a unique contri­ 1979 Functional group change and accul­ 1979 Historic site context, structure, and bution to behavior research. No doubt, turation: a case study of the French function. American Antiquity 44(2): each archaeologist has a particularistic and the Indian in the lower Missis­ 213-237. reason for such examinations. Con­ sippi Valley. Midcontinental Journal The Engages" sidering the potential dynamics of ar­ of Archaeology 4(2): 147-165. 1982 Brass Tacks. Museum of the Fur chaeological research, South's patterns Hanson, Charles E., Jr. Trade Quarterly 18(1-2): 20-22. studies are still useful. Just as a good 1986 Trade . Museum of the Fur Tordoff, Jeffrey P. historic archaeologist should learn to Trade Quarterly 22(4): 1-11. 1979 Some observations on the quantita­ tive relationship between Stanley merge good field techniques with more Hutslar, Donald A. 1986 The Architecture of Migration: Log South's artifact patterns and "Pri­ traditional lines of historic research, it is Construction in the mary De Facto" refuse. Historic recommended that pattern research 1750-1850. Ohio University Press. Archaeology 13: 38-47. should be wheeled with equal ease. Athens, Ohio. Wheeler-Voegelin, Ermine Analysis of the Scott component like Johnston, Charles 1974 Indians of Northwestern Ohio. Gar­ South's original study should not be 1827 A narrative of the incidents attend- land Publishing, New York.

Table 1 (Baker): Description of lead ball and shot from the Scott Component (stratified random sample with replacement). Sample Average Sample Frequency Size Size* Range* Description 1 1 .64 — ball 1 1 .60 — ball 5 .560-.569 ball 8 .550-.559 ball 3 .540-.549 ball 84 12 .530-.539 ball 4 .520-.529 ball 1 .510-.519 ball 1 1 .50 ball 2 2 .46 ball 1 1 .453 ball 1 1 .447 ball 1 1 .42 ball 185 25 263-.347 shot 789 25 .178-.207 shot 211 3 .130-. 160 shot Inches

39 Table 2 (Baker): Description of glass beads from the Scott Component. size* Frequency Form Construction Color Dia. Length Remarks 1 spherical simple pink 6 — 1 faceted simple blue 7 — translucent 1 spherical simple blue 5 6 1 tubular simple black 3 4 279 spherical simple white 1-2 — seed beads 145 tubular simple white 3-5 4-5 modified tube

Table 3 (Baker): Comparison of artifact groups from the Scott component with known artifact patterns. Carolina Frontier Fur Trade Artifact Scott Pattern Pattern Pattern Group Component mean % mean % mean % (%) (range) (range) (range) Kitchen 1.68 63.1 27.6 4.64 (51.8-69.2) (22.7-34.5) (.4-11.4) Architecture 4.25 25.5 52.0 6.79 (19.7-31.4) (43.0-57.5) (1.2-22.4) Furniture .19 0.2 0.2 .05 C1-.6) (.1-.3) (0-.17) Arms 65.66 0.5 5.4 4.54 (.1-1.2) (1.4-8.4) (2.0-11) Clothing 22.26 3.0 1.7 65.50 (.6-5.4) (.3-3.8) (41.7-93.7) Personal .64 0.2 0.2 8.22 (-1-.5) (.1-.40 (.1-35.6) Tobacco pipe 5.04 5.8 9.1 6.12 (1.8-13.9) (1.9-14) (.3-14.7) Activity .24 1.7 3.7 4.14 (.9-2.7) (.7-6.4) (1.5-5.7)

Table 4 (Baker): List of artifacts groups and classes recovered from the Scott Component. Group Class Frequency (class) Frequency (group) Kitchen 34 ceramics 30 tableware 3 kitchenware 1 Architecture 86 flat glass 8 nails 78 Furniture brass tacks 3 candle holder 1 Arms 1327 sprue 4 ball/shot 1300 gunflints 23 Clothing 450 buttons 6 scissors 1 pins 15 glass beads 428 Personal 13 silver ornaments 11 pencil 1 tinklers (brass) Tobacco pipe 102 Activities 5 knife 1 silver scrap 1 brass scrap 3

40 Table 5 (Baker): Frequency of various refuse types from the Scott Component. Group Class Defacto Secondary Refi Unknown Kitchen ceramic 30 tableware 3 kitchenware 1 Architecture glass 8 nails 78 Furniture brass tacks 3 candle holder 1 Arms sprue 4 ball/shot 1294 6 gunflints 19 4 Clothing buttons 4 2 scissors 1 pins 11 glass beads 428 Personal silver 4 7 tinkler (brass) 1 pencil 1 Tobacco pipes 102 Activities knife 1 scrap metal 4 TOTAL 1766(84.4%) 177(8.75%) 78 (3.9%)

SYSTEMIC CONTEXT ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT

Euro-American Trader Site Aboriginal Habitation

Maintenance/'* 1 Manufacturing Manufactured- ^Procurement• -Trade/— r_ •Consumptionr ,<--; — /I - ^rDiscard!; ! -^•Primary Goods Exchange Use Refuse

•j: (altered) •Secondary Refuse

•Defacto Refuse (transportation and/or storage opportunity • •-—)

41 An Engraved Stone By Jack Rosenfeld 4704Glengate Rd., Columbus, Ohio 43232

The engraved stone shown in the accompanying illustrations was found while I was surface hunting along the Scioto River in Ross County a few miles north of Mound City on May 7, 1981. The area had scatterings of rocks and other debris and since the engravings are barely visible to the naked eye, I have no idea what prompted me to pick up this stone. Later after cleaning the stone I noticed marks other than plow damage which were not natural but which appeared to be random patterns. Under magnification they proved to be a series of very faint horizontal lines with vertical connecting lines fairly evenly spaced. Even though I am a professional artist as well as an amateur archaeologist, I have never been able to decipher what the Indian was trying to depict. However, I have a theory that perhaps it can be Fig. 1 (Rosenfeld) Obverse and construed as resembling a crudely reverse of engraved stone. shaped birdstone even though I have never heard of a normal birdstone having engraved feathers or other fea­ tures. This stone may represent an at­ tempt at depicting bird-like features and appendages. Like many such engrav­ ings, the interpretation is open to specu­ lation and anyone's guess is as good as mine. Who knows, perhaps this is one of the predecessors of the birdstone.

Fig. 2 (Rosenfeld) Closeup of engraved detail.

OBVERSE REVERSE Fig. 3 (Rosenfeld) Line drawings of engravings.

42 A Bird Effigy Pendant By George W. Armann Rt. 2, Box1, Albany, Ohio 45710

This pendant was found five miles west Christmas gift. bar amulets. A lower corner of the piece of Powhatan Point along Capitina Creek As can be seen from the photograph, has an aboriginal break through another in Belmont County, Ohio. Bob Brown, a the piece appears to be the effigy of a interconnected perforation. The hole well-known collector in Belmont County bird. Undoubtedly it has been salvaged through the shoulder area is probably many years ago took it from a mound on from a broken slate artifact although it is an original perforation but a smaller hole the Ramsey farm. Wilma Ramsey Hoff­ difficult to tell what it was originally. was drilled in the head area to depict an man, a young girl at the time, admired Oddly, it has holes which connect at an eye. Incised lines near the eyes com­ the piece so much that Brown gave it to angle in what might be the wing area- plete the decoration. her. In 1983, she gave it to me as a drilled like those found in birdstones and

Fig. 1 (Armann) Bird effigy pendant from Belmont County, Ohio. Fig. 2 (Armann) Drawing of pendant.

An Engraved /> \ Anchor Pendant By George W. Armann Rt. 2 Box 1, Albany, Ohio 45710

This interesting anchor pendant was at one time in the collection of Dr. Stanley Copeland of Columbus, Ohio. It is pictured in Ohio Slate Types (Con­ verse—p. 72) and is probably Hopewell in origin. This particular piece has some attributes of shovel shaped pendants- having a centrally placed perforation and being somewhat thinner. However, both anchor and shovel pendants are Hope­ well in origin. This pendant is curious in that it is engraved, a feature not often found on such pieces. The engraving consists of bird-like elements as well as a ladder shaped design. It is made of black slate and is five and one half inches long.

Reference Converse, Robert N. 1978 Ohio Slate Types, The Archaeologi­ cal Society of Ohio, Columbus. Fig. 1 (Armann) Engraved pendant from Lake Fig. 2 (Armann) Drawing of engraving. County, Ohio.

43 A Double-notched Benton Type Point By Jim Lansden 3635 Gregory Ave., Paducah, Kentucky 42001

This fine double-notched point was originally in the John Sarnovsky collec­ tion in Elyria, Ohio. It compares well with my finest Benton point and it's double notching makes it one of a kind. The blade is leaf shaped and it is plano­ convex in cross section as are most similar points from western Kentucky. It is made from blue-gray nodular flint from Christian County Kentucky and is six and one half inches long. (.Editor's note: A similar point was at one time in the collection of the late Arthur George Smith, past Secretary-Treasurer of the Society.)

Fig. 1 (Lansden) Double notched point from Kentucky, 6V2 inches long.

A Lanceolate and a Stemmed Lanceolate By Jim Lansden 3635 Gregory Ave., Paducah, Kentucky 42001

Both of these piano points are from Ohio and are made of Carter Cave flint. The stemmed lanceolate (Fig. 1-left) was found in Hamilton County, Ohio. It is six and one half inches long making it one of the longest of it's type known. It was at one time in the Sarnovsky collection. The lanceolate point is five and one quarter inches long and was originally collected by Dr. Gordon Meuser and was later in the Sarnovsky collection. It was parallel flaking-this and it's large size make it one of the rare Ohio lanceolates.

Fig. 1 (Lansden) A stemmed lanceolate and a parallel flaked lanceolate from Ohio. Stemmed lanceolate is 6V2 inches long.

44 Artifacts from the Shirley Collection By David and Barbara Shirley 2420 E. Britton Rd., Morrice, Mich. 48857

Ijl l|IU|l Fig. 1 (Shirley and Shirley) Banded slate winged bannerstone. Found in Midland County, Michi­ MADE IN U.S. .4 gan and is 4% inches wide.

Fig. 2 (Shirley and Shirley) Two views of a bar amulet from Huron County, Ohio. It is 7% inches long.

Fig. 3 (Shirley and Shirley) An outstanding Michigan barbed axe. It is made from black and green porphyry with tan phenocrysts and was found in Shiawassee County, Michigan.

45 Three Slate Artifacts Brent R.Young 19793 SH 231, Nevada, Ohio 44849

These three slate pieces were surface Drilling is from both faces. Of special finds made by my grandfather, Richard interest on this piece are the 7 dot- J. Brooks.Theyallcomefromthe Marion- scratches between the rounded end and Wyandot county areas and were found the nearest hole. All scratches sweep in prior to his passing in January, 1978. one direction. The pendant pictured is 4 inches long The birdstone pictured is 4J4 inches and 1 inch wide tapering to a highly long and V/2 inches high. Material is polished and rounded tip. It is made of banded slate. Both holes are broken out, banded slate and has a white swirl occur­ but appear to be original damage al­ ring on one face at the hole. Drilling was though there are many scrapes from from both faces. One tally mark is indi­ farm equipment. Along the crest of the cated by the arrow (Fig. 3). head, partially down the back, and along The gorget pictured may be a con­ the lower beak sides are 43 tally marks. verted celt. It is 4 inches long and 1)4 This was found in Marion County, Grand inches wide at the bit and tapers to !4 Prairie Twp. inch wide poll. Material is a dark slate.

Fig. 1 (Young) Banded slate birdstone.

Fig. 2 (Young) Celt-like gorget.

46 ASO Member Artifacts By Society Photographer William H. Pickard 1003 Carlisle Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43224

Fig 1 (Pickard) Dovetail 6Vs inches long made of white Flint Ridge flint. Owned by Mike Keys Pataskala, Ohio, and found by his greatgrand­ father, Charles Hammond prior to 1950 in eastern Ohio while exploring for oil.

Fig 2 (Pickard) Paleo lanceolate of mottled red, yellow, blue and white Flint Ridge jewel flint found in Richland County by Mike Brocwell of Belleville, Ohio. This field flint won the Best of Show flint award at the November, 1987 meeting.

47 Two Bird Head Effigy Pipes from the Wertz Collection By Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064

The two pipes shown in Figs. 1 and 2 Bird head effigies have come from are in the collection of Mr. William Wertz the Hardin site across the river from of Portsmouth, Ohio. Portsmouth in Greenup County, Ken­ The pipe in Fig. 1 is made of pink Ohio tucky, and I have in my collection a Pipestone with a striking maroon inclu­ similar pipe from the Feurt site north of sion. The material was quarried from the Portsmouth in Scioto County. In his Feurt Hill deposits in Scioto County and monumental book on pipes, George A. was a preferred stone for a number of West shows a bird head effigy from Ohio pipe making groups. It's proximity Wheeling West Virginia (West-PI. 57) to Ohio River Fort Ancient settlements The material is listed as chlorite but this led to extensive use of this colorful is questionable. Another such pipe is material for many kinds of Fort Ancient made from shale and came from Scioto pipes. Colors range from a soft gray-tan County. It was collected by Albert Addis through pink-yellow to maroon with (West-PI. 40). The Wheeling pipe por­ combinations of all the preceeding trays a bird with a hooked beak and is colors in given samples. Occasionally obviously an effigy of a raptorial bird of inclusions of darker material, such as some sort. The Addis pipe bird does not can be seen in the bill of the first bird have the beak of a raptor. These two can be found. More often, a somewhat kinds of birds-the raptor and non- mottled effect from impurities or mineral raptor-seem to be the two predominate stains can be seen. kinds of Fort Ancient bird head effigies. The second pipe is also the effigy of a The two Wertz pipes portray both a bird's head. It too is made of Feurt Hill raptor (Fig. 2) and a non-raptor (Fig 1) Pipestone which is mottled and pock­ The eye in each is depicted by a simple marked—a not uncommon texture in circle, but some Fort Ancient bird pipes some varieties of this stone. have an eye that is an ellipse with a dot Bird head effigies are a well-known in the center. Lines emanating from the motif in Fort Ancient pipes, especially eye in the non-raptor are the well-known those from sites in the southern Ohio "weeping eye" treatment which is perva­ River drainage area. Even though some sive in many Fort Ancient engravings. motifs are shared between Ohio Fort Cone shaped bowl cavities are either in Ancient and the time equivalent Whittle­ the top or the back of the head with sey sites along Lake Erie, strangely the interconnecting stem holes in the lower bird head does not seem to be one neck. In nearly all such pipes there is a favored by Whittlesey pipe makers V-shaped groove in the under side of (Ahlstrom-1979). the beak.

References Ahlstrom, Richard 1979 Prehistoric Pipes-A Study of the Reeve Village Site Lake County Ohio, Cleveland. West, George A. 1934 Tobacco, Pipes and Smoking Cus­ toms of the American Indians Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee.

48 Fig. 1 (Converse) Non- raptorial bird head ef­ figy pipe in the collec­ tion of William Wertz, Portsmouth, Ohio. Note maroon inclusion at top of the beak and "weep­ ing eye" engraving.

Fig. 2 (Converse) Rap­ torial bird head effigy of Ohio pipestone in the Wertz collection.

49 Geometry At The By William F. Romain 4000 Westbrook Drive, #502, Brooklyn, Ohio 44114

In an earlier article (Romain 1987), it points. This octagon is equilateral, but Not illustrated but also relevant is that was noted that a fundamental unit of not equiangular. The significance of the the distance between the two most west­ measure, different from the one sug­ octagon will be discussed later. For now, ward apexes of the triangular space gested by the Hardmans, may better fit suffice it to say that both Adena and within the serpent's head is equal to the dimensions and geometry of the Hopewell art frequently demonstrate the 1/3SSU. Serpent Mound. From the Hardmans' use of mirror images of bilateral sym­ In Figures 4 and 5, of course, all lines (1987:Figs. 2&3) illustrations it will be metry and profile views (see Penny are either 1SSU, 1 /2SSU, or 1 /4SSU in recalled that the fundamental unit of 1980, Myron 1954). Constructing an scale length except where indicated. measure they proposed was equivalent octagon in the manner noted above One-half of the secondary Serpent to about 80 feet. Alternatively, it is sug­ therefore, is consistent with the conven­ Mound unit is equal to about 74.75 feet, gested here that a better fit to the central tion just mentioned, namely, generation while 1/4SSU equals about 37.4 feet. points on the effigy is a fundamental of a bilaterally symmetrical, mirror Finally, it will be noted that by dividing unit of measure equivalent to 126.4 feet. image. the long axis of the octagon by three, a This unit of measure is derived by divid­ Referring to Figures 2 and 3, it will be figure very close to the 112.2 foot unit ing line A-B in Figure 1 into three equal seen that units of length equal to one- of measure suggested by Marshall lengths. Line A-B extends from the tip half and one-quarter of the fundamental (1987:42) as also common to many of the serpent effigy's tail to the central Serpent Mound unit.of measure also Hopewellian earthworks results. As the apex of the triangular space of the ser­ match various central points on the long axis of the octagon is 338.9 feet, pent effigy's head. As the total length of effigy. One-half of the fundamental dividing this length by 3 results in the line A-B is 379.3 feet, dividing this line Serpent Mound unit is, of course, equiv­ approximate figure of 112.97 feet. This by 3 results in the approximate figure of alent to about 63.2 feet, while one- figure differs from Marshall's 112.2 unit 126.4 feet. As will become evident, this quarter of the fundamental Serpent of length by only 0.68%. Further, the unit of length, as well as halves and Mound unit equals about 31.6 feet. All length of 112.97 feet can be shown to quarters of this figure, are repeated lines in Figures 2 and 3 are either 63.2 be related to a figure that is very close to throughout the Serpent Mound effigy. feet, or 31.6 feet in scale. As Figure 2 Marshall's 187 foot unit. And, the 112.97 Interestingly, line A-B describes an shows, the unit of length equivalent to foot unit seems related to the funda­ almost perfect true north-south line, 1/2SMU is repeated at least twenty-one mental Serpent Mound unit of 126.4 accurate to ±10 minutes of arc. Further, times throughout the effigy; while Figure feet. These relationships are made clear line A-B seems to have functioned as a 3 shows the unit of length equivalent to in the following expression: baseline for the effigy, with point B as a 1 /4SMU to be repeated at least thirteen 112.97 = (188.29x3)/5 and, 189.6 = central point from which other units of times. (126.4x3)/2. measure originate, while point A, at the Particularly noteworthy is that the The difference between Marshall's 187 tip of the tail, marks the beginning of the length of the oval embankment through foot unit and the above figure of 188.29 effigy. its major axis is very close to 1SMU, feet is less than 0.69%, while the differ­ No doubt also significant, the total while the width of the oval embankment, ence between 187 feet and 189.6 feet is length for line A-B of 379.3 feet is very along its minor axis, is 1/2SMU. Also of less than 1.4%. In practical terms, it can close to two times the 187 foot unit of interest is that the small triangular fea­ be argued that these differences are measure suggested by Marshall (1987, ture located just west of the oval em­ insignificant, given the fact that Mar­ 1980,1978) as common to many Hope- bankment can be defined by a unit of shall's 187 foot figure represents an wellian earthworks. Indeed, the length length equivalent to 1/4SMU. And, average value derived from analysis of of line A-B differs from two times Mar­ 1/4SMU closely matches the inside several earthworks. Also important is the shall's unit of 187 feet by less than 1.4%. width of the serpent's body convolutions. fact that the above relationships need So too, a unit of length which is very In fact, by overlaying Figures 1,2, and 3, not have been calculated by the Serpent close to the fundamental Serpent it becomes apparent how much of the according to the alge­ Mound unit of 126.4 feet can be derived effigy could have been constructed braic form just noted. Rather, the rela­ from Marshall's 187 foot figure thusly: using the 1SMU, 1/2SMU, or 1/4SMU tionships just noted can be deduced, (187+ 187)/3=124.6. Again, the differ­ units of measure. without complicated division and multi­ ence between the fundamental Serpent Also evident in the Serpent Mound is plication, simply by observation of the Mound unit of 126.4 feet and the figure a secondary unit of length equivalent to relationships apparent in a right triangle of 124.6 feet derived from Marshall's about 149.5 feet. This secondary unit of having sides of 3, 4, and 5. This point is 187 foot unit is less than 1.4%. measure, hereafter designated 1SSU, convincingly demonstrated by Marshall Referring to Figure 1, it will be seen is derived by dividing in half, the near (1987). that the fundamental Serpent Mound perpendicular bisectors extending be­ A bit more speculative in nature, but unit of length equivalent to 126.4 feet, tween four opposite sides of the octagon of potential significance, is the circle- and designated by the abbreviation shown in Figure 4. As illustrated by octagon combination shown in Figure 1SMU, closely matches the central Figure 4, the unit of length equivalent to 4. As indicated, this circle has a radius of points of the effigy. Further, this unit of 1SSU is repeated at least six times in 1 SSU. Supporting the argument that this length is repeated at least twelve times the effigy, while Figure 5 shows units of circle was recognized or designed into throughout the effigy. All lines in Figure length equal to 1/2SSU and 1/4SSU to the configuration of the effigy is the fact 1 are 126.4 feet in scale. be repeated at least six and five times that the circumference of this circle Also apparent in Figure 1 is an octagon respectively. Further, 1/2SSU closely intersects several central points on the formed by repeating, in mirror image, defines the outside width of the serpent's effigy. These junctures include a point the SMUs connecting the outside body convolutions as measured across on the serpent's neck where the major apexes of the eastward pointing con­ a point that is 1/4SSU from these con­ axis of the octagon intersects the north volutions of the serpent and two other volutions' inward facing apexes. edge of the neck, a second point very

50 close to the midpoint between the ser­ "The average accuracy associated with In fact, the Serpent Mound builders pent's jaws, a third point defined by the the alignments we have proposed is seem to have utilized this principle in outside apex of the oval embankment, sufficient to allow the prediction of the their design of the effigy. Both the and a fourth point tangent to one of the year when lunar eclipses occur near the serpent and oval appear to have been apexes of a square formed by the oval equinoxes or solstices." While Hively rotated around what would be the X-axis embankment. and Horn fall short of claiming that in a three dimensional coordinate Additional support for the corporeal Newark was actually used for eclipse system. design of the circle is demonstrated by prediction, the possibility of such use Stated another way, it seems obvious the fact that a chord, extending from a is certainly intriguing. Indeed, a possible that the head of the serpent has been point where the circle intersects the interest in eclipse phenomena by the rotated 90° from its top view so as to serpent's neck to the apex of the oval Hopewell may be corroborated by the show its profile. Additionally, the effigy embankment isexactly 1SMU in length. Serpent Mound. builders apparently rotated, also around Similarly, a chord extending from the More specifically, in a forthcoming the X-axis, what was in theory a flat, eastern apex of the oval embankment to article I will show how the Serpent circular disk suggested as representing the northern apex of a square formed by Mound may depict a solar eclipse, the sun. By rotating the disk its eccen­ the oval is 3/5 of an SSU and this line wherein the serpent is shown in the act tricity was changed thereby resulting in intersects the tip of the serpent's north­ of devouring the sun, represented by an ellipse. As shown by Figures 6-9, ern jaw. the oval embankment. Several types of there were practical reasons for doing Immediately apparent too, is the simi­ evidence will be presented in support of this. In short, the Serpent Mound build­ larity between the Serpent Mound this hypothesis, namely; ers were limited by the constraints of circle-octagon combination and the 1)data indicating that several solar what is essentially the bas-relief of an circle-octagon earthworks at High Bank eclipses were visible within the tem­ earthen embankment. To successfully and Newark. Like the High Bank earth­ poral and spatial parameters of the convey the presumed message of a work (see Hively and Horn 1984:S93), presumed Serpent Mound builders; serpent swallowing the sun it would have the diameter of the Serpent Mound 2) data indicating that various sightlines been necessary to rotate the flat circular circle is equal to each of two near per­ existent within the Serpent Mound disk 45° and the serpent's head 90°. As pendicular bisectors extending between are aligned to certain events associ­ shown in Figure 9, by this means, the four opposite sides of the octagon (see ated with a specific solar eclipse; snake's profile and biting position are Figure 4). At Newark, the diameter of 3) ethnohistoric and ethnographic data well defined and it is evident that the the Observatory Circle was found to be revealing that numerous North Ameri­ object about to be bitten or swallowed equal to each side of a square formed by can Indian groups believed eclipses would be circular in shape if rotated back connecting alternate vertices of the to be caused by various monsters, to full front view. octagon (see Hively and Horn 1982:S8). including serpents, who swallowed In fact, Figure 9 closely resembles the The point is that just as a geometric the sun; and outline of the Serpent Mound. That such relationship can be shown to exist be­ 4) data suggesting certain symbolic a resemblance is coincidental seems tween the circle and octagon combina- associations between North Ameri­ unlikely. More likely is that the effigy tionsatHighBankandNewark.sotoo.a can Indian beliefs and design ele­ builders used simple perspective and precise relationship of a similar nature ments incorporated in the Serpent profile technique to turn the rock and can be shown to exist between the circle Mound. clay of the Serpent Mound into a mas­ and octagon at the Serpent Mound. Returning to the original discussion sive pictograph of a monster serpent Yet another factor relating the Serpent of the geometry of the Serpent Mound, swallowing the sun. Mound circle-octagon combination to a further piece of evidence, which also Referring to Figures 6 and 11, two both High Bank and Newark is the com­ happens to support the solar eclipse additional points are worthy of note. In mon use in all three earthworks of Mar­ hypothesis, seems relevant here. Figure 6, a black disk is used to repre­ shall's 187 foot unit, or a derivative Referring to Figures 1, 2, and 4, it will sent the sun. So too, during a total or thereof (see Marshall 1987:38). be noticed that the width of the oval annular eclipse, the sun can be seen In fact, the similarities between the embankment is one-half of its major axis. "transformed" into a black disk outlined Serpent Mound and the Newark earth­ Given this fact, a square with one of its by its corona or annulus against a dark­ works may provide a clue to the meaning sides forming a chord within the Serpent ened sky background. of the Serpent Mound. As will be re­ Mound circle can be constructed by Of greater potential significance, how­ called from Hively and Horn's (1982: bisecting the major axis of the oval with ever, is the phenomenon that occurs S17) work, as many as "seventeen inde­ a line that is equal in length to the oval when a white disk is substituted for the pendent lunar alignments" are evident embankment's major axis and then con­ black disk. Because of the unique shape at Newark. Moreover, the mean mag­ necting the ends of the bisectors. Within of the serpent's head and mouth, if the nitude of error for all seventeen align­ this square, 45° angles are expressed snake is again positioned so it appears ments is 0.56 degrees which, as eight times. In this interesting configura­ from a top view as ready to bite down, indicated by Hively and Horn (1982: tion linking the oval embankment to the the white disk will assume an appear­ S17), is twice the accuracy of the thir­ Serpent Mound circle, a relationship ance similar to that of the sun during its teen best lunar alignments suggested seems to be expressed showing the partial eclipse phases before and after by Hawkins for . In particu­ rotation of a circle through three dimen­ totality. Figures 10 and 11 show the lar, the sightlines at Newark include sional space. resemblance. precise alignments to the moon's posi­ Essentially, an ellipse such as the oval Of course, all of this presumes that tions at its maximum as well as minimum, embankment is a modified circle. In a the Serpent Mound builders believed north and south rising and setting points three dimensional coordinate system, the sun to be a flat, circular disk. Appar­ on the horizon. As discussed elsewhere one way to modify the appearance of a ently though, this was not an unusual (e.g., Hawkins 1965), lunar alignments circle is to rotate it around its X-axis belief among many North American of this sort can be used to predict lunar while viewing it from a stationary point Indian groups. In fact, descriptions of eclipses, as well as, to a certain extent, along its Z-axis. As the circle is rotated it the sun as a flat disk have been noted solar eclipses. will appear increasingly elliptical in among such geographicallydiversecul- In connection with Newark, Hively and shape in direct proportion to the angle tures as the Nootka (Stirling 1946:389), Horn (1982:S17) specifically note that of rotation. Kwakiutl (Mallory 1893:696), Cochiti

51 (Boas 1928:31-32), Chumash (Hudson Hardman, Clark, Jr., and Marjorie H. Hardman Archaeologist 28(1 ):29-33. and Underhay 1978:63), Diegueno (Gif- 1987 The Great Serpent and the Sun Myron, Robert E. 1954 Hopewellian Two-Dimensional ford and Block 1930, cited in Stirling Ohio Archaeologist 37(3):34-40. Hawkins, Gerald S. (in collaboration with John : Part 2. Central States 1946:391), Porno (Furst and Furst B. White) Archaeological Journal 1 (1 ):4-13. (1982:73-74), Navajo (Spinden 1940: 1965 Stonehenge Decoded. Dell Publish­ Parker, Arthur 453), Winnebago (Radin 1970:238, orig. ing, New York 1910 Sun Myths. Journal of in 1923), and Onondaga (Parker 1910: Hively, Ray and Robert Horn American Folklore 23(87):473-478. 473). More examples could be cited, but 1984 Hopewellian Geometry and Astron­ Penny, David W. I think the point has been made. omy at High Bank. Archaeoastron- 1980 The Adena Engraved Tablets: A As also discussed earlier, both Adena omy 7:S85-S100. (Supplement to Study of Art Prehistory. Mid-Conti­ and Hopewell art frequently demon­ Vol. 15, Journal for the History of nental Journal of Archaeology 5(1): 3-38. strate the use of profile views as well as Astonomy.) 1982 Geometry and Astronomy in Pre­ Phillips, Phillip, and James A. Brown highly conventionalized designs. As historic Ohio. 1978 Pre-Columbian Shell Engravings Phillips and Brown (1978:162) point out 4:S1-S20. (Supplement to Volume from the Craig Mound at Spiro, in reference to Hopewell art, "designs 13, Journal for the History of Oklahoma. Parti. Peabody Museum have to be literally dissected, even Astronomy.) of Archaeology and Ethnology, Har­ turned upside down, in order to see what Hudson, Travis, and Ernest Underhay vard University, Cambridge. is going on." Given the complexity and 1978 Crystals in the Sky: An Intellectual Radin, Paul sophistication of both Adena and Hope­ Odyssey Involving Chumash As­ 1970 The Winnebago Tribe. University of well art, the simple rotation of a disk tronomy, Cosmology and . Nebraska Press, Lincoln. (Originally published in 1923 as part of the 37th and serpent through space and subse­ Ballena Press Anthropological Papers, No. 10. Ballena Press, Annual Report of the Bureau of quent rendering of these subjects in Socorro, New Mexico. American Ethnology. Smithsonian earthen form by either of these peoples Mallory, Garrick Institution, Washington, DC.) would have seemed like child's play. 1893 Picture-writing of the American In­ Romain, William F. References dians. In 10th Annual Report of the 1987 Serpent Mound Revisited Ohio Bureau of American Ethnology, for Boas, Franz Archaeologist 37(4):4-10. the Years 1888-89, pp. 1-807. 1928 Keresan Texts. Publications of the Spinden, Herbert J. American Ethnological Society, No. Smithsonian Institution, Washing­ 1940 Sun Worship. In Smithsonian Insti­ 7, Pts. 1 & 2. ton, D.C. tution, Annual Report for the Year Furst, Peter T., and Jill Leslie Furst Marshall, James A. 1939, pp. 447-469. Smithsonian In­ 1982 North American Indian Art. Rizzoli 1987 An Atlas of American I nd ian Geome­ stitution, Washington, DC. International Publications, Inc. try. Ohio Archaeologist 37(2):36-49. Stirling Matthew W. Gifford, Edward W„ and Gwendoline H. Block, Marshall, James A. (as told to John B. Carlson) 1946 Concepts of the Sun Among Ameri­ compilers 1980 Geometry of the Hopewell Earth­ can Indians. In Smithsonian Institu­ 1930 California Indian Nights Entertain­ works. Ohio Archaeologist 30(2): tion Annual Report for the Year ments; Stories of the Creation of 8-12. 1945, pp. 387-400. Smithsonian the World .... Arthur H. Clark, Marshall, James A. Institution, Washington, D.C. Glendale, CA. 1978 American Indian Geometry. Ohio * * TRUE # ASTRONOMICAL -r r„ -4^ — NORTH

! I

>. 1 SMU \ 7 >^ \

0 1 SMU ^s.

^*^^1 SMU

SERPENT MOUND STATE MEMORIAL* ADAMS COUNTY. OHIO/ — - • J

1 SMU .-.,« / 1 SMU ... V.. \ ( \ \ (• r^~~—~^- \ 1 SMU \\ \ 1 SMU \ -, /

SI^^ISM U -...~sr:~~ §E~" # - * Fig. 1 (Romain) Plan view showing how the fundamental Serpent Fig. 2 (Romain) Plan view showing how one-half of the fundamental Mound unit connects central points on the effigy. Serpent Mound unit of measure connects central points on the effigy 52 Fig. 3 (Romain) Plan view showing how one-quarter and one-half Fig. 4 (Romain) Plan view showing the Serpent Mound circle- of the fundamental Serpent Mound unit connect central points on octagon combination and the secondary Serpent Mound unit of the effigy. length. II #

Fig. 6 (Romain) Top view of a rattlesnake (Crotalus sp.) biting a black disk. For illustration purposes a commercially purchased and previously mounted specimen was dyed black and de-fanged.

Fig. 5 (Romain) Plan view showing how one-quarter and one-half of the secondary Serpent Mound unit define the width of the Fig. 7 (Romain) Profile view of a rattlesnake (Crotalus sp.) about to Serpent's convolutions. bite a flat disk.

53 Fig. 8 (Romain) Profile view of a rattlesnake (Crotalus sp.) about to bite Fig. 9 (Romain) Same view as in Fig. 8 except with different lighting a flat circular disk that has been rotated 45° around it's X-axis. to show the resemblance of the model to the Serpent Mound.

Fig. 10 (Romain) Top view of a rattlesnake (Crotalus sp.) about to bite Fig. 11 (Romain) Same view as in Fig. 10 except with different lighting a white disk. Note the protruding "horns" on the rattlesnake's head to show how a serpent striking a white disk resembles the partial analogous to the features found on either side of the serpent's head phases of a solar eclipse. at Serpent Mound.

54 Serpent Mound A New Look At An Old Snake-ln-The-Grass By Robert Fletcher and Terry Cameron 369 Princeton Dr., Pittsburgh, Pa. 15235

Introduction Mapping the Serpent who converted the picture information Research on the Serpent Mound and In attempting to obtain both an accu­ on the slide into brightness data and surrounding area by Putnam in 1886- rate map and historical material on the entered the data in one of NASA's com­ 1889 led to conjecture that the culture Ohio Serpent Mound, it was noted that puters for image enhancement. By now known as Adena (early to middle little was readily obtainable. In fact, no assigning false color to different bright­ Woodland) was responsible for its con­ map was available, and the only pub­ ness areas in the image and adding or struction (Greenman). This was based lished guide book (Greenman, 1963) subtracting colors, the details of the on findings from excavations of mounds was out of print. Conversations with Mr. serpent were enhanced to some degree, and graves located on the same hill, the William Gustin, site managerforthe Ohio but the end results were not clear oldest of which were estimated to be of Historical Society, suggested that the enough for mapmaking. about the same age as the effigy mound. situation was not likely to change. We However, use of this technique No artifacts were found in the serpent decided to do a survey and draft a map could yield useful data for archae­ itself, therefore the association with of the mound ourselves. The Ohio His­ ologists if applied to photographs Adena is tentative. (The term "Adena" torical Society granted authorization to taken from lower altitudes. The was not yet in use during the 1880s. It proceed, and work was begun on Febru­ limiting factor in this case was the was first applied by Mills in the early ary 2, 1986. lack of detail in the film rather than 1900s to the culture which produced We developed an interest in possible any inherent shortcomings in the artifacts characteristic of those found.) astronomical orientations at the site. The method. Another possible benefit Investigations by others in the late first requirement, obviously, was an from this approach could be soil- 1800s and early 1900s produced much accurate map of the original serpent and type differentiation with infrared film controversy over the shape of the head its correct orientation with respect to for identifying sites or features not and oval, but nothing material to alter celestial north. This is a major source of visible from ground level. the origin theory. C. C. Willoughby, writ­ difficulty with existing maps (Hardman). It was apparent that an accurate ing in 1919, endorsed the pre-restora- The realization came early that accurate ground survey was the only approach tion map by Holmes, questioned parts conclusions would require reliable infor­ that could yield a sufficiently detailed of the restoration, and presented the mation on the original shape and extent map. best-supported arguments for the ori­ of the serpent prior to its restoration by Celestial north was located by night ginal shape of the head and oval. This Putnam. Small differences between the sightings with a transit. Using the tip of view was seconded by E. F. Greenman original and the restored version could the tail as a point of departure, a line to in 1935, and there the matter seems to add up to large sighting and positional true north intersects the serpent again have rested. While the methods of ar­ errors very quickly on an object the size at the point where the neck divides to chaeology and the avail­ of the serpent. This line of thinking led form the two sides of the head. (See able for analysis of data have progressed us to wonder if any of the technologies Figure 9) in quantum leaps since that time, little of developed in the intervening century With the approval of the Ohio Histor­ it has been applied to the questions since then could help shed light on the ical Society, a celestial north line was concerning the origin and purpose of questions surrounding the origin and established at the Serpent and two the Great Serpent. This article will, purpose of the effigy. standard bronze benchmarks set. One among other things, suggest some new High-altitude photography was agreed is exactly 100 feet east of the tip of the analytical methods made possible by on as a starting point. Oblique aerial tail, the other 340 feet due north. Moving recent technological advances and a photographs of the serpent are numer­ the Iine 100 feet east sidesteps a severe proposed procedure for accurately map­ ous, but resulting parallax errors are tree and undergrowth problem. This was ping problem archaeological sites. deadly to accuracy. A 9 in. sq. color completed in June of 1986 and has been The Serpent Mound lies in a geo­ infrared slide of the area (taken from available for use since that time. The logically interesting area. To the west, 40,000 ft.) was obtained from the EROS line has been verified to within 15 min. glacial ice sheets planed the land flat in Data Center in Sioux Falls, SD. Enlarge­ by an independent civil engineering firm successive waves until about 18,000 ments of the serpent to 5 x 7 inches (Note #1.). This deviation is noted on years ago, passing just a few miles from were extracted from the slide before film the map. the site. The ridge occupied by the resolution became the limiting factor. Since the serpent lies on the crest of a Serpent is actually part of the southwest This resulted in a relatively parallax-free ridge which is non-uniform in both height wall of an ancient cryptoexplosion crater plan view of the mound's overall shape and direction, developing a plan for some four miles in diameter. The crater and proportions. It became obvious from efficient surveying required careful plan­ was formed by either a meteorite impact comparisons that none of the previous ning. The difficulties in mapping the or subterranean gas explosion during maps or drawings in the existing litera­ serpent are obvious from a study of late Paleozoic or Mesozoic times. Opin­ ture were particularly accurate. previous attempts, and have been noted ion as to its origin is divided, with the Although the prints obtained by this by other writers (Hardman). After con­ majority of geologists favoring the method were adequate for revealing the sideration of several alternatives, a sur­ impact crater model at this time. (Gal- general outlines of major features, there vey plan was formulated and carried out. braith 1968, Reidel 1970, U. of Cincin­ were too many areas obscured by tree In the interests of readability, the nati) Local magnetic anomalies may be shadows and the resolution was insuffi­ procedure will not be described here, partly attributable to disturbances cient. We contacted Dr. Dan Klinglesmith however, full details are available on caused by this feature. of NASA/Goddard Spaceflight Center, request from the authors. Figure 9 illus-

55 trates the layout of reference lines and (and large primitive geometric figures WSSS=winter solstice sun set crossplots used in the survey. Figure 10 in general) was probably meant to be SSSS=summer solstice sun set shows the apparatus used to measure viewed; from a great height by deities In examining any archaeological site width and asymmetry of the mound. We inhabiting the upper regions. for evidence of celestial alignments, consider the dorsal line, rather than the Whoever designed the Serpent several factors should be considered; present edges, to a more reliable indi­ Mound did a considerable amount of among them astronomical, cultural and cator of the mound's true shape, due to preliminary work. The entire structure construction methods. The layout of a uncertainties about the location of the was laid out in a clay and ash mixture site could have been affected by one or clay substructure and variations in the first and then clay was heaped up over all three to varying degrees depending slope of the hill. this foundation. In places where the on the intent and abilities of the builders. On completion of the survey, the mea­ design approached steeper parts of the A number of other questions should surement data was converted into x, y, hill, the clay was reinforced with stone, be kept firmly in mind: (horizontal) and z (vertical) cartesian presumably to retard erosion (Putnam, I.Can the culture of the builders be coordinates. The x and y set were plotted 1889). Evidence that portions of the hill identified? Is this use consistent with on to a "D" size engineering drawing by were modified to accommodate the what is known of its behavior? hand and the same set was entered into shape of the effigy was noted by Squier 2. Is there any physical evidence—or a microcomputer running AUTOCAD and Davis in 1846, who were the first to can it be obtained? software. A plot was then generated from attempt a survey of the site. Under­ 3. What characteristics of the site sug­ the computer. This produced two plan- growth and trees probably affected the gest astronomical uses exclusively? view maps of the serpent, which were accuracy of their measurements, but 4. Has the site been altered or exten­ then compared. Problem areas were their statement regarding this point is sively disturbed by man or nature resurveyed on the next visit to the clear and concise: since construction? mound. At the same time, spot checks "The point of the hill within which 5. Did the builders possess the tech­ of several other points were made to this egg-shaped figure rests, seems nology required? test repeatability. A final map was then to have been artificially cut to con­ For the Serpent Mound, some of these generated at a scale of 1 in.=20 ft. Based form to its outline, leaving a smooth questions can be answered, some can­ on the results, we feel confident in platform, ten feet wide, and some­ not at present. stating that the map data points are what inclining inwards, all around it. accurate and repeatable to within 6 The section a, b will illustrate this Some technical considerations to be inches, and probably better than that. feature." taken into account include length of sight lines, horizon markers, correction An independent survey of the Serpent This report predated a tornado which for vegetation changes on the skylines, Mound was completed by Wright State cleared the ridge of trees in the early precession of the equinoxes since con­ University students and faculty early in 1860's, and did extensive damage to the struction, and atmospheric refraction. 1987. A portion is shown superimposed serpent. That event also marked the Figures 5 and 6 illustrate the effects of over a section of our map in Figure 2. beginning of cultivation on the ridge top some of the above factors on solstice The agreement is clear. by white settlers. positions. Excellent guidelines are avail­ As a matter of note; the USGS quad It has been noted (Putnam, etc.) that able for would-be archaeoastronomers map containing the Serpent Mound the serpent follows the crest of the ridge (Aveni, Hawkins, Reed). indicates a magnetic deviation of 3 deg. line. This is partially true. The corres­ 32 min. westerly from celestial north. pondence is good from the northwest A note on precession: Due to the Actual ground readings at the bench­ end (where there was no other choice) Earth's currently decreasing angle of marks consistently show the local de­ through the middle body coil. However, obliquity to the ecliptic, the total azimuth clination in the vicinity of the Serpent to from that point the body continues its angle between SSSR/WSSR (and be about 1 deg. 30 min. of arc. curve in a westerly direction while the WSSS/SSSS) is decreasing at the rate We recommend the survey methods ridge continues southward, and levels of about one degree every three thou­ adopted as a useful and efficient out to a greater degree. (See figure 3) sand years. For example: in the past the procedure for mapping problem archae­ If ease of construction was the major SSSR and SSSS were further north on ological sites (without the use of expen­ design consideration, the logical course the horizon, and the WSSR and WSSS sive equipment) where laying out a would have been to finish the tail on further south. (See Figure 8) standard grid is not practical. Taking data level ground rather than against the However conceived, the design of the in three dimensions deals with the prob­ edge of the cliff, subject to erosion and serpent still had to be executed in the lem of parallax errors on uneven terrain, other natural forces. Again, this leads real world. For example: constructing a and the data is obtained in a form easily one toward the idea that the overall thirteen-hundred foot (plus) effigy on an entered into a computer. Use of a com­ shape of the effigy was predetermined irregular ridge top is a considerably more puter for site analysis greatly reduces and then laid out on the ground. Con­ difficult proposition than laying a geo­ time expenditures, but is not mandatory structing any object over thirteen metric figure out on a flat river f loodplain. as data can also be hand plotted. hundred feet long is not a casual under­ The builders were human, and errors NOTE #1.: Celestial North verifi­ taking, and would require planning, time, could have been made. Such errors, if cation was supplied by McCarty and labor either on a large scale. The undetected, could lead to interpreta- Engineering of Hillsboro, Ohio; fact that the entire serpent was outlined tional errors when attempting to analyze courtesy of William F Romain. prior to the beginning of construction a site using recent data. would tend to argue that it was built all at The point to the above is this. Studying Construction one time, rather than over a longer With an accurate map in hand, the a particular site for astronomical align­ period as has been suggested elsewhere ments is not simply a matter of walking classic proportions of the Serpent are (Mc'gee, p. 230, OAHS vol. 10). The obvious and undeniable, and the convic­ around with a pocket compass and ex­ design would probably have been less claiming "Ahah!" the first time a given tion grows that this effect was inten­ cohesive if the latter were the case. tional, carefully planned and executed. feature lines up with some astronomical The elegance of the design is even more Archaeoastronomy event. Archaeoastronomy is a relatively remarkable considering the size of the Conventions: recent tool for investigating cultural mound, and the fact that the people who SSSR=summer solstice sun rise behavior, and its acceptance by archae­ built it could never have seen it as it WSSR=winter solstice sun rise ologists will not be speeded by hastily

b6 conceived and poorly documented min. at horizon elevation 1 deg. 58 min. Natural directions: theories. of arc. Correction to 1000 BC is +31 Finding the angle of the solstice pairs Findings min. of arc. Figure 7 shows a general (summer/winter sunrise or sunset), and The data from solstice sightings taken diagram of the alignments described then bisecting that angle to obtain the during the mapping survey, corrected above. equinoxes will not produce a true east according to the above criteria, were Critique or west unless the entire horizon of applied to the completed map. The por­ The following section responds to interest is at 0 degrees elevation; hardly tions of the Serpent considered most some of the points raised in recent ever the case, except possibly in Kansas, likely to contain solar alignments were articles on the Serpent Mound by the and certainly not at the Serpent. Any the main body coils and the region of Hardmans. While much of what is pre­ horizon elevation above zero will shift the neck, head and oval. The difficulty sented is entertaining, as evidence for a the solstice sunrise and sunset points of determining an exact axis for any body theory it is either incorrect or too general south (in the northern hemisphere, of coil is apparent from a look at the map, for specific application. Using informa­ course) and, consequently, any derived however, estimates can be made and tion from the accompanying map, and equinoxes. Errors can be compounded are repeatable within the tolerances data collected at the site, we would like if the solstice horizon positions are at shown below. Data is corrected to celes­ to clarify a few points. unequal elevations; thereby skewing the tial north. angles further. Triangles: Alternatively, a day count would cause Coil 1: (closest to tail) The Hardmans postulate the latitude other problems in determining true equi­ axis of coil: 124 deg. (±1 deg.) 35 N. as a basis for constructing an noxes since the half year (equinox- WSSR Azimuth: 121 deg. 34 min. equilateral triangle consisting of the equinox) containing winter is 179 days Angle of error: 2 deg. 26 min. (±1 SSSR and WSSR azimuths connected long and the half containing summer is deg.) byathird line pointing to celestial north. 186. This effect is caused by the elliptical (Correction to 1000BC is +31 min. of Presumably a Mississippian cultural ori­ nature of the Earth's orbit around the arc) gin for the Serpent Mound is implied sun. During the winter the Earth is closer Coil 2: (but not stated) by this, which conflicts to the sun and therefore traveling faster Axis of coil: 97 deg. (±2 deg.) somewhat with the selection of the year through that part of its orbit. Since the Equinox V/F: 92 deg. 09 min. "0" (Middle Woodland) as a base for equinoxes occur at the time when the Angle of error: 4 deg. 51 min. (±2 astronomical alignments. This is un­ sun's rise-set azimuth is changing at its deg.) necessary. The serpent is located at greatest rate (30 min. of arc, or a sun- latitude 39 degrees 01 min. 22 sec. N. diameter per day), the sun would arrive Coil 3: (closest to neck) and the angle the solstices currently two and one half days late at the due Axis of coil: 72 deg. (±2 deg.) make with each other is 58 degrees 49 east or west position in the fall, and the SSSR Azimuth: 62 deg. 45 min. min. due to horizon elevations. In the same amount early in the spring. This Angle of error: 9 deg. 15 min. (±2 year 0 it was 59 deg. 33 min., and in the factor would have to be added to any deg.) year 1000 BC it was 59 deg. 55 min. elevation corrections for an equinoctal (Correction to 1000BC is -33 min. of (Aveni), or nearly the 60 degrees re­ horizon position. The actual number of arc) quired for a true equilateral triangle. days in each quarter are: Thus, the Hardmans' triangle can be 1. Summer solstice to fall equinox=94 Although the section comprising the arrived at without postulating base lati­ neck, head, oval and triangular end days tudes two states away. It is all a matter of 2. Fall equinox to winter solstice=89 piece lies along an azimuth of approxi­ time. However, even then the third side mately 301 degrees, this is misleading days of the triangle will not point to celestial 3. Winter solstice to vernal equinox=89 owing to the fact that the entire section north but about 1 deg. 30 min. east of curves slightly to the west as one pro­ days north, again due to horizon elevation 4. Vernal equinox to summer solstice= ceeds northwest. There is, however, a effects. pair of prominent features that show a 93 days close alignment with the summer sol­ A review of the data in the previous As stated previously, the USGS quad stice sunset. A line drawn between the section on findings makes it clear that map containing the Serpent Mound point where the neck divides and the no solstice azimuth provides an accurate indicates a magnetic deviation of 3 deg. present summer solstice sunset point match to its matching coil centerline 32 min. westerly from celestial north. on the horizon (300 deg. 05 min.) passes within reasonable tolerances for Actual ground readings consistently 30 min. of arc to the left (south) of the archaeoastronomy. show the local declination to be about center of the stone pile in the oval. The Geometry: 1.5 degrees. This 2 degree difference distance between the two points is 145 The Hardmans' statement that the may be one source of Hardmans appar­ feet. At the current rate of precession interior and exterior radii of the body ent problems with finding north. (approximately 11 min. per 1000 yrs.), coils (convolutions) are concentric is In the sections labeled "geometry" the line would have bisected the pile incorrect. The average radius of the and "Natural Directions", the constant sometime between 700 BC and 1000 inside coil boundaries is about 150 feet use of terms like "approximately, ap­ BC (Aveni, 2). The horizon between and can only be applied to three of them proaches, could have been, rounds to, azimuths 300 and 301 degrees varies (Hardmans' points k, i, g; fig. 6). Con­ relatively, estimated", etc. often makes between 1 deg. 51 min. and 2 deg. 02 structing a circle that intersects the outer it difficult to understand exactly what min. to which can be added a measured boundaries of the outside coils (Hard­ point is being suggested or argued. This tree height uncertainty factor of 10 min. mans' points j-f; fig. 6) requires moving is particularly tiresome in view of the of arc. (The event was photographed the center of the circle over 58 feet east fact that, since beginning this project, showing the relationships, but prints of the other center, and up the hill. every authority consulted has stressed were not available in time for inclusion However, a look at Figure 4 shows that the importance of painstaking accuracy with the article.) A backsight along the the curve the serpent takes from tail to (to degrees and minutes) when attempt­ same azimuth produces a close, but not head is better described as an ellipse or ing analyses of this nature. The Hard­ exact, alignment with the winter solstice modified Archimedean spiral. This as­ mans seem to be postulating every sunrise. The sunrise, observed at pres­ pect is more apparent on an accurate conceivable alignment and not present­ ent from the stone pile, is at 122 deg. 19 map. ing any real data to support any of them.

57 The remarks about accuracy not being vs. 64 ft. This is hardly a nit-picking Drills, stemmed scrapers, the celt and possible at the Serpent, and that a hand­ difference, and the drawings in the arti­ adze, and other artifacts found seem held compass is equal in accuracy to a cle are specific. Whatever long and short consistent with this earlier period. Later transit are rather astounding. measurements were intended, using Robbins or Hopewell types are not pres­ Apparently no careful horizon work either as a basis for a unit of length and ent, nor are triangular styles from Late was done; the only horizon at the Ser­ applying it to other parts of the mound Woodland cultures. For a more compre­ pent Mound that comes close to the simply does not work. Consistency of hensive discussion of Serpent-site arti­ Hardmans' "estimated .. one degree" is application is the point here: measures facts, see Greenman, 1963. along the WSSR sightline, and that is 1 should be made either edge-to-edge, There is no direct artifactual connec­ deg. 20 min. Extrapolating from tables dorsal-to-dorsal, or something equally tion between the burial mounds, graves leads to large azimuth errors—thus more relevant. This does not seem to be the and occupation sites on the same hilltop incorrect conclusions. As a further com­ case with the Hardmans' application. An and the Serpent Mound itself. The only plication, the present skyline at the example or two will suffice. 1. The inside linkage that would seem to be possible, Serpent is occluded with numerous length of the long oval is the same as the without further excavations of the effigy, trees and other growth, making horizon outside width of the jaws. 2. The outside is the relative depth of topsoil deposition mapping a tricky business without re­ length of the long oval is wider than any covering each feature (Putnam, 1889). course to stereo-pair photogrammetry part of the serpent by at least 13 feet, It may still be practical to investigate and U.S.G.S. topo maps. with the exception of the two controver­ this by comparing undisturbed portions The Hardmans' "Solstice knob", at sial appendages off the head. We could within the park with sections of the least the feature so labeled in the photo­ go on. Serpent least likely to have been dis­ graph, turns out to be a stand of trees In any discussion of the Serpent and turbed by Putnam during the restoration, when examined through a transit tele­ possible astronomical uses, the follow­ or by the amateur excavators and scope. The horizon in that direction is ing questions should be considered. farmers who preceded him. (I.E.: the otherwise relatively uniform and level Where did the builders stand to make least interesting or likely areas for find­ with the exception of a low ridge that sightings? What aids, mechanical or ing treasure or artifacts.) Core sampling becomes visible at about 301 deg. and otherwise, did they use to make sight­ and/or ground-penetrating radar would continues to the north. However, assum­ ings with? Why did they build it as they seem to be the most productive and least ing for the moment that "Solstice knob" did and not some other way? These intrusive procedures here. was used as the Hardmans claim, we are problems were not adequately answered The problem of the Serpent's original then faced with the following situation. in the Hardmans' article. configuration continues to haunt mod­ Since the SSSS azimuth is currently 300 Summary and Future Work ern investigators. Some early writers deg. 05 min., and if we assume a constant believed they saw features not presently rate of precession for the past several The importance of solid basic research combined with a sound technical ap­ visible. Features that are presently visi­ thousand years; then if a horizon marker ble and obviously part of the design were at 302 deg. was used at one time to mark proach to site analysis cannot be over­ emphasized if accurate conclusions are not included in the restoration. (For the SSSS position, the Serpent by impli­ discussion see Holmes, Randall, Squier cation must have been constructed to be drawn from the results. At least one accurate alignment with & Davis, MacLean, Hardman, Etc.) Put­ around 11,000 BC! There may be some nam sown field notes contain seemingly who would have problems with that date. the summer solstice sunset has been identified in association with two of the contradictory sketches of the Serpent. We suspect that some of Hardmans Serpent Mound's most prominent fea­ His stated intent was to follow Squier map difficulties lie with data resolution. tures; the neck division point and the and Davis, but he obviously found Survey angles superimposed on high- stone pile in the oval. However, before reason to deviate from their measure­ altitude aerial photographs (greatly en­ this alignment can be assumed to have ments and interpretation. The restora­ larged) produce resolution of no better been intentional, much work remains in tion was questioned by Willoughby and than five feet square. This can be im­ terms of identifying the true age and Metz (1919) soon after completion. proved by computer image manipulation cultural context of the Serpent Mound. Recent close examination of portions of to about 28 in. per pixel, as NASA/ Study of Adena references descriptive the Serpent's body reveals edges of Goddard did for us (see above). This what might possibly be the clay sub­ approach was tried and discarded since of mounds, earthworks, and early/late (Robbins) cultural changes seems to structure extending beyond the restored the resolution obtained was insufficient mound body. These questionable areas for our purposes. show a large hole where the subject of effigy mounds is concerned. Relatively also show on aerial infrared photo­ Units of length: small (less than 500') circular earth­ graphs. If this is correct, determination Regarding the Hardmans' proposed works, which are the only non-burial of the substructure's true shape and long and short measures, we are forced mound structures presently attributed extent become more relevant. The con­ to ask: just what constitutes acceptable to Adena, occur during late Adena times. troversies concerning appendages off error before the theory becomes unten­ The small class of earthworks referred the head, the original extent of the wall able? The ratio between the long and to as ". . . . works of sacred origin." by around the oval and the triangular part short sides of the oval is not 1:2 mea­ Squier and Davis all seem to consist of beyond the oval could likely be settled sured anywhere. The ratios are as large hilltop sites. Hopewell non-burial by determining whether or not the sub­ follows; earthworks usually occur on riverine structure extends to these portions. The 1. Inside short to inside long=1:3.5 (25 floodplain terraces, and seem to repre­ clay/ash substructure might be re­ ft. by 85 ft.) sent a different type of cultural intent. examined and measured, or plotted by 2. Dorsal short to dorsal long=1:2.6 (40 A non-comprehensive look at some of technological means (which we are cur­ ft. by 102 ft.) the artifacts found in the various graves rently addressing). Importantly, some of 3. Outside short to outside long=1:1.9 and mounds excavated by Putnam indi­ the methods outlined in the article could (64 ft. by 123 ft.) cates that they are mostly of Early and be applied without extensive excava­ tions. Determining the true extent of the As can be seen, there is a close match Middle Adena manufacture, with the % foundation assumes new significance if to 1:2 between the outside edge ratios, grooved axe specimens belonging to the presently unanswered questions about but a considerable difference in the preceding Archaic tradition (Converse). the Serpent Mound are ever to be truly actual distances between inside and The point types are mostly leaf and resolved. outside measures; 85 vs. 123 ft. and 25 stemmed Adena (Dragoo, Converse).

58 The question of mythological and/or expected to be available in the first half anywhere in the world. As such it is religious significance is a question much of 1988. highly deserving of continuing efforts to too extensive to be dealt with in an Work in the above and other areas is decipher the riddle of its existence. article this size. These questions are also continuing, and we hope to be able to complicated by the long time lapse report further in the near future. The Acknowledgements between cultures in the Woodland tradi­ Serpent is a complex structure, and we While the opinions expressed in this tion and the post-contact recording of do not believe that any previous or article are entirely the responsibility of Indian beliefs by white observers. Draw­ current theory tells the entire story. The the authors, we wish to express our ing analogies between cultures sepa­ appropriate action at this time would thanks and appreciation to the following rated in time by many centuries is risky. seem to lie in a program of fact gathering people: William Gustin, Site Manager, Emerson Greenman stated the problem based on the new technologies available (without whose patience and assistance of assigning cultural affiliation to the today, a reanalysis of the artifacts from we would never have gotten as far as we Serpent as follows; the site, a new look at what remains of have), Dr. N'omiGreber of the Cleveland "That Serpent Mound symbolized the habitation and burial sites on the Museum of Natural History, The Ohio to the builders some religious or hill, and most of all, a new investigation Archaeological Society, Kenneth Came­ magical principle there can be no of the Serpent Mound itself. This would ron, Ralph Fletcher, Dr. Dan Klinglesmith doubt, and in view of the great size seem to be a prerequisite for the ad­ of NASA/Goddard, Jeff Rolf of Parker- of this effigy the importance of that vancement of any new theories. The Hannefin Corp., John Price, Michael principle in their system of religious analytical tools now available can prob­ Linsey, Dr. Paul Wolfe, Alison Akers, beliefs is equally certain There ably extract new information from the Mark Lehar, Roger Welton, and many have been many attempts to inter­ site and artifacts. others. Special thanks also to John H. pret the exact meaning of Serpent The Serpent Mound of Adams county Hartsock and Robert Pavlovic for per­ Mound by inquiring into the beliefs is the largest (and now, thanks to Pro­ mission to reproduce portions of their and customs of Indians pertaining fessor Putnam's foresight, best pre­ 1939 survey map of Serpent Mound to serpents The former will not served) effigy mound of its kind known Park. lead to the true interpretation until the tribal identify of the builders ... is known: the difficulty of the latter method is greatly increased by the disagreement of authorities upon the original outline of the head of the serpent and the adjoining oval earthwork." (Authors' emphasis.) This statement, written in 1935, still applies. Our map, and those of Hardman and Romain, all describe the restoration, not the original Serpent Mound. Other work in progress includes the following. The map survey data obtained has been entered into two different CAD- CAM computer systems, an IBM CADAM mainframe and an IBM compatible micro system running AUTOCAD. Time on the mainframe system has been generously donated by the Parker-Hannefin com­ pany of Cleveland Ohio in the person of Mr. Jeff Rolf, CAD systems manager. The use of the microsystem has been donated by the Specialty Tapes Division of Avery Corp. of Painesville, Ohio and Terry Cameron. We intend to use these systems to accomplish a twofold objec­ tive. One; to analyze the data obtained to date at the serpent, and two; develop the use of a modern computer system for use in archaeology. The complete horizon around the ser­ pent has been photographed in both 35mm and medium format. We are cur­ rently working with Michael Linsey of Cleveland, Ohio on developing a horizon mask for use in the computer system. A ground penetrating radar survey of the site in conjunction with Wright State University has been completed. Reduc­ tion and analysis of data will be complete in March of 1988. A magnetic survey of the vicinity of the Serpent Mound has been com­ pleted. Results of data analysis is Fig. 1 (Cameron, Fletcher, Gustin)

59 References Greenman, E. F. Reidel, SO. 1964 Guide to Serpent Mound, Ohio H is- 1972 Geology of the Serpent Mound Aveni, Anthony F. torical Society (Revised) Cryptoexplosion, University of Cin­ 1980 Skywatchers of Ancient Mexico, Hardman, C. and M. cinnati Department of Geology, University of Texas Press, ISBN 1987 The Great Serpent and The Sun, G.E.C.U. 157.72.R38-Copy2 0-292-77557-1 Ohio Archaeologist 37(3): pp. 34-40 Romain, W. F. 1972 Astronomical Tables Intended for 1987 An Analysis of the Maps of the Great 1987 Serpent Mound Revisited (and) Use in Astroarchaeological Studies, Serpent Mound, Ohio Archaeolo­ Serpent Mound Map, Ohio Archae­ American Antiquity 37(4) gist 37(2): pp. 18-25 ologist 37(4): pp. 4-10, 38-42 Squier and Davis Converse, Robert N. 1987 Map of the Great Serpent Effigy 1848 Ancient Monuments of the Missis­ 1973 Ohio Flint Types, ASO Mound, Ohio Archaeologist 37(1): sippi Valley, Smithsonian Contribu­ 1973 Ohio Stone Tools, ASO pp. 35-39 tions to Knowledge: Vol. 1, Gen. Cat. Dragoo, Don Hawkins, Gerald S. 1965 Stongehenge Decoded, Dell Pub­ #917.303 1963 Mounds For the Dead, Annals of Webb and Baby, Carnegie Museum No. 37. lishing ISBN #0-440-58287-3 Galbraith, Robert M. Putnam, Frederick 1975 The Adena People-#2, Ohio His­ 1966 Perpheral Deformation of the Ser­ 1890 The Serpent Mound of Ohio, Cen­ torical Society pent Mound Cryptoexplosion in tury Magazine 4/1890, 39(6); pp. Willoughby, Charles C. Adams County, Department of 871-888 1919 Serpent Mound of Adams County, Geology, University of Cincinnati. Field Notes: 1886-1887, Peabody Ohio, American Anthropologist, NS Greber, N'omi and Brose, David S. Museum 21, pp. 153-162 1979 Hopewell Archaeology, Chillicothe Randall, E. O. Conference, Kent State U. Press, 1906 The Serpent Mound, Ohio Maga­ ISBN 0-87338-235,236-8,6 zine 1: pp. 530-542 C

WRIGHT MAM SURVEY STATIONS II! MBfR Va, 1987

CELESTIAL NORTH SEE NETES BELOW

4E, EQQ AND HEAD BY TERRY CAMERON. BOB FLETCHER AND BILL GUSTIN JUNE 9, 1987 1987 TERRY CAMERON AND BOB Fl ETCHER

Fig. 2 (Cameron, Fletcher. Gustin)

(

Fig. 4 (Cameron, Fletcher, Gustin)

Jttttf It,l»S%

Fig. 3 (Cameron, Fletcher, Gustin) 1939 map of Serpent Mound.

60 EFFECTS OF A 5 FT. DEVIATION FROM DESIRED SIQHT LINE

SUMMER SOLSTICE SUNRISE Fig. 5 (Cameron, Fletcher, Gustin) Fig. 6 (Cameron, Fletcher, Gustin)

300* 50' S.S.S.S. DIRECTION DE PRECESSION AT PRESENT CELESTIAL INDICATED BY HI IR III SEE NDTES BELOW

ANGLES DECREASING

Fig. 8 (Cameron, Fletcher, Gustin)

|ljlll|lli|llllllll

Fig. 7 (Cameron, Fletcher, Gustin)

SURVEYING RDDS-

iiiiiii... jjn I miiiiiiliililiiiiiin IIII IT. .. i iiiimm .Tplffllffllffl&k

Fig. 10 (Cameron, Fletcher, Gustin) Fig. 9 (Cameron, Fletcher, Gustin)

61 A Bust Birdstone By Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064

This unusual bust type birdstone was found around 1915-1916 on the Myers farm near the old National Brick Co., Franklin Twp., Tuscarawas County, Ohio. Marge Myers, granddaughter of Jacob Myers who found the piece, is now 92 years old and remembers when it was found. Jacob Myers mother came from Alsace-Lorraine and walked from Cleve­ land to Tuscarawas County to first settle their farm. This beautiful bust birdstone is made from highly polished gray Ohio pipe- stone. It has two button-like eyes and has a broken perforation under the head. The rear is not perforated but has a ridge around it's circumference. Birdstones similar to this occur in Ohio, but since only a half dozen or so are known it is among the rarest of all prehistoric artifacts. Curiously, all known examples are made of pipestone and Fig. 1 (Converse) Side view of bust birdstone. have similar attributes: button-like eyes and a ridge around the rear and a rather angular pointed head. In few respects do they duplicate hardstone bust birds. For comparison see Townsend Plate 231.

Reference Townsend, Earl C. 1959 Birdstones of the North American Indian, privately printed, Indiana­ polis.

Fig. 2 (Converse) Oblique view.

Fig. 3 (Converse) Top view of Tuscarawas County Birdstone.

62 The Adkins Site: A Palaeo-lndian Habitation and Associated Stone Structure By Richard Michael Gramly Curator of Anthropology, Buffalo Museum of Science

A detailed account of 1984-87 excava­ tions at a well-preserved Palaeo-lndian valley in northwestern Maine... For the fold-out Frontispiece; 19 Tables, 14 site in Maine with fluted points and other specialist in Early Paleo-lndian studies Figures and 23 Plates (with 8 in color); stone tools. At this encampment stood a and the interested layperson generally, side-wired perfect binding on glossy stone structure, perhaps a meat store, this book presents much important data stock of good weight; plasticized cover which is the oldest known rock construc­ and interpretation ... highly readable." on heavy stock and in COIOF; Index. tion in North America. Peter L Storck $12.95. "This book on the Atkins site is the Curator, Department of New World second major study of Early Paleo-lndian Archaeology ISBN 0-9615462-2-0 material to come from Dr. Gramly's long- Royal Ontario Museum term project in the Megalloway River 129 pages including Preface; special

News Release Pittsburgh—(December 18) On No­ foregoing items were encompassed or critical elements in the case were as­ vember 18, 1987, Ralph Cortiana of overlain by a sewn deerskin bag with sembled by Steve Allaire, former U.S. Punkin Center, Arizona was convicted the fur turned inward. Forest Service agent, and by D. Boloyan, in U.S. District Court, Phoenix, of a The bag was radiocarbon dated at the who worked undercover with the gov­ felony violation of the Archaeological University of Pittsburgh Radiocarbon ernment. Additional critical background Resource Protection Act of 1979 Lab at A.D. 600 ±25 (Pitt-0056) render­ data and testimony were provided by (AR PA), specifically of sections 16 U .S.C. ing the and its associated grave Scott Wood, Forest Archaeologist, Tonto 470ee (b), (2), and (d), which concern goods the only directly dated Hohokam National Forest; R. J. Squier, Curator, illicit artifact trafficking. He was also remains from this portion of Arizona. Museum of Anthropology, University of found guilty of a felony violation of 18 J. M. Adovasio, Professor and Chairman, Kansas; A. E. Johnson, Department of U.S.C. 641, possession of stolen federal Department of Anthropology, University Anthropology, University of Kansas; P. property. These convictions represent of Pittsburgh, and R. L. Andrews, Direc­ R. Fish and W. H. Birkby, Arizona State the first time a pothunter has been found tor, Perishables Analysis Facility, Uni­ Museum; and Helen Conway, formerly guilty of felony ARPA and related viola­ versity of Pittsburgh, analyzed the grave of Punkin Center, Arizona. tions in a jury trial anywhere in the United goods associated with the mummy, and Of great significance in the Cortiana States. Adovasio provided expert witness testi­ case was the fact that the presiding Cortiana was charged with the unlaw­ mony at the trial on the age and archae­ judge, the Honorable Charles L. Hardy, ful removal, possession, and sale of a ological importance of the remains. ruled that the defendant did not have to naturally mummified infant girl with Additional expert witness testimony was know he was on federal land for the extensive from a cave site provided by J. Donahue, Professor of felony violations. Previous cases of this in the Tonto National Forest (Tin Cave- Anthropology, Geology and Planetary type had often failed because other AR-03-12-06-104). The infant was ac­ Science, University of Pittsburgh. Dona­ judges had interpreted ARPA as requir­ companied by an extraordinary array of hue and Gary Cooke, Director of the ing prior knowledge. Cortiana will be offerings, notably including a complete Archaeometry Facility, University of sentenced on January 4, 1988 and a open simple, Z twined rabbit fur robe; a Pittsburgh, performed a series of x-ray series of other ARPA cases are now 2/2 twill plaited unfinished polychrome diffraction and x-ray fluorescence analy­ pending in the Phoenix District Court. sash; a small, close-coiled two rod and ses on soil samples from Tin Cave and It is virtually certain that the successful bundle bunched foundation, non-inter­ on a sample taken from the mummy. prosecution of the Cortiana case will locking stitch bowl; a wooden spatula or This analysis demonstrated conclusively send the "appropriate message" to the clay scoop; a wrapped bundle of cordage that the samples came from the same pothunting community and the illicit construction material; partially finished source. This is the first time that tests antiquities dealers in Arizona and other cordage (which was actually placed in have been used and accepted in a court parts of the Southwest and should help the little girl's mouth); knotted fiber; fox case of this type. to stem the vandalization of archaeol­ and wolf pelts; and a pair of worn, plaited The Cortiana case was vigorously ogical sites on federal property. sandals that may have belonged to a prosecuted by Linda Akers, Assistant parent or relative of the child. All of the U.S. Attorney, Phoenix, Arizona, and

BACK COVER Five Ohio dovetails of Flint Ridge flint. These highly sought after flint spears or knives are thought by many collectors to be the finest examples of prehistoric flintwork.

63 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society ot Ohio is organ ized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors ol archaeological mate rial, professional and non-protessional. includ­ ing individuals, museums, and institutions ot learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subiect ot archaeology Membership in this society shall be open lo any person ot good character interested in archaeology or the collecting ot American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment ot dues