OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 52 NO. 1 WINTER 2001 PUBLISHED BY THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio MEMBERSHIP AND DUES TERM Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of EXPIRES A.S.O. OFFICERS January as follows: Regular membership $20.00; husband and wife (one copy of publication) $21.00; Individual Life Membership $400. Husband and wife 2002 President Walt Sperry, 302V? Fairmont Ave., Mt. Vernon, OH Life Membership $600. Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, published 43050 (740) 392-9774. quarterly, is included in the membership dues. The Archaeological Society of 2002 Vice President Russell Strunk, PO Box 55, Batavia, OH Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization. 45103, (513) 752-7043. PUBLICATIONS AND BACK ISSUES 2002 Immediate Past President Carmel "Bud" Tackett, 905 Charleston Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: Pike, Chillicothe, OH 45601, (740) 772-5431. Ohio Types, by Robert N. Converse $40.00 add $4.50 P-H 2002 Treasurer Gary Kapusta, 3294 Herriff Rd., Ravenna, OH 44266, Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H (330) 296-2287. Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 add $1.50 P-H 2002 Executive Secretary Len Weidner, 13706 Robins Road, The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse.$25.00 add $2.50 P-H Westerville, OH 43081 (740) 965-2868. 1980's & 1990's $ 6.00 add $1.50 P-H 2002 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, 1970's $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H OH 43064, (614)873-5471. 1960's $10.00 add $1.50 P-H 2002 Recording Secretary Rocky Falleti, 5904 South Ave., Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are gener­ Youngstown, OH 44512 (330) 788-1598. ally out of print but copies are available from time to time. Write to busi­ ness office for prices and availability. 2002 Technical Advisor Jane Weidner, 13706 Robins Road, Westerville, OH 43081, (740) 965-2868. ASO CHAPTERS Aboriginal Explorers Club BUSINESS MANAGER President: Mark Cline, 1127 Esther Ave., Wellsville, OH 330-532-1157 Don Casto, 138 Ann Court, Lancaster, OH 43130 Beau Fleuve Chapter Business phone: 1 -800-736-7815 - Home phone: 1 -740-653-9477. President: Richard Sorjka, 11253 Broadway, Alden, NY 716-681-2229 Chapter TRUSTEES President: Greg Johns, 301 Chillicothe St., Bellefontaine, OH 2002 Dr. Brian G. Folz, 6566 Charles Rd., Westerville, OH 43082 Chippewa Valley Sugarcreek Chapter (614)890-0777. President: Steven Kish, 3014 Clark Mill Rd., Norton, OH 2002 Chris Rummell, 478 Burns Dr. N., Westerville, OH 43082 Cuyahoga Valley Chapter (614)895-0714. President: Joyce Kish, 3014 Clark Mill Rd., Norton, OH Dividing Ridges Chapter 2002 Elaine Holzapfel, 415 Memorial Dr., Greenville, OH 45331 President: John Mocic, Box 170, RD#1, Dilles Bottom, OH 740-676-1077 (937) 548-0325. Flint Ridge Chapter 2002 John Mocic, Box 170 R.D. #1, Dilles Bottom, OH 43947 President: D. D. Ellis, 1071 Jo Ann Court, Heath, OH (740)676-1077. Fort Salem Chapter 2004 Jim Hahn, 770 South Second St., Heath, OH 43056 President Dennis Link, 1037 Richey Rd., Felicity, OH 513-876-4140 (740)323-2351. Fulton Creek Chapter 2004 Randall Hackworth, 1963 Moulton-Ft. Amanda Rd., President: Don Mathis, 23000 St. Rt. 47, West Mansfield, OH Wapakoneta, OH 45895 (419) 657-6557. 937-355-7065 2004 Jon Anspaugh, 210 E. Silver, Wapakoneta, OH 45895 Johnny Appleseed Chapter President: Jeff Zemrock, 903 Twp. Rd. 2850, Perrysville, OH (419) 738-3708. King Beaver Chapter 2004 James G. Hovan, 16979 South Meadow Circle, Strongsville, President: Dick McConnell, 836 Cleland Mill Rd., New Castle, PA OH 44136 (440) 238-1799. 724-667-9330 CHAIRMAN FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS COMMITTEE Kokosing Chapter RUSSELL STRUNK, PO BOX 55, BATAVIA, OH 45103 President: Paul Hothem, 934 East High St., Mt. Vernon, OH Lake County Chapter REGIONAL COLLABORATORS President: Douglas R. Divish, 35900 Chardon Rd., Willoughby Hills, OH Mike Rusnak, 1642 Friar Road, Stow, OH 44224 440-942-0563 Mark W. Long, Box 627, Jackson, OH 45640 Mad River Chapter Steven Kelley, Seaman, OH President: Chuck Oliver, 2717 Stoney Creek St., Springfield, OH 937-390-0889 James L. Murphy, University Libraries, 1858 Neil Avenue Mall, Mahoning Valley Chapter Columbus, OH 43210 President: Rocky Falleti, 5904 South Ave., Youngstown, OH 330-788-1498 Gordon Hart, 760 N. Main St., Bluffton, Indiana 46714 Miamiville Archaeological Conservation Chapter Jeff Carskadden, 960 Eastward Circle, Colony North, President: Art Heaton, 165 North St., Batavia, OH 513-732-3807 Zanesville, OH 43701 Sandusky Bay Chapter Elaine Holzapfel, 415 Memorial Drive, Greenville, OH 45331 President: George DeMuth, 4303 Nash Rd., Wakeman, OH Brian DaRe, 58561 Sharon Blvd., Rayland, OH 43943 440-839-2125 Lloyd Harnishfeger, 203 Steiner St., Pandora, OH 45877 Sandusky Valley Chapter Dr. Robert Morris, Ward St. at N. Wittenberg Ave., PO Box 720, President: Dale Stansberry, 13825 C.H. 64, Upper Sandusky, OH Springfield, OH 45501-0720 Seneca Hunters Chapter Gary Fogelman, 245 Fairview Rd., Turbotville, PA 17772-9599 President: Don Weller, 3232 S. State Rt. 53, Tiffin, OH All articles, reviews, and comments regarding the Ohio Archaeologist Six Rivers Chapter should be sent to the Editor. Memberships, requests for back issues, President: Brian Foltz, 6566 Charles Rd., Westerville, OH 614-890-0777 changes of address, and other inquiries should be sent to the Busi­ Standing Stone Chapter ness Manager. President: Mike Diano, 11156 Cantwell Cliffs Rd., Rosckbridge, OH 740-380-2236 PLEASE NOTIFY THE BUSINESS MANAGER OF ADDRESS Sugarcreek Valley Chapter CHANGES IMMEDIATELY SINCE, BY POSTAL REGULATIONS, President: Larry L. Morris, 901 Evening Star Ave., East Canton, OH SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. Their Fires Are Cold Chapter NEW BUSINESS OFFICE President:PHON EKevi NUMBEn Boos, 5710R Ol d Railroad, Sandusky, OH 419-627-6254 1-800-736-7815 TOLL FREE A.S.O. Website: www.ohioarch.org TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENT'S PAGE President's Page 3 ASO Picnic Meetings, 2001 3 Hopefully, as I write this article on 02-17-01, we are at the tail Front Cover Information 3 end of a long and colder than normal (as compared to the last 3 The Hatfield Site, Muskingum County, Ohio or 4 years) winter. Most of Ohio has been snow covered from by Brian and Patty DaRe and Jeff Carskadden 4 mid-November into early February. Needless to say, a lot of Flint Ridge Colored Flint 16 people including myself, are quite ready to start surface hunting. A Western Steel Arrow Points by Wayne Steerman 17 lot has been said about the importance and necessity of obtaining The Oteka Creek Site permission to surface hunt on a landowner's property, I would like by Wayne A. Mortine and Doug Randies 18 to talk about two incidents that I experienced this last spring and Three Fine Prismoidal Bannerstons about the importance of maintaining an ongoing relationship with by C.J. O'Neill 20 the landowner. Skyhill Flint by Chris Osborne 21 Eccentric From Trumbull County, Ohio First, I stopped at this one farmer's house to verify if I still had by Chris Osborne 21 permission to walk in his fields. He stated he didn't want me in Trophy by Robert N. Converse 22 his cornfields because they were next to a pasture with cattle in A Pennsylvania Jasper Lanceolate it separated only by a short electric fence. Cattle can be very by Mike Cramer 23 curious creatures, and this fence would not stop them if they Holiday Discoveries by John Mocic 24 wanted to investigate something. Young Cuyahoga Valley Member Has Eagle Eye The other incident occurred when I was in another farmer's by Michael Rusnak 25 field surface hunting. I had obtained permission 10 or 11 years 1870 Saulteurs A Sauk Indian Pipe Tomahawk Carved Effigy Medicine by John Baldwin 26 ago to walk his fields and visited him regularly for several years. Cedarville-Guelph by Tony DeRegnaucourt 28 However, the last 2 years I had not seen him, He drove out and The Kern Effigy: Evidence For A Prehistoric was quite upset that I was in his field because he didn't know Summer Soltice Marker by John R. White 30 ahead of time that I was going to be there. Fortunately, he just November Show Announcement 41 told me to leave and not come back. Obviously, I needed to Reprints of 1951,1952, 1953, 1954 and 1955 reestablish a relationship with this farmer. Also, maintaining a Ohio Archaeologist Journals 41 relationship lets you keep track if there is a change in ownership. Personal Finds by Russell Strunk 42 What Is It? by Irvin "Butch" Perin 42 As far as ASO business, the plans for the two-day meeting, Errata 42 November 17 & 18, 2001 continue to be made. A floor plan for Chapter Presidents at the January Meeting 43 table arrangements has been drawn up, and a list of speakers Fort Salem Annual Show 43 has been made for the programs for the two days. You can call Book Review by Russell Strunk 43 Len Weidner (740-965-2868) to make table reservations. Final Expense Tally for the Year 2000 At the last Board of Directors meeting, changes to the Constitu­ A.S.O. State Meetings at Columbus 43 tion and bylaws were discussed. Since a large number of changes Back Cover Information 43 have been proposed, the Ad-hoc Committee will meet to establish these revisions. Happy Hunting!

__ASO Summer Picnic __ Walt Sperry Meetings, 2001 President The Archaeological Society of Ohio Sunday, July 22 - Pattison Park, 1 mi. west of Owensville on US Rt. 50, Clermont Co. Sponsored by Fort Salem and Miami Archaeological Conservancy Chapters. For more information call Front Cover Photograph: D. Boehl 513-553-3822— The cover of Volume 51, Number 1, features lizard effigies. Although these Art Heaton 513-732-3807 enigmatic objects usually possess a head, a body and a tail, no two of them Sunday, August 19th - are exactly alike. They are called lizard effigies but many of them resemble Seaman's Fort on St. Rt. 113 West, snails or other animals. From top down on left provenience is Marion Co., Milan, Ohio. Miami Co., Greene Co., Miami Co., Guernsey Co., Wood Co., two lizards Sponsored by Sandusky Bay and on right are from Wood Co., and Ohio. All are of banded slate except third Their Fires Are Cold Chapters. example of hardstone in the left row. For more information call Gene Edwards 440-965-4451 — Kevin Boos 419-627-6254 THE HATFIELD SITE, MUSKINGUM COUNTY, OHIO by Brian and Patty DaRe, Rayland, Ohio and Jeff Carskadden, Zanesville, Ohio

Introduction A pipeline survey (Christopher 1983) and Branch converge about 1.4 miles The focus of this article is the multi- a bridge replacement survey (Stevenson upstream from the Muskingum River. The component Hatfield site (33-MU-633), and Corso 1993) have also been under­ Hatfield site is located at the juncture of located in a once cultivated bottom along taken in the area. Since relatively few Symmes Creek proper and the South Symmes Creek in northern Muskingum diagnostic artifacts have been found Branch, about four miles up Symmes County, Ohio. The Hatfield site was sur­ during the course of these contract sur­ Creek from the Muskingum. Because of face collected from 1967 through 1984 veys, we thought that professional the tortuous course of the creek, how­ by the senior authors, Brian and Patty archaeologists and others working in the ever, the site is actually located only DaRe. The site was visited about three area might glean some better insights about 2.3 miles east of the Muskingum times each year during this 17-year into the cultural history of the Symmes River "as the crow flies". Symmes Creek period. Although the field in which the Creek valley from our analysis of the Hat­ proper is approximately 9.7 miles long site is located was actually owned by the field collection. The sheer volume of arti­ and the South Branch is two miles long. Sarbaugh family, it was leased in 1963 to facts available for study, around 357 These two streams combined drain an John and Ester Hatfield, and it was the whole or fragmentary diagnostic projec­ area of about 32.1 square miles. The Hatfield family who graciously gave the tile points, has enabled us to get a fairly North Branch is 6.8 miles long and drains senior authors permission to surface good picture of which prehistoric groups another 15 square miles. Portions of four hunt. For that reason the location has were utilizing the site. Particularly inter­ Muskingum County townships (Madison, always been known as the Hatfield site esting, for example, is the Paleo-lndian Adams, Salem and Washington) are (see Figures 1 and 2). component, represented by four fluted drained by Symmes Creek and its tribu­ In 1984 the Sarbaughs sold their land points. The bulk of the collection, how­ taries. The Hatfield site is located in the to the Gilbert Fuel Company for surface ever, represents the Archaic period southeastern corner of Madison Township. mining. Although the Hatfields were (82%). The location of the site in a rela­ Muskingum County streams can be allowed to continue residing on the prop­ tively narrow creek valley is interesting, ranked 1 through 6, based on stream erty through 1989, for the most part as is the site's proximity to local Upper flow or MGD (millions of gallons of water farming activities, including the annual Mercer flint outcrops. This flint was flow daily; Ohio Department of Natural cultivation of the Hatfield site, ceased apparently an attraction for some, but not Resources 1968). The Muskingum River when the property was sold. Surface all, of the site's occupants. For some is ranked 6 (over 50 MGD), and streams mining of coal on the old Sarbaugh farm groups hunting rather than flint procure­ that are shown as "intermittent" on USGS began in 1989 and several ridge top pre­ ment appears to have been their primary topographic maps are ranked as first historic occupations on the property reason for being in the Symmes Creek order. Symmes Creek below its juncture were destroyed by this mining activity valley. These and other topics will be dis­ with the North Branch is ranked as a 3rd (see Figure 3). However, the "main" Hat­ cussed later in this report. order stream (0.1 to 1.0 MGD), whereas field site, where the vast majority of arti­ In this present article we will be making above this juncture and in the vicinity of facts from the farm were collected, is some comparisons with the recently pub­ the Hatfield site Symmes Creek proper located in the stream valley below the lished Russell Mortine site (Mortine 1998), and the South Branch can be ranked as coal seams and immediately adjacent to situated in a similar small stream valley 2nd order streams (less than 0.1 MGD). a township road. locality along Kent Run in the south­ These creeks are mostly ankle deep in These factors facilitated the preserva­ western part of Muskingum County, 18 the immediate vicinity of the site (see tion of the site (see Figure 4). While sur­ miles from Hatfield (see Figure 1). This is Figure 5), although deeper pools can face mining continues today on portions the only other published hinterland stream occur. Symmes Creek can be four to five of the old Sarbaugh farm and on neigh­ valley site in the area that has produced a feet deep near its mouth, however. boring farms, the land on which the main diagnostic sample close in Although the gradient of Symmes Creek Hatfield site is situated is part of a tract size to that recovered from Hatfield is about 32 feet per mile, spawning fish, of land along Symmes Creek recently (approximately 226 from the Mortine site, particularly white and black suckers, purchased by the Ohio Department of compared to 357 from Hatfield). Another have been known to swim up the creek Natural Resources. Thus the site is now interesting artifact assemblage used for at least as far as the Hatfield site. permanently protected. comparisons was recovered from the Symmes Creek flows through a narrow Two articles have previously appeared Young site along the Tuscarawas River V-shaped gorge near its mouth. However, in the Ohio Archaeologist dealing with (Mortine 1996), about the same distance the creek bottoms are about 1100 feet sites in the Symmes Creek drainage. The from Hatfield as the Mortine site, but in the wide in the vicinity of the Hatfield site, first dealt with drawings found on the opposite direction (644 whole and frag­ and the surrounding ridges rise to eleva­ walls of Horseshoe , a large rock mentary diagnostic projectile points). The tions about 240 feet above the valley shelter situated in a ravine one and a half Young site is the closest river bottom site floor. The site is protected from the pre­ miles east of Hatfield (Carskadden and to Hatfield for which a large assemblage vailing winds by a high ridge to the north­ Morton 1982), and the other dealt with a of artifacts has been described in print. west, and the site is presently well lighted small surface collection from the North throughout the year. At the time of the Branch site, located about two and a half Natural Setting first Euroamerican settlement of the area miles north of Hatfield (Felumlee 1985). Symmes Creek is a tributary of the (ca. 1800), however, the valley of Symmes Mining activities in the Symmes Creek Muskingum River, entering the river about Creek and its tributaries, as well as the drainage have also prompted seven site ten miles upstream from Zanesville. The surrounding ridge tops, were covered surveys by contract archaeological firms Symmes Creek drainage system consists with mixed oak forests (Gordon 1966). (Bush et al. 1986; Murphy 1986; Skinner of Symmes Creek proper, the North Branch Regarding this forest cover, Pacheco 1986a, 1986b; Weller and Mollenkopf and the South Branch (see Figure 2). makes the following comment in a contract 1996; Weller et al. 1996; Pacheco 1997). Symmes Creek proper and the North report which dealt with an archaeological

4 survey of a mining tract adjoining the We also believe that an important stones and nearly three hundred preforms Hatfield farm (Pacheco 1997): factor that led to the repeated occupation of this material in various stages of This association [mixed oak forest] of the Hatfield site through time was its refinement (see Figure 7). A study of the is characterized by a broad variety central location within the Symmes Creek projectile points from Hatfield indicates that of deciduous species with a high drainage basin and its proximity to a the greatest use of the local Upper Mercer frequency of oak and hickory on the number of possible deer yarding areas flint deposits occurred during the late uplands. Chestnuts occurred on situated in the narrow valleys of the tribu­ Archaic Brewerton phase and the middle south facing slopes. Mesic species tary streams, often near the divides. Late Woodland Intrusive Mound Phase (see such as sycamore, elm, ash and Yarding areas were locations where deer Figure 8). At least 25% of the Brewerton various maple species were located (and elk) collected in the coldest months Side Notched points found on the site were within the stream valley. for protection from the wind, (see Rue made of local material (28 out of 113), and Varieties of oak in the area included 1997). Yarding areas were often located half of the Intrusive Mound phase Levanna black oak, white oak and red oak; hickories in north-south oriented valleys open to triangular projectile points (8 out of 16) included shagbark, bitternut and pignut. the south. These valleys would be pro­ were also made of local Upper Mercer. As Pacheco notes, historic logging and tected from the wind and the valley floors Particularly interesting is the fact that two farming activities have long ago would have greater exposure to the sun. of the five Paleo-lndian points from the destroyed the original forest cover in the Here numbers of deer could have been site were also made from local material area. In the original mixed oak forest, cornered and killed using surrounds and (discussed below). Artifacts fashioned of however, nuts could have been harvested drives or other methods. For hunters local Upper Mercer flint have also been by the Indians in the late summer and camped at the Hatfield site, Hatfield could encountered during the various archaeo­ early fall. However, because of the peri­ easily have served as a jumping-off point logical surveys of surface mining permit odic nature of nut crops in general, this for hunting forays to the yarding areas. areas in the Symmes Creek drainage, and would not necessarily be a stable food testing of the ridge tops, especially near the supply. In fact, we do not believe that nut Flint Outcrops mouth of Symmes Creek, has produced an collecting and processing was a major Another special attraction of the abundance of black chippage. activity at Hatfield at any time during the Symmes Creek valley in the vicinity of the As can be seen in Figure 8, however, sites occupancy, because no "nutting Hatfield site would have been the presence not every one who visited the Hatfield site stones" (cup stones, pitted stones, etc.) of extensive Upper Mercer flint outcrops. made extensive use of the local Upper were recovered from the site. On the The closest outcrops are found just one Mercer outcrops. Artifacts fashioned of other hand, deer and turkey would have and a half miles to the west of Hatfield in Flint Ridge flint from western Muskingum been attracted to the wooded ridge tops the bed of Symmes Creek (see Figure 6). In and eastern Licking counties, and Upper near Hatfield at the height of the oak fact, a color photograph of this particular Mercer flint from Coshocton County still mast, and it was probably these animals outcrop can be seen in DeRegnaucourt dominate most of the components at the (especially deer) that the inhabitants of and Georgiady's recently published book site. Flint Ridge flint was brought to the the Hatfield site were primarily after. on Midwestern flint types (DeRegnaucourt site especially during the late Brewerton Acorns, for example, can comprise 80% and Georgiady 1998). Richard Morgan of and Lamoka occupations (represented by of a deer's diet in the fall (Rue 1997). In the Ohio Historical Society was the first to Brewerton Corner Notched and Lamoka fact, the remains of white-tailed deer and point out the importance in prehistoric points). The late Adena and Hopewell wild turkey are the most frequently identi­ times of the Upper Mercer flint outcrops components at Hatfield are also repre­ fied animals found on Archaic sites in the near the mouth of Symmes Creek. This sented almost exclusively by Flint Ridge Midwest (Jefferies 1990). was in his 1929 Masters thesis entitled flint. The predominance of Flint Ridge flint "Geological Aspects of Ohio Archaeology" in these late Archaic, late Adena and The Hatfield site appears to have been (Morgan 1929). Later studies have also Hopewell components is duplicated on strategically situated in a "funnel", a rela­ discussed the presence of Upper Mercer most of the other multi-component sites tively narrow valley corridor through flint outcrops in the Symmes Creek in the Muskingum County area. which deer would have frequently passed drainage (Stout and Schoenlaub 1945; (see Figure 3). In fact it is quite possible Morton and Carskadden 1972). The Artifacts and Occupations that many deer were ambushed by Indian Upper Mercer flint in the Symmes The 357 complete and fragmentary hunters right at the site. Modern-day Creek area usually occurs as a one-foot diagnostic projectile points used here to deer hunters have also pointed out that thick bed and consists of a high quality reconstruct the cultural history of the before mining activities began in the area, but usually fossiliferous black material. In Hatfield site are listed in Figures 8 and 9. deer could frequently be seen crossing fact, local Upper Mercer flint can often be As noted above, in Figure 8 they are listed the Hatfield site. The site was situated on distinguished from black Coshocton by raw material type, and in Figure 9 they a well-drained rise over which deer would County Upper Mercer flint by the quantity are listed according to cultural period and pass on their way from their eating or of fossils observed. The gray and tan suggested age ranges. Point identifications bedding zones in the uplands to Symmes varieties of Upper Mercer flint found are derived from the standard projectile Creek, the nearest water source. The along the Walhonding River in Coshocton point references, particularly Broyles occasional elk would also have ventured County, and DeRegnaucourt's "bird (1971), Justice (1987), DeRegnaucourt by the Hatfield site in prehistoric times, poop" variety of Upper Mercer flint have (1991), and Converse (1994). Dates for and elk were probably hunted by the site's not been observed outcropping in the Paleo and Archaic points have been inhabitants. However, information from Fort Symmes Creek area. In at least one inter­ adapted from Justice (1987), Funk (1993), Ancient sites along the Muskingum River mittent stream valley near the juncture of Stothers (1996) and DeRegnaucourt and indicate that roughly 22 deer were killed Symmes Creek and the North Branch, Georgiady (1998). Adena and Hopewell for every one elk (see for example Shane however, the Upper Mercer flint is similar in chronology is based on our own work and 1976). We can also note that in Fort appearance to the "Nellie Chert" variety of may be applicable to eastern Ohio only. Ancient times, two deer were killed for Upper Mercer flint found in the Walhonding We will not go into much detail regarding every one turkey. Although these kill Valley. Artifacts of this latter material were each individual point type nor will we ratios may not have been the same in not observed at Hatfield, however. illustrate all of them. Instead, in what lim­ Archaic times, in all likelihood deer were The working of local flint at Hatfield is ited space we have we will concentrate on probably the most important quarry for providing some general observations on the hunters at Hatfield. indicated by the presence of 18 hammer

5 the various prehistoric occupations at the The distribution of these Muskingum the main Hatfield site. Information on site represented by these artifacts. County hinterland fluted point sites is three additional fluted points from Most of the artifacts discussed in this similar to that identified in far eastern Ohio Madison Township can be found in the article were found by the senior authors (DaRe 1999) and western Pennsylvania files of the Department of Archaeology, Brian and Patty DaRe. Thirty-six, however, (Lantz 1985). Lepper has suggested that Kent State University (Olaf Prufer, personal were found by Bill Hatfield, one of John and similar small hinterland fluted point sites in communication). These points were found Ester Hatfield's sons. Bill Hatfield did not nearby Coshocton County and elsewhere by Coshocton County resident Marion intentionally look for artifacts in the field, represented the exploitation of white-tailed Haight in the 1960s. Two of these are but would pick them up if he happened to deer or elk (Lepper 1986, 1999). Sites in thought to be from a ridge top locality in notice them during the course of his farm Coshocton County producing the most the Symmes Creek drainage about three work (see Figure 10). Others are known to fluted points, however, are usually located miles northwest of Hatfield and the third have occasionally hunted for artifacts on along the Walhonding River close to the was found along the Muskingum River the site, including several collectors and the Upper Mercer flint quarries. near the mouth of Symmes Creek. The Hatfield grandchildren, and we were able to The Hatfield site produced five Paleo- presence of at least nine Paleo-lndian study some of the items found by these lndian points. These include four finished points from the Symmes Creek area sug­ individuals. Thus we believe that the 357 fluted points (two complete and two gests a significant penetration of this projectile points discussed here represent a basal fragments, all showing grinding) drainage by Paleo-lndian hunters. very large portion of the artifacts found at and one which appears to be an unfin­ Hatfield, at least since 1967. ished point possibly broken just prior to Early and Middle Archaic In addition to the diagnostic projectile fluting (see Figure 16). It could be argued, The Hatfield site was visited sporadically points, other chipped flint items found at however, that this latter artifact was throughout much of the early and middle Hatfield include the hundreds of preforms simply an "unfluted fluted" point. This Archaic, the most frequently represented already mentioned, as well as scrapers, artifact and one of the fluted point bases points of these periods being Kirk Corner drills and undiagnostic projectile point tips were found by the senior authors. The Notched, Lecroy, and Big Sandy (see and midsections (see Figures 11 and 12). other three fluted points were found by Figures 17 and 18). Especially interesting tools from the site include another individual who allowed us to is the assortment of Big Sandy points two grooved axes, a , an or celt examine these specimens, but requested from the site, and we believe that more fragment and the 18 hammer stones (see that a photograph of the points and the Big Sandy points have been found on the Figure 13). The hammer stones were name of the finder not appear in print at Hatfield site (32 examples) than on any mostly fashioned from local sandstone. this time. other site in Muskingum County. In fact, Also found were two matching fragments One of the complete fluted points from Big Sandy points represent nearly nine of a winged (see Figure 14) Hatfield could be classed as a Ross percent of the collection at Hatfield. Of and a fragmentary Adena bi-concave County type, whereas the others are of these 32 points, three are fashioned from gorget (see Figure 20). As noted earlier, the Clovis (Gainey) type. The two basal local Upper Mercer flint. no cup stones, pitted stones or similar fragments are made from the fossiliferous items that could have been used in the black Upper Mercer flint that outcrops Late Archaic preparation of plant foods (such as nuts) just downstream from the site. One of the The Late Archaic occupation at Hatfield were found at the site, nor was any complete specimens is fashioned from is represented primarily by Brewerton found. As indicated in Figure 13, the axe Vanport flint from Flint Ridge, and the Side-Notched and Brewerton Corner- and celt fragments suggest that some other from Coshocton County Vanport Notched points (see Figure 19). Brewerton woodworking occurred, and the hammer flint. This particular straw colored material points are by far and away the most stones were related to the manufacture of outcrops along the south side of the common point type found on most Musk­ projectile points and other tools, especially Tuscarawas River east of the town of ingum County Archaic sites. At Hatfield, those fashioned from Upper Mercer flint Coshocton, and 17 miles northeast of Brewerton Side- and Corner-Notched quarried at the nearby outcrops. Hatfield (see Figure 1). Only one other points combined account for 48% of the Muskingum County fluted point is made total diagnostic points from the site. A Paleo-lndian of this Coshocton County Vanport material. similar situation has been observed at other Approximately 128 fluted points in various It was found along Salt Creek eleven miles Archaic sites in the area (see Figure 9). It is stages of manufacture and completeness southeast of Hatfield. The unfinished or not known if the population was greater have been documented thus far from unfluted fluted Paleo point from Hatfield during the Brewerton phase, or if the Muskingum County. Of these, the precise is made from Coshocton County Upper Brewerton people simply were less mobile, site locations are known for 109. Of these Mercer flint. Thus, of the five Paleo points staying at particular locations for longer 109, forty have been isolated "stray" found at Hatfield, four different sources periods of time and dropping more points finds, probably representing hunting of raw material are evident. An examination in the process. Brewerton peoples may losses. The remaining 69 points were of fluted points from the other Paleo sites have also congregated in larger groups found on sites yielding two or more fluted in Muskingum county suggests that this during fall and winter hunting seasons. points (24 sites - see Figure 15). Of the diversity of flint sources is the norm. A As noted earlier, evidence from Hatfield sites which produced two or more fluted number of archaeologists have suggested suggests that it was during what we points, ten are situated along the Musk­ that this diversity of flint types indicates consider the early Brewerton phase ingum or Licking rivers and the remaining a fairly mobile population with a large (represented by Brewerton Side-Notched 14 (58%) are situated in the hinterland band territory. The two fluted points from points) that most of the quarrying of local regions of the county, often many miles Hatfield are the only known examples in Upper Mercer flint took place along Symmes from the Muskingum or Licking rivers. the county that were fashioned from Creek. Thus many of the Brewerton Side- Five of these 14 sites are situated on ridge Upper Mercer flint outcropping in the Notched points in the Hatfield collection tops (one in the Symmes Creek drainage), Symmes Creek area. were probably manufactured right on the but the remaining nine are located in the Several more Paleo-lndian points have site from this locally derived material, and valleys of small streams. One of these is been found in Madison Township. In fact, this activity may have inflated the number the Hatfield site, and the others are an unfinished fluted point was found on a of broken early Brewerton examples in located in settings quite similar to that bench overlooking Symmes Creek only the collection. The use of the location for seen at Hatfield. seven-tenths of a mile downstream from a workshop may have also involved

6 longer stays by the early Brewerton peo­ and the Hopewell points from Hatfield the site's history, evidence from Hatfield ples, and this in turn could have resulted probably represent occasional hunting suggests that these local flint deposits in the loss or discarding of a relatively losses. As noted above, earthworks, were especially utilized during the late higher number projectile points and other some probably dating to the early Archaic Brewerton phase. The frequency tools at the site. Occupations at Hatfield Hopewell period, can be found along the of projectile points from Hatfield that during other periods could have been Muskingum River at Gilbert. The presence were fashioned from flint quarried else­ strictly short-term hunting encampments. of these earthworks suggest a significant where, however (such as Flint Ridge flint Hopewellian presence, at least along the and Coshocton County Upper Mercer), Adena Muskingum River proper. suggests that the Indians who frequented Twelve Robbins points, ten of which Hatfield, especially during the Archaic, were made of Flint Ridge flint, and a frag­ Intrusive Mound and Later also frequented the Walhonding and mentary slate biconcave gorget, represent Twenty-three points found at Hatfield Licking valleys to hunt and quarry flint. the late Adena component at the Hatfield (6% of the total) date to the Intrusive Thus at any one time during much of site (see Figure 20). The complete Mound phase (A.D. 650-850 in the Musk­ the site's early history the Symmes Creek absence of Adena pottery from the site, ingum Valley). Except for the presence of valley may have been just one small and the preference for Flint Ridge flint a single Late Prehistoric Fort Ancient- part of a much larger band territory. At a rather than the local Upper Mercer material, looking triangular point, the Hatfield site minimum these territories were thirty or suggests that the late Adena occupation does not appear to have been occupied forty miles across. or occupations at Hatfield may have after ca. A.D. 850. A few Fort Ancient The Hatfield site is currently owned by involved primarily activities related to triangles have been found, however, in a the Ohio Department of Natural Resources hunting. The main Adena settlements once cultivated field along the South and is thus protected from additional mining were probably located to the west in the Branch just a few hundred yards south­ activities in the area. The authors hope that Muskingum River bottoms. In fact, a east of Hatfield, but for the most part at some point in the future perhaps some cluster of four burial mounds, known as there was probably a shift towards systematic excavations can take place on the Miller Mound Group, is situated along greater use of river bottom resources the site and some further insights can the Muskingum about a mile upstream after the Intrusive Mound phase, and as a be gleaned regarding the use of the location from the mouth of Symmes Creek (see result there may have been fewer hunting in prehistoric times and perhaps verify Figure 2). These mounds may have been forays up the Symmes Creek valley. one way or the other some of the ideas the ceremonial focus of the late Adena presented in this article. people who frequented the Hatfield site. Summary Observations The now well-known late Adena-early The Hatfield site was strategically situ­ Acknowledgments Hopewell Gilbert mound and earthwork ated to exploit the local deer-hunting con­ The senior authors would especially like complex was also situated along the ditions in the Symmes Creek valley. Deer to thank John and Ester Hatfield for Muskingum River just three miles down­ could have been abundant at or near the allowing us to surface hunt the site and stream from the mouth of Symmes Creek Hatfield site during certain seasons of the Bill Hatfield for allowing us to examine (Carskadden and House 1999). Two other year, especially during the peak of the oak his collection of points. The authors would probable Adena mounds, however, could mast, during the rut when bucks may have also like to acknowledge the various once be seen at the head of the South been easier to harvest, and later during contract archaeologists who worked in Branch of Symmes Creek, two miles east yard-up. Because of the lack of stone tools the Symmes Creek valley, particularly Paul of the Hatfield site, on the divide between related to the processing of plant foods, Pacheco, Shaune Skinner and Ryan the Symmes Creek and Salt Creek we suspect that deer hunting and Weller, for supplying us with copies of their drainages. It would not be surprising to butchering activities were the primary reports. The authors would also like to also find semi-permanent Adena hamlets focus of the Indians who frequented thank Olaf Prufer of Kent State University or base camps along the crest of this Hatfield. This contrasts with the situation at for sharing information on fluted point divide near the mounds (see for example the Mortine and Young sites, where a finds in the Symmes Creek drainage area Carskadden et al. 1995). Several other much wider variety of subsistence activi­ and, Wayne Mortine for informing us of burial mounds are recorded in the Symmes ties took place, (see Figure 13). There the Hopewell material found near the Creek drainage in Mills' Archaeological were no plowed-out pit features at mouth of Symmes Creek by the late Atlas of Ohio (1914), but their locations Hatfield, but areas of fire-cracked rock Leonard Brown, and for sharing with us have not been verified. indicate some camping or activi­ information on the Young and Mortine ties at the site. The presence of axes and sites. Thanks are also extended to Cyndie Hopewell celts at the site suggest woodworking, Gerken for her editorial skills. Many years ago the late Leonard possibly the construction of temporary Brown of Coshocton County discovered shelters and also possibly the cutting of A Note from the Senior Author Hopewell artifacts, including bladelets, poles used in the transportation of deer My wife and co-author Patty DaRe pottery sherds and mica, washing out of a carcasses and hides to other locations. died just prior to the completion of recently exposed road cut along State Chippage and preforms on the site indi­ this article after a long and courageous Route 666 near the mouth of Symmes cate the manufacture and maintenance of battle with cancer. The same personal Creek. The sheer volume of material recov­ flint projectile points and tools. Some of convictions that led her to record her ered by Brown suggests the presence of a the larger flint preforms found at Hatfield property as a wildlife sanctuary with the semi-permanent Hopewellian hamlet. The may have also been used in woodworking Ohio Department of Natural Resources only Hopewell artifacts found at Hatfield, activities and could also have been used in and the American Wildlife Association however, were four projectile points and a butchering deer. Thus far, however, none carried over to the documentation of bladelet core. There was no evidence of of the preforms from Hatfield have been each artifact that she found while surface any kind of permanent or semi-permanent subjected to use-wear studies. collecting. She was a 27-year member of Hopewell component at Hatfield. The Upper Mercer flint outcrops have also the Archaeological Society of Ohio and a Hopewell people living at the mouth of been found relatively close to the Hatfield member of the Sugarcreek Valley Symmes Creek would most likely have site. Although the working of this flint Chapter. We would like to dedicate this gone on hunting forays up the creek valley, into tools occurred throughout much of article to her memory.

7 References Gordon, Robert B. Pacheco, Paul J. 1966 Natural Vegetation of Ohio at the Time 1997 Phase I and Limited Phase II Broyles, Bettye J. of the Earliest Land Surveys (map). The Archaeological Survey for Permit 1971 Second Preliminary Report: The St. Ohio Biological Survey, Ohio State Application #D-1030-3, Madison Albans Site, Kanawha County, West University, Columbus. Township, Muskingum County, Ohio. Virginia. Report of Archeological Report submitted to Oxford Mining Investigations No. 3, West Virginia Jefferies, Richard W. Company, Coshocton, Ohio, by P&K Geological and Economic Survey, 1990 Archaic Period. In The Archaeology of Archaeological Consulting, Morgantown. Kentucky: Past Accomplishments and Frazeysburg, Ohio. Future Directions (vol. 2, pp. 143-246), Bush, David R., Mark Kollecker, Judith Thomas edited by David Pollack. Kentucky Rue, Leonard Lee III and Jar Cardinal Heritage Council, Frankfort, Kentucky. 1997 The Deer of North America. Lyons and 1986 The Cultural Resources Within the Burford, New York, New York. Proposed 1500 Acre Mining permit Justice, Noel D. Area in Muskingum County, Ohio. 1987 Srone Age and Arrow Points of Shane, Orrin C. Report submitted to Muskingum Mining the Midcontinental and Eastern United 1976 A Preliminary Analysis of Vertebrate Incorporated, Dresden, Ohio, by David States. Indiana University Press, Faunal Remains from the Philo II Site. R. Bush, Inc., Archaeological Resource Bloomington. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 46(3):1 -6. Investigations. Lantz, Stanley Skinner, Shaune M. Carskadden, Jeff and James Morton 1985 Distribution of Paleoindian Points and 1986a Phase II Archaeological Survey for 900 1982 Adamsville Rock Drawings. Tools from Western Pennsylvania: Acres Within the Proposed Mining Tract Ohio Archaeologist 32(3):4-7. Implications for Regional Differences. Application No. D-0447-1. Report Archaeology of Eastern North America submitted to Muskingum Mining, Carskadden, Jeff, Jeff Brown and Gary Felumlee 12:210-230. Dresden, Ohio, by Archaeological 1995 Exploring Prehistoric Mounds on the Services Consultants, Columbus, Ohio. Rix Mills-High Hill Divide: The Lepper, Bradley T. Archaeology of the Wilds and Vicinity, 1986 Early Paleo-lndian Land use Patterns in 1986b Phase III Archaeological Assessment Southeastern Muskingum County, Ohio. the Central Muskingum River Basin, for Five Sites Within the D-0447-1 The Muskingum Valley Archaeological Coshocton County, Ohio. Ph.D. disser­ Mining Tract, Muskingum County, Ohio. Survey, Zanesville, Ohio. tation, Department of Anthropology, Report submitted to Muskingum Ohio State University, Columbus. Mining, Dresden, Ohio, by Carskadden, Jeff and Stephen House Archaeological Services Consultants, 1999 The Gilbert Mound and Earthwork 1999 Pleistocene Peoples of Midcontinental Columbus, Ohio. Complex, Muskingum County, Ohio. North America. In Ice Age Peoples Ohio Archaeologist 49(4):4-9. of North America (pp. 362-394), Stevenson, Christopher M. and Robert A. Corso edited by Robson Bonnichsen and 1993 Literature Review and Archaeological Christopher, K. Chris Karen L. Turnmire. Oregon State Survey: Proposed Symmes Creek 1983 Cultural Resource Survey of a Pro­ University Press, Corvallis. Bridge Replacement in Madison posed 4.25 Mile Natural Gas Pipeline Township, Muskingum County, Ohio. Replacement in Muskingum County, Mills, William C. Report submitted to E.P. Ferris and Ohio. Report submitted to the 1914 Archaeological Atlas of Ohio. The Ohio Associates, Inc., Columbus, Ohio, by Columbia Gas Transmission Corpora­ State Archaeological and Historical Archaeological Services Consultants, tion, Charleston, West Virginia, by Society, Columbus, Ohio. Columbus, Ohio. WAPORA, Inc. Morgan, Richard Stothers, David M. Converse, Robert N. 1929 Geological Aspects of Ohio Archae­ 1996 Resource Procurement and Band Terri­ 1994 Ohio Flint Types. The Archaeological ology. Unpublished Master's thesis, tories: a Model for Lower Great Lakes Society of Ohio, Columbus. Ohio State University, Columbus. Paleoindian and Early Archaic Settle­ ment Systems. Archaeology of Eastern DaRe, Brian Mortine, Wayne A. North America 24:173-216. 1999 A Fluted Point Survey for Eastern Ohio. 1996 The Young Site: a Chert Processing Ohio Archaeologist 49(4):33-36. Site in Coshocton County, Ohio. Stout, Wilber and R.A. Schoenlaub Ohio Archaeologist 46(4):4-11. 1945 The Occurrence of Flint in Ohio. Fourth DeRegnaucourt, Tony Series, Bulletin 46, Ohio Geological 1991 A Field Guide to the Prehistoric Point 1998 The Russell Mortine Site. Survey, Columbus. Types of Indiana and Ohio. Occasional Ohio Archaeologist 48(2):4-9. Monographs of the Upper Miami Valley Weller Von Molsdorff, Ryan J., Archaeological Research Museum, Morton, James and Jeff Carskadden Brian K. Mollenkopf, and Craig S. Keener Ansonia, Ohio. 1972 Aboriginal Flint Quarrying Activities in 1996 Phase I Cultural Resource Survey for the Muskingum County Area. the R & F Coal Company's Surface DeRegnaucourt, Tony and Jeff Georgiady Ohio Archaeologist 22(2): 15-21. Mining Permit Application #1403 in 1998 Prehistoric Chert Types of the Midwest. Madison Township, Muskingum Occasional Monographs Series of Murphy, James L. County, Ohio. Report submitted to the Upper Miami Valley Archaeological 1986 Recommendations for Archaeological R&F Coal Company by Applied Research Museum No. 7, Investigations of a 100 Acre Tract in Archaeological Services, Arcanum, Ohio. Madison Township, Muskingum Columbus, Ohio. County, Ohio. Report on file, Ohio Felumlee, Gary Historic Preservation Office. Weller Von Molsdorff, Ryan J., 1985 The North Branch Site. Brian K. Mollenkopf Ohio Archaeologist 35(2):5-6. Ohio Department of Natural Resources 1996 Phase I Cultural Resource Investiga­ 1968 Water Inventory of the Muskingum tions for Permit Application #D1030-2 Funk, Robert E. River Basin. Report No. 21, Ohio Water in Madison Township, Muskingum 1993 Archaeological Investigations in the Plan Inventory, Division of Water, Ohio County, Ohio. Report submitted to Upper Sesquehanna Valley, New York Department of Natural Resources, Oxford Mining Company, Coshocton, State. Persimmon Press Monographs Columbus, Ohio. Ohio, by Applied Archaeological in Archaeology, Buffalo, New York. Services, Columbus, Ohio.

8 •M Figure 1 (DaRe, DaRe and Carskadden) Map of Muskingum and southern Coshocton counties, as well as portions of neighboring counties, showing the location of the Hatfield site (center of map), the Young site and the Mortine site. The originate at flint quarry sites and show the movement of flint to Hatfield (see discussion in text).

Figure 2 (DaRe, DaRe and Carskadden) Map of the Symmes Creek drainage basin showing the location of the Hatfield site in relation to local Upper Mercer flint outcrops and mound and earthwork sites. The circle drawn around the Hatfield site has a one mile radius and corre­ sponds with the area shown in Figure 3.

9 Figure 3 (DaRe, DaRe and Carskadden) Map showing the physiographic features found within a one mile radius of the Hatfield site. Dark gray represents the dissected uplands, lighter gray represents high stream terraces or low bedrock benches and white represents the flood plain. Also shown are various surface mining permit areas near Hatfield and other archaeological sites found during the course of these surveys (black ovals). Most of these latter sites have been destroyed.

«£ ^^igy

MFigure 4 (DaRe, DaRe and Carskadden) Recent • m photo of the Hatfield site (center foreground) looking to the southeast. Most of the artifacts were found on the slight rise in the field to the left of the bridge (below the arrow).

•4 Figure 5 (DaRe, DaRe and Carskadden) Symmes Creek near the Hatfield site.

10 -< Figure 6 (DaRe, DaRe and Carskadden) The individual in the photo is standing on a one-foot thick outcrop of Upper Mercer flint exposed in the bed of Symmes Creek, one and a half miles downstream from the Hatfield site.

•4 Figure 7 (DaRe, DaRe and Carskadden) Examples of typical preforms found at the Hatfield site and fashioned from local Upper 0 1 2 1 Mercer flint. Raw Material

Black ] Black ish | Upper Cr eeh Flint; Unknown Point Type Vanport ! Van port i Upper Mercer Upper ! . No. Licking j Cosh octon ] Mercer Mercer | Mus king, i (most prob. nt mostly c r Upper County i Coi y ] Symmes Coshocton Coshocton' w i Creek gan j Mercer) County County ! ™° it.ies i J i Cou Paleo Indian Clovts (Gaineyl Fluted 3 i ! 2 Ross County Fluted 1 i Unfinished [Unfluted Fluted ?) 1 1 Piano Complex Lanceolate 2 2 Archaic Thebes 2 1 Lost Lake 4 4 Kirk Corner Notched 10 7 • i 1 Dovetail 2 1 Large Bifurcate-MacCorkle 5 3 1 Small Bl furcate-Lee roy 9 2 1 3 1 2 Kanawha Stemmed 4 2 1 Kirk Stemmed 5 5 Stanley Stemmed 13 5 5 1 1 1 Big Sandy-Otter Creek 32 6 5 14 7 Brewerton Side Notched 113 11 4 ! 28 50 9 1 8 Brewerton Comer Notched 59 35 4 2 15 3 Lamoka 18 10 ! 4 4 Table Rock/Bottleneck 7 5 2 Genesee/Late Archaic thick stemmed 1 1 Normansklll 2 1 1 Ashtabula 1 1 Rlverton 6 4 2 . Early Woodland Pre-Adena and Early Adena Meadowood 1 1 Molley 3 1 1 1 Cogswell. Kramer. Cresap 11 9 2 Late Adena Robblns 12 10 1 1 Middle Woodland Hopewell Afltnls Synders 1 1 Corner Notched 3 3 Early Late Woodland Lowe Flalred Base 3 3 Middle Late Woodland - Intrusive Md. Jack's Reef Corner Notched 4 4 Jack's Reef Pentagonal 1 1 Raccoon Notched 2 2 •4 Figure 8 (DaRe, DaRe and Carskadden) Table listing the Levanna Triangle 16 2 ! ! 8 6 Late L.W./Eaxly Late Prehistoric frequency of the various diagnostic point types found at Hatfield Triangle 1 1 " and their raw material.

11 Hatfield Mortine Young Approximate Diagnostic Site Site Site Age Artifact (estimates vary) No. % No. % No. %

Paleo Indian 10,000 B.C. - 8.600 B.C. Clovis (Gainey) Fluted 3 - - 2 0.3 10.000 B.C. -8,600 B.C. Ross County Fluted 1 1.4 Unfinished lunfluted fluted ?) L. - - - - Piano Complex 8,000 B.C. Lanceolate 2 0.5 4 1.7 '211 31.7 Archaic 7,800 B.C. - 6,800 B.C. Thebes 2 0.5 5 2.2 1 0.1 7,800 B.C. - 6.800 B.C. Lost Lake 2 0.5 7,600 B.C. - 6,900 B.C. Kirk Comer Notched 10 2.8 13 5.7 - 7,500 B.C. - 7,000 B.C. Dovetail 2 0.5 - - - 6.900 B.C. - 6,500 B.C. Large Bifurcate- MacCorkle 5 1.4 4 1.7 - - 6,500 B.C. - 5.800 B.C. Small Bifurcate-Lecroy 9 2.5 3 1.3 6.200 B.C. - 5,800 B.C. Kanawha Stemmed 4 1.1 1- 0.1- 6.000 B.C. - 5.500 B.C. Kirk Stemmed 5 1.4 1- 0.4- 2 0.3 5.700 B.C. - 4.700 B.C. Eva Basal Notched - 1 0.4 5.500 B.C. - 5.000 B.C. Stanley Stemmed 13 3.6 6 2.6 - 5.000 B.C. -3.000 B.C. Big Sandy-Otter Creek 32 8.9 3 1.3 32 4.8 3.000 B.C. - 2.700 B.C. Brewerton Side Notched 113 31.6 37 16.3 102 15.3 2.700 B.C. - 2.400 B.C. Brewerton Comer Notched 59 16.5 60 26.5 122 18.3 2.500 B.C. - 1.900 B.C. Lamoka 18 5.0 12 1.8 2,500 B.C. - 1,000 B.C. Table Rock/Bottleneck 7 1.9 4- 1.7- 23 3.4 2.000 B.C. - 1.500 B.C. Genesee/Late Archaic thick stemmed 1 0.2 28 4.2 2.000 B.C. - 1.350 B.C. Normanskill 2 0.5 - 1.700 B.C. -700 B.C. Ashtabula 1 0.2 3- 1.3 83 12.5- 1.600 B.C. -800 B.C. Rlverton 6 1.6 9 3.9 8 1.2 1,500 B.C. -600 B.C. Buck Creek Barbed 1 0.4 Early Woodland Pre-Adena and Early Adena 1.300 B.C. -500 B.C. Meadowood 1 0.2 1,200 B.C. - 150 B.C. Cogswell. Kramer, Cresap 11 3.0 11- 4.8- - 800 B.C. - 600 B.C. Motley 3 0.8 25 3.7 Late Adena " " 150 B.C. -A.D. 100 Robbins 12 3.3 13 5.7 Middle Woodland Hopewell A.D. 100-A.D.200 Afiinis Synders 1 0.2 A.D. 100-A.D. 400 Corner Notched 3 0.8 11 4.8- 3- 0.4- A.D. 100 - A.D. 400 Hopewell bladelet cores 1 10 A.D. 100 - A.D. 400 Hopewell bladelets * 44 * - Early Late Woodland " " " A.D. 400 - A.D. 650 Lowe Flaired Base 3 0.8 Middle Late Woodland - Intrusive Md. " - " " A.D. 650 - A.D. 750 Jack's Reef Comer Notched 4 1.1 4 1.7 - - A.D. 650 - A.D. 850 Jack's Reef Pentagonal 1 0.2 - - - - A.D. 750 - A.D. 850 Raccoon Notched 2 0.5 1 0.4 1 0.1 A.D. 750 - A.D. 850 Levanna Triangle 16 4.4 10 4.4 7 1.0 M Figure 9 (DaRe, DaRe and Carskadden) Table listing Late I..W./ Early Late Prehistoric the frequency and ages of the various diagnostic A.D. 850 - A.D. 1250 Triangle 1 0.2 22 9.7 1 0.1 projectile point types found at the Hatfield, Mortine and Young sites. Hopewell bladelets and cores from the Totals 357 98.1 226 98.9 644 99.3 Hatfield and Mortine sites are not included in the totals.

•4 Figure 10 (DaRe, DaRe and Carskadden) Two dovetails found by Bill Hatfield at the Hatfield site. Both measure about 4 inches long.

12 Raw Material

Black rrev Brush Vannort ! "PPO" tinner ' Creek Flint j Unknown Artifact No. Sg Merger Jg£ Musktngum (most prob. County

Preforms Thick (irregular edge) 209 39 168 2 Thin (straight edge) 195 56 130 7 2 Projectile Point Fragments Tips 60 13 44 2 1 Midsections 26 12 13 1 Scrapers End 32 7 17 5 3 Side scraper 17 5 10 1 1 •^ Figure 11 (DaRe, DaRe and Carskadden) Table Drills 13 3 9 1 listing the frequency of miscellaneous flint artifacts found at Hatfield and their raw material.

•4 Figure 12 (DaRe, DaRe and Carskadden) Examples of scrapers from the Hatfield site, mostly made of local Upper Mercer flint.

Hatfield Mortine Young Artifact Site Site Site

Hunting Winged 1* - 1 Tubular bannerstones - - 2 Expanded-center bar atlatl weights - - 9 Fishing Notched stone netsinkers - - 84 Gardening Hoes - 2 - Preparation of Plant Foods Conical pestles - - 2 - - 10 Woodworking Three-quarter groved axes 2 - 9 Celts 1 1 8 Celt or axe fragments 1 - 21 Flint-Knapping 18 9 42 Tool Sharpening Abrading stones - - 1 * 2 matching fragments

Figure 13 (DaRe, DaRe and Carskadden) Table comparing the frequency of various categories Figure 14 (DaRe, DaRe and Carskadden) Two matching of ground stone tools found at the Hatfield, Young and Mortine sites. banded slate bannerstone fragments from the Hatfield site.

13 Coshocton County Muskingum County

Number Number Cumulative Number Number Cumulative of of Point of of Point Points Sites Total Points Sites Total

67 1 67 - 64 1 131 - 30 1 161 - 29 1 190 - 18 1 208 - 11 2 230 - 9 1 239 - 7 1 246 7 7 1 7

6 3 264 25 6 7

5 2 274 35 5 1 12

4 2 282 43 4 3 24

3 7 303 64 3 7 45

2 9 321 82 2 12 69

1 36 357 118 1 40 109

Total Points 357, Total Sites 68 Total Points 109, Total Sites 64 Figure 16 (DaRe, DaRe and Carskadden) left, base of a Points Per Site = 5.2 Points Per Site = 1.7 Paleo-lndian fluted point fashioned of local Upper Mercer flint; center, a Paleo-looking point possibly broken just prior to fluting, made of Coshocton County Upper Figure 15 (DaRe, DaRe and Carskadden) Table comparing fluted point frequencies for sites Mercer flint; right, Paleo-looking or preform of local in Muskingum and Coshocton counties. Coshocton data is based on Lepper (1986). Upper Mercer flint.

0 I 2 3 4 5

•

14 •^ Figure 18 (DaRe, DaRe and Carskadden) Big Sandy points from the Hatfield site.

•^ Figure 19 (DaRe, DaRe and Carskadden) Brewerton side-notched and corner-notched points from the Hatfield site.

•.:. ^3 • • I CM | | IN •4 Figure 20 (DaRe, DaRe and Carskadden) Late wm Adena artifacts from the Hatfield site, including a fragmentary slate bi-concave gorget.

15 FLINT RIDGE COLORED FLINT

Specimens of highly colored Flint Ridge flint are shown in the color plate. Provenience from top left: Delaware Co., Licking Co., Ohio, Ohio. Second row: Union Co., Morrow Co., Muskingum Co., Ohio, Mercer Co. Third row: Ohio, Erie Co., (bifurcate) Ross Co., Medina Co., northern Ohio. Bottom row: Knox Co., Guernsey Co., Hardin Co., Erie Co., Ohio.

16 WESTERN STEEL ARROW POINTS by Wayne Steerman 6320 11'" Ave., Lewiston, ID 83501 In the accompanying drawings are It is interesting to note that although The small copper pendant made from steel arrow points found at a buffalo the same group of people shot and killed a piece of scrap copper was found on jump located at Cascade, Montana - these bison - after running them over a the Columbia River, Steven County, south of Great Falls and near the cliff - there are several configurations of Washington. It is included since it dates . They date to the latter points. In fact a close examination to around the same period, part of the 1800s. reveals that no two of them are alike.

Figure 1 (Steerman) Late 1800s steel arrow points recovered from a bison jump site at Cascade, Montana.

17 THE OTEKA CREEK SITE by Wayne A. Mortine Doug Randies Newcomerstown, Ohio and Warsaw, Ohio

Introduction immediate area of these features, so we Early Woodland ceramics and projectile The Oteka Creek site (33-TU-283) is a suspect that the features may date to the points, is that we hope someday to do a multi-component location situated in Early Woodland component at the site broader view of the Early Woodland Section 1 of Oxford Township, Tuscarawas (discussed below). (Adena) occupation of the Tuscarawas County, Ohio. The setting of the site is in a Our examination of Mr. Ross' finds Valley east of Newcomerstown. As part of sheltered hollow along the north edge of from the Oteka Creek site confirm the this study, we hope to learn something of the valley of the Tuscarawas River. This comments written on the OAI form. A the settlement-subsistence patterns that hollow extends northward from the river diversity of projectile point types can be were in place during this period. In this bottoms into the surrounding hills for a dis­ seen in the collection, representing just regard, we believe that an attraction of the tance of about two thousand feet. The site about all cultural periods. Conspicuously Oteka Creek site to the Early Woodland itself is spread along a narrow bench or T-3 absent from the site, however, were people, and to others as well, was its shel­ terrace remnant along the east side of the Piano lanceolate forms. Lanceolates in all tered location near the head of the hollow. hollow at an elevation of 830 feet, or about stages of manufacture are frequent finds The surrounding hills would block the 30 feet above the Tuscarawas River flood on local terrace sites. At the multi-com­ winds, and the hollow was open to the plain. At the present time the channel of ponent Salrin site, for example, which is south, which would provide year-long the Tuscarawas is 1.1 miles to the south. situated just southeast of the Oteka exposure to the warmth of the sun. Such a The small (1st order) Oteka Creek runs Creek site near the Tuscarawas River, location would have also attracted the down the hollow past the site and joins the lanceolates in finished or nearly finished local deer populations during the winter Tuscarawas River at Newcomerstown. At stages of manufacture accounted for months. The hollow could have served as the mouth of the hollow the soil below the over 16 percent of the total diagnostic a "yard-up" area where deer would con­ plow zone consists of sand and gravel. artifact count (Mortine and Randies gregate at the first sign of cold weather The bench farther up the hollow becomes 1999). The lack of these points at Oteka and where numbers of them could have more broken and the soil below the plow Creek cannot be explained. It is the been trapped and killed using surrounds zone is hard clay. components at the site and drives or other methods. The owner of the site, James D. Ross, which are the focus of this report. In addition to hunting in the hollow cultivated the bench along Oteka Creek itself, Indians camped at the Oteka Creek throughout much of the 1980s, making it The Woodland Components site would also have ready access to two available for surface hunting, and he was Important occupations at the Oteka major resource zones. It would have able to amass a large collection of artifacts Creek site occurred during the Early been just a short walk to either the river from the site. In September 1988 Brad Woodland period. Pottery from this bottoms or the bordering uplands. The Lepper of the Ohio Historical Society period is represented by 100 body site could also have been used as a examined Mr. Ross' collection. At that sherds, two rim sections (Figure 2), and retreat from flood waters that occasion­ time, with the assistance of Mr. Ross, an three lugs (Figure 3), all from plain-surface ally covered the valley floor. Last, but OAI (Ohio Archaeological Inventory) form grit-tempered pottery. A measurement of perhaps not least, a deposit of high was completed and a site number twenty random body sherds produced an grade clay could be found along Oteka assigned. The Oteka Creek site was the average thickness of 12.1 millimeters. The Creek and this may have been an induce­ 283rd site recorded from Tuscarawas thickness of the one of the rims was 11 ment for some of the Early Woodland County. The site was described as millimeters. Based on a chart showing peoples to visit the hollow. "extremely rich" and the collection Early Woodland culture chronology for the included "Early Archaic through Missis- Muskingum Valley (Carskadden n.d.), this Acknowledgments sippian points, drill fragments, abundant thick lug-handled vessel (or vessels) can The writers would like to thank James , celt fragments, ground stone be classified as being very early in the Ross for allowing us to examine his collec­ axe fragments and ceramics." Early Woodland time period. Some of the tion of artifacts from the Oteka Creek site Most of the artifacts found at the Oteka stemmed projectile points in the collection and for allowing us to be present when the Creek site were concentrated at the also point to a very early occupation within ground was exposed prior to the construc­ upper (north) end of the bench, about this period. The Early Adena points shown tion of the building. We also extend a spe­ three-fourths of the way up the hollow. It in Figure 4 are probably associated with cial thanks to Bonnie Mortine for her typing was here in the early 1990s that the this thick pottery. A late Adena occupation skills, and to Jeff Carskadden for drawing ground was leveled by machinery in is represented by the Adena Robbins the map in Figure 1. preparation for the construction of a points shown in Figure 5. much needed building. While this work A component at the Oteka Creek site References was being conducted, the senior author that was rather unexpected was repre­ Carskadden, Jeff was invited to be an observer. It was sented by Hopewell points (Figure 6). n.d. Some observations on the Early Wood­ thought that features might be exposed Hopewell artifacts are infrequent finds in land Cultural Landscape in the Central Muskingum Valley of Eastern Ohio. beneath the plow zone. In fact, two dis­ the Newcomerstown area, and based on Paper submitted for publication in the tinct features were uncovered, each our personal experiences we believe that proceedings of "The Early Woodland measuring about 16 inches in diameter. Hopewell points average only between and Adena of the Ohio They consisted of very dark soil filled one to two percent of the finds on most Area," a conference sponsored by the with small particles of charcoal. Unfortu­ terrace sites. Ohio Archaeological Council. nately no artifacts were found in associa­ tion with these features. It should be Concluding Observations Mortine, Wayne A. and Doug Randies noted, however, that all of the ceramics One of our objectives in recording sites 1999 The Salrin Site. Ohio Archaeologist previously found at the site were from the such as Oteka Creek, which produced 49(3):28-32

18 Figure 1 (Mortine & Randies) Map of a section of the Tuscarawas Valley east of Newcomers- Figure 2 (Mortine & Randies) Two rim sections of plain town showing the location of the Oteka and other sites. surfaced, grit tempered, Early Woodland, Adena pottery. The thickness of the rims is 11 mm.

Figure 3 (Mortine & Randies) Two of the three lugs found Figure 4 (Mortine & Randies) Top row: Early Adena points. Bottom row: in association with the Early Woodland ceramics. First artifact on the left, an Early Adena point, two middle points are Ashtabula points, and last point is a Hopewell point.

Figure 5 (Mortine & Randies) Early Woodland, Adena Stemmed points. Figure 6 (Mortine & Randies) Middle Woodland, Hopewell points.

19 THREE FINE PRISMOIDAL BANNERSTONES by C.J. O'Neill 3109 Duck Point Drive Monroe, NC 28110

In the accompanying photographs are three prismoidal bannerstones from my collection. The banner in Figure 1 was found in 1981 by Elaine Bradford at Wolf Creek at its juncture with the in Kentucky. It is made of yellow gneiss. The second banner is made of olive green quartzite with black inclusions. It was found in the Crib mound, Spencer County, Indiana. In Figure 3 is a prismoidal banner of light green quartzite and was found on the Clarksville site, Clark County, Indiana. Prismoidal bannerstones are from the Middle Archaic period. A number of them were found in association with Archaic burials at some of the shell mound sites in Kentucky.

Figure 2 (O'Neill) Green quartzite prismoidal banner from Indiana.

Figure 1 (O'Neill) Gneiss banner from Kentucky. Figure 3 (O'Neill) Light green quartzite banner from Indiana.

20 SKYHILL FLINT by Chris Osborne 748 Hamburg Rd. Fredonia, PA 16124

The source of a black flint in Mercer to resemble chert more than flint. On References County, Pennsylvania has stumped the some artifacts both gray and black can Donahue, Jack, Boarts Site. amateur archaeologists for years. Locally, be mottled together. However, this is rare. 1974 Pennsylvania Archaeologist. Vol. 4 this black flint is referred to as Skyhill, The fracturing ability was good due to the Nos. 1-2 pgs. 34-35 Boarts Chert, Helderberg and Mahoning large amount of debitage found on work­ Black. For clarity, the name Skyhill will be shop sites. This lithic can be compared Converse, Robert N. 1994 Ohio Flint Types. Archaeological used when referring to this chert. The to Nellie chert but Skyhill gray lacks the Society of Ohio. Columbus, Ohio. name Skyhill was given by Jack Donahue silvery coloration. to local collectors while he was exca­ Fogelman, Gary L. vating the Boarts site in Lawrence Skyhill Brown 1983 The Pennsylvania Artifact Series - County, Pennsylvania. Donahue gives this This subtype is an opaque chert. Color Lithics Book. Fogelman Publishing Co. Turbotville, PA. color description of Skyhill. "The chert at varies from light tan through medium the Boarts site varies from black (Munsell brown and occasionally both colors will O'Neil, Caron and Lutz, Anne B. Color 7.5YR 2.5/0) through gray (10YR be mottled together. Due to a lack of 1994 Pennsylvania Geological Publications. 6/1) to very pale brown (10YR 7/3) in debitage Skyhill brown was not easily Department of Environmental color. The chert found at the Boarts site accessible or aboriginal people made Resources. Harrisburg, PA. is the same lithic found throughout minimal use of it. Falleti, Rocky, Youngstown, OH Mercer County. In some cases Skyhill flint 2000 Personal Communication. December. comprises as much as 80% of all debitage Sources Converse, Robert N. Plain City, OH. on some workshop sites. Below is a Donahue states. "At various valley 2000 Personal Communication. December. detailed description of all three varieties of slopes along the Mahoning River and Skyhill flint. Coffee Creek (a tributary of the Mahoning Kapusta, Gary, Rootstown, OH 2000 Personal Communication. December. river) rocks of the Mercer formation, Skyhill Black including the Lower and Upper Mercer Conley, Russell, Transfer, PA. The black variety tends to be vitreous limestone, are exposed. The Lower com­ 2000 Personal Communication. December. and takes on a waxy luster after heat ponent contains a nodular chert while the Funk, Mike, Sharon, PA. treating. Voids and fractures are absent Upper Mercer component can have up to 2000 Personal Communication. December. of crystalline and some samples two feet of bedded chert at its top. In this Ault, Dean, Jamestown, PA. contain deposits of iron oxide. The stone case prehistoric people would have an 1997 Personal Communication. June. is opaque, even in thin lenses. The ample supply of chert. A relationship fracturing ability was probably good due between Coshocton Black and Skyhill Cartwright, James, Hermitage, PA. to the large number of thin, well made may be assumed since both occur within 1997 Personal Communication. July. artifacts recovered from local sites. the Upper and Lower Mercer limestone Alfreno, Steve, Grove City, PA. Occasionally the black variety will be of the Pottsville formation." 1997 Personal Communication. August. striated with white bands. Skyhill black The Pennsylvania Department of Envi­ tends to resemble Coshocton black but Rowe, Ron, West Middlesex, PA. ronmental Resources informed me there is 1997 Personal Communication. September. lacks the "white lightning" streaks and is black flint in the Bellfonte formation, gray not as vitreous. chert in the Shriver formation and black Loutzenhiser, Don, Greenville, PA. chert in the Onondaga formation. However, 1996 Personal Communication. June. Skyhill Gray on the map sent to me by P.D.E.R., these Hofius, Glenn, Clark, PA. Skyhill gray is the most common formations do not occur on the surface of 1996 Personal Communication. June. variety. This stone is opaque and tends Mercer or Lawrence counties.

ECCENTRIC FROM TRUMBULL COUNTY, OHIO by Chris Osborne 748 Hamburg Rd. Fredonia, PA 16124 This mottled blue and gray Onondaga Other artifacts from the same site eccentric was found during the summer include a T-drill (also made from 1997 while surface hunting. The dimen­ Onondaga) and a broken Flint Ridge . sions are 1.5" long by 1.0" wide. (fig. 1)

Figure 1 (Osborne) Eccentric flint from Trumbull County, Ohio.

21 TROPHY AXES by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio 43064

There are probably no more than twenty-five or thirty classic trophy axes known. They occur primarily in Ohio since very few if any occur in collections outside the state. Nearly all of them are made of yellow or white quartzite but there are examples of exotic colorful granite. There are three or four trophy axes I have seen which are made of some sort of siltstone - a material not nearly as hard as quartzite or granite. The trophy axe is an enigma. It was obviously not made as a tool since on most examples the bit is ground com­ pletely flat. The siltstone trophy axes have been severely dulled and their bits are nearly one quarter inch wide on their purposely flattened surfaces. No trophy axes I have seen show any evidence whatever of having been heavily used. In the color plate is a classic trophy axe from the collection of Dick Coulter, Delaware, Ohio. It is made of cream colored quartzite with darker inclusions.

Figure 1 (Converse) Classic quartzite trophy axe from the Coulter collection. Originally collected by B. W. Stephens, it is from Seneca County, Ohio.

22 A PENNSYLVANIA JASPER LANCEOLATE by Mike Cramer 13315 CR 54 Rawson, Ohio

This 7,/2 inch lanceolate point was found in Jefferson County, Ohio, and was originally collected by the late Kendall Saunders of Westerville, Ohio. It is one of the largest lanceolate points known, and probably is the largest made of yellow Pennsylvania jasper. Yellow jasper is found over a good part of Pennsylvania and yet points and tools made from it are relatively scarce. Just recently an Ohio collector acquired two fluted points made of yellow jasper from eastern Pennsylvania - strangely, these were the only points ever found by their original owner. This lanceolate is a classic late Paleo period artifact and probably dates to around 11,000 years ago. Similar points are found in Ohio but they are usually made of Upper Mercer flint and are exceedingly scarce. Professional archaeologists often call these lanceolates Agate Basin since points similar to Ohio examples were found there but the two are probably not related. The habit of calling eastern points after western types gives one the impression that a group of Paleo Indians trekked to Ohio from eastern bringing their lanceolate points with them. However, eastern lanceolates differ considerably from their western counter­ parts and, in addition, no eastern lanceo­ lates are ever made of anything but local material. Lanceolates, such as the example shown here, are not part of what we term Piano in Ohio since this type bears little resemblance to common Piano lanceo­ late and is much rarer.

Figure 1 (Cramer) Large 7ti inch Ohio Lanceolate made of yellow Pennsylvania jasper.

23 HOLIDAY DISCOVERIES by John Mocic Box 170, RD 1 Dilles Bottom, Ohio 43947

The artifacts shown in the photographs Guernsey County line in 1999. The Fort made of shale. It was a field find on were all found on holidays. The dovetail Ancient serrated triangle came from Easter Sunday, 1996. For a relic hunter, shown in obverse and reverse upper left Monroe County - found on the Fourth of the term Happy Holidays has a lot of were found by Sheila Brown on July, 1998. On May Day, 1992, the meaning for me. Christmas Day, 1997. The Side Notch hematite plummet was found in Monroe was found on Good Friday near the County. The eleven inch Hopewell celt is

Figure 1 (Mocic) Artifacts found on various holidays.

24 YOUNG CUYAHOGA VALLEY MEMBER HAS EAGLE EYE by Michael Rusnak 4642 Friar Rd. Stow, Ohio 44224

Eric Knotts may be one of the youngest pictured in figure 2 are Eric's, and all were finds with other members. Eric is excited members of our Cuyahoga Valley Chapter, found in northern Stark County. about his hobby of walking the fields. He but in the field he may have one of the Already, Eric has shared his enthusiasm should be. Not only is he learning about sharpest eyes. Figure 1 shows a fine two for Ohio's pre-history by helping his father the past, but spending some quality time and one half inch Beveled point that 9- give an artifact show to students in his and with his father and building some memo­ year-old Eric found in northern Stark other classes at Greentown Elementary ries of his own along the way. County last spring. Eric has been col­ School. He also actively participates in Much thanks to Bob Knotts for the lecting and field hunting with his father, Cuyahoga Valley Chapter meetings by photographs and to Eric for sharing his Bob Knotts, for one year. All of the artifacts sharing and discussing his recent field collection with ASO members.

* W DRILL

iflF ' WORKED • ^ F.RSTF.ND N,CEF'ND

SCRAPER FOUND BOTH HALVES

Figure 2 (Rusnak) Close-up of Eric's collection.

Figure 1 (Rusnak) Eric's 2V? inch beveled point.

Figure 3 (Rusnak) Eric Knotts with his field finds.

25 1870SAULTEURS A Sauk Indian Pipe Tomahawk Carved Effigy Medicine by John Baldwin, West Olive, Michigan It is on rare occasions that an Indian Kansas. They united in Iowa to avenge many cases, a pipe axe tomahawk was weapon is elevated above its original themselves against the , Omaha and used. This Sauk Indian, carved effigy purpose. Menominee tribes. The chastised Sioux medicine pipe tomahawk has 14 carved Exceptions with pipe tomahawks are finally left Iowa. The Sauk gained posses­ 'gentes' images in the Great Lakes art miniatures, presentation examples and in sion of horses after the ' Wars' style. The carved haft of ash wood is 16 % this case a ceremonial medicine hawk. in 1832. For 20 years after 1837 the Sauk inches long. It was coated with old gun This is a brief historical overview about and Fox settled as one people in Kansas. varnish and accented with black paint on the Sauk Indians and one of their pipe The Sauk retained the eastern woodland the 'gen' effigies. The varnished surface tomahawk artforms that was used for culture. They used the birch bark and has gathered a glowing patina and has ceremonial and religious . around the Great Lakes and crackled over time to a rich color. Originally called, 'People of the yellow the bull boat while on the Plains. They The 'gentes' carvings are a Horse, Deer, earth', before the Sauk became known as practiced agriculture, growing maize, Grouse, Man with flintlock, Ram's head, an independent tribe, they were an impor­ squashes, beans, while gathering Panther, Whiskey bottle, Elk head, Buf­ tant part of the Algonquian communities. nuts, berries and wild rice. Hunting and falo, Great Horned Owl, 18th century They were first mentioned independently in fishing was a year long way of life. In , Swan, Sturgeon and a history in a Jesuit Relation, dated 1640. summer the bark house was used, while Frog. The 15th carving, closest to the Their first known and recorded habitat was flag-reed houses served as winter refuge mouthpiece is a scroll. Carved in the the upper part of lower Michigan. Father dwellings. At the center of the villages a scroll, top line, is a star, the date '1870', Allouez, in 1667, was the first person to large, five fire, bark house, (the normal size followed by a second star. On the second describe the Sauk. He wrote that they were was a one fire house) served for festivals of line is a design or letter 'D' followed by the most savage of the tribes that he had the 'gens' and other celebrations. These small marks or new dings. The remainder met. He was told that they and the Fox large dwellings housed the sacred bundles of the second line reads 'SAULTEURS'. Indians would kill any isolated person that and the priests that cared for and watched The 'T.E.U.' being slightly obscured with they found. They especially disliked the over the sacred items. modern dings or teeth bite marks. French and would not endure the sight of This complex society had numerous This artifact is a very historically impor­ whiskered Europeans. He wrote that they 'gentes'. They included the Trout, Stur­ tant part of the Sauk Indian culture. It is were a populous people, were wanderers geon, Bass, Lynx, Fire dragon, Fox, Wolf, one of the few items surviving time that and vagabonds who had no fixed dwellings. Bear, Elk, Swan, Grouse, Eagle, Thunder- displays a tribe's partnership with nature Father Dablon, in the Jesuit Relations bird and later a Buffalo society. Most chiefs and religion, complete with pictorial art. 1670 (Ed. 1885) said, with reference to came from the Trout or Sturgeon 'gentes'. The 5'A inch long iron pipe axe head was the Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan Indians, The religion of the Sauk is known as man- forged from a gun barrel. It is of the 1840 "The first native inhabitants of this place itos. These are best described by the com­ period, Phase II, transitional type. It has are those who call themselves 'Pahouit- bined use of two words, 'power' and the early tear drop eye and is file cut with ingsach - Irini'- whom the French named 'magic'. These Sauk manitos are repre­ notches and X decoration. I know of no 'SAULTEURS', because, these are they sented in all nature through human beings, other pipe tomahawk with this much who dwell at the Sault." That name and animals, birds, fishes, reptiles, insects, effigy decoration on the haft. There is no description later would commonly plants, fire, water and all elements personi­ question that this ceremonial pipe was a become known as the 'Sauk' Indians. fied. Mythology of the Sauk is rich with very important sacred Sauk medicine, of Recorded history tells that the Sauk and fables of anthropomorphic beasts and the 1870 period. It reflects and remem­ Fox Indians continued a both friendly and images. The two main religious ceremonies bers the old cultural meanings and dis­ strained relationship with one another and in existence in 1910 were the 'gens' fes­ plays the 'gentes' that were important to their surrounding tribes. In 1721 the Sauk tival held twice a year, and the secret rite of the Sauk Indians and its creator. It is true were concentrated at Green Bay, the Midewiwin or Grand Medicine Society. American Indian effigy art at its very best. Wisconsin. They ranged from Michigan to The Sauk sacred bundles and their Wisconsin, , Missouri, Iowa and ceremonies included a smoking pipe. In

Figure 1 (Baldwin) Sauk pipe tomahawk.

26 THE HORSE #1 THE PANTHER #6

The horse was first used by the Sauk Indians in The Mountain Lion or Panther as is was refercd 1832 after the Black Hawk Wars. This effigy to in the Great Lakes region, was one of the shows a full inane horse in a flowing running most feared and respected animals. This fat cat position. The mane, tail and hoves were black was carved in the reclining position. Black paint paint accented. was used to accent his feet.

THE DEER #2 WHISKEY BOTTLE HI

This large bodied deer could represent either Whiskey was the drink of choice for both the Indians and Whitetuil or Mule deer. Black paint accents the settlers of this time frame in America. It was thought of, two antlers, two ears, hoves and accents the as a real mans drink. It did not spoil and was used equal to upper leg areas. The carvings nose and tail are money as a trade item. Indians had a week spot for white represenative art for the deer. mans fire water.

THE GROUSE #3 THE ELK HEAD #8

Carved in flight, birds of foul provided an easy This Elk head carving with its large antlers was source of food for the Indians. This effigy could a common art form seen on most effigy pipe also represent the Michigan partradge or the stems. Like the Rams head, bodys were seldom western praire chicken, any of which were part carved. Black paint accents the antlers, eyes and of the Sauk 'gens'. Black paint accents the birds nose, i in- Elk was common to Michigan and the long feathers and feel. Sauk's Great Lakes area range and west. It was an important food and hide sorce for the Indians.

THE RAMS HEAD #4 THE BUFFALO #9 I In- rams head is a typical figure, used on effigy pipe stems of the 1960 -1980 period. It is almost The Buffalo was added to the Sauk's religion exclusively done with no body. In (his case the and 'gens' as they moved west, mid '1800s. entire head was painted black.The under cut jaw This carving displays the animals large body, is an hull.in animal art . hugb hump, small ears and large horn. Only the hooves were painted black.

MAN IN HAT WITH GUN #5 GREAT HORNED OWL #10 lliis frontier male figure wears a colonial wide brim hat. Black paint dramatizes the hat, his long The case can be made that this is a Honied Owl, due to the hair, his boots and his gun. The rifle is a flintlock feather design carved on the body and the curved feather as displayed by the hammer, flint and pan and the top-not. Painted black are the tail, wing feathers, branch the double set triggers. bird is pinched on, his beak and eye. If this bird is looking up and the lop-not is the beak, it could be a woodpecker

Figure 2 (Baldwin) Images carved in OLD MANS PIPE #11 tomahawk stem.

Pipe smoking was a pastime enjoyed by men and women, Indian and frontiersman alike. The pipe bowl was packed with native tobacco or other smoking materials, light and the smoke drawn through the stem. This may be the only pipe to have a pipe carved in effigy upon itself We speculate this is symbolic for religion and cerimonies that evolved nround Indian . TTiis style of pipe was used by Indians on the frontier. 4

CANADIAN SWAN #1 2

I In:, goose like bird effigy has a long neck and a pointed heck. This beck feature is seen in the Canadian Life Insurance Company picture of a similar bird feeding its young. Black paint and feather carving accent the art.

STURGEON #13

Hie Sturgeon is one of the oldest fish in the Great Lakes. A bottom feeder, it frequented shallow waters and was easy to spear. Its big size made it desirable for a food source.Most Sauk chiefs came from the Trout or Sturgeon gentes. Black paint on the mouth and scale carved serves as decoration.

THE FROG #14

The frog is one of the Indians most popular pipe stem effigy carvings. In Indian mythology it is a symblc for rain, prosperity and good crops. This effigy is black paint decorated as a spotted frog.

THE CARVED SCROLL #15

Identified to date: TOP LINE - * 1870* - BOTTOM LINE - Appears to be a design or the letter (D) and then either recient ding marks or more design, and then the word (SAULTEURS) French, M670' - 'Those who dwelt at the Sault', Sauk Indians.

27 CEDARVILLE-GUELPH CHERT by Tony DeRegnaucourt Upper Marni Valley Archaeological Research Museum 106 North Street Arcanum, Ohio 45304

Cedarville-Guelph or Logan County Period. Preliminary evidence indicates lndian points made of CG chert (Larry Chert is one of the most distinctive and that during the approximate span Swann, personal communication). Early regionally important of northwestern between 3,500 years B.C. until about and Middle Archaic Periods are also Ohio. This chert was first described by 2,000 years B.C., the majority of tools poorly represented with only a few points Stout and Schoenloeb (1945:21) in their and waste flakes recovered made of CG attributable made of this material. seminal study The Occurrence of Flint in have been heat treated (DeRegnaucourt Converse (1994:185) illustrates a Lost Ohio. The chert occurs as nodules and and Georgiady 1998:44). Heat-treatment Lake point and a Heavy Duty point made bedded lenses, within the parent limestone is done to increase the elasticity and of CG material. DeRegnaucourt and in Logan, Hardin, Champaign, Clark and knappability of chert and apparently pre­ Georgiady (1988:Plate 5) illustrate a Greene Counties of western Ohio (DeReg­ historic Indians of this time period pre­ Dovetail, a Hardin Barbed, a Fractured naucourt and Georgiady 1988:44). The ferred CG chert that had been prepared Base and a Thebes Early Archaic points limestone matrix is called the Cedarville- this way. made of CG chert. CG chert appears to Guelph Formation of the Niagara Series of The range of artifacts made of this be almost absent during the Bifurcate the Silurian System, hence the name. Con­ chert is centered around the areas of Tradition portion of the Early Archaic verse (1994:184) has also described this Logan, Champaign, Hardin, Clark and Period ranging from 7,000 to 6,000 years chert, preferring to call it Logan County Greene Counties. Other Ohio counties B.C. Utilization during the Early Archaic chert after the locale where it is most often that have numerous artifacts made of this Kirk Tradition from about 8,000 to 7,000 found. chert include Darke, Preble, Mercer, Van years B.C. is also relatively unknown. Cedarville-Guelph or CG chert as I will Wert, Butler, Miami, Shelby, Auglaize and A Table Rock Basin/Bottleneck point is refer to it in the rest of this article, is a Hamilton. CG chert ranges across the shown in DeRegnaucourt and Georgiady fossiliferous chert with an earthy to semi- Indiana line and is found in contiguous (1998:Plate 5) which represents the porcelaneous texture. It has fair to counties there including Allen, Adams, Middle Archaic Period, but other artifacts average knappability for the flintworker. Jay, Randolph, Wells and Wayne Coun­ from this period are very scarce. Heat-treatment was often used by pre­ ties. The majority of the chert artifacts Early Woodland Adena points are rarely historic peoples to prepare this chert for found thus far follow the Great Miami made of CG chert and one is pictured in fashioning into tools. The chert ranges River Valley and its tributaries in the Converse (1994:185). An Adena Ovate from medium grey to a dark grey with mot­ counties mentioned previously. The Stemmed point and a Robbins Adena tling caused by the abundant fossiliferous headwaters of the Scioto River also have point are again pictured in Plate 5 of inclusions which gives the chert a a large amount of artifacts made of CG DeRegnaucourt and Georgiady (1998) speckled appearance. Some examples chert found on sites, particularly in which is reproduced with this article. can range from tan to a light bluish brown. Hardin County (DeRegnaucourt 1984). In Middle Woodland Hopewell artifacts Brown and black fossil spicules, and frag­ Indiana, most CG chert found is along manufactured from CG chert are more ments of brachiopods, crinoids, bryozoans the headwaters of the Whitewater River common. Snyders and Affinis Snyders and sponges are what give the chert its and in the Salamonie and Mississinawa Hopewell points of CG chert make a rela­ characteristic mottling. Small cavities of River Drainage. tively abundant appearance in the Great quartz geodes or vugs are also often Culturally, the majority of artifacts Miami River drainage system from about present, many of which limited the stone's found of CG chert appear to date to the 100 to 500 A.D. It appears that this marks workability to the ancient flintknapper. Late Archaic Period (DeRegnaucourt and the second period in prehistory where CG CG chert is distinctive in appearance Georgiady 1998, Converse 1994). A form utilization is relatively common within the with its speckled mottling. Jeffersonville of the Brewerton Corner Notched point chert's home range. Late Woodland and chert of extreme south-central Indiana that often has a pentagonally-shaped Fort Ancient artifacts made from CG chert appears almost identical and may be a blade appears in northwest and west- are virtually unknown. geological analog (Curt Tomak, personal central Ohio on Late Archaic sites and are Summarizing, CG chert is an important communication). However, the ranges of almost exclusively made of CG chert, with local and regional resource exploited by CG and Jeffersonville chert do not overlap. most being heat-treated. This variety was the prehistoric Indians of northwestern Likewise, Bloomville chert from north­ first mentioned by Cowan (1973) and Ohio and adjacent areas of Indiana eastern Ohio is almost identical in appear­ described from the Thiebeau site in Darke throughout prehistory. The two most ance and its range is within northeastern County by Holzapfel (1994). Points similar prevalent periods of use occurred during Ohio, well away from CG's distribution to this variety have also been described the Late Archaic Period from about 3,500 (DeRegnaucourt and Georgiady 1998:30). from the Raisch-Smith site in Preble to 2,000 B.C. and again during the Middle Ten Mile Creek chert of extreme north­ County, Ohio, by Ross Moffet (1949) and Woodland Period from about 100 to 500 western Ohio is somewhat similar, but is from the Darke County area by DeRegnau­ A.D. The range of the chert from its core whiter in color and lacks the numerous court (1992 and 1994). This type has been location in Logan and Hardin Counties, speckled fossil inclusions. Some Delaware tentatively described by Converse Ohio, extends to a radius of about 75 to chert also appears similar, but also lacks (1994:88) as the Miami River Pentagonal 100 miles. This range basically follows the spicules and vugs which give CG its point. Most other points made of CG chert the drainage of the Great Miami River, characteristic mottled appearance. attributable to the Late Archaic period fit headwaters of the Scioto River and head­ Heat-treatment imbues the chert with comfortably into the Brewerton side and waters of the Whitewater River. Much light pink to dark red hues, often varie­ corner-notched point series as described more information needs to be compiled gated over the surface of an artifact or by DeRegnaucourt (1992:158). regarding this chert, including its inexpli­ piece of debitage. Heat-treatment is Other time periods are sparsely repre­ cable absences during other periods of prevalent in some periods of prehistory, sented by artifacts made of CG chert. I prehistory, such as the Paleo-lndian, Early particularly during the Late Archaic have only seen one or two Clovis Paleo- and Middle Archaic and Late Woodland

28 times. As always, this writer would like to DeRegnaucourt, Tony DeRegnaucourt, Tony, and Jeff Georgiady hear from readers who have found 1984 An Archaeological Survey of Hardin 1998 Prehistoric Chert Types of the Midwest. UMVARM Occasional Monographs in Cedarville-Guelph chert artifacts in County, Ohio. Prepared as a Survey Archaeology No. 7. Arcanum, Ohio. Indiana or Ohio or elsewhere, so he can and Planning Grant Report for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Report on file document the range through time and with the Ohio Historic Preservation Holzapfel, Elaine space more accurately. Office, Columbus. 1994 The Thiebeau Site. Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 44:, No. 1. Columbus. 1992 (rev. ed.) A Field Guide to the Prehis­ References Cited toric Point Types of Indiana and Ohio. Moffet, Ross UMVARM Occasional Monographs in 1949 The Raisch-Smith Site. Converse, Robert N. Archaeology, No. 1. Arcanum, Ohio. Ohio Archaeological & Historical 1994 Ohio Flint Types. Archaeological Quarterly, Vol. 58. Society of Ohio. Columbus. 1994 Archaeology of Camp Stillwater, Wayne's March to the Battle of Fallen Stout, Wilbur, and R.A. Schoenlaub Cowan, Owen Timbers, UMVARM Occasional Mono­ 1945 The Occurrence of Flint in Ohio. 1973 Logan County Chert. graphs in Archaeology, No. 3. Geological Survey of Ohio Bulletin No. 46 Ohio Archaeologist Vol. 23, No. 1

Figure 1 (DeRegnaucourt) Cedarville-Guelph Chert.

29 THE KERN EFFIGY: EVIDENCE FOR A PREHISTORIC FORT ANCIENT SUMMER SOLSTICE MARKER

JOHN R. WHITE Youngstown, State University Reprinted by permission of The North American Archaeologist 1986

ABSTRACT The following brief discussion of Fort enclosure and pavement (now gone) Recent excavations in Warren County, Ancient (the site), Anderson Village (the which extended 420 m in a northeasterly Ohio, within the shadow of monumental site), Fort Ancient (the cultural manifesta­ direction from the two large mounds out­ Fort Ancient have brought to light a large tion), and Anderson (the focus/phase) side the northeast "gateway" of the prehistoric alignment of limestone flag­ is intended only to clarify the archaeological northern enclosure. stones forming an effigy of a serpent. picture and provide a less confusing With all of its architectural magnifi­ Radiocarbon dates indicate that this context in which to place the Kern Effigy cence, it has attracted surprisingly few effigy was constructed in 1200 A.D. pre­ interpretation. serious researchers over the years. sumably by local peoples archaeologi- Though known to early travelers along cally designated as being of the Fort Ancient: The Site the Lebanon-Chillicothe stage route, it Anderson focus (or phase) of the Fort Fort Ancient, a vast earthwork which sits did not reach the general public until a Ancient aspect. Strong evidence indi­ atop a promontory overlooking the Little brief description and sketch map cates that this large "artifact" may have Miami River was, it is presently believed, appeared in the magazine Port Folio in seen use as an astronomical ground constructed by the Hopewellian inhabi­ 1809. A decade later Caleb Atwater marker for determining the summer sol­ tants of southwestern Ohio more than (1820:156), while not adding anything of stice and important dates related thereto. 2000 years ago. The earthen banks of the substantive worth, did set the tone for A set of general and site specific monument follow the irregular edge of the subsequent interpretations of the site by hypotheses is presented to support this promontory which is dissected throughout his conclusion that the earthworks repre­ contention and to briefly discuss its cul­ most of its perimeter by deep ravines. The sented an extensive fortification. A more tural setting. gullies of Cowen and Randall runs complete survey and description was The Kern Effigy (33WA372), also embrace the Fort on its east/southeast and published by John Locke in 1843. This referred to as the Sun Serpent, lies on the north sides respectively. These water­ later appeared in Squier and Davis west floodplain of the Little Miami River courses which debouch with the Little (1848:18). This Locke description in Warren County, Ohio. The site is Miami cut deeply through lllinoisan glacial remained the most authoritative state­ located near the back edge of the first tills into the interbedded shales and lime­ ment about the earthwork for decades terrace where it sits 172.9 m from the stones of the underlying Ordovician period. and in all likelihood is the one most west bank of the river and lies 448.6 m Monumental construction entailed the familiar to archaeologists today. Like his northwest of and below the North building of linear earthen embankments up antecedent, Atwater, Locke argued that Lookout of the South Fort ("Old Fort") of to 7 m high and 21 m wide and covering a the structure was defensive in design. Fort Ancient (Figure 1). The silty loam on ground distance of 5.7 km. These earthen The first in-ground investigations were which it sits is more than 2.7 m thick and banks run along the crest of a figure 8- reported by Lewis Hosea (1874), who for at least the last 150 years has been shaped bluff to form a large northern flew in the face of tradition by suggesting actively farmed. In recent years ground enclosure separated from a large southern that the site was used primarily for reli­ cover has been either field corn or livestock enclosure by a narrow, elongated middle gious ceremonies. He described the feed grasses. enclosure or corridor. The earthen banks village located in the South Fort and Work began on the Kern Effigy in 1981 encircle a total area of more than 51 pointed out the similarity of the site after several limestone flagstones were hectares. More than seventy-two passages materials to those from the Anderson revealed in the sidewall of a test pit dug interrupt the embankments, including three Village site in the valley below. He also earlier by Patricia Essenpreis. Excision of major "gateways." Within the perimeters of concluded, based on comparisons with the feature continued over the next three the three enclosures there are numerous mounds in the Scioto Valley, that Fort summer seasons ultimately ending in flagstone pavements, flagstone circles, Ancient was built by the people of the 1983 with the uncovering of the entire "moats" or borrow pits, collapsed rock Hopewell culture. feature and the revelation of the effigy's structures of unknown use, and eleven In 1887, Warren Moorehead, began "tail." In the course of its excavation and freestanding oval and lunate mounds four years of excavations (43 in-field study, the conclusion was reached that (Essenpreis and Moseley, 1984:7). Outside weeks). The results of the research were the effigy served as a prehistoric solar/ of the Fort perimeters several terraces, published in 1890. To this day, no single astronomical device designed to mark large and small, appear to have been cut scholar has contributed more "hard data" the summer solstice sunrise and dates into the promontory sides, and several to our archaeological knowledge of the related thereto. A set of hypotheses was mounds dot the relatively flat plateau area site than he. But while contributing so formulated to test this claim. to the east. much on one hand, Moorehead must Recent studies carried out by Essen­ share responsibility for promulgation of THE CULTURAL SETTING preis (archaeologist, University of the major misconception about the Fort. A full appreciation of the Kern Effigy and Florida, Gainesville, personal communi­ He erroneously concluded that Anderson its cultural and chronological position is cation) support the contention that Fort Village in the adjacent valley (where he dependent on an understanding of the Ancient was constructed in three stages. also dug) was contemporaneous with archaeological fabric of which it is an inte­ First the southern enclosure or "Old and a satellite of the hilltop enclosure. gral thread. The late prehistory of the Little Fort" was built and used including its William Mills (1920), after excavating in Miami River Valley is somewhat obfuscated gateway extension which maps presently and around the Fort in 1908 suggested by both a relative paucity of hard data and carry as the "Middle Fort;" this was fol­ that two contemporaneous cultures were by the unfortunate choice of descriptive lowed by the northern or "New Fort;" present in the locality—the Hopewell and terms used over time to explain them. and finally by the narrow parallel-walled Fort Ancient—and it was the Fort Ancient

30 people who built the Fort. The late phase inhabitants of nearby Anderson Village were termed "Fort Ancient" as a result of this misconception. While more recent scholars (Essen­ preis, 1978; Essenpreis and Moseley, 1984) have argued convincingly that "Fort Ancient" is a misnomer for a site which was more likely built as a ceremo­ nial site than a bulwark, there is general acceptance of the following chronology of events occurring there:

I.The earthworks were built ca 2000 years ago by people of the Hopewell culture. The evidence establishing the identity of the builders is to be found not only in the structure itself, but also in pottery, tools, and ornaments found in and around the Fort. Essenpreis (personal communication) is of the opinion that the earthworks were built in a series of discrete stages and that these separations are recognizable in the architectural styles employed.

2. Though no precise dates are available, the site was abandoned by the Hopewellians sometime prior to 600- 700 A.D.

3. Long after the earthworks were aban­ doned by the Hopewell inhabitants, a late prehistoric culture referred to as the Fort Ancient, (after the chronolog­ ical mix-up compounded earlier by Moorehead and Mills) occupied nearby Anderson Village and the South Fort enclosure. Available facts indicate that these late inhabitants occupied the South Fort between perhaps 1000 and 1600 A.D.

Anderson Village: The Site The Anderson Village site (33WA4) occupies a portion of the floodplain par­ allel to the east bank of the Little Miami River. The site lies at the foot of the bluff on which the Fort Ancient earthworks are situated and is approximately 750 m northwest of the North Lookout of the South Fort, a point from which it is clearly visible. The site encompassed an area approximately 750 m long (northwest to southeast, along the river) by 135 m wide at its maximum extent. The floodplain on which the site is located is undergoing constant change through an active process of differential aggradation and Figure 1 Map of southwestern Ohio showing the Kern Effigy (33WA372) in relation to other impor­ degradation—silts are newly deposited tant physiographic and cultural points. atop the deeper cultural levels at each periodic flooding while the Little Miami— The earliest reference to Anderson Vil­ more recent origin than the fort itself which has shifted its channel to the east lage was by Lewis Hosea (1874), who (Hosea, 1874:296). (Anderson side) cuts away the bank at an collected artifacts from the site and Warren Moorehead conducted the first even faster rate. Essenpreis (1982) notes, found them similar to those found in the recorded excavations at Anderson in after comparing a site map drawn by Clif­ village discovered in the South Fort of 1887. Anderson Village was perceived by ford Anderson in 1936 with those of the Fort Ancient. His noting of the preserva- Moorehead (1892:82) to be a single large bank configuration in 1973 and 1976, tional state of the village house rings village with a population of thousands. that more than 21 m on the western both at Anderson and South Fort relative According to him, the site was divided perimeter of the site have been lost to the to the Fort Ancient earthworks prompted into two components, the upper compo­ river in just forty years. him to posit that both villages were of nent located north of Randall Run and

31 the lower component south of the run. the archaeological record (Area III). Area II ments put forth by the proponents in this Moorehead persisted in his conviction is quite another matter. The juxtaposing of terminological debate are beyond the that the Anderson Village inhabitants two excavation maps made earlier by interests of this paper. were responsible for the construction and Anderson, led Essenpreis to the realization Regardless of the nomenclature used, use of Fort Ancient proper. that the distribution of features (specifically we can delimitate the cultural unit referred Clifford Anderson, after whom the site refuse pits and burials) around a large fea­ to as Fort Ancient by reference to the was named, carried out the most extensive tureless area was congruent with a similar shared characteristics of its constituent investigations at the site between 1892 arrangement described for the Incinerator sub-categories be they called foci, and 1936. In the course of time, he col­ site and explained by Heilman (1975) as a phases, or whatever. Fort Ancient people lected thousands of artifacts of stone, settlement pattern wherein various fea­ participated in a general Mississippian bone, and shell, including flint , celts, tures and activity loci were arranged in rel­ system involving a shift to a focal subsis­ bell-shaped mortars, mullers, hammer- atively tight and distinct concentric bands tence economy based on the cultivation stones, axes, beamers, gorgets (slate and around a central plaza. Identification of this of maize, beans, and squash and supple­ shell), scrapers, hoes (antler and shell), pattern in Area II aided in establishing the mented by the hunting of available local awls, fish gorges, fishhooks, ornaments, form and extent of a single village and species of mammals, fish, and mollusca. shell beads, stemless and elbowed pipes allowed a meaningful unit of comparison While it is not possible to formulate a (both stone and ceramic), projectile points with other Fort Ancient villages. It appears single-settlement model that fits all of the (small, straight-sided, triangular points now that rather than being a single, large, Fort Ancient sites, there are some char­ being by far the most common), and long-term village with a population of thou­ acteristics which if not invariable do pottery (cord-marked and incised, both sands, Anderson represents a series of occur with a certain degree of reliability. shell and grit tempered) and described superimposed and relatively small, single Fort Ancient sites occur primarily along such in-ground features as post molds, generation villages with an ongoing popu­ large watercourses. Villages were gener­ house circles, storage pits, , and lation of perhaps 200 individuals. ally permanently occupied, with domestic refuse pits (Anderson, 1936). In recent years research has, for the areas arranged around a central plaza. Though his over more than a most part, been limited to the examina­ Among the ninety-two nonceramic traits decade produced an abundance of artifac- tion of material recovered earlier. identified as Fort Ancient and found in all tual material, he restricted his writing to Brainerd (1937) analyzed the faunal four subdivisions are: cache and refuse descriptions of the site features and exca­ remains and discussed the environmental pits; ; multiple burials; refuse vation methodology. Nowhere does he conditions in which the various species pit burials; stone and clay elbow pipes; attempt to establish the broader context of existed; Lallo (1975) analyzed the human shell hoes, spoons, knives, and scrapers; the Village or its temporal relationship with skeletal remains; and Barber (1978:189), disk beads; bone awls; beamers; gorges; Fort Ancient on the bluff above. a sample of recently excavated lithics. antler flakers, hoes, and scrapers; bone When Griffin (1943) wrote his seminal Until such time as a full-scale excavation hooks; bone beads; teeth pendants; tri­ Fort Ancient Aspect, his interpretations of utilizing up-to-date techniques can be angular projectile points; side-notched the cultural placement of Anderson conducted at Anderson, it will remain and corner-notched points; multi-type Village and his establishment of artifact somewhat "in the shadows." knives; single point and expanded-base types relied for the most part on drills; celts; mortars; mullers; bell-shaped Anderson's findings. Anderson Village Fort Ancient: The Cultural Manifestation pestles; stone hoes; plain and perforated became the type site for the Anderson It is to Griffin (1937:273) we owe the discoids; and slate ornaments. focus as defined by Griffin (1943:92). first consistent definition of the late pre­ While there is no "typical" Fort Ancient Although originally interpreted by historic cultural manifestation termed ceramic style there are a number of Moorehead (1890; 1892) as a single long- Fort Ancient. Adopting the McKern Taxo- characteristics which tend to appear reg­ term village horizontally separated into two nomic System, Griffin (1943) referred to ularly on pottery recovered from the var­ components, and later treated as a single the archaeological culture which devel­ ious Fort Ancient components. Fort component by Griffin (1943) who was "not oped in the Middle Ohio Valley between Ancient designs are relatively simple with able to make any distinctions among the A.D. 950 and A.D. 1750 as the Fort the curvilinear guilloche, the rectilinear specimens" and therefore deemed them Ancient aspect. He based his delineation guilloche and the line-filled triangle homogeneous, Essenpreis (1982) claims on the presence of ninety-two non- being, by far, the most common. The the available evidence warrants subdivi­ ceramic traits grouped under six broad scroll and spiral are somewhat less sion of Anderson Village into a minimum of heads, e.g., settlement patterns and common. These designs are usually four-three Fort Ancient Aspect and an burials; stone tools; bone and antler; incised and applied to the external rim underlying Late Archaic-components. shell pipes; and copper, brass, and mis­ which is smoothed to receive them. The Essenpreis, whose recent work at Fort cellaneous. Within the broader aspect he bulk of the exterior surface was malleated Ancient proper, Anderson Village, and the delineated four foci or localized groups with a cord-wrapped paddle. Handles Incinerator site near Dayton brings a fresh, which bore a greater degree of homo­ are almost entirely strap-like and usually, broad, and well-reasoned approach to the geneity among themselves than they had except at Madisonville sites, two to a Anderson data, sees Anderson Village as to the Fort Ancient aspect as a whole; vessel. Basal shapes are rounded to being made up of three "segments" which these he termed Baum, Feurt, Anderson, elongate. The lip and body diameters she labels as Areas I, II, and III (Essenpreis, and Madisonville. and the height have approximately the 1982). These areas essentially divide the Research since 1940 has resulted same measurement. Both shell-tempered site horizontally into unequal thirds from in some investigators eschewing the and grit-tempered vessels predominate north to south and are based on the Griffin model of aspects/foci in favor (Griffin, 1943:206). distribution of cultural constituents and of a Willey and Phillips-inspired scheme As stated, Prufer and Shane (1970:239) stratigraphy described earlier by Moore­ of tradition/phase (Prufer and Shane, argue for the use of the taxonomic model head and Anderson and more recently by 1970:239), while still others, apparently developed by Willey and Phillips (1958). In herself. As she points out, the accurate dissatisfied with both to some extent, the process of substituting "tradition" for interpretation of Areas I and III (excavated have waffled between using one term "aspect"—the definitive traits remaining earlier by Moorehead and Anderson) are or the other or have avoided taking sides essentially unchanged—they have added inhibited by either the lack of accurate and substituted "culture" or "system" for two new phases—Griffin would have accounts of recovered features and aspect (Essenpreis, 1978:141). The labeled them foci—the Baldwin and the artifacts (Area I) or the sheer parsimony of respective merits of the several argu­ Brush Creek.

32 Anderson: The Focus/Phase 2.96 m in length was exposed at what width. At the same point at which the The Anderson focus of the Fort Ancient was clearly the eastern terminus of a constriction of the cluster took place, it aspect as defined by Griffin (1943) refers to larger feature of indeterminate shape began to curve subtly in a northerly a localized grouping of sites which show a which extended into the sidewall in a direction relative to the trunk. significant degree of similarity to each westerly direction. It varied between 1.7 m Two related observations were noted other and at the same time a significant and 2.0 m in width with groups of isolated for the cluster relative to its topographic degree of dissimilarity to other correspond­ rocks away from the southern perimeter situation with reference to the river. ingly conceived units. Anderson Village extending it to a width of 2.7 m. The Despite the fact that the structure was was the type site for this focus, and the rocks constituting the main body of the originally laid on a terrace which rose artifacts and traits recovered earlier by cluster were multi-layered to an average slightly in a westerly direction away from Moorehead and Anderson the determi­ height of 30 cm while the outliers were the river, its top was level throughout its nants. In addition to the more than seventy for the most part single layered. It was length. This was accomplished by con­ aspect traits that it shares with the other also noted that the northern perimeter structing it higher on its eastern end, Fort Ancient foci/phases, Anderson sites was straighter than the southern with the thereby compensating for the subtle ups- are demarcated as much by what is not isolated outliers giving the southern edge lope to the west. there as by what is. Unique in only two a decidedly irregular appearance. No out­ Initially encountered at a depth of nonceramic traits—the equi-armed shell liers were found out from the northern 96 cm, the depths got progressively gorget and the wide-based triangular edge of the cluster. shallower toward the western end. At its point—it is set apart primarily by its The soil above and adjacent to the shallowest it lay 20 cm below the present ceramics which are typically shell- or grit- cluster was a fine-grained sand/silt/loam surface. The differential depths of over­ tempered, cord-marked, incised, rim deco­ medium brown in color. The soil immedi­ burden can be accounted for by the rated with hatched triangles or curvilinear ately below the feature was a somewhat flooding patterns of the adjacent river. guilloche, and with a thickened rim. Absent darker brownish black loam of similar That part of the cluster at the lower eleva­ from Anderson sites (though present in texture. Flush with the northern edge of tion, i.e., closer to the river, received the other Fort Ancient components) are plat­ the cluster was a thin (<.7 cm) layer of bulk of alluvium as it would be inundated form pipes, bone or antler pendants, turtle rounded to subrounded particles < 2.0 m by even the most routine season flood. shell spoons, slate celts, decorated awls, in size. These larger sand/gravel particles While on the other hand, that part of the and shoulder blade scrapers. in all likelihood were deposited among cluster at a higher elevation away from the Although Anderson Village originally pro­ the northern (upstream) edge of the fea­ river would be alluviated by only the most vided the base line inventory for establish­ ture by the Little Miami River floodwaters torrential and less frequent floods. ment of the Anderson focus/phase, the passing over the feature in the course of Although it was very clear that the more extensive work carried out at the its alluviation. The cluster was sectioned large cluster was anthropogenic in origin, Incinerator site has, more recently, provided parallel to its length in a generally east- it was equally puzzling as to its function the bulk of information relevant to the west direction, revealing the subtly darker or use. As an effigy it was meaningless internal settlement structuring of Anderson soil on which it rested and demonstrating (at least to its 1982 observers), as a sites. Evidence for interregional contact in that it was higher, or domed, in the pavement or walkway hopelessly rucked the form of high status trade items is middle. The flagstones removed from the and rumpled, as an activity area virtually lacking. There is no unarguable evidence cluster during sectioning were counted devoid of artifacts or detritus, as a fish for the existence of an elite class. Organi­ and weighed. A total of 666 stones dam absent of evidentiary remains as zation of the village into distinct segments weighing a total of 820 kg were removed, well as literary precedent, as a wall it does suggest some degree of planning, the mean weight of each being 1.2 kg. connected nothing, as a historic structure and, perhaps, some level of kin-related site it was too deep and too isolated, and as allocation (Essenpreis, 1978:159). The 1982 Findings a casual rock cluster too ordered. Accepted radiocarbon dates for Anderson Initial work of the 1982 season involved sites suggest a minimum temporal range systematic subsurface probing to delin­ The 1983 Findings of A.D. 1100 to 1450. Dates, recently eate the approximate size, shape and ori­ Early in the 1983 season the rock available from the Incinerator site prob­ entation of the cluster. By the end of the cluster was completely exposed to a total ably justify pushing the initial date back season the cluster had been uncovered length of 26.79 m. It appeared to consist to the beginning of the 12th century; to a length of more than 23.5 m and was of three segments of somewhat different somewhat earlier than the Middle Fort still not completely exposed. Throughout size and structure: a long, relatively Ancient date of A.D. 1250 suggested by most of its length it varied in width straight and broad "trunk" (19.5 m), a Prufer and Shane (1970:257). between 1.7 m and 4.25 m with the narrow, compact, subtly curving section At least fifteen sites have, until now, been greater width measurements due to the (4.8 m); and a "tail" consisting of nine assigned to the Anderson focus/phase: presence of more extensive outlying of large, flat flagstones laid contiguously in Monteville, Steele Dam, Incinerator, Erp, flagstone strays off the southern single file (2.49 m). and Wegerzen Gardens are located in the perimeter; the mean width was 1.95 m. To gain insights into the original pre- Great Miami River Valley. Williams, Mangle, The clear distinction between the abandonment shape of the cluster, a Corwin, Mill Grove, South Fort (Fort straight, unbroken northern edge and the cross-section was made perpendicular to Ancient), Anderson, Taylor, Carroll-Oregonia irregular, undulating southern edge noted the main trunk (and parallel to the flood Road, Bunnell Kame, and Wood 73 are in in the small segment excavated the pre­ currents which would have traversed it). the Little Miami Valley. The Carroll-Oregonia, vious year was even more in evidence The section trench (Figure 3) 1 m wide, Bunnell Kame, and Wood 73 sites are the with exposure of a greater portion of it was dug, well beyond the northern and only ones not situated immediately on, or (Figure 2). southern margins of the cluster and 1 m atop bluffs adjacent to, the main rivers. At a distance of 19.2 m from the eastern into the culturally sterile silt on which it terminus, two noticeable changes took rested. All of the rocks removed from the THE KERN EFFIGY: place in its appearance. At that point, the trench were weighed, counted, and set ITS PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION cluster which previously had been nearly aside. A profile (Figure 4) was drawn of 2 m wide, and, on the southern margin the west face of the trench showing a clear The 1981 Findings ragged in plan view narrowed abruptly to differentiation between the remaining main At the close of the 1981 season a large a tightly constructed—with no outliers— body of the cluster which consisted of cluster of limestone flagstones measuring pavement relatively uniform at 1.0 m in multilayered and tightly stacked lime-

33 stone flags and the flood-carried past the confusion of stones to the basic was in all likelihood never covered with southern outliers which were randomly shape. It was clear that were we to care­ soil, but was, while being used, a stacked located, isolated, and unlayered. The fully restack the marginal outliers in the stone effigy set naked upon the ground. profile clearly showed that the original manner of our cross-section sample, we The tail is the indicant of this. It makes cluster was 1.80 m in width. To determine would have a narrower, tighter, higher, little sense to create such a realistic its approximate original height, the straighter, and considering the "rattle­ "rattle" if it is to be covered with a mound stones taken from the trench were like" tail, more serpentine effigy. of sod. stacked as tightly as possible within the The Kern cluster, with its paucity of Observations made early in the 1983 confines of a rectangle 1 m wide (the artifacts was, in fact, itself an artifact- season led to the hypothesis that the trench width) and 1.8 m long (the deter­ large limestone effigy in the form of a ser­ effigy might have served as a summer mined width of the original cluster). The pent; albeit one without the characteristic solstice sunrise marker. When this was resultant concentration reached a height sinuosity such as that demonstrated by realized, a 2 m wide trench was dug out of 55 cm, i.e., the original height of the the great in Adams from the eastern end of the effigy to a feature prior to its being continually raked County, Ohio. It differed from that serpent distance of 10 m in a search for evidence with floodwaters. effigy in other ways also. Besides being of a gnomon device. None was found. On Once a visual image of the effigy was much smaller in every dimension, and June 11, 1983 an 8 m high pole was established, it was relatively easy to see generally less definable, the Kern effigy erected 3 m back from, and in alignment

Figure 2 Looking in a southwesterly direction at the Kern Effigy (1982). Note the sharp contrast between the even right (north and upstream) and ragged left (south and downstream) perimeters of the alignment.

34 with, the Kern cluster. On June 22, and tiguous to the bottom center of the effigy. nearby Anderson Village and the over­ for three days before and after, the align­ Taken from the side wall of the cross- looking South Fort of Fort Ancient by ment between rising sun, gnomon, and section trench at a depth of 95 cm, this peoples of the Fort Ancient aspect. effigy was clean and direct. sample represented the soil surface (now a buried soil horizon) on which the effigy The Effigy Artifacts: Radiometric Dates was constructed. The specimen provided A Fort Ancient Affiliation Two specimens were collected from a date of 765 ± 80: A.D. 1185 (SI-6268). A total of only 357 lithic artifacts were the effigy for radiometric dating by the The late prehistoric range of A.D. 1325- taken from the 8 ha constituting the Smithsonian Radio-Carbon Laboratory. 1515 may represent post-abandonment floodplain on which the Kern effigy was The first sample consisted of a charcoal dates as the charcoal specimen could situated. Of this number, only eighty-one specimen which was extracted from the have been carried in by river floodwaters, (22.6%) specimens were retrieved from soil immediately above and adjacent to however, they are entirely consistent with the surface atop and in the immediate the base of the effigy at a depth of 90 the earlier range of A.D. 1105-1265 for vicinity of the effigy. And finally, of this cm. This sample was dated at 530 ± the sod/soil buried in the course of number, only sixty-six (18.5%) lithic arti­ 95:A.D. 1420 (SI-6267). The second mound construction. This latter date is in facts have a stratified (i.e., subsurface) sample consisted of 2 kg of the dark soil strikingly accordance with the mean date provenience. Even these latter provienced taken from immediately below and con­ (A.D. 1200) given for the occupation of pieces cannot be unarguably tied in with

Figure 3 Cross-section trench showing the multilayered main trunk and the scattered, thinly spaced flagstones on its southern (downstream) edge resulting from forceful displacement by the adjacent Little Miami River.

35 ••••'•isfr!.• i Tnl,,l,y FLOOR OF TRENCH Profile of Trench B

Figure 4 Plan view drawing of the Kern Effigy with its present shape and alignment. Inset is a profile drawing of the west face of Trench B showing the relationship between the effigy proper and the displaced flagstones.

the effigy itself since the field over the contracting stem. Thirty-eight utilized range much later than the Archaic. The feature has been in cultivation for at least flakes were recovered. designations should thus not necessarily the last 150 years and has during that The small size and rather homoge­ be viewed as a commitment to assigning time, and for centuries before, been inun­ neous nature of the collection make pre­ the points to a particular cultural period, dated by the Little Miami River. Much of cise chronological statements difficult. In but rather as implying morphological sim­ the material present on excavation may addition, the tenuous provenience (i.e., in ilarities with the known types (Kardulias represent float ultimately derived from a alluvium above the effigy) for most of the and White, 1985). site such as Anderson Village located material negates the possibility of making The Adena-like stemmed point pro­ some 500 m upstream. any strong case for direct association vides limited evidence of human pres­ For the purpose of determining the with the effigy. ence if not occupation in the vicinity of source of the material represented in this In general, the assemblage is represen­ the site during Early to Middle Woodland assemblage, comparative collections of tative of the entire range of flaking activi­ times. The untyped corner-notched point Flint Ridge and Upper Mercer cherts ties, from preparation of a raw core to bears a closer affinity to Late Woodland were employed. In addition, Stout and fine retouching of distinctive artifacts. types than any other specimen. It is sim­ Schoenlamb's (1945) standard work was Since the material is widely scattered ilar in dimension to so-called "bird consulted. The dominance of local cherts, along the terrace, with no single heavy points" (Converse, 1973:72), but is more primarily in the form of stream pebbles, is concentration, the area around the effigy finely made. The lanceolate point resem­ a phenomenon shared with nearby cannot be identified as a specialized bles several specimens identified as Anderson Village (Barber, 1978: 201). In work area, nor would we expect it to knives from the , a late addition, Prufer and Shane (1970:78-79) have served as such. To date, soundings prehistoric village (Hooten and Willoughby, suggest that in late Woodland and Fort in the field have not revealed any supple­ 1920:48). No triangular points, wide­ Ancient times there was a tendency to mental evidence, beyond the lithics and spread artifacts of the Late Woodland/ exploit local rather than distant sources. some associated artifacts, of occupation Fort Ancient periods (Prufer, 1967:19-20); As might be expected flaking debitage, in the vicinity of the effigy. Ritchie, 1971:33) were recovered. This representing all stages of the reduction Of all the flaked stone, the projectile contrasts with the situation at Anderson sequence constituted a majority of the points are the best temporal markers, yet Village, a Fort Ancient site situated ca. assemblage. Specifically designated tools even these are difficult to classify due to 550 m north of 33W372 on the east bank included gravers (A/=1), side scrapers their incompleteness. The specimens of the Little Miami River, for which all six (A/=5), end scrapers (A/=2), side/end designated Rossville-like and Snook Kill projectile points studied in a recent scrapers (A/=1), scalar chiseloid pieces exhibit traits generally characteristic of sample were triangular in form (Barber, (/V=2), drills (W=1), reamers (W=1), spoke- Archaic types. McKenzie (1975:78) sug­ 1978:197). Because of the small samples shaves (N=2), biface fragments (A/=10), gests it is difficult to distinguish between involved, however, this difference is insuf­ and projectile points (A/=7). Following Archaic and Late Woodland stemmed ficient to claim that the two sites are not Ritchie's (1971) descriptions these seven and notched points from the Hocking roughly contemporaneous. As a result of points were of seven different types: Valley in central Ohio and this problem all these factors, the points in this assem­ Adena-like, straight-stemmed, Snook Kill, may well be manifested at 33Wa372, blage can at best provide only a tentative Rossville-like, corner-notched, foliate, and where the radiometric dates fall in a Late Woodland to Fort Ancient affiliation.

36 The fact that five of the seven specimens mined by placement of a theodolite 19.5 m themselves with reference to distinctive have only a surface provenience further from the head at the point where the horizon features which can be used as complicates the process of establishing an trunk breaks in a gentle curve to the mnemonic devices. Among the Hopi, for association between the artifacts and the west. From this point (A)—the junction of example, the tawa-mongwi, or Sun Chief, effigy and of assigning a date to the latter. the straight wide trunk with the narrower rather than rely on a cast shadow notes Although there is reason to believe that curved tail—to the tip of the single-file tail the sun's arrival at a series of distinctive a substantial portion of the sample fits a the alignment is a near perfect east-west landmarks (Stephen, 1893). Many of the Late Woodland/Fort Ancient pattern, this or 270° (Fig. 4). more sedentary Pueblo-dwelling peoples assessment, for reasons enumerated, is An individual with or without a sur­ make use of this kind of place-specific put forth with some tentativeness. While veying instrument, standing at the junc­ horizon calendar (Williamson, 1981:65). A the analysis of the Kern lithics does not ture A (Fig. 4) and looking in an easterly similar wide spread use of horizon calen­ provide unimpeachable evidence of a Fort direction along the effigy will be in direct dars to observe the solstices purportedly Ancient connection, it is, at least, consis­ alignment with the rising solstice sun as it was common among the California tent with such and does correlate with the broaches a shallow gap in the high Fort Indians (Hudson et al., 1979:41; Hudson dates derived by radiometric means. Ancient ridge which runs in a north-south andUnderhay, 1978:51-73). direction across the river from the site. The Kern Effigy, understood as a celes­ THE SOLSTITIAL HYPOTHESES An 8 m high gnomon pole was erected tial observation device, is perhaps more Archaeologists arguing for the astro­ 3.24 m north and 5.1 m east of datum and like the medicine of the Great nomical significance of a particular site in direct line with the sun, ridge gap, and Plains such as the Big Horn Medicine must buck an essentially conservative flagstone effigy. On June 22, 1983, at 6:54 in Wyoming or the Sun River Med­ tide. This is as it should be. Reyman a.m. EDT, the rising sun broached the low icine Wheel in Montana (Eddy, 1977:147) (1977:205) lists four prerequisites that spot in the high ridge which runs in a in its use than as an observation point for serve as minima for acceptance: 1) an north-south direction across the river from a horizon calendar. Instead of using a adequate conceptual scheme or theoret­ the site. At 7:02 the gnomon pole shadow specific horizon feature as a foresight for ical approach; 2) a sufficient control of was cast the length of the alignment and marking the solstice sunrise direction, the the relevant ethnohistorical, ethnograph­ parallel to its center line (Fig. 5). As the sun builders of the Kern effigy, as was appar­ ical and archaeological data; 3) formula­ rose over the next thirty-eight minutes, the ently the case with the forementioned tion of specific hypotheses and test shadow moved in a westerly direction medicine wheels, made the structure of implications; and 4) a consistent and sys­ along the effigy's tail. At 7:40 the shadow sufficient length and alignment that an tematic field methodology. The fourth reached the tip of serpent's tail and pro­ observer could use the proximal and prerequisite was satisfied through the ceeded to withdraw (shorten) rapidly back distal ends as backsight and foresight careful excavation of the rock feature toward the base of the gnomon. In effect, respectively, thereby creating a self-con­ itself. Realization of the potential astro­ the plan view of the effigy represented a tained surveying device. Essentially this nomical function of the Kern Effigy led to plot of the rising summer solstice sun is what we did when we lined up our sur­ the formulation of three hypotheses during its first thirty-eight minutes after veying equipment and shot along the which were to be tested in 1983. These striking the valley floor. centerline of the effigy toward the east to hypotheses incorporate the first three In 1983 (and again in 1984) the determine its azimuth. areas of concern raised by Reyman. gnomon shadow was plotted for several In the second place, if a gnomon pole days before and after the solstice. Red were used, and it Is likely that such was Hypothesis One: If the effigy had poten­ flags were used to mark the primary the case, there is every reason to believe tial solstitial relevance it would, on a strike point of the pole's shadow. On that given the circumstances of its situa­ very limited number of days centered both June 15 and June 27 the shadow tion, it would leave no trace of its exis­ on June 21, be in direct alignment with was appreciably off the center mark by tence. The pole would be placed deep in the rising sun. several centimeters. On only one brief silty alluvium (as we placed ours) and Corollary: Before and after June 21 the cluster of days, the summer solstice from would be subject to storm and flood (as sun would be more or less further to June 18 to June 24, is there a clean was ours) which would in all likelihood the south on the horizon depending on alignment between the limestone effigy upturn it (as was ours) periodically. As the number of days removed from its and the rising sun. The 1984 summer sol­ long as the builders were present—and southernmost horizontal position at the stice sunrise itself was unfortunately, not still interested—they would simply right winter solstice. observed at the Kern Effigy. A devas­ the pole—or replace it with another— tating storm the evening and night before after each catastrophe and continue with Hypothesis Two: If the Kern Effigy were a had severely ravaged the site covering its use. Only after the site was aban­ summer solstice marker it should relate the effigy with three feet of water, doned or interest was lost in its mainte­ archaeologically to a group who, quite uprooting our gnomon pole, and creating nance would the gnomon pole and effigy independently of the effigy itself, pro­ a dense blanket of fog in the valley. fall into permanent disrepair. The point is vide evidence of placing a significant In 1985, the pole—this time 5 m high- that any flood(s) or similarly disruptive emphasis on the sun. was once again erected in the same phenomenon which could disarray a rela­ spot. Witnesses observed the first flash tively low and solid limestone alignment to the extent that the Kern Effigy was, Hypothesis Three: If the Kern Effigy were at 6:54 a.m., but because of a large cloud would sweep away any evidence of a a solstice marker there might be on the horizon, we were denied the highstanding and considerably more vul­ expected to be other independent observation of the shadow's movement nerable gnomon pole. physical, considerations, i.e., geological, from first strike at 7:02 a.m. to 7:18 a.m. geographical, positional, and attitudinal, Two questions beg answering. To what A second question relates to the differ­ for its specific placement. extent does the failure to find any ence between the alignment of the remains—post mold or the like—of the summer solstice sunrise in 1983 and in TESTING THE HYPOTHESES gnomon pole defeat or weaken the claim the 12th or 13th century when this effigy Hypothesis One for potential astronomical significance? In was constructed. In the last 1000 years, The straight trunk or body of the Kern the first place such a pole would not be a the 23° 30' precessional angle of the Effigy was constructed so as to create an quintessential part of the system. The earth's axis has undergone negligible alignment forming an aximuth of 66° 30' horizon calendar is the simplest form of change. We would expect the positions of both the summer and winter solstice to east of north. This alignment was deter­ calendar; observers need only position

37 be the same today as they were 1000 Society, personal communication) sug­ to July 16. If the gnomon is 10 m high years ago. Any slight variation would be gests a "tickle the tail" solution to the and sits 40 m back from datum, the completely undetectable by naked eye, question of achieving a greater precision. '"tickle" cycle takes fifty days to com­ line-of-sight observations. According to this line of reasoning, the plete. By varying the height of the The determination of the precise summer observer notices, well in advance of the gnomon and its set-back distance from solstice day was not an easy thing to solstice, the day when the shadow first the effigy's head the number of days in accomplish prehistorically. For a few days touches the tail. Up to this time, the the "tickle" cycle could be extended or prior to the solstice, the shadow appears to shadow advances appreciably from day shortened to suit the user's needs. In slow down in its movement, dwells at the to day and its position is easily plotted. such a way the rate of the shadow tra­ solstice position for a few days and then From the time that the shadow initially verse could be set to provide solstitial slowly retracts. The nature of this process "tickles the tail," the observer counts the and other seasonally important dates. allows the accurate determination of the days it takes for the shadow to pass To restate: the Kern Effigy located at solstice day only within this seven day through the centerline of the effigy and 39° 24' 16" north, 84° 06' 04" west aligns margin. Though it is quite likely that such a return back to the tip of the tail. Dividing precisely with the summer solstice sun­ degree of accuracy was sufficient for their by two the number of elapsed days from rise at an azimuth of 66° 30'. purposes, the unusual bent tail of the effigy initial to final tip touch establishes the suggests yet another possibility. exact day of the solstice. Hypothesis Two Michael Linsey (mechanical engineer, Figure 6 shows the position of the According to Hawkins (1977:132), the Case Western Reserve Astronomical shadow on different dates from May 27 argument for astronomical significance is

Gnomon p—3.24 N

8.1 £

KERN EFFIGY

OHOF THE SHADOW AT TIMS

Lai Hum: 39'2416'N Longlluds; -e4-06'0*W Sun's (kK 1 2J-26JI J- ET.. -r«'2B 5m Gnomon Aimiutli 66 30' Datr Junt2l.t9BS Time ED5T Gnomon's DOttttOR 5IE.32*

Figure 5 Drawing of the Kern Effigy showing the gnomon shadow position at various times after first strike on the summer solstice and contrasting its position given different gnomon heights.

made more secure if one works with an Effigy—were largely dependent on maize to supplying evidence of corn domestica­ archaeological site the construction date agriculture. Beans and squash completed tion, offer support to the idea of ceremo­ of which has been determined by their cultigenic trinity. Maize, of the 8 or 10 nialism surrounding its harvesting. At methods independent of the astronom­ row, early maturing, Northern Flint variety both Incinerator and Blain Village refuse ical claims. Otherwise, as he claims, one has been recovered from the Blain, Baum, pits were excavated containing tight con­ is postulating an alignment then Gardner, Incinerator, Feurt, Baldwin, centrations of carbonized corn in direct deducing a date that fits the findings. Madisonville, and Turpin sites (Essenpreis, association with other artifactual exotica. This was accomplished for the Kern 1978:156; Prufer and Shane, 1970:249). These associations, the authors contend, Effigy. The construction date of approxi­ For no other reason than to ensure a max­ may represent the residue of the Busk or mately 1200 A.D. derived through radio­ imum corn harvest, the Fort Ancient agri­ as described by metric means puts the effigy in the culturalists would be expected to concern Witthoft (1949). The presence of such Anderson focus (phase) of the Fort themselves with the accurate plotting of Ancient aspect. ceremonialism would be further reason the passage of seasons. Where a confined for Fort Ancient peoples to have an Is there independent evidence that the growing season dictates the maintenance interest in solar reckoning for, as Witthoft Fort Ancient people would have found use of a tight planting and harvesting schedule, observed (1949:68), a common charac­ for a device for accurately determining the a knowledge of the sun's movements teristic of the ritual is the advanced setting summer solstice? Economically the Fort would be of critical importance. of the date by selected officials. Ancient settlements—such as Anderson Heilman and Hoefer (1981:157) and Village, 500 m upriver from the Kern While the exact process or degree of Prufer and Shane (1970:249), in addition impact that the Mississippian groups had

38 in the ultimate development of the Interestingly, Heilman and Hoefer (north) the Little Miami Valley for several archaeological construct we term Fort (1981:157) postulate the monitoring of kilometers. The floodplain on which the Ancient is certainly debatable, it is essen­ celestial processes and events by the effigy is located lies immediately below tially settled that it was at least sizable Incinerator site inhabitants. Their claim is and across the river from the Lookout. If and, certainly by 1200 A.D., well estab­ based on the observation of a set of the new growth of trees which presently lished (Essenpreis, 1978; Griffin, 1983: 293, alignments established between what is narrow the field of vision were removed Prufer and Shane, 1970:256; Jennings, deemed to be the remains of a plaza from the slope adjacent to the Lookout, it 1974:263). The relevance of this observa­ centerpost and a series of other smaller would offer a perspective on the effigy tion is clear. Everything we know about post holes. If they are correct, then it which could not be matched except by a this innovative and widespread cultural offers significant support to the contention hovering aircraft. system points not to a casual interest in that Fort Ancient people did utilize such The South Fort was the part of Fort the sun, but to a major preoccupation astronomical devices. Ancient proper which was occupied by with it. Unique in the manner in which the To restate: the Kern Effigy was con­ the Fort Ancient peoples ca 1100-1450 archaeological data melds with the early structed ca 1200 A.D. by Fort Ancient A.D. The 1200 A.D. date for the Kern historical accounts of early Spanish and people whose agricultural subsistence Effigy makes it nicely coeval. It isn't diffi­ French chroniclers, the Mississippian of pattern, ceremonialism, and Mississippian cult to envision an earlier Fort Ancient DeSoto (Bourne, 1904; Gentleman of connections would make them, if not priest looking down from the lookout Elvas, 1907); Garcilaso de Vega (1951), heliolatrous, at least deeply interested in upon the effigy marker below and pro­ Charlevoix (1725), and others is resplen­ celestial processes especially involving nouncing the commencement of the dent with liveried priests who daily the sun. The construction and use of a solar-initiated activities. greeted the rising sun with prayer and solstitial marker is totally consistent with 2. Location with regard to the gap in sacrifice and who, among their other this view. the steep ridge opposite the site — The duties, kept lit "eternal fires" representing steep ridge which parallels the river for the sun. Swanton's (1911) description of Hypothesis Three several kilometers in both directions the Natchez (based on early traveler's Several secondary considerations, (north and south) from Fort Ancient rises accounts) presents us with a culture led independent of the effigy itself, are sup­ more than 70 m above the valley floor on by an individual called the Great Sun (the portive of its use as a summer solstice which the Kern Effigy sits. A deep gorge sun incarnate) and an elite class of Suns. marker. These can be discussed under cut by stream action in the western slope One needs only to read the graphic four headings. of the ridge abutting the North Fort description of this late Mississippian cul­ serves to create a narrow, shallow, but ture to appreciate the elaborate role 1. Location with regard to the North well-defined gap in the otherwise impres­ played by the sun. The intention here is Lookout of the South Fort of Fort Ancient sive and unbroken skyline (Figure 1). The not to argue that the Fort Ancient people — The Kern Effigy is located approxi­ Kern Effigy is situated with respect to this were the Ohio Valley equivalent of the mately 400 m northwest of the North ridge gap in such a way that the first Natchez, but only that being of Mississip­ Lookout of the South Fort ("Old Fort") of flash of the summer solstice occurs in the pian influence they would perforce have Fort Ancient. The Lookout (Figure 1) sits center of the gap, its nadir, and is in much more than just a casual interest in on a northern promontory of the South direct alignment with a gnomon erected the sun. Fort and offers an unobstructed view up at the eastern terminus of the effigy. In

GNOMON HEIGHT I tOm GNOMON POSITION: 40.6E. 18.0N A -DATUM

Figure 6 Drawing of the Kern Effigy showing positions of the gnomon shadow at various dates between May 28 and July 16 and demonstrating the "tickle of the tail" scenario.

39 effect, the valley floor gets its earliest SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY sunrise through this gap (at 6:54 EDT). A long cluster of limestone flagstones ANDERSON, CLIFFORD C. 3. Location with respect to Anderson Vil­ of relative uniform size was uncovered in 1936 Description of Explorations in the floodplain below and across the Little Prehistoric Village Site and Burial Ground lage — Anderson Village, the type site for at Fort Ancient, Ohio, Notes on file at Ohio the Anderson focus (or phase) is located Miami River from Fort Ancient in Warren Historical Society, Columbus. less than 500 m across the river and County, Ohio. Identified by its rattle snake-like tail and general length to width ATWATER, CALEB upstream from the Kern Effigy. Dates for 1820 Description of the Antiquities Discovered in Anderson sites suggest a temporal range ratio as a serpent effigy, this flagstone the State of Ohio and Other Western States, of AD. 1100-1450. A date of A.D. 1200 for alignment designated the Kern Effigy Transactions and Collections of the Amer­ the Kern Effigy sits squarely in this time may have been used as an astronomical ican Antiquarian Society, 1, pp. 10-9-267. frame and is totally consistent with the dis­ marker to indicate the summer solstice BARBER, RUSSELL J. covered and presumed needs—agricultural, and dates related thereto. Tests indicate 1978 A of the Anderson Village ceremonial, religious, etc.—of these that on only one brief cluster of seven Site (33-Wa-4), A Fort Ancient Culture Site people. It is critical to a logical interpreta­ days surrounding the summer solstice, in Warren County, Ohio, Mid-Continental Journal of Archaeology, 3, pp. 189-213. tion of the Kern Effigy that a habitation site the rising sun casts a shadow in direct be nearby. It is reasonable to expect that alignment with its length. As the sun rises BOURNE, EDWARD G. such sites as the Kern Effigy, if they were during the first minutes the shadow 1904 Narratives of the Career of Hernando De Soto, Vol. 1, A. S. Barnes, New York. utilitarian, would be eminently accessible moves toward the effigy's tail. When the to the users. Anderson Village fits such a shadow reaches the tip of the tail it BRAINERD, GEORGE W. role both spatially and temporally. begins shortening back to the base of the 1937 Animal Remains From the Anderson Village Site, unpublished Ph.D. It is especially worthy of note that gnomon pole. The alignment has an dissertation, Department of Zoology, Ohio Anderson Village would itself, by its situa­ azimuth of 66° 30'. State University, Columbus. tion at the base of the ridge which runs Radiometric analysis of two specimens CHARLEVOIX, P. F X. roughly north-south parallel to the Little from within and immediately below the 1744 Journal d'un Voyage Fait Par Ordre du Roi Miami River, be a poor location for a rock effigy suggest a date of construction Dans L'Amerique Septentrionale, Histoire summer solstice sunrise marker. The sun of ca A.D. 1200. This date is consistent et Description Generate de la Nouvelle France, Paris. would have to be too high in the heavens with the occupation of the area by a late before it broke onto the Anderson "plaza." prehistoric group designated as Fort CONVERSE, ROBERT Its shadow would be too short for accurate Ancient peoples of the Anderson 1973 Ohio Flint Types, Archaeology Society of alignment. The topographic feature which focus/phase. Ohio, Columbus. might make Anderson Village an attractive Given the location of the effigy with EDDY, JOHN habitation site, i.e., its location at the foot respect to the North Lookout of the 1977 Medicine Wheels and Plains Indian of the Little Miami River's eastern bluff—in Astronomy, in Native American Astronomy, South Fort of Fort Ancient; its specific Anthony Aveni (ed.), pp. 147-169. University the lee—would make it less so as a solstice alignment with a gap in the steep ridge of Texas Press, Austin. site. By the same token the sunstruck field across the river from it; and its nearness 500 m downstream on which the Kern ESSENPREIS, PATRICIA S. to Anderson Village (a large Fort Ancient 1978 Fort Ancient Settlement: Differential Effigy is located would serve no better pur­ occupation site), and its connection with Response at a Mississippian-Late Wood­ pose by its situation than as a garden spot a prehistoric people whose agricultural land Interface, in Mississippian Settlement and site for the construction of a solar- and religious interests would be served Patterns, Bruce Smith (ed.), pp. 141-167. astronomical device. Academic Press, New York. by such a device, the case for its astro­ 1982 Anderson Village, unpublished Ph.D. 4. The straight rather than sinuous shape nomical function appears strong. dissertation (draft), Department of of the "serpent" — The only portion of the In the conclusion to their report on the Anthropology, Harvard University, Kern Effigy which looks unmistakably possible astronomical alignments at the Cambridge. ophidian is the tail. The nine singly laid and Incinerator site, Heilman and Hoofer ESSENPREIS, PATRICIA S. and consecutively smaller flagstones consti­ (1981:171) make a plea for more archae­ MICHAEL E. MOSELEY tuting the tail do look, in plan view, remark­ ological evidence from Fort Ancient sites 1984 Fort Ancient: Citadel or Coliseum, Field Museum of Natural History Bulletin, 55:6, ably rattle snake-like to the observer. When that will demonstrate either that the pp. 5-10, 20-26. compared with the more spectacular and Incinerator site is unique or that special­ more realistically rendered Serpent Mound ized activities such as the use of solstitial GARCILASO DE LA VEGA, GOMEZ S. in Adams County, Ohio, the Kern Effigy 1951 The Florida of the Inca, translated and indicators were an essential part of the edited by John Varner and Jeannette does leave one with the nagging question Fort Ancient cultural inventory. Archaeo­ Varner, University of Texas Press, Austin. of its lack of sinuosity. This peculiarity—this logical work at the Kern Effigy site may distinctly non-serpentine trait—may, in fact, do just that. GENTLEMAN OF ELVAS 1907 The Narrative of the Expedition of Her­ be an argument in support of its function as nando De Soto, in Spanish Explorers in something other than solely a religious ACKNOWLEDGMENTS the Southern United States 1528-1543 symbol or ceremonial reference point. As a Frederick Hodge and Theodore Lewis I am grateful to Youngstown State Uni­ solstitial shadow marker or solar alignment (eds.), Barnes and Noble, New York. versity for the financial and release-time device, a less common, but straight-bodied GRIFFIN, JAMES B. support it has given me since 1981; to snake effigy would be seemingly more suit­ 1937 The Chronological Position and YMCA Camp Kern, especially Mike able than a more common undulant form. Ethnological Relationships of the Sherman, who have gone way beyond Fort Ancient Aspect, American To restate: Three locational considera­ their limits to make this project a suc­ Antiquity, 2, pp. 273-277. tions, e.g., its placement with respect to cess; and to Mr. Michael Linsey, a kind 1943 The Fort Ancient Aspect, University of the North Lookout of the South Fort of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. and learned man who helped put the 1983 The Midlands, in Ancient North Fort Ancient, to a shallow but well- capstone in place with his astronomical Americans, Jesse D. Jennings (ed.), defined gap in the facing ridge, and to insights (Figure 5 and 6 are essentially pp. 243-301, W. H. Freeman, Anderson Village 500 m upstream; and his). Finally, a great thanks to my stalwart San Francisco. its uncharacteristic (straight) plan view crews who like "mad dogs and Eng­ HAWKINS, GERALD shape are supportive of the Kern Effigy's lishmen" consistently went out in the 1977 Astroarchaeology: The Unwritten use as a solstice marker. noonday sun. They know who they are. Evidence, in in Pre-Columbian America, Anthony Aveni (ed.), pp. 131-160, University of Texas Press, Austin.

40 HEILMAN, JAMES M. LALLO, JOHN SQUIER, E. G. and E. H. DAVIS 1975 The Incinerator Site: An Anderson Focus 1975 Skeletal Analysis of Anderson Village 1848 Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Fort Ancient Village in Montgomery Burials, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Valley, Smithsonian Contributions to County, Ohio, paper presented at the Department of Anthropology, University of Knowledge 1, Washington, DC. 40th Annual Meeting of the Society for Massachusetts, Amherst. American Archaeology, Dallas. STEPHEN, ALEXANDER M. McKENZIE, DOUGLAS H. 1936 Hopi Journal of Alexander M. Stephen, HEILMAN, JAMES M. and ROGER R. HOEFER 1975 The Graham Village Site: A Fort Ancient Elsie Clews Parsons (ed.), Columbia Uni­ 1981 Possible Astronomical Alignments in a Site in the Hocking Valley, Ohio, in Studies versity Press, New York. Fort Ancient Settlement at the in Ohio Archaeology, Olaf H. Prufer and Incinerator Site in Dayton, Ohio, in Douglas McKenzie (eds.), pp. 63-97, Kent STOUT, WILBER and R. A. SCHOENLAMB Archaeoastronomy in the Americas, State University Press, Kent, Ohio. 1945 The Occurrence of Flint in Ohio, Ray Williamson (ed.), pp. 157-171. Ballena Geological Survey of Ohio Bulletin 46 Press/Center for Archaeoastronomy, MILLS, WILLIAM (fourth series), Columbus. Los Altos, College Park, California. 1920 Map and Guide to Fort Ancient, F. J. Heer Printing, Columbus. SWANTON, JOHN R. HOOTEN, EARNEST A. and 1911 Indian Tribes of the Lower Mississippi CHARLES C. WILLOUGHBY MOOREHEAD, WARREN K, Valley and Adjacent Coast of the Gulf of 1920 Indian Village Site and Cemetery Near 1890 Fort Ancient, Robert Clarke, Cincinnati. Mexico, Bureau of American Madisonville, Ohio, Peabody Museum of 1892 Primitive Man in Ohio, G. P. Putnam, Ethnology, Bulletin 43. Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard New York. University, Papers, 8:1. WILLEY, GORDON R. and PHILIP PHILLIPS PRUFER, OLAF H. 1958 Method and Theory in American Archae­ HOSEA, LEWIS M. 1967 Chesser Cave: A Late Woodland Phase in ology, University of Chicago Press, 1874 Some Facts and Considerations about Southeastern Ohio, in Studies in Ohio Chicago. Fort Ancient, Warren County, Ohio, Archaeology, Olaf H. Prufer and Douglas Cincinnati Quarterly Journal of Science, 1: 4. H. McKenzie (eds.), pp. 1-62, Kent State WILLIAMSON, RAY University Press, Kent, Ohio. 1981 North America: A Multiplicity of HUDSON, TRAVIS and ERNEST UNDERHAY Astronomies, in Archaeoastronomy in the 1978 Crystals in the Sky, Ballena Press, PRUFER, OLAF and ORRIN SHANE III Americas, Ray Williamson (ed.), pp. 61-80, Socorro. 1970 Blain Village and the Fort Ancient Ballena Press/Center Archaeoastronomy, Tradition in Ohio, Kent State University Los Altos, College Park, California. HUDSON, TRAVIS, GEORGE LEE, and Press, Kent, Ohio. KEN HEDGES WITTHOFT, JOHN 1979 Solstice Observers and Observations in REYMAN, JONATHAN 1949 Green Corn Ceremonialism in the Eastern Native California. Journal of California and 1977 The Nature and Nurture of Woodlands, Occasional Contributions Great Basin Anthropology, 1, pp. 39-63. Archaeoastronomical Studies, in from the Museum of Anthropology of the Archaeoastronomy in Pre-Columbian University of Michigan, 13, Ann Arbor. JENNINGS, JESSED. America, Anthony Aveni (ed.), pp. 205- 1974 Prehistory of North America, McGraw-Hill, 215, University of Texas Press, Austin. Direct reprint requests to: New York. RITCHIE, WILLIAM A. John R. White KARDULIAS, P. NICK and JOHN R. WHITE 1971 A Typology and Nomenclature for New Department of Sociology/Anthropology 1985 Analysis of the Kern Effigy (33Wa372) York Projectile Points, New York State Youngstown State University Lithics: A Fort Ancient Affiliation, Museum and Science Service, Bulletin Youngstown, OH 44555 Mid-Continental Journal of 384, Albany. Archaeology, 10, pp. 3-19. NOVEMBER SHOW ANNOUNCEMENT The Archaeological Society of Ohio's Specific tables can be reserved if not mini-session, awards and other new and first annual November two-day show will previously taken. Costs for both days regular meeting functions. be held November 17-18th, 2001, at the will be 4'-$24, 6'-$30 and 8'- $40. We 9. ALL tables are first come, first served. Aladdin Shrine Temple meeting room, cannot reserve for only one day. 10. Doors open at 7:30 am, Sat. - 5:00. 3850 Steltzer Rd., Columbus, Ohio (just Visa/MC, cash or check will be accepted SW of Morse Rd. & I-270.) This show for table reservations. Sun. 8:00 am-4:00 pm. promises to be a huge annual event. 4. There will be a Friday night set-up with PLEASE DO NOT WAIT UNTIL THE 1. There will be 164 RESERVED tables. To time to be arranged (4-5 pm) for those LAST MINUTE obtain the tables they must be reserved who wish to set up early. This show will likely be "sold out" and and paid for in advance of the show. The 5. All tables should be occupied by we do not want to leave anyone out that tables are for anyone displaying, selling, 10am on each day of the show. wishes to participate. For reservations trading and exchanging artifacts, related and further information please contact: goods, books and or services. 6. All members, collectors, avocationalists, dealers, hobbyists and anyone interested in Len Weidner - Executive Secretary, 2. There will be a "Display only" table archaeology and history are welcome. Floor and Show Manager section, supplied at no cost to members 13706 Robins Rd. wishing to display their collections. 7. Note to dealers: Authentic items only please. The ASO's Fraudulent Committee Westerville, Ohio 43082 3. The table layout will be different than rules and regulations will be enforced. 1-740-965-2968 our regular meeting and will include 8. The ASO will have a program as Cell: 614-204-9693 additional wall tables and additional 8- E-Mail: [email protected] foot tables. usual, including displayers, speakers, REPRINTS OF 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954 AND 1955 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST JOURNALS We have reprinted one hundred and We are selling them at $100 a set. That is $5 We intend to reprint other scarce issues twenty five of the Ohio Archaeologists for the per copy and we will ship them free. When of the Ohio Archaeologist. The 1956 thru years 1951 through 1955. These copies are the original magazines of this set were 1959 will be the next ones reprinted. Now marked reprinted 2000 and numbered one printed we had a membership of less than is the time to get in on the bargain base­ through one twenty-five. There are four two hundred and fifty. There were no more ment prices or later pay dealer prices. issues per year or twenty magazines in a set. than three hundred of each issue printed.

41 PERSONAL FINDS by Russell Strunk PO Box 55, Batavia, Ohio This full groove axe and pestle were found in the mid 1980s. The axe has some plow damage but shows heavy patina - it is the only entire axe I have ever found. Made of close-grained granite, it was a surface find near Perin- town in southern Ohio. Full and three- quarter grooved axes are Archaic and date to around 5,000 BO The pestle is made of quartzite and is 5 inches high and 3% inches wide. Found about 2 miles upriver from the axe, the field it was discovered in is now a gravel pit.

Figure 1 (Strunk) Full grooved gn axe and quartzite pestle from Strunk collection.

WHAT IS IT? by Irvin "Butch" Perin 8551 St. Rt. 185, Bradford, OH 45308 This artifact is from a collection found on There are interesting aspects to this collectors and none of them can offer the Pickaway Plains, Pickaway County, unusual piece - it has on the much of an explanation. Ohio. It was originally collected by Larry sides and top which fit the hand per- Do any of our members have any ideas Street in the 1970s and since I admired it fectly. It was obviously created as some of its use? I would appreciate hearing so much he gave it to me last year. It is sort of tool and just as obviously from anyone who can help, made of dark yellow quartzite and is 6% required a lot of time to manufacture it. I inches long and 23A inches wide. have shown it to many knowledgeable

Errata Page 14 Vol. 50 No. 4 - Caption should read - Largest point is 6V2 inches - point lower right is from Illinois. Page 15 Vol. 50 No. 4 - Picture of axes in Rosette collection should be turned one quarter to the right for the captions to be correct.

42 CHAPTER PRESIDENTS AT THE JANUARY MEETING

Left to right: Vice President Russell Strunk, Paul Hothem, Kokosing Chapter Kevin Boos, Their Fires Are Cold Chapter Mark Cline, Aboriginal Explorers Club Rocky Falleti, Mahoning Valley Chapter John Mocic, Dividing Ridges Chapter Dennis Link, Fort Salem Chapter Steven Kish, Sugarcreek Chapter Joyce Kish, Cuyahoga Valley Chapter Art Heaton, Miamiville Archaeological Conservancy Chapter D.D. Ellis, Flint Ridge Chapter Chuck Oliver, Mad River Chapter

FORT SALEM ANNUAL SHOW On February 4, 2001, the Fort Salem Chapter held their annual show in Ripley, Ohio. A large crowd attended and those who didn't missed a good artifact show. Food was served and many awards were given for several categories. In the photo are chapter officers and show organizers - from left to right Dick Boehl, Chapter President Dennis Link, Cecil Becket, and Chapter Vice President Pat Welch.

BOOK REVIEW f FINAL EXPENSE TALLY FOR THE YEAR 2000 A.S.O. STATE MEETINGS AT COLUMBUS American Indian Artifacts: Genuine or Total costs for the 4 shows were The costs of awards have now been Reproduction $10,600.00. To help offset the cost of the drastically reduced. We no longer are paying nearly $20.00 for the large ribbons, By John Berner shows, table charges and raffle income totaled $4,617.00. The cost ratio for the they now cost us about $5.50 and the others cost about $2.00 to $3.50 each. $19.95+ 2.50 shipping year 2000 ended at approximately The cost reduction savings are 50/75% American Antiquities, Inc. 60%/40%. This year we paid 60% the generated income paid 40%. In 1999 of what we were paying previously. PO Box 767997 the ratio was 52%/48%. The savings realized from just these Roswell, GA 30076 The cost of each successive show has two items could average $250.00/300.00 In this book Berner has explained slowly escalated. The average cost per per show or a $1,000.00 to $1,250.00 with photos the obvious and show is now at $2,650.00, the collected per year. sometimes complicated differences charges and raffle income averaged The meeting facility room charges are between real and genuine artifacts. $1,155.00 for the year. However, the May another item we need to consider, the This book is a must for all collectors 20th show only generated $975.00, this more volunteers we have to do simple - a small investment which can save was our lowest amount ever taken in for functions during the show the less we have to pay out. Since fuel and electricity you much grief and money. an individual show. There were no raffle tickets sold at this meeting. have gone up drastically in price, so have the costs of the services at the facility, as Russell Strunk As we enter the 2001 meeting season we may have a few options to lower some of have all other services we require during our costs. One idea would be to eliminate the normal daily functions of the Society. the security officer. Since the main meeting A few simple modifications and we can remain within our yearly budget. Buck Cover: A 4'A inch fluted point of room, main speaker/business meeting are Coshocton flint from now held in separate rooms disturbances Hamilton Co., Ohio. have been held to a minimum. Gary J. Kapusta/Treasurer

43 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.