OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 45 NO. 1 SPRING 1995

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THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio MEMBERSHIP AND DUES Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows: Regular membership $17.50; husband and wife (one TERM copy of publication) $18.50; Individual Life Membership $300. Husband and A.S.O. OFFICERS EXPIRES wife Life Membership $500. Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist. President Stephen J. Parker, 1859 Frank Drive, Lancaster, published quarterly, is included in the membership dues. The Archaeological OH 43130, (614)653-6642 Society of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization. Vice President Carmel Tackett, 906 Charleston Park, Chillicothe, OH 45601, (614) 772-5431 BACK ISSUES Exec. Sect. Charles Fulk, 2122 Cottage St., Ashland, OH Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: 44805, (419)289-8313 Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $10.00 add $1.50 P-H Recording Sect. Nancy E. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H SE, East Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 add $1.50 P-H Treasurer Don F. Potter, 1391 Hootman Drive, Reynoldsburg, The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse.$20.00 add $1.50 P-H OH 43068, (614)861-0673 1980's& 1990's $ 6.00 add $1.50 P-H 1970's $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, OH 43064, (614)873-5471 1960's $10.00 add $1.50 P-H Immediate Past Pres. Larry L. Morris, 901 Evening Star Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are Avenue SE, East Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 generally out of print but copies are available from time to time. Write to business office for prices and availability.

BUSINESS MANAGER ASO CHAPTERS Alum Creek Chapter Paul Wildermuth, 2505 Logan-Thorneville Road, Rushville, OH President: Dennis Buehler, 1736 Kenny Road, Columbus, OH 43150, (614)536-7855, 1-800-736-7815 Aboriginal Explorers Club President: Richard Gertz, 1094 Millersburg Rd SW, Massilon, OH TRUSTEES Beau Fleuve Chapter 1996 Walter J. Sperry, 6910 Range Line Rd , ML Vernon, OH President: John McKendry, 5545 Truscott Terrace, Lakeview, NY 43050, (614)393-2314 Blue Jacket Chapter 1996 James R. Hahn, 770 S. Second St., Heath, OH 43056, President: Jon M. Anspaugh, 210 E Silver St., Wapakoneta, OH (614)323-2351 Chippewa Valley Archaeological Society 1996 Donald A. Casto, 138 Ann court, Lancaster, OH 43130 President: Carl Szafranski, 6106 Ryan Rd, Medina, OH (614)653-9477 Cuyahoga Valley Chapter 1996 Steven Kish, 3014 Clark Mill Rd., Norton, OH 44203 President: Gary J. Kapusta, 3294 Herriff Rd., Ravenna, OH (216) 753-7081 Flint Ridge Chapter 1998 Martha Otto, Ohio Historical Society, 2200 East Powell Road, President: Bob Williams, 138 Margery Drive NE, Newark, OH Westerville, OH 43081, (614) 297-2641 (work) Fort Salem Chapter President: Brent Weber, 1455 Bethel New Richmond Rd., 1998 Carl Szafranski, 6106 Ryan Road, Medina, OH 44256, (216) New Richmond, OH 723-7122 Fulton Creek Chapter 1998 William Pickard, 1003 Carlisle Ave., Columbus, OH 43224 President: Mike Coyle. 18000 SR4, Marysville, OH (614)262-9615 Johnny Appleseed Chapter 1998 Jeb Bowen, 419 Sandusky Ave., Fremont, OH 43420 President: Randy Hancock, 1202 ST RT 302 RD#5, Ashland, OH (419)585-2571 King Beaver Chapter REGIONAL COLLABORATORS President: Judith Storti, RD. #2, Box 1519, 1519 Herrick St., New Castle, PA David W. Kuhn, 2103 Grandview Ave., Portsmouth, OH 45662 Kyger Creek Chapter Mark W. Long, Box 627, Jackson, OH 45640 President: Ruth A. Warden, 20 Evans Heights, Gallipolis, OH Steven Kelley, Seaman, OH Lake County Chapter William Tiell, 13435 Lake Ave., Lakewood, OH President: Douglas Divish, 35900 Chardon Rd, Willoughby Hills, OH James L. Murphy, University Libraries, 1858 Neil Avenue Mall, Lower Ohio River Valley Basin Chapter Columbus, OH 43210 President: Sherry Peck, 598 Harvey Rd., Patriot, OH Gordon Hart, 760 N. Main St., Bluffton, Indiana 46714 Miamiville Archaeological Conservation Chapter David J. Snyder, P.O. Box 388, Luckey, OH 43443 President: Raymond Lovins, Box 86, Miamiville, OH Dr. Phillip R. Shriver, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056 Mound City Chapter Brian Da Re, 58561 Sharon Blvd., Rayland, OH 43943 President: Carmel "Bud" Tackett, 906 Charleston Pk„ Chillicothe, OH Jeff Carskadden, 960 Eastward Circle, Colony North, Painted Post Chapter Zanesville, OH 43701 President: Norman Fox, 810 Coolidge St, New Castle, PA Elaine Holzapfel, 104 E. Lincoln, Greenville, OH 45331 Sandusky Bay Chapter President: George DeMuth, 4303 Nash Rd., Wakeman, OH All articles, reviews, and comments regarding the Ohio Archaeologist Sandusky Valley Chapter should be sent to the Editor. Memberships, requests for back issues, changes of address, and other inquiries should be sent to the Busi­ President: Jeb Bowen, 11891 E County, Rd 24, Republic, OH ness Manager. Seneca Arrow Hunters President: Donald Weller, Jr., 3232 S. State Rt. 53, Tiffin, OH PLEASE NOTIFY THE BUSINESS MANAGER OF ADDRESS Six Rivers Valley Chapter CHANGES IMMEDIATELY SINCE, BY POSTAL REGULATIONS, President: Dr. Brian G. Foltz, 6566 Charles Rd., Westerville, OH SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. Standing Stone Chapter President: Jeb Bowen, 11891 E County, Rd 24, Republic, OH Sugarcreek Valley Chapter NEW BUSINESS OFFICE PHONPresident:E SteveNUMBEn Kish, 301R4 Clark Mill Rd, Norton, OH 1-800-736-7815 TOLL FREE TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENT'S PAGE Astronomical Alignments by James A. Marshall 4 Through the years I have formed some very good friendships Grooved Hammerstone Recently Found by Claude Britt, Jr. 17 due to my association with The Archaeological Society of Ohio. Bob Mikesell of Pleasantville, Ohio was one of those individuals. Crescent Bannerstones From the Collection of Bill Cain, He was always willing to give a helping hand when asked. Bob's Wilkinson, Indiana 18 presence on the Recent Field Finds Committee will be sorely missed, as will his participation in the Standing Stone Chapter A Virginia Pick Bannerstone 19 where he had many friends and fellow collectors. A report of Bob's A Pewter Point by Elaine Holzapfel 20 death can be found elsewhere in this issue of Ohio Archaeologist. An Archaic Site in Holmes County by Jeff Zemrock 21 The most recent and long-awaited publication of The Archaeological Society of Ohio, Ohio Flint Types, is finally a reality. An Historic Effigy Pipe 22 Author Robert N. Converse did his usual excellent job in bringing A Survey of Prehistoric Knobbed Pestles From Ohio this book together. This is a hardcover publication with drawings by Robert W. Morris 23 and photos of the various flint artifacts found in the Ohio area. Ross County Fluted Point Survey: Final Report Bob's inclusion of various types of flint, with colored photos and by Claude Britt, Jr. 29 source locations for this flint, is an excellent addition to this book. Johnny Appleseed Annual Awards Meeting This section will be a great help in flint source identification. by R.L. Hancock 30 Congratulations to the ASO for publishing the book and sincere thanks to Bob Converse for writing it. Another Perspective on Point Pleasant Pottery Pipes by James L. Murphy 31 Just a reminder to everyone. The ASO is still attempting to com­ pile two complete sets of all the Ohio Archaeologists published by In Search of Hopewell Archaeoastronomy the ASO. The business manager is authorized to purchase back by William F. Romain 35 issues - which are made available for resale if not needed for the An Indiana Spear 42 Society's own collection. The issues for the 1950s and 1960s are getting difficult to obtain. So, if anyone knows of, or comes across A Meeting With The Harrison County Historical Society some back issues which are for sale, please contact the business by Brian DaRe 43 manager. A Report of Excavations at The Old-Town Indian Burial Ground By now I am sure you all have read or heard about the recent by Charles B. Wallace 44 discovery of Stone Age art in France. Some say that this is an ar­ National Park Service Ordered to Return Illegally Seized chaeological discovery that may rival the fabled artwork on the Collection Belonging to Greg Shipley cave walls at Lascaux in France and Altamira in Spain. by Robert Converse 54 You talk about an archaeologist's dream. I would find it very Larry Morris, Past President by Elaine Holzapfel 56 hard to believe that any member of the ASO has not had such a fantasy at one time or another. Best Found Collection 56 Perhaps a discovery of equal importance will be made some­ Letters To The Editor 57 day in North America. If such a discovery were made it will prob­ Best Site Award by Elaine Holzapfel 57 ably be made by a non-professional archaeologist since non-professionals outnumber professionals by a large margin. If Annual Converse Award 58 this happened, the finder should immediately notify a responsible Book Review by Robert Converse 59 professional archaeologist - one who has a record of not only Necrology, John R. Ford 59 protecting and interpreting such evidence, but one who would publish it forthwith. Many similar evidences of the past have suf­ Necrology, Clyde J. Theler 59 fered from poor investigation, poor interpretation, poor preserva­ Necrology, Robert Mikesell 59 tion and poor reporting. The past belongs to everyone and it should be shared with everyone. Necrology, Ralph Rudolph 59 Until next time - thanks and take care.

^mJi\oLAjk^^

Steve Parker

Dr. Michael Gramly will display one of America's oldest accurately dated projectile points at the Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Society of Ohio. A recently discovered Pleistocene beaver-chewed tree section found near Wapakoneta, Ohio, had a Transitional point imbedded in it. This piece of ash, with its imbedded point, was radiocarbon dated at 11,490 years ago making it one of North America's most accurately dated Paleo discoveries. This display will be a rare opportunity to see an archaeological discovery of major importance.

Front Cover: This Hopewell shovel-shaped pendant is 6'A inches long and is made of red banded slate. A series of precise tiny tally- marks decorate its lower end. It was found near Marietta, Washington County, Ohio.

3 ASTRONOMICAL ALIGNMENTS CLAIMED TO EXIST ON THE EASTERN NORTH AMERICAN PREHISTORIC EARTHWORKS AND THE EVIDENCE AND ARGUMENTS AGAINST THEM by James A. Marshall 1828 South Roselle Road Schaumburg, IL60172 Abstract: Darwin's statement that no species is so has required thousands of hours of time The author has surveyed and mapped small as to be irrelevant, no prehistoric in the field and at a drafting board, as well more than 220 sites of geometric and construction small or large will be as, thousands of dollars for aerial pho­ other earthworks in eastern North America deemed irrelevant. The method would tographs, most of them from the U.S. and has collected information on about therefore begin by systematically searching Department of Agriculture. The author has 150 additional sites. He published in 1979 for, instrumentally surveying and mapping taken no aerial photographs. Some of the and 1987 his findings that large numbers as many prehistoric constructions as patterns discovered, and now obvious to of these works were planned and de­ could be found or the remnants thereof anyone perusing these drawings, are that signed on a drawing board or sand table and the fence rows, roads, railroads and these prehistoric geometric works were as these facilities must have existed in so on that are near to or cross each site. laid out using a fifty-seven meter or 187 those ancient times and then were laid Then any images of those works that foot module or unit of measure - Marshall out using a 57 meter module and with ref­ show on air photos could be precisely (1979) (1987). Also obvious are the facts erence to true north determined by obser­ scaled off, all in accord with good profes­ of cryptographs and cryptographic over­ vation of the circumpolar stars. From sional engineering and land surveying lays described briefly below. Less obvi­ these data he argues that other astronom­ practice. The large geometric works ous, but confirmed by the geometries on ical alignments claimed to have been would be surveyed and mapped first be­ more than 100 sites, is that the mathe­ found on these sites by archaeoas- cause they lend themselves to the most matics utilized by Native Americans was tronomers either do not exist in the first precise determinations of their dimen­ Fibonacci, which was also in widespread place - one reason being that such claims sions, alignments, and centerlines. The contemporary use in the Old World - are based on inaccurate or incorrectly ori­ surveys would be tied to state grid coor­ Marshall (1987). None of this work has ented maps - or if such alignments do ex­ dinate systems and be oriented to true been supported by grants and nearly all ist, were not the intent of the prehistoric north, not magnetic north, in order that these supporting data remain unpub­ builders. precise distances and directions could lished due to lack of funds. then be determined from one work to an­ In general, however, the fact of the au­ other, so that the exact latitudes and lon­ For many years, archaeoastronomers thor's data base has not been a con­ gitudes of the works could be determined. have advanced theories that a line of straint on archaeoastronomers, their All these data would be available when posts, a straight wall, an axis, or two or readers, and editors who publish them. needed to stake out the work in the field, three random points on a prehistoric con­ They have instead shown no awareness even years after the roads, fences, rail­ struction as such exists in the field or as these many years of the author's data roads or other local landmarks might have is shown on a drawing of the work, form a base. It seems not to have occurred to been removed. No theories, no specula­ straight line toward the rising or setting them that their claims of astronomical tions would be advanced by this author - point of such as a bright star or one of the alignments or even their various theories only facts, patterns of facts and conclu­ planets or the sun at equinox or solstice based on one, or at most two sites, sions, which had been derived from this or the moon at northernmost or southern­ would, when viewed in the author's larger large precise data base of primary source most extreme and so on. They also have context, be seen as an obviously inade­ material. Hence, this compendium, when advanced theories about units of measure quate sampling of the relevant facts. This published, would be free from the bias of they believe were utilized on these an­ is possibly because they speak from long theory and no one could say that this au­ cient constructions. They furthermore ad­ scientific traditions of building elaborate thor published only what fit his theories. vance theories alone without any theories based on a few available facts. Thus, these published data would be a substantiating facts presumably with the One of these long traditions is astronomy. major constraint on popular theorizing. expectation that scientists - such as the In astronomy before Sputnik, all conclu­ author - will search for any facts on any The author began locating, precisely sions had to be based on one specimen prehistoric sites that support or disprove surveying and mapping the works of of necessity and that was considered such, all much the same as astronomers Squier and Davis (1848) (hereinafter good research practice. It was not; it was in the early part of this century tested known as S & D) in autumn 1966 and only historical necessity. If you wanted to Einstein's theory at events that received continued with the works of Charles study the stars, there was only the Sun; if great publicity and earned him a Nobel Whittlesey and others. He now has a col­ you wanted to study the planets, there prize. lection of surveyed maps of 220 sites to was only the Earth; if you wanted to study The author, a registered professional scales of 10, 20, 40, 50 or 100 feet per the satellites, there was only the Moon. civil engineer in Illinois, had perused inch - not all of them complete - and has That was because those specimens were many publications of archaeoastronomers located and gathered information about, the only ones close enough for study. and decided in 1965 to begin work that but not surveyed, 150 additional sites. Since the launching of Sputnik and its would demonstrate a correct scientific Many of these sites were previously un­ successor artificial satellites, there are method of gathering facts about and ana­ known and were discovered by the author now other planets and moons accessible lyzing these ancient works, their sup­ or rediscovered from nineteenth century for close study. Another long tradition, posed alignments, units of measure and reports that had long since been forgot­ also based on historical necessity, has mathematical concepts. The method ten by the local people and apparently existed in anthropological research on would be comprehensive: It would not be everyone else. More than 110 of these early hominids and has lasted to the pre­ limited to works that are well known or sites are in Ohio and the remainder range sent day. There was only a skull or less, published and as a counterpart of Charles from Florida to Louisiana to Iowa. This maybe only a few teeth or a jawbone on

4 which researchers had no choice but to Historical Astronomy Division of the and northernmost and southernmost build, debate and attempt to demolish American Astronomical Society, held at moonrise points. A question not asked by theories. It seems that archaeoastronomy the Adler Planetarium in Chicago, Illinois them is why would not any of many other is a fusion of these two scientific traditions. 3-5, June 1992 at which the author pre­ astronomical phenomena be indicated in Furthermore, the archaeoastronomers' sented a paper: Azimuths of Prehistoric these works such as northernmost or practice of basing their claims on one or Circle Openings and Parallel Walls of east­ southernmost rising and setting of any of two sites seems to reflect the prevailing ern North America examined for Astro­ the planets? Their plot is generally cor­ wisdom. As the author was informed by nomical Orientations. rected by computer to the time of Christ, Dr. Stuart M. Streuver in the mid 1960s, Abstract: A large number of earth for the latitude of the work in question, the mathematics and any utilization of as­ circles, squares, rectangles, oc­ and for a horizon as experienced standing tronomy in each of these earthworks was tagons, ellipses - many of them one on the shore of a large lake or the ocean. separately invented on the site of each thousand feet across - were built in However, such plots regularly remain un­ work. Hence the archaeoastronomers' eastern North America along with corrected for the elevated horizons that articles simply present their discoveries parallel walls by the remote ances­ exist at these sites, hence such plots tend of alignments presumed to have been in­ tors of the historic American Indians. to be more or less in error for each site. vented on that particular site. There is no The author has surveyed and They regularly work from published maps need for anyone to look at what other mapped more than 215 such sites of the works, most of the which date from sites may yield because they are pre­ between Florida and Michigan and the nineteenth century. They ignore the sumed to be places of separate inven­ here examines about 25 circles with important fact that most of these maps tions. Therefore, it follows, that openings and about as many sites of are not accurate enough for their pur­ investigation of them would yield no pat­ parallel walls for astronomical orien­ poses, obviously so when compared with tern. The author's reply is the same as in tations that change progressively this author's precisely surveyed maps. the 1960s at being informed of this wis­ with latitude. Many maps of any kind from that time pe­ dom, it is only popular fallacy. Mathe­ The author's presentation began with riod are notoriously inaccurate and fur­ matics invention has been like works in Florida around Lake Okeechobee thermore have north arrows 10° or even mathematics learning. It has been neces­ and finished with works in Missaukee 20° in error. This makes alignment claims sarily a linear, step-by-step process. The County, Michigan. With presentation of based on such maps also in error as well invention of each step has required full about the tenth such work showing no as the theories based on them. knowledge of the previous steps and fur­ pattern of astronomical orientation that They place their plot over their nine­ ther has required persons with a specific changed progressively with latitude - in teenth century drawing of one of these interest, talent and appreciation for such fact no pattern of such orientation at all, it earthworks and if two or more random or invention. The mathematics utilized in the was clear that the size and scope of the odd points on that earthwork line up with geometric earthworks clearly was the cul­ author's data base refuted many ar- at least one of their azimuths, they take mination of many such steps and it is chaeoastronomical theories held by ar­ this as confirmation of their theory. They simply impossible that series of these chaeoastronomers in attendance. The part are usually wrong, because the drawing it­ steps were spontaneously invented at of the audience that was composed of self is usually somewhat in error. The au­ several places in eastern North America very highly educated astronomers, who thor has then supplied to these people his on demand or that there was a large were not archaeoastronomers began precisely surveyed and oriented maps of enough tributary population in prehistoric heckling and razzing and making catcalls some of the sites. The archaeoas­ Illinois or Ohio from which persons of the and showing relish in doing so at the tronomers have in turn placed their plots requisite talent could be drawn. It was handful of archaeoastronomers - some of over these maps and found other random much more likely that the many steps of them world famous - who were present or odd points that do in fact line up with the requisite mathematics knowledge and who were known to have advanced their azimuths which they say confirms were developed in the civilizations south astronomical alignment theories for many their theory. The author has said, "not of the Rio Grande and this knowledge years on these works. The razzing contin­ proved" and says that the archaeoas­ somehow found its way to eastern North ued until the end of this author's presenta­ tronomers must demonstrate intent on the America. Furthermore, given the above tion because the size of this author's data part of the prehistoric builders to incorpo­ stated constraints on mathematical inven­ base made it obvious that these ar­ rate the claimed azimuths into the con­ tion, these many steps almost necessarily chaeoastronomers had no case whatever. struction. This matter of intent is lead to presumption that there was one One might ask why astronomers of such discussed below. Furthermore, atmos­ well thought out body of mathematical high station would indulge in such con­ pheric refraction is greater or lesser on knowledge that would likely to be domi­ duct usually more appropriate to political various days which means, that the sun nant over eastern North America and re­ meetings. It is because nothing but a and other heavenly bodies, when actually mains so until after Columbus' time. good razzing seems to stop many such below the horizon are sometimes visible Hence the archaeoastronomers have archaeoastronomers from dusting off their above the horizon and vice versa. This not done adequate research. They have pet theories every few years and publishing phenomenon makes the actual point of ob­ simply worked within popular but not ap­ new articles on them only a little different served sun or moon or star or planet rising plicable historical practices and under­ from previous articles and calling new or setting not as precisely determinable by standings of astronomy and anthropology conferences to promote the same old hy­ observation in prehistoric time as the ar­ and fallacious understandings of mathe­ potheses with no new supporting facts. If chaeoastronomers would have us believe. they are not refuted, the scientific commu­ matics history. They have very unscientifi­ The longer astronomical alignments nity will hear again about these theories cally limited themselves to the small that they claim to have found, assuming again next year. number of works that are popularly they are factually correct, are not at all known. Within this framework of what is Archaeoastronomers' methods have likely to have been useable because popularly understood, their theories regu­ also usually been seriously flawed. Their most of these sites were densely wooded larly appear to many readers to be per­ procedure has been to develop a plot on at the time the earthworks were built. The suasive and final, but they are not and paper of azimuths to the rising and setting required visibility to the horizon was not they would be entirely obvious when com­ points of astronomical phenomena that attainable unless these prehistoric people pared to the author's larger data base. they have chosen to be relevant. These cut down the trees and shrubbery along A case in point was the meeting of the are usually the solstice and equinox points the site line and kept it cleared, a difficult

5 task even with modern equipment. Some azimuth from the center of the circle these many sites without intent and follow­ of these theorized sight lines are miles through the opening - have regularly ing specific design and layout procedures. long. Two or three lines to the same as­ been ignored. In other words, you don't succeed in laying tronomical phenomenon are often Finally, assuming that at least some of out a circle or octagon or square of these claimed on one site. Why would they these astronomical alignments do exist sizes and with the precision attained in keep all such long sight lines clear of as claimed by the archaeoastronomers, it prehistoric time unless you are trying very vegetation when one short sight line does not indicate intent on the part of the hard, know exactly what you are doing, would be sufficient as an indicator of prehistoric builders to incorporate such and intend to do exactly that. From this it which time of the year was approaching? azimuths into their ancient design and follows that it is of central importance to Such facts and questions at least sug­ layout procedure. To use a modern ex­ determine what these people constructed gest that these factual sight lines were ample of lack of intent, one can take an precisely and what the pattern is of their not the intent of the prehistoric builders. archaeoastronomers' plot of significant precise constructions. This in turn requires Assuming prehistoric people did cut azimuths and lay it over architects' plans precise surveying and mapping of the rem­ down the trees along a sight line - no of any one of a thousand bungalows or nants and the air photo images as the au­ small task - it remains unknown whether ranch style homes that have been con­ thor has done these many years. The or not they also removed the vegetation structed in this century at the same lati­ archaeoastronomers show no awareness at the usually remote point in question on tude as any of the prehistoric con­ that they ever thought things through to an the horizon. Because the sun, moon and structions in question. Then one will see extent that would lead them to do the re­ stars meet the horizon at low angles in that odd or random interior or exterior quired precise surveying and mapping. North America, this point of contact with corners of windows, doors, rooms, hall­ The archaeoastronomers did not think in the horizon will vary considerably in az­ ways, staircases, eaves or a side of the these terms. imuth depending on extent of tree growth house or main axis of the house if it has The author has found that in addition to at the horizon. None of the archaeoas­ one, lines up with azimuths to one or an­ laying out precise mounded geometric tronomers state whether their discovered other of these same astronomical phe­ earthworks, these people laid out with pre­ azimuths require such horizon tree re­ nomena. If you will settle for alignments cision purely abstract frameworks he calls moval or not. that are odd or random enough, then cryptographs. If one locates the center of a The significant alignments that ar­ such alignments are clearly to be found geometric enclosure, then draws straight chaeoastronomers regularly find on small on any construction that you want to look lines from it to the center of each nearby prehistoric constructions "look good on for them. The fact that such alignments geometric enclosure and then passes true paper" but such small works when exist does not establish intent on the part north-south and true east-west lines examined in the field can be recognized as of the builders of these modern houses through these centers, the resulting not precise enough to confirm any such to create them. framework of lines on each of more than theory. An example is the Ohio Serpent Apparently, a more deep-rooted prob­ twenty of these works forms a precise Mound in Adams County. The oval in the lem of lack of communication is demon­ geometric configuration. Each such config­ jaws of this effigy is claimed to have a ma­ strated here. The author as a professional uration utilizes the fifty-seven meter unit jor axis aligned toward sunset at summer engineer had from the early 1960's on and forms simple right triangles such as solstice. However, this oval is small and many occasions discussed with the pub­ 3,4, 5 or base 1, altitude 2. Each configura­ has been reconstructed, and others might lic the design and layout processes uti­ tion also shows in other ways geometry re­ find its major axis aligned 5° or even 10° lized by engineers and architects. lated to the mounded enclosures. Due to differently. Thus, the orientation is actually Starting with an intent to build some­ their regular precision, it must also have to a wide expanse of horizon, one point on thing, be it an airport, highway, automo­ been intentional to lay out these purely ab­ which maybe the sunset in question. bile engine, airplane, oil refinery, stract cryptographs. Marshall (1979) (1987) Archaeoastronomers also seem un­ residential or office building and so on, The author has furthermore found a phe­ aware that, in the context of the author's engineering and/or architectural design nomenon he calls cryptographic overlay. data base, alignments they have found and layout processes, most of which are This means that when the plan of one work significant on one site, if replicated on very mathematical step-by-step proce­ drawn on transparent paper is placed over similar sites, yield what are necessarily in­ dures, are followed in interrelated fashion another so that the center of a geometric accurate rising and setting points. That is, to make that intent a reality. figure on one drawing is placed directly they point in directions which, for all prac­ In past centuries, the Euro-American over the center of a geometric work on the tical purposes nothing rises or sets. To be master builders had their own design other drawing, then straight walls and/or a sure, stars do rise and set at azimuths at processes, discussion of which is be­ circle on one work is tangent to a circle on sites that have an ocean provided horizon yond the scope of this paper. In most the other work. This cryptographic overlay but at low angles and rise only a few de­ cases, the author found that the public indicates strongly that both works were grees above the horizon. On inland sites did not comprehend these various drafted on the same sand table or drafting those stars could not have been visible for processes even when they were quite board and were quite likely drafted by the any length of time through tree growth thoroughly explained. same person. These cryptographic over­ and thus had rising and setting points The author has found that these geo­ lays are also regularly precise. Two exam­ most unlikely to be significant in prehis­ metric enclosures - ultimately because ples are figures 12 and 13 below. toric time. These azimuths are those they are mathematical - yield clearcut an­ Archaeoastronomers also claim to within about 30° of true north and true swers to this question of intent of the pre­ have found the unit of measure on one or south. historic builders. Other artifacts, because more of those earthworks. However, they Also, archaeoastronomers have con­ they are non-mathematical, do not. It must have shown no awareness, to this au­ sciously or not often confined themselves have been the intent of the prehistoric thor's knowledge, that their claimed unit to sites that lend themselves to the ques­ builders to lay out earthworks in the form was or was not used in the prehistoric tion, "What azimuths or dimensions does of squares, circles, octagons, ellipses, par­ design and layout process. Instead, what your theory need? You can find them on allel walls and so on because most of they have demonstrated is a unit that is a this site." Other sites - such as an iso­ these geometries are about as precise as simple fraction of one or more dimen­ lated circular work with one opening, that can be laid out without modern surveying sions. These, when viewed in the context would not lend itself to development of equipment and that precision of layout of the design and layout process of the any more than one azimuth - only the could not have been attained on each of work, are simply random or odd dimen-

6 sions. Referring again to our modern that this Serpent Mound was discovered the great enthusiasm of local amateurs house orientation as an example of what about 200 years ago, it has been known and professionals about this find, the archaeoastronomers are doing, it is to the scientific community for about 150 prospects for its eventual restoration and as if they have found significant the di­ years. It was restored to approximately public interpretation would appear to be mension from the center of the drain of its present condition by people working excellent. This restored animal effigy 10 the kitchen sink to the top hinge of the out of Harvard University about 100 years feet high and % mile long will be regarded back door, and the dimension from the ago. The contemporary wisdom seems to as very spectacular. James E. Brown and back right lower corner of the fireplace to be that it is most extraordinarily unlikely Rochelle Lurie of Northwestern University the upper left corner of the living room that there are works similar to it but un­ and Robert Jeske have also viewed air picture window, and have found each of known, unrecognized and undiscovered photos of this work in stereo and have these two dimensions to be a simple until the past few years. However the au­ visited the site. Figure 4 is a preliminary multiple of the ancient Egyptian cubit. No thor has found that this contemporary sketch pending completion of the author's such dimension could possibly have wisdom is also a popular fallacy. A pre­ surveyed map. been used in the design or layout of a historic work that is very large and/or The third work that bears resemblance house. plowed down often remains as some low to the Serpent Mound is shown in Figure Returning to the prehistoric enclosures, irregular rises or an image on a few 5. It is in northwestern Indiana and was dimensions which unquestionably were a 1930s air photos of the bare ground. first discovered from an airplane window part of the design and layout process are Recognition of the site as a prehistoric by Bill Nowicki of Orland Park, Illinois. He the radii of circles. One cannot construct construction could easily escape discov­ had previously assisted the author in sur­ circles or circular arcs as precise as those ery these many years by agricultural veying many sites through Michigan and created by these prehistoric people un­ workers, hunters, amateur and profes­ Illinois. He took video footage of the less the intent is to build a circle or arc of sional archaeologists and even the prop­ works from the air and the site was even­ that specific radius. For similar reasons, erty owner himself! There are three other tually located by the author on U.S. sides of squares and rectangles are other earthworks, all in the author's data base Geological Survey maps. On November design dimensions. Distances between of 150 additional sites, that bear resem­ 23, 1991, Nowicki, and the author drove circle centers, such as those in the cryp­ blance to the Serpent Mound. One was to the site and found this oval and jaw- tographs mentioned above, were also a discovered by Isabel B. Wasson (who shaped earthwork. It is very uncertain at part of the design and layout process. died February 21, 1994), in 1935, in the this time how much farther this work ex­ Finally, it is necessary that the design Cook County (Illinois) forest preserve tends and whether it is connected to and layout processes recovered from along the Des Plaines River. It is not very nearby long narrow steep ridges. Its loca­ these sites fit one or more patterns. spectacular but has been kept very se­ tion, in an area in which no other works cret because the site is extremely vulner­ are popularly known and, its very large THE OHIO SERPENT MOUND able to vandalism. First publication of a size (an oval of 160 feet by 228 feet) Having completed this long introduction map was by Charles Markman (1991). must have kept locals from recognizing it the author, informed by his data base of The work is about 53 feet long. The plan as a prehistoric construction. Its very surveys and maps of these works, argues of the work is shown in Figure 3. Jenny large size also leaves some doubt in the against specific claims by archaeoas­ Walbridge, who assisted the author in author's mind as to whether it actually is tronomers. Let us begin with claims based surveying that site, said that it is simply a prehistoric earthwork. on the Ohio Serpent Mound in Adams incredible that it was ever discovered at all because it is so subtle. The date of The exact locations of these works County, Ohio. Many articles have been must remain secret until they are ade­ published by archaeoastronomers in the construction of this and the two works discussed below remain unknown. quately protected form vandalism. None Ohio Archaeologist between 1987 and of these works have the spiral tail - pos­ 1989. A map of it by S & D (1848) is A second work resembling the Serpent sibly the Figure 3 work did and it was shown in Figure 1. Mound was discovered or rediscovered eroded in subsequent centuries by the Popular fallacies about this work by the author viewing air photos while river. Let us now test on these three sites abound. Archaeoastronomers, rather following up on an 1852 report by some of the theories of astronomical than as scientists correcting these fallac­ Ephriam Ingalls of an Indian fort % mile alignments advanced about the Serpent ies, seem instead to work within the long and 10 feet high in Lake County, Mound in these 1987 to 1989 articles, framework of the fallacies. It is popularly Illinois. In 1960, the author was hired by a keeping in mind that archaeoas­ understood that Serpent Mound is the consultant to the State of Illinois tronomers should be testing their own largest animal effigy in North America. It Department of Conservation to locate theories. Such theories, if they have va­ is not. Its total straight line length is sites for future state parks in northeast­ lidity, should explain similar facts on about 605 feet. Those who say so have ern Illinois and found certain sites which these three works and patterns of facts not searched very far because about the state eventually did acquire. In one of all four works. We must keep in mind seven miles north of it is a large animal now posted state of Illinois property, he that with changes in latitude, astronomi­ effigy not popularly known. It is called found on July 8, 1991, not the reported cal alignments also change and further Fort Hill and measures 3,300 feet from Indian fort but a giant effigy of possibly a that none of these three sites have the end to end. An S & D (1848) map of it is weasel (arguably so because that animal topographic constraints of the Serpent shown in Figure 2. Another popular fal­ eats eggs). Its very large size, lack of Mound site - of being confined by steep lacy is that the Serpent Mound is the availability of air photos, and plowed slopes. All three are on sites that allow most spectacular of its type. It also is down condition after 1852, had undoubt­ plenty of room for prehistoric peoples to not. It is only popularly understood as edly prevented it from being recognized have adjusted the jaws and ovals to just such. The 3,300 foot long effigy is at as an effigy. It stands about three feet about any direction. least as spectacular. The author hopes to high over most of its length today. The Theory 1: The main axis of the oval at write about this and other large effigies in oval and jaw of the animal are very simi­ Serpent Mound lines up with sunset at a future article. lar to the Serpent Mound. The oval mea­ summer solstice which is on or about June A third fallacy is that the Serpent sures 120 by 200 feet and its north end 21. This azimuth has been stated to be Mound demonstrates a unique style. It occupies the highest ground for a least 300°.42. If this were an actual intent on the also does not as will be demonstrated 1,000 feet in any direction. Given the lo­ part of the builders, than the axes of the below on the Ingalls work. Recognizing cation of this work on state property and other ovals should point in astronomically

7 related directions. On the Isabel Wasson 3 labeled Sun Arc of the plan of a prehis­ 3, and 4, some of them line up with these work, Figure 3, the oval, to the extent the toric construction at Cahokia State Park rising and setting points. author can determine, points at azimuth near East St. Louis, Illinois. There are A fourth argument against claimants' 77° and through at least }A mile of dense also circular arcs 1 and 4 not shown. This interpretation is that no circle, out of hun­ woods which would have made it difficult work has been promoted since the 1960s dreds surveyed and mapped by the au­ to see the sun rise. An architect's guide for by several people who claim that of the thor, has several openings forming the latitude of this work states the summer 198 or so posts so arrayed in these four alignments from its center to the rising solstice sunrise azimuth at 58°. This is far arcs, eight or so posts as shown line up points of solstices or equinoxes. No site to the north of this 77° azimuth. The sun at with solstice rising or setting points. on which there are parallel walls has sev­ the equinoxes and winter solstice rises far Claimants admit that this is the only site eral pointing in the same directions ei­ to the south of azimuth 77°. The sun at on which they have observed this post ther. No site has pairs of openings or summer solstice is at azimuth 77° at this line-up phenomenon. They have named it pairs of parallel walls that point toward latitude when it is about 20° above the hori­ Woodhenge. The two interior posts indi­ the rising and setting points of Capella - zon at which point it would long since be cated at 2 and 3 or posts set near them not a one. This leaves the question as to clearly visible. Thus it is clear that this ori­ are claimed to be observation posts. The why claimants seize on these specific as­ entation of the oval on this site has nothing first argument against claimants' inter­ tronomical phenomena and presume that to do with the sun. On the Ingalls work, pretation is that it leaves the existence of they are monumented in these posts. Figure 4, the oval seems to point directly the eight northernmost posts and nine Claimants also advance the measure­ north, completely away from the sun. On southernmost posts in circle 2 inexplica­ ment concept of the Cahokia Yard (CY) the Figure 5 oval, its' axis seems to point ble because azimuths to such posts from defined as 3.425 feet based on precise at azimuth 315°. This is far north of ex­ posts 2 or 3 generate false astronomical measurements between circular arc 2 treme north end of sunset. Hence, the az­ azimuths. These azimuths are in direc­ post holes. From drawings obtained in imuths on these three works, other than tions from which, for all practical pur­ the 1960's of what later became known the Ohio Serpent Mound, show no rela­ poses, nothing rises or sets. Claimants as Woodhenge, the author found that the tionship to solar rising and setting points. say that two posts as shown mark the chord distances between these post This indicates that archaeoastronomers' rising and setting of Capella. A second holes varied from 56 feet and 55 feet theory at best might explain one fact, but argument against this interpretation is down to 26 feet and 25.5 feet, indicating fails to explain three related facts and is, that this star rises at such a low angle that claimants did not start with precise therefore, not persuasive. with the horizon (as would be seen on the data in the first place.The author has fur­ Theory 2: The coils of the Serpent ocean) that to view its actual point of rising ther observed that circle 1 chord dis­ Mound are oriented to critical moonrise or on the ground at the Woodhenge horizon tances from one post hole to another moonset positions. If so, then the various would have required tree and shrub re­ was a uniform 30.7 feet, that on circle 3, features of the other three above cited moval over a corridor about 100 feet 21 feet and that circle 4, 35 feet. These works can be expected to be oriented to wide and several miles long. Such a re­ facts lead us to our fifth argument the same horizon points or those of re­ moval is unlikely to have been done and against claimants' interpretation which is lated astronomical phenomena. Such is then maintained since this star's rising that these chord dimensions do not have obviously not the case since there are no and setting could more easily have been as their lowest common denominator such counterparts to these coils. seen year round from the top of Monks' their Cahokia Yard. Furthermore, these Therefore nether is this theory persuasive. Mound, about 3,000 feet away, without chords are also not design and layout di­ vegetation removal. This Woodhenge ob­ mensions. Claimants also do not state in Theory 3: The Serpent Mound depicts servatory is located at ground level and any publication known to this author why an ancient solar eclipse, an animal swal­ was in dense woods, but the top of they have derived their unit measure only lowing the sun. If the other works also Monks' Mound would have offered a much from the chords on circle 2 arcs and ig­ show an animal possibly swallowing an better view of the sky and horizon. Native nored related dimensions on the other 3 oval why do the main axes of their ovals Americans had more sense than to build circular arcs. Claimants furthermore ignore point away from any horizon point at an observatory in any low place where the radii of the 4 circular arcs which are de­ which the eclipsed sun rose or set? Also, they had to cut down vegetation to see sign and layout dimensions as are the dis­ why is the sun shown as an oval when it these rising and setting points. tances from each such center to the other. is in reality a circle or a crescent during These are shown in the tables below. solar eclipses? Those who advance this A third argument against claimants' inter­ pretation is that there are 51 posts shown theory should also demonstrate that the Circular Radius As Multiple Approximate other three works were also in paths of in circles 2 and 3, and in all four circular Arc in Feet of CY Multiples total or near total solar eclipses shortly arcs there is a total of about 198 posts. The 1 119 34.74 35 before their respective times of construc­ 198 posts make this a prehistoric construc­ 2 204.5 59.71 60 tion. This has not been demonstrated. tion that says, "What azimuth does your 3 222 64.82 65 There are more than 370 constructions theory need? You can find it on this site." In 4 203.6 59.44 60 known to the author and there were re­ almost any residential community today ported in 1840 the existence of more comprising an area of one square mile or From so, one can find 198 or more utility poles Center Distance As Multiple Approximate than 15,000 effigies in Wisconsin - to say To Center Feet of CY Multiples nothing of those in adjoining states. most of them in the alleys erected by the Thus, it is unscientific to develop theories local utility. Out of all these poles, eight at 1 to 2 402.8 117.6 1 to 3 430.4 125.7 125 about only one such site without looking least on the same alley or cross-lots from 1 to 4 411.5 120.15 120 for a similar pattern on other sites. one alley to nearby alleys most assuredly 2 to 3 33.4 9.75 10 Secondly, it is not scientific for several of will be found to line up with some astro­ 2 to 4 124.6 36.4 these authors to debate these matters nomical phenomena. This fact establishes 3 to 4 112.1 32.7 exactly as if no other similar effigies exist just as firmly that Illinois Bell, Ameritech, when in fact several such effigies do exist Commonwealth Edison or their counter­ Claimants do not advance their Cahokia and are recoverable. parts are also greatly concerned with mon- Yard interpretation based on the fact that umenting these astronomical azimuths. the 4 radi are simple multiples of their CY. Woodhenge and the Cahokia Yard They are not and it is just as much a coinci­ Such would strengthen their case if the Figure 6 shows circle 2 and circular arc dence that of the many posts in arcs 1, 2, center to center dimensions were also

8 simple multiples of the CY. Three of them High Bank Work. It is south of Chillicothe, this cryptographic overlay, certain inter­ are but the other three are not. East-west Ohio and about 65 miles from the Newark esting parallels appear. The north wall of and north-south dimensions from center Work. The High Bank Octagon and Circle the square of Seip is very nearly parallel to to center not shown in those tables also were surveyed and mapped by the the nearest wall of the Newark Octagon. show no pattern of lowest common de­ Smithsonian - Thomas (1889) who did not The straight line GH of Figure 12 is very nominator of the Cahokia Yard. tie his two surveys together. The author in nearly parallel to the walls of the neck at A sixth argument against a Cahokia 1975 made a survey of the entire earth­ Newark. The northeast corner of the Seip Yard idea is that the claim is based on work including the neck between this oc­ Square falls very near the center of a circle only one site. The many precise circles tagon and circle. He concluded that the off the long wall at Newark. The center of and other geometric earthworks surveyed survey by Thomas was accurate, tied the the octagon falls within about twenty- and mapped by the author have layout di­ two surveys together, and found that the seven feet of the center of the Seip big cir­ mensions which are nearly always simple azimuth of the axis was 143°.67. See cle. These close agreements indicate to multiples or fractions of 132 feet or 187 Figure 10. Archaeoastronomers have the author that both works came off the feet - Marshall (1979) (1987). These unit claimed that this azimuth points toward same prehistoric drawing board. Further dimensions are not simple multiples of the the southernmost limit of Moonrise but indicated and very pertinent to our argu­ CY and therefore this author maintains they are incorrect. That limit has an az­ ment is that the configuration at Newark, that the claim of a Cahokia Yard is not imuth of about 130°.0 at the latitude of this with its centerline azimuth at 52°.08, was persuasive. Claimants say that multiples site. The Newark Octagon is a different also understood by the builders to be a of this measure show on Mississippian shape than the High Bank Octagon but if meaningful construction with its centerline pyramidal works. However, nearly all of one transposes the other lines of the Arch­ azimuth at 91°40. This latter azimuth is an these are so badly eroded that the original aeoastronomers claimed azimuths on the orientation to an entirely different part of precise dimensions are difficult if not im­ Newark Work to the High Bank Octagon the horizon remote from any limit of possible to determine at this late date. and Circle, no pattern of orientation to the moonrise. Hence, assuming that the orien­ The final argument against claimants' moon is demonstrated. tation of the axis of the Octagon and interpretation is that they seem to want The author's second argument against Circle at Newark does coincide with the to have it both ways. Posts on arc 2 are these archaeoastronomical claims is the northernmost limit of moonrise and the said to have been set multiples of the CY pattern indicated by two pairs of crypto­ other alignments shown on Figure 7 point apart but are also set to mark astronomi­ graphic overlays found by the author. The also to lunar phenomena, such has to be a cal rising and setting points. They can't first involves Newark Octagon and Circle coincidence, not intentional on the part of be both except by coincidence. Most as­ placed over the author's surveyed map of the builders because this explanation has tronomical phenomena of interest would Seip Work - each to a scale of 100 feet nothing to do with the orientation of this rise or set within the ecliptic rising or set­ per inch. A drawing of Seip in Ross cryptographic overlay of Newark at Seip ting limits. If the posts were arranged to County, Ohio, from S & D (1848) is shown and therefore cannot be the prehistoric mark astronomical phenomena, posts in Figure 11. Thomas (1889) surveyed the peoples' reason for the Newark axis az­ would therefore be bunched within these square and starting from the north wall of imuth or the other azimuths claimed on limits and there would be very few posts the square surveyed an open transverse Figure 7. outside these limits. There is no such distri­ over that part of the wall from A to B on The second pair of cryptographic over­ bution of posts: Posts are uniformly distrib­ Figure 12. This open transverse remains lays are the author's surveyed maps of uted around circle 2, circle 1 and circle 4. unpublished. The author tied together High Bank Work and Fort Ancient, each to these surveys and his surveys of the rem­ a scale of 100 feet per inch. Placing High Newark Octagon and Circle nants in the field and images of air photos Bank Work over the northeast walls as Figures 7 and 14 show the Newark between 1968 and 1986, all shown in shown in Figure 13, two sections of the Octagon and Circle in Licking County, Figure 12. The image of most of the High Bank Wall fit quite well to Fort Ohio, from the author's survey map and square is quite prominent on old air pho­ Ancient walls, a third High Bank wall is from the Thomas (1894) survey, cor­ tos as is the east wall of the big circle. parallel to the Fort Ancient wall and a rected for accumulated error, plotted at This east wall was found in the field from fourth Fort Ancient wall falls on a line con­ 100 feet per inch, then reduced. Arch­ A to C in 1968 by the author when he sur­ necting two corners of the High Bank aeoastronomers claim that the main axis veyed the site. Another stretch of the Octagon. The axis of High Bank was a of this work is oriented to the rising of the north wall is preserved in the park from E meaningful construction to these prehis­ Moon at its northernmost limit which they to F. The remainder of the site was pre­ toric people with its azimuth at 143°.67 but say is 51°.8. The author has found this ax­ cisely scaled from air photo images. The the close agreement of this cryptographic ial azimuth to be 52°.08, a very close ap­ author's survey confirms the accuracy of overlay indicates that High Bank was also proximation. The other dashed lines and Thomas (1889) Survey and also deter­ a meaningful construction with its axis at arrows are azimuths that they claim point mined that the straight wall H G has a az­ 171°.4. This rotates the azimuth or az­ to limits of Moonrise and Moonset. The imuth of 91°.4. It is shown on the S & D imuths found significant by archaeoas­ author's first argument against these as­ map Figure 11, at about 58° azimuth, an tronomers at High Bank through more than sertions is that they are based on this one error of about 33°. The exact location of 27 degrees of arc and makes them again site alone. Other axial geometric works do the wall from K to L to M as shown on off target and their claims unfounded. not show this pattern such as Circleville Figure 12 remains uncertain. Figure 12 As previously stated, you do not suc­ Work, Figure 8, which existed in what is shows Figure 7, Newark Octagon and ceed in laying out a circle or octagon or now the town of Circleville, Ohio about 30 Circle, placed over Seip Work, by the au­ square of these sizes and precisions un­ miles from the Newark Works. The land thor's survey both to the same scale - less you are trying very hard to do ex­ surveyor platted this town by running Main keeping in mind that the octagon and cir­ actly that. Prehistoric persons had to Street centerline along this axis and alleys cle form a configuration more than 2800 decide beforehand just what they wanted and side streets through other openings. feet long - so that the centers of the west to lay out on this site, plan it out on a The azimuth of Main Street was found by circles coincide and the main axis of drawing board and then develop a proce­ the author to be 111°.4 which leads to Figure 7 lies on the line on Figure 12 be­ dure that lays out the work on the horizon points not significant to moonrise tween the centers of the two circles. This ground. These design and layout proce­ or moonset. is a clockwise rotation of Newark Octagon dures can be identified and recovered. and Circle through about 39° of arc. With Figure 9 is the S & D (1848) map of the Referring to Figure 14, let us consider the

9 design and layout process of these geo­ their form from the other works that were octagon. He further represents the diam­ metric figures. The intent of step one was on that drafting board. These demon­ eter of this circle as a multiple of a unit of to select the azimuth of the main axis and strate, that the points and azimuths of measure that was utilized. However, the to stake it out in the field. We have seen Figure 7 other than that of the main axis radius has to have been the dimension that this is not toward northernmost limit were at best peripheral to the intent of that was actually utilized in the design of moonrise. The intent of step 2 was to the designers, layout persons and and layout procedure. The dimension, select the center of the circle, its radius builders and therefore coincidences. 1052.2 feet shown in four instances con­ 526.9 feet, to determine the length of necting pairs of points on the walls each side of a square that would circum­ Archaeoastronomers' Claims of across the octagon, the archaeoas- scribe the circle to determine the length Prehistoric Units of Measure tronomer calls the apothem. Such it is of the diagonal of that square, 1481.2 Archaeoastronomers who claim to not. This word apothem does not have feet, and to stake out that diagonal from have discovered a prehistoric unit of this definition. He further represents it as A to E beginning at a selected distance measure have to demonstrate that their four more instances of the use of this di­ from the center of the circle. The intent of unit was utilized in the steps of the de­ mension as a prehistoric unit of measure. step 3 was to lay out the square on that sign and layout processes. No ar- Such it also is not because this dimen­ diagonal from point A to C to E to G to A. chaeoastronomer has demonstrated sion was not and could not be a part of The intent of Step 4 was to decide what such. They simply claim a unit that is an the design and layout process of the oc­ shape right triangles would be built on integral multiple of a dimension occurring tagon. It is simply four instances of a ran­ this square to form the ocatagon. Their somewhere on a prehistoric construction. dom dimension across the octagon. decision in ancient times was a triangle The radius of the circle at Newark Golf Referring to Figure 15, distances be­ of the proportion base 8, altitude 5. The Course and the sides or diagonals of the tween these octagon walls range from intent of step 5 was to determine the square interior to the octagon having 1009.5 feet and 1012.7 feet as shorter other required lengths and then lay them necessarily been used in the design and limits and 1260.3 feet and 1277.2 feet as out in the field. The facts of the precision layout of the figures are for that reason higher limits. That means that four pairs of these works require that these prehis­ likely either approximately equal to the of points can be found on these walls, as toric people have proceeded through unit of measure actually used in prehis­ the archaeoastronomer found the 1052.2 these design and layout steps. These di­ toric times on this site or are probably foot dimension, that are any distance mensions in feet, which unit of measure simple integral multiples of it. The mean apart within those limits that is needed to these people most certainly did not use, of the four sides of the square is 1049.9 suit one's theory. What four repetitions of are shown in Figure 14. Their design and feet, well within 1 % equal to twice the ra­ one dimension does your theory need on layout procedure were very sensibly and dius of the circle. We should then see the octagon between these limits? You very practically a process of breaking the what the pattern is of all the design and can find them there, and that is what has intended geometric figure, in this case an layout dimensions that emerge from the been done; he has found four instances octagon, into strong triangles and build­ author's data base of 220 sites, a matter of this dimension that he needs to fit his ing one strong triangle on another. We do beyond scope of this paper. theory but that dimension was not actu­ not know today what measuring devices ally used in the design and layout of this octagon. It is not part of the process of these prehistoric persons used but the High Bank Octagon and Circle dimensions shown in Figure 14 demon­ laying out one strong triangle on another. The High Bank Octagon and Circle di­ Furthermore the archaeoastronomer did strate the precision of their measure. It is, mensions, determined by the author as again, a precision that is impossible to not start with the facts in the first place. indicated above, are shown in Figure 15. He was not encumbered by the facts. attain without intent. The west circle has The steps required to lay out this work in a mean radius of 526.9 feet but varies Referring to Figure 15 the circle has an prehistoric times had to have been simi­ average radius of 528.1 feet which yields from 520.8 to 530.9 feet. It is furthermore lar to those followed on the Newark clear that the intention expressed in a diameter of 1056.2 feet; these are the Octagon and Circle. Note that the circle facts, not the 1051.6 foot dimension these steps had nothing to do with the at High Bank is very nearly the same ra­ claimed azimuth lines shown in Figure 7 claimed by the archaeoastronomer. The dius as the one connected to the Newark octagon was found by the author to be other than that of the main axis. If one Octagon. Note also that the High Bank considers the claimed azimuth lines 1009.5 feet measured along the axis and Octagon was necessarily constructed by there is a neck between the two geomet­ alone and/or the critical points through laying out an interior square as was the which they pass, it is clear that such lines ric figures, a facf overlooked by the ar­ Newark Octagon and then these prehis­ chaeoastronomer, of 83.4 feet. The fact is and points separate from octagon and toric peoples laid out strong right trian­ circle could just as well have been monu- that the overall length of the work is gles, in this case, 3, 4, 5 right triangles on 2149.1 feet, not the 2103.1 feet claimed. mented in prehistoric time on this site this square. Note also that the main axis perhaps dozens or maybe thousands of The correct dimensions are shown in of High Bank Work forms a 3, 4, 5 right tri­ Figure 15. different mounded ways. Such points angle with true north-south lines and true and azimuth lines in no way determine east-west lines. These are discoveries of the radius of the circle, the size of the in­ the author from his precise surveys. terior square, or the base or altitude of Baum Work the triangles built on it or the other steps Now let us take up further claims of ar­ Baum Work is in Ross County, Ohio outlined above. As to the main axis of the chaeoastronomers. An archaeoas- several miles west of the High Bank Newark Octagon and Circle, one should tronomer claims in text accompanying Works. A drawing of the site from S & D ask what pattern explains the Azimuths his drawing of this octagon and circle (a (1848) is shown in Figure 17 together of all these mounded axes and crypto­ facsimile of which is shown in Figure 16) with significant azimuths to solar astro­ graphic axes indicated above plus other that this circle has a diameter of 1051.6 nomical phenomena claimed by the such in the author's collection of mapped feet and this dimension is almost equal to same archaeoastronomer who published sites. To answer any such question, one four instances of his discovered dimen­ original Figure 16. Unpublished drawings must postulate the existence of a draw­ sion across the octagon of 1052.2 feet. of this work in the E.G. Squier (1821- ing board or sand table on which these He also claims that these are nearly 1888) papers are shown in Figures 18 works were drafted in those ancient equal to the diameter of the above de­ and 19. These drawings indicate Squier's times. Many of these works clearly take scribed Newark Circle and the dimen­ own uncertainties as to the north orienta­ sions of the square interior to the tion on his maps and his location of the

10 north wall of the work. The author sur­ north; at L it is 280 feet east and at A it is ently from measure of Figure 22, to have veyed the remnants of the work together 100 feet north of where the S & D draw­ a diagonal of 1480 feet. In the absence of with the fence rows and roads near and ing show it. The true center lines of the any knowledge of the exact location of crossing the site, starting in 1968, and walls of the square are omitted. Clearly, the east wall, that dimension is pure has since precisely scaled off the images observation points for such alignments speculation. The large circle is claimed to of the work on various air photos. At least are in reality hundreds of feet from where have a diameter of 1480 feet - great sig­ three sides of the square show clearly in archaeoastronomers have thought they nificance is attached to this - and the the field today. The results of that instru­ were. This makes astronomical align­ small circle a diameter of 760 feet. Figure mental survey have been plotted to 100 ments and circle sizes based on this 24 shows these dimensions to be other­ feet per inch and then traced, reduced Figure 17 S & D drawing without basis in wise. The west wall of the square the au­ and shown in Figure 20. The circles show fact but explain very persuasively align­ thor found tentatively to be 1072 feet in in the field only as a low linear mound at ments that do not exist in the first place! length and if the work were approxi­ a fence row at point A. The Smithsonian mately a square which it is not, its diago­ surveyed and mapped the square and East Side Work nal would be about 1516 feet, not 1480 then traversed from corner B of the Another case in point is East Side feet. The large "circle" diameter scales square to the circular wall at C around to Work. This work was reported in mid- 1811 feet across and the small "circle" D - Thomas (1889). The accuracy of nineteenth century on the east side of 884 feet. In sum, the representations in Thomas' traverses are confirmed by the Chillicothe, Ohio. Of the many works in Figure 22 and claimed coincidences of author. This last traverse remains unpub­ the author's collection, this work has diagonal and circle diameter by an ar­ lished. The remainder of the work as been one of the two or three most diffi­ chaeoastronomer at 1480 feet are with­ shown was derived by the author from air cult works to recover. The S & D drawing out substance. photo images. Openings found on these with claimed astronomical alignments is images are at E and F. From G to H, the shown in Figure 22 but the author found Seip Work author could not trace the work at all. in the 1960s that this drawing did not fit An archaeoastronomer has claimed as­ Comparing Figure 20 with Figures 17 the air photo images and remnants in the tronomical alignments and dimensions on through 19, we see that Figure 17 north field. The author's good friend N'omi the Seip Work, Figure 11, in the western arrow parallel to the vertical sides of the Greber then found the drawing shown in part of Ross County, Ohio and a few miles drawing is actually 10.°5 east of true Figure 23 in the unpublished E.G. Squier west of Baum Work. The claimed align­ north, making the archaeoastronomer's Collection (1821-1888). The author found ments are shown on the S & D (1848) map astronomical alignments claimed signifi­ that this drawing fit a lot closer the im­ in Figure 25 which shows the square to be cantly in error. Figure 18 north arrow by ages and remnants. Apparently the ar­ 1080 feet on a side. Thomas (1889) sur­ Squier is 16° east of true north! Pre­ chaeoastronomer has made no field veyed the square in the 1880s and found it sumably the same north arrow and error check of the work and has apparently to be 1113, 1140, 1113 and 1140 feet on holds true for Figure 19. On Figure 20 are thought that he did not need to make any the four sides, making that part of the S & also plotted the theorized astronomical such check or look for remnants. He did D drawing in error by about 5.5%. Scaling alignment of Figure 17 corrected for tree not consider that there might be alternate off the S & D drawing, the same ar­ growth at the horizon. These alignments maps of this site. In Figure 23, the west chaeoastronomer found a small circle of clearly do not fit the work as it actually wall of the square is shown at an azimuth 750 feet diameter and a large circle 1532 has existed in the field indicating that the of 345°. The author's surveyed map of feet in diameter. Neither such circle size astronomical alignment claims of Figure this work to a scale of 100 feet per inch has existed on this site. The "750 foot di­ 17 are inaccurate. Other published gross derived from remnants in the field and ameter circle" is actually roughly circular errors of the same archaeoastronomer images on air photos is reduced and but where it is consistent, the author's sur­ also have their source in this S & D (1848) shown to the scale indicated in Figure 24. veys found it to be 526 feet in radius. The drawing: he read the square as being This map indicates that the "circles" on claimed "1532 foot diameter circle" also 1080 feet on a side as on Figure 17. the S & D drawing are not circles but are never did exist, its actual radius is 821.5 Thomas (1889) found the sides to be di­ at least tentatively small and large irregu­ feet. The small circle at K has a radius of mensioned 1107, 1129, 1113 and 1118 lar curved enclosures. The square's north 79 feet. Openings as found by the author feet respectively. Given that this is only a and south walls appear to be far from are shown on Figure 26. This figure also three to four percent error, it has appar­ parallel. In Figure 24, the west wall is shows the claimed astronomical align­ ently been assumed by several ar­ shown at 344°.8 and - tentatively - 1072 ments of Figure 25 corrected for vegeta­ chaeoastronomers that the remainder of feet long. Hence, the walls of the square tion cover at the horizon. His claimed the work is also in about that much error, in Figure 22 used by the archaeoas­ astronomical alignments through the which it is not. However, by precise scal­ tronomer are oriented a full 26° in error. openings of the "square" do fit the ing of the S & D (1848) drawing in Figure The remainder of the work is cor­ "square" as the author found it in the field 17, the small circle was presumed to respondingly oriented in error making the but it can be shown by an itemization of have a 760 to 779 foot diameter and the alignments claimed in Figure 22 inaccu­ the step-by-step design and layout large circle a 1320 to 1410 foot diameter. rate and explains or develops a theory process that must have been followed on No such diameter circles have existed on about something that did not exist in the this site that such alignments could not to this site. This author found that the small first place on this site. The claimed az­ have been a part of this process and circle is 502 feet in radius and large circle imuth through the square C to D on hence are coincidental. His other such 833.5 feet in radius except for a belly in Figure 22 is also meaningless. Point D is alignments, referring to Figure 25, from the wall to the east of 874 feet radius. that easternmost point of the north wall Circle K center through the circle center at of the square that was left, the remainder A; Circle K center through opening at M; Returning to the astronomical align­ having been eroded by the river over the ments that are claimed to exist on Baum, opening at N to opening at O; and opening many centuries since the work was built. at I through opening at J when corrected let us rotate Figure 17 through 10.°5 and This point was of no significance when place it over Figure 20 so that both are for vegetation cover at the horizon point the work was built before the river began and plotted on Figure 26 can be seen to the same scale and the northeast corners its erosion of this work. of the squares coincide. This is done in be inaccurate an as explaining alignments that do not exist. Figure 21. We see that the wall at J in the The archaeoastronomer found further­ field is 305 feet north; at D it is 389 feet more that the presumed square, appar­ Referring to Figure 12 which notes this

11 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 1992 Hopewell Inter-Site Relationships and parallelism of the Newark Octagon and Astronomical Alignments. Ohio Archaeologist Circle when rotated and placed on Seip, Dexter, Ralph W. 42(1): 4-5. 1989 F.W. Putnam at the Serpent Mound in Adams a converse argument could be developed 1992 Azimuths to the Otherworld: Astronomical County, Ohio: A Historical Review. Ohio Alignments of Hopewell Charnel Houses. that Seip was understood by prehistoric Archaeologist 39(4): 24-26. Ohio Archaeologist 42(4): 42-48. people as rotated counter-clockwise Eddy, John A. 1991 Evidence for a Basic Hopewell Unit of through about 39° of arc and placed over 1978 Archaeoastronomy of North America: Cliffs, Measure. Ohio Archaeologist 41 (4): 28-37. Mounds, and Medicine Wheels. In Search of 1991 Possible Astronomical Alignments at Hopewell the Newark Octagon and Circle. This lat­ Ancient Astronomies, Doubleday & Company, Sites in Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 41(3): 4-16. ter rotation makes all the astronomical Inc., Garden City, New York, 133-163. 1991 Symbolic Associations at the Serpent Mound. alignments claimed by the archaeoas­ Fletcher, Robert and Terry Cameron Ohio Archaeologist 41 (3): 29-38. 1988 Serpent Mound; A New Look at an Old 1988 Ancient Eclipse Paths at the Serpent Mound. tronomer on Figure 25 - off target. Snake-in-the-Grass. Ohio Archaeologist Ohio Archaeologist 38(4): 24-28. 38(1): 55-61. 1988 The Serpent Mound Solar Eclipse Conclusions Hardman, Clark, Jr., and Marjorie H. Hardman Hypothesis; Ethnohistoric Considerations. 1988 More on Great Serpent Maps. Ohio Arch­ Ohio Archaeologist 38(3): 32-37. An archaeoastronomer working with aeologist 38(4): 37-41. 1988 Terrestrial Observations at the Serpent five of the geometric figures he derived 1988 On Romain's 1987 "Serpent Mound Mound, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 38(2): 15- from S & D (1848) placed these figures Revisited" Paper. Ohio Archaeologist 38(3): 19. 50-53. 1988 Geometry at the Serpent Mound. Ohio concentrically and created a facsimile of 1987 The Great Serpent and the Sun. Ohio Arch­ Archaeologist 38(1): 50-54. design shown in Figure 27. He supplied it aeologist 37(3): 34-40. 1987 Serpent Mound Revisited. Ohio Archaeologist to the Ohio Archaeological Council for its 1987 A Map of the Great Serpent Etfigy Mound. 37(4): 4-10. Ohio Archaeologist 37(1): 35-39. 1987 The Serpent Mound Map. Ohio Archaeologist 1993 conference at Chillicothe for their 1987 An Analysis of the Maps of the Great Serpent 37(4): 38-42. logo,. The actual dimensions of these Mound. Ohio Archaeologist 37(2): 18-25. Rolingson, Martha A. works the author has recovered from his Hively, Ray and Robert Horn 1984 Celestial Alignments and Site Planning in the surveys of the remnants and images on 1984 Hopewellian Geometry and Astronomy at Lower Mississippi Valley. Paper presented at High Bank. Archaeoastronomy 7:S&S-S100 the 41st SEAC, Pensecola, Florida, air photos are shown in Figure 28. There (Supplement to Vol. 15, Journal for the November 9, 1984. is not much resemblance between Figure History of Astronomy). Sherrod, P. Clay 27 and the facts. The prehistoric geomet­ 1982 Geometry and Astronomy in Prehistoric Ohio. 1984 Celestial and Engineering Principles in the Archaeoastronomy 4: SI-S20 (Supplement to Cahokia Mounds Site. Paper presented at the ric earthworks of Native Americans from Vol. 13 Journal for the History of Astronomy). 41st SEAC, Pensecola, Florida, November 9, the author's data base of 220 sites do Markman, Charles W. 1984. form very elegant designs when one 1991 Chicago Before Prehistory: The Prehistoric Sherrod, P. Clay and Martha Ann Rolingson Archaeology Of A Modern Metropolitan Area. 1987 Surveyors of the Ancient Mississippi Valley: work is placed over another - we have Studies in Illinois Archaeology No. 7, Illinois Modules and Alignments in Prehistoric seen examples of such in Figures 12 and Historic Preservation Agency, Springfield, Mound Sites. Arkansas Archaeological Survey 13, but this archaeoastronomer has cho­ Illinois. Research Series No. 28. sen the wrong works from inaccurate Marshall, James A. Squier, Ephriam G. 1987 An Atlas of American Indian Geometry. Ohio 1821-1888 data with which to create designs not Archaeologist 37(2): 36-49. The Papers of Ephriam George Squier, grounded in the facts. 1980 Geometry of the Hopewell Earthworks. Ohio Library of Congress, Manuscript Division. Archaeologist 30(2): 8-12. This author has spent many years of Squier, Ephriam G. and Edwin H. Davis 1978 American Indian Geometry. Ohio Archae­ 1848 Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. time and a great deal of effort making ologist 28(1): 29-33. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge Vol. precise maps of these and more than Romaine, William F. 1, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 215 other sites in the United States. 1994 Hopewell Geometric Enclosures: Symbols of Thomas, Cyrus an Ancient World View. Ohio Archaeologist 1894 Report of the Mound Explorations of the There is no purpose in research and pub­ 44(2): 37-42. Bureau of Ethnology; Twelfth Annual Report lication based on inaccurate or incom­ 1993 Further notes on Hopewellian Astronomy and of the Bureau of American Ethnology for the plete data. Archaeoastronomers should Geometry. Ohio Archaeologist 43(3): 48-52. years 1890-1891, Washington, D.C. 1993 Hopewell Ceremonial Centers and Geometric 1889 The Circular, Square and Octagonal make absolutely certain that their work is Influences. Ohio Archaeologist 43(1): 35-44. Earthworks of Ohio. Bureau of American based on fact. 1992 Hopewellian Concepts in Geometry. Ohio Ethnology Bulletin No. 10, Smithsonian Archaeologist 42(2): 35-50. Institution, Washington, D.C. 1992 More Astronomical Alignments at Hopewell 1889 Unpublished Materials in Smithsonian Sites in Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 42(1): 38-47. Anthropological Archives.

Figure 3 Isabel Wasson Work in Cook County (Illinois) Forest Preserve along Des Plaines River near latitude 41°55'N. Traced from the author's Figure 1 Serpent Mound in Adams County, Ohio Figure 2 Fort Hill in Highland County, Ohio by survey and map in which he was assisted by Bill byS&D (1848). Work is at latitude 39V1 '33 "A/. S & D (1848). The work is about 3,300 feet in Nowicki of Orland Park and Jenny Walbridge of length. Oak Park, Illinois.

12 Figure 4 Ephriam Ingalls work in Lake County, Illinois near latitude 42°28'N. Traced from the author's preliminary survey and map in which he was assisted by Lukas Pyrich of Chicago, Illinois, Cindy Bloom of Prairie Grove, Illinois, and Jenny Walbridge. Figure 5 Work in northwest Indiana near latitude 41"26"N. Traced from the author's preliminary survey and map in which he was assisted by Kathleen Lisle of Hinsdale, Illinois and Jenny Walbridge.

Figure 7 Newark Octagon and Circle in Newark, Licking County, Ohio from the author's finished survey and map to a scale of 100 feet per inch 1966-1969 and Figure 6 Diagram of astronomical alignments claimed at reduced. Superimposed are astronomical alignments claimed by archae­ Woodhenge in Cahokia State Park: Circle 2 and partial Circle oastronomers to various points on the horizon of extreme or mean Moonrise or 3. Work is near 38°40' north latitude. Moonset. Work is at latitude 40°02'30".

Figure 10 High Bank Work from the surveys of Thomas (1889) and the author's surveys of the remnants of the work and images of the work on aerial photographs to a scale of 100 feet per inch 1970-1973 in which he was assisted by Figure 8 Circleville Work as reconstructed by the author from Figure 9 High Bank Work in Ross County, John Morici of Worthington, Ohio, herein plats and maps. Work is at latitude 39°36' north. OhiobyS&D(1848). reduced in scale. Work is at latitude 39°18' north.

13 ?• -vjsa^

F/guTe 7 7 Se/p Work in Ross County, Ohio by S & D (1848), enlarged to scale shown. Figure 12 Seip Work traced from the author's finished survey and map of the remnants and air photo images of the work and the nearby fence rows, roads and railroad to a scale of 100 feet per inch, 1968-1986 (in which he was assisted by Monica Parrish and John Morici) herein reduced to the scale shown. Work is at latitude 39°15' north. Over the author's drawing is placed the author's precisely surveyed map of the Newark Octagon #2 ivories and Circle reduced to the same scale.

Figure 13 Cryptographic overlay Figure 14 Precise dimensions of Newark Octagon and Figure 75 Precise dimensions of High Bank Octagon formed by taking the High Bank Circle as found by the author. and Circle as found by author. Work in Figure 10, rotating it and placing it over a map of the northeast corner of the North Fort of Fort Ancient, from an aerophotogramethc map produced for the Ohio Historical Society by Henderson Aerial Surveys, Fig. 16 Facsimile of Columbus, Ohio and to the same archaeoastronomer's scale. Note parallelism and close sketch of High Bank dimensional agreement between Work, Ross County, fort wall and the walls and interior Ohio. His believed lines of octagon. dimensions of the work including dimensions of 1052.2 feet between four pairs of points across octagon and circle diameter of 1051.6 feet are shown.

14 Out., A J..

iCAL t 1000 fl.to IROA

Figure 17 Baum Work in Ross County, Ohio, S & D (1848) showing one archaeoastronomer's "possible solar alignments" on this site.

Figure 18 Baum Work from the Papers of Ephriam G. Squier (1821-1888).

Figure 19 A third map of the Baum Work from the Papers of Ephriam G. Squier (1821-1888).

Figure 20 Baum Work traced from the author's finished survey and map of the remnants and air photo images of the work, fence rows and roadways to a scale of 100 feet per inch, 1968-1984, and reduced in which he was assisted by Monica Parrish of Yellow Springs, Ohio. On this tracing are plotted the azimuths to solar phenomena advanced by the archaeoastronomer referred to in Figure 17 with allowances on those azimuths by the author for tree growth at the horizon.

Fig. 22 East Side Work in Chillicothe, Ross County, Ohio byS&D (1848) with "possible solar and lunar Figure 21 Baum Work by S & D (1848) rotated through 10°.5 and placed alignments" by an over Figure 20 so that northeast comers of the squares coincide. archaeoastronomer.

15 Figure 23 East Side Work from the Papers of Figure 25 Seip Earthwork by S & D (1848) with Ephriam G. Squier (1821-1888) "possible lunar alignments" found on this site by an archaeoastronomer.

Figure 24 East Side Work, Ross County, Ohio from the author's survey and tentative map to a scale of 100 feet per inch, 1966-1991 and reduced to scale shown.

Figure 27 An archaeoastronomer working with figures derived from S & D (1848) placed Marietta Small Square, Marietta Large Square, Liberty Large Circle, Newark Octagon and High Bank Circle concentrically and thereby developed a facsimile of this composite.

Figure 26 Seip Earthwork from the author's finished survey and map on which are plotted the possible lunar alignments found in Figure 25 corrected for tree growth at the horizon.

Figure 28 Actual pattern formed by the five constructions represented as diagrammed in Figure 27 from the author's precise surveys and maps.

16 GROOVED HAMMERSTONE RECENTLY FOUND AT A DEPTH OF THREE FEET NEAR WAPAKONETA, OHIO by Claude Britt, Jr. P.O. Box 52 Wapakoneta, Ohio 45895 Recently a life-long friend of mine dug One explanation that would account Concluding Remarks: It is not uncom­ a post hole on his property near for the depth of this stone tool beneath mon to discover artifacts beneath the Wapakoneta. At a depth of 3 feet he the surface would be the possibility of plow zone in Ohio. However, this acciden­ struck a rock with his post hole digger. burial association. This doesn't seem too tal discovery near Wapakoneta leaves Upon bringing the rock up to the surface, likely considering that hafted hammer- several unanswered questions. For exam­ it turned out to be an Indian artifact, a stones were not commonly used as ple, how do we explain soil discolorations nicley-made three-quarter grooved ham- grave goods. Could there been originally on the site? Was this hammerstone asso­ merstone (Fig. 1). It is made from what some type of refuse pit at the site? A ciated with human skeletal remains or collectors call "greenstone". test excavation could give more defini­ other cultural materials? Was it hafted The fact that this piece was buried at a tive answers. Converse (1966: 120) at­ when left behind at the site? How old is depth of three feet, and discovered by ac­ tributes grooved hammerstones to the the site? Is it Archaic? Did a brush shelter cident, leaves one wondering how it came Archaic Period. But, did these stone or other structure originally cover the site? to be at that depth. It isn't possible to tools survive into later periods? There With the limited data available it isn't pos­ date the hammerstone, especially after it are a number of other habitation and sible to answer such questions. was taken out of context. Such stone burial sites within a mile radius of this References tools were common in the Archaic. "Grooved Hammerstone Site." Most of Converse, Robert N. The site is situated on a low upland those other sites are either Glacial Kame 1966 Ohio Stone Tools. Ohio Archaeologist, area, about a mile from the Auglaize Indians or Historic Shawnee. Vol. 16, No. 4 River, an important waterway in both pre­ historic and historic times. It is not a glacial kame or drumlin. The site where the post hole was dug consists basically of clay, with a little gravel mixed in. I be­ lieve this hammerstone was deliberately buried at a depth of 3 feet by its original maker. Because the site is near the top of a small hill, in an area of erosion, not de­ position, it is unlikely the hammer got buried at that depth due to natural geo- morphic processes. In fact, I wonder if some of the original land surface has eroded away and this artifact was buried even deeper originally. Also, one wonders if it was originally hafted when left behind. The surface of this site has probably never been cultivated, at least not for many years. It has been pasture for a long time. Five or six flint artifacts were found eroding out on the surface by my Wapakoneta friend. However, they were all non-diagnostic as to types. Inte- estingly, the surface of the ground where the hammerstone was recovered exhibits a different type and color of soil than the surrounding area. This soil dis-coloration covers a circular area of perhaps 10 to 12 Fig. 1 (Britt) Grooved feet in diameter. Was there originally a Hammerstone recently found at small structure such as an Archaic brush a depth of three shelter on this site? This might account feet near for differences in soil on the site. Wapakoneta, Ohio.

17 CRESCENT BANNERSTONES FROM THE COLLECTION OF BILL CAIN, WILKINSON, INDIANA

Top to Bottom: Knobbed Lunate from Ohio; Knobbed Lunate from Greene Co., Ohio; Crescent Bannerstone found in 1955 near Lurmons Comer, Jefferson Co., New York; Knobbed Lunate of Banded Slate, found in Madison Co., Ky.; Knobbed Lunate found by a man named Sharkey in Preble Co., Ohio

18 A VIRGINIA PICK BANNERSTONE

A pick type bannerstone or atlatl weight, this outstanding specimen was found in Mecklenburg County, Virginia, in 1982. It is made of yellow-green serpentine and was collected by C.J. O'Neill of Charlotte, North Carolina. It is 5% inches long

Pick type bannerstones found in Ohio tremely scarce. Chlorite and serpentined — probably because of the proximity of are nearly always made of slate. are not found geologically in Ohio in the material sources. The above example Examples made of chlorite, serpentine, quantities large enough for manufacturing shows the aboriginal appreciation for col­ steatite, or rarely. Ohio pipestone are artifacts and had to be imported. In the orful stone. known in Ohio collections but they are ex­ South, exotic stone is found more often

19 A PEWTER POINT by Elaine Holzapfel 104 E. Lincoln Greenville, Ohio

I found this small point on August 11, sheets of lead issued to soldiers in the been pounded into a wood item such as 1994, in a corn field on the terrace of a late 1790s, from which they made their a gunstock or pipe handle as decorative stream in Greenville, Ohio. The point is own musket balls. Lead is relatively soft inlay, indicating Indian manufacture. They made of either lead or pewter. and could have been cut with a pocket observed that the lack of hammer marks Because it was found only 2 miles from knife. This would give the piece a con­ on the artifact, however, show that it had Prophetstown, the large historic Indian nection with Fort Greene Ville. never actually been used. village, the artifact could be of Indian This artifact was examined by Jim The point, which measures VA inches manufacture. If it is pewter, it was proba­ Hahn and Ray King, both of whom are long, would not have been used as a bly chiseled from a broken utensil such experienced in early historic items. They projectile point because both pewter and as a plate or a spoon. noted that the beveled edges all face the lead are much too soft. If it is made of lead, it could have been same side of the piece and that the side cut from lead bar stock, which were with inward-facing edges could have

Figure 1 (Holzapfel) Point made of pewter or lead, found in Greenville, Ohio. Obverse and reverse shown.

20 AN ARCHAIC SITE IN HOLMES COUNTY by Jeff Zemrock 903 Green Township Road 2850 Perrysville, Ohio 44864

This site is in Washington Township, in one Kirk cornernotch of dark Upper edged knife of dark gray translucent the northwest corner of Holmes County. Mercer flint, and several whole and bro­ Flintridge material. Two of the concave It is situated on a low hilltop over a valley ken archaic cornernotch points. Later base sidenotch points were of similar and is divided by a low area which it en­ types include two fishspear points, two flint. Most of the other points are made of circles. The site may have once been a Brewerton points and fifteen whole or blue-gray or black Upper Mercer flint, small kettle pond. partial sidenotch points. Late archaic with a few made of Delaware chert. There Artifacts from this site are almost ex­ points are also numerous. So far, four­ are also discards, core chunks, scrapers clusively archaic, and range from early to teen whole or partial points have been and a few chopper type tools. late types. Among the early pieces are found, along with four hafted scrapers of This is the only site I know of that has two Ohio bevels of similar purple-gray the same type. Other tools include two such a high percentage of pieces from Coshocton flint, found close together, drill fragments and one large single- one time period. #!<«#??

Figure 1. Two Ohio bevels; Exhausted Meadow- wood; Coshocton flints. *•??• f***?Vf Figure 2. Top-Two stemmed points; one small sidenotch or birdpoint; four late archaic cornernotches. Middle-Bannerstone fragment; fishspear; large sinlge-edged knife with shaftscraper; archaic sidenotches. Bottom-Archaic sidenotches; right Kirk cornernotch. I Figure 3. Use-damaged points; cornernotch; bevels; fishspears and sidenotch. Large piece in center is an unfinished cornernotch.

•^Figure 4 Top- Scrapers; flake blades. Middle-Drills; scrapers. Bottom-Left, broken knives or preforms. Center, knife- possibly paleo, large- spurred or graver type. Right-large MfttMf flake blades. Fig. 5. Large preforms or chopper-type tools.

21 AN HISTORIC EFFIGY PIPE

This large pipe in the form of a human effigy was found in St. Clair County, Illinois. It was originally collected by the late A. E. Wehrle, Newark industrialist, in the 1930s or 1940s and bears the number 4135W. It is made of a brown siltstone and is similar to a pipe in the British Museum collected in Illinois by Benjamin West.

22 A SURVEY OF PREHISTORIC KNOBBED PESTLES FROM OHIO by Robert W. Morris Department of Geology Wittenberg University Springfield, Ohio 45501

Thirteen years ago I wrote an article knobbed pestle as a hand maul with ex­ alone. Some have a widely flared base published in the Ohio Archaeologist enti­ panded top. Miles (1963) refers to similar with a thick rounded basal periphery tled "Variations in Shape and Com­ Northwest Coast pestles or mauls as (Figs. 4 and 5), while others have a verti­ position of Some Prehistoric Ohio having a "cap" on the poll. I suggest the cal basal periphery forming a platform­ Pestles" (Morris 1981) in which I illus­ term knobbed pestle (or knobbed maul) like base (Fig. 6). Still others have a thick, trated and discussed the various types of might be used for those pestles which massive base with either a thick vertical pestles known to me at that time. Since have either a distinct knobbed poll (Fig. 2, basal periphery and no flare (Fig. 7) or a then I have gathered much more informa­ B, C and D) or an expanded poll which thick, slanted basal periphery forming al­ tion and become more knowledgeable can vary from well developed (Fig. 2A) to most a bottleneck-like base (Fig. 8). A dif­ concerning varieties of prehistoric pestles very slight (Fig. 2E). Perhaps the term ferent variety of massive, bottleneck base from Ohio and adjacent states. Pestles should be mainly used in the Midwest is shown in Figure 9. The outline shape of are generally regarded by most authors and East since Northwest Coast pestles the basal surface (as viewed from the (Converse 1973; Hothem 1992, 1995) as include many exotic types with a variety base) is generally oval (45%) or circular being a common stone tool of the Archaic of shapes and poll styles. My reasoning (37%). A few pestles (5) had a slightly rec­ Period (8000 - 1000 BC); however, they for proposing the term knobbed pestle is, tangular oval basal outline, probably due were used in later periods as well. The in part, to introduce some degree of con­ to abrasional wear on several sides of the two most common types of pestles sistency in terminology when referring to base. In addition, some pestles have con­ known to collectors and archaeologists a specific type of pestle. Also, because siderable prehistoric and some recent from this region are the bell pestle and there are many different shapes and damage to the basal periphery which has the conical pestle (Fig. 1). Bell pestles forms of pestles which grade into each obliterated the original outline. presumably get their name from their other, it would seem useful to establish Another variable in knobbed pestle "bell-like" shape or flared base and occur another pestle type, the knobbed pestle, morphology is the shape of the handle. in many varieties (Converse 1973; Morris to characterize those pestle varieties Many pestles having a flared base taper 1981; Hothem 1992, 1995). They com­ which fit into that category. For years, the upward to a minimum diameter near the monly have a rounded or flat poll and term bell pestle has been applied by midpoint of the handle than increase in their base varies from a slight to moderate many to any pestle with a flared or ex­ diameter upward as the poll flares out­ to widely flared shape. Other variations panded base; however, many of these ward forming a knob (Figs. 10 and 14). such as size, nature of the basal periphery, pestles are not typical bell pestles and are Others have handles with the maximum presence or lack of a depression (dimple often quite variable in appearance. For diameter near the base and taper gradu­ or pit) on the basal surface, also occur. example, most of the pestles illustrated in ally upward to reach a minimum diameter Conical pestles are generally less distinc­ Figure 2 are not typical bell pestles even just below the knobbed poll (Figs. 6 and tive than bell pestles and differ mainly in though several have flared bases; how­ 8). Yet another handle variety is one in lacking the "bell" shape and flared base. ever, all have a knobbed poll and each is which the handle diameter remains con­ They are often somewhat conical in shape, distinctive in its own right. It is the wide stant from the base to the flared poll (Fig. having either a pointed or rounded poll; variation that exists within knobbed pestles 11). Most pestle handles are round in however, many are short, wide varieties as a group that is the subject of this paper. cross-section; others are oval. with a flat, worn basal surface. These The basic measurements recorded for Another important feature of knobbed short stubby, conical pestles have been the 45 pestles analyzed were as follows: pestles is the nature of the poll which termed hoof-type pestles by Hothem height (basal surface to top of poll), base varies considerably. Analysis of the pes­ (1995:165). diameter, mid-handle diameter, and poll tles in this study revealed seven types of This paper represents an analysis of 45 diameter. Figure 3 illustrates the size dis­ knobbed polls, listed and plotted in Figure pestles belonging to a type which I refer to tribution of these pestles plotted by 12. Approximately 36 pestles (80%) had, as knobbed pestles. The basic character­ height and base diameter. The average what I consider, a definite knobbed poll, istic of a knobbed pestle is the presence height of these knobbed pestles is 5.5 whereas 9 pestles (20%) had a slightly of a knobbed poll or some degree of flare inches with the range being from 4.25 to knobbed poll. Slightly knobbed polls can or expansion of the poll relative to the di­ 7 inches. Base diameter ranged from a be either flat or slightly rounded on the ameter of the handle (Figs. 1 and 2). As minimum of 2.6 inches to a maximum of top and are only slightly larger in poll di­ this paper will illustrate, many varieties of 4.5 inches with the average being 3.42 ameter than the handle (i.e. large enough knobbed pestles occur ranging from inches. As Figure 3 shows, a wide varia­ to be visible). Commonly these pestles those with well developed knobbed polls tion exists in height and base diameter, are tall and slender in form with either a to those with only very slightly knobbed as well as in style. A general trend of in­ slightly rounded poll top (Fig. 13) or a flat polls approximately 1/8 to 3/8 of an inch creasing base diameter with increased top poll (Fig. 14). In comparison, the wider than the handle. Fowke (1902:537) height does exist; however, many pestles slightly knobbed pestle (Fig. 15) has a figures two knobbed pestles from Ohio fall outside this trend. For example, within quite small poll and narrow handle relative which are quite similar to the knobbed the base diameter range of 3 to 4 inches, to its massive flared base. The majority of pestle of Figure 1. A variety of names as many short pestles between 4 and 5 the pestles studied had distinctly have been used to refer to these types of inches in height occur as do tall pestles knobbed polls which were either flat pestles, for example, Hothem (1992:57) il­ between 6 and 7 inches in height. Note topped (31%) or had slightly rounded lustrates and refers to a very fine also the variations in both base and poll tops (31%). Good examples of knobbed knobbed pestle, quite similar to Figure shape (Fig. 3). poll varieties are as follows: flat top (Figs. 2A, as a double-ended maul. Hothem Knobbed pestles show considerable 4 and 6), slightly rounded top (Figs. 16 (1995:165) also refers to another similar variation within the style of the base and 17), and round top (Figs. 18 and 5).

23 Two additional, rather rare, varieties of duced the basal diameter (Fig. 22) to only flat surface or mortar. Uneven abrasional knobbed poll pestles are also included: one-half inch larger than the poll diameter. wear on one side of the basal surface knobbed pollangular top (Fig. 19) and Another similar example is illustrated by eventually results in a base ground at knobbed poll-pointed top (Fig. 20). The the short, thick handled pestle in Figure some angle to the handle. Pestles used angular top pestle has a definite knobbed 23. Extreme prehistoric use and wear with the handle held vertically would re­ poll with a smooth inclined surface along the basal periphery have almost sult in little to no handle angularity relative ground on an angle across the top of the obliterated it to the point where only a to the base. poll. This is the only pestle of this style vestige of the original flare remains. The The specific rock types (lithic composi­ that I have seen. The knobbed pestle with large number of knobbed pestles (60%) tion) of the pestles in this study are domi- the pointed top poll (Fig. 20) is also dis­ which show evidence of prehistoric dam­ nantly hard crystalline varieties of tinctive in that the top of the poll tapers to age and abrasional wear on the basal pe­ metamorphic and igneous rock. Twenty a blunt point. A very similar pestle is illus­ riphery indicates that the sides of the base four pestles (56%) are composed of vari­ trated by Hothem (1995:165) which he were often used for grinding, crushing, ous types of metamorphic rock; 16 pestles refers to as having a "knobbed or possi­ mashing, and pounding activities. Miles (37%) were fashioned from varieties of ig­ ble effigy top." Pestles with a blunt point (1963) illustrates hand mauls from north­ neous rock; and 3 pestles are made of well on the top of the poll are typical of certain west California several of which are similar cemented, feldspar-rich quartz sandstone. Northwest Coast cultures (Miles 1963; to some of the pestles in this study. He The specific rock types involved and their Brennan 1975); however, the pointed top reports that many were used to pound frequency is as follows: is much more pronounced than on the tools and stakes used for fish weirs and pestle considered here. In fact, Miles those which were heavily used have Metamorphic Rock Types Wo of pestles (1963) refers to these types as hat-top chips knocked off the edge of the face Tan, brown and gray Quartzite 9 types. In addition to the distinctive poll, (basal periphery). Thus, very likely, some Arkosic Quartzite 3 the pestle in Figure 20 has a wide plat­ of these knobbed pestles may also have Greenstone 8 form-type base and its basal outline is been used as hand mauls for hammering Amphibolite (Garnet-rich) 1 rectangular-oval. Figure 21 plots height purposes which would definitely result in Other Meta. rocks (unidentified) 3 versus poll diameter of the pestles in this damage to the base. As fragments of the Igneous Rock Types No of pestles study. The diversity shown indicates that basal periphery were periodically broken Diabase 4 knobbed pestles of all sizes can range off, continued use would partially smooth Granite 3 from having slightly knobbed polls of over the rough areas resulting in exten­ Diorite 2 small diameter to large well developed sive wear and reduced basal diameter as Gabbro or Ultrabasic Ign. rock 2 polls of large diameter. illustrated (Figs. 22, 23). Greater wear on Fine textured Ign. rock (unidentified) 5 one to several sides of the base has re­ Sedimentary Rock Types No of pestles Additional pestle characteristics Feldspatic Quartz Sandstone 3 recorded were: a) presence or absence of sulted in some pestles having a rectan­ gular-oval basal outline. a dimple (worn circular indentation or de­ The majority of the pestles (93%) are pression) on the basal surface; b) evi­ Another effect of the abrasional/grinding composed of crystalline metamorphic dence of prehistoric abrasional wear usage of the pestle was uneven basal and igneous rocks which make them and/or damage to the basal periphery of wear which often resulted in handle angu­ physically very hard. In addition, these the pestle; c) handle angularity relative to larity. While many pestles have a vertical rocks are composed of tightly intergrown the basal surface of the pestle; and d) orientation of the handle perpendicular to crystals of various silicate minerals, espe­ lithic (rock) composition. Of 41 pestles ex­ the base, a number have handles which cially quartz and feldspars, which them­ amined, 27 (66%) had some form of in­ are not perpendicular to the basal sur­ selves rank in the upper half of the dentation or dimple abraded into the basal face. Converse (1973) reports that many mineral (Mohs) hardness scale. Half of the surface. Shallow depressions were pre­ bell pestles have handles which "are not pestles composed of metamorphic rock sent on 15 (37%) of the pestles, whereas perpendicular to the base, but at are either pure or arkosic (feldspathic) 11 pestles (30%) had deep, often highly approximately a 20 degree angle to it." In quartzites which represent an extremely polished dimples. One pestle had double actuality, I believe he means the handles durable, very hard type of stone. shallow dimples. One third of the pestles are inclined 20 degrees from the vertical Quartzite pestles are illustrated in Figures studied lacked any form of indentation. and thus form a 70 degree angle to the 8, 10, 16 and 23. Most of the remaining The basal surface of any pestle should pestle base (or horizontal). This corre­ metamorphic pestles are composed of normally show the greatest amount of sponds to the pestle which he illustrates greenstone, a generalized name used for wear and abrasion since, if interpreted (Converse 1973:24). The degree of handle formerly basic or basaltic igneous rock correctly, pestles were the major stone angularity relative to the base was mea­ (often volcanic) which has been altered tool used for crushing and grinding nuts, sured for 38 knobbed pestles in this through metamorphism to this new meta­ seeds, acorns, and other plant materials study. The frequency of handle angularity morphic rock. The greenish color is due in the preparation of food. The dimple or is illustrated in Figure 24. Fourteen pes­ to the presence of chlorite, epidote, and basal indentation was probably created tles (38%) had vertical handles (i.e. the other silicate minerals which formed from by this abrasional use. In addition to basal handle is perpendicular or at a 90 degree chemical alteration of pre-existing miner­ surface wear, I have noticed that 60% (23 angle to the base). Nineteen pestles als present in the original igneous rock. of 38) of the pestles analyzed show vari­ (50%) had a handle angularity ranging Pestles composed of greenstone are able amounts of prehistoric abrasion, from 80 to 88 degrees to the base, while shown in Figures 11,14 and 19. wear, and damage in the form of chips and 4 pestles (10%) had a handle angle be­ breaks along the basal periphery. For ex­ tween 70 to 79 degrees to the base. One All of the igneous rock types (eg. granite, ample, the small knobbed pestle in Figure pestle had an extreme handle angle of 60 diorite, diabase) are composed of combi­ 22 has extensive prehistoric damage and degrees. In summary, almost two thirds of nations of visible to micro-sized crystals of wear along the entire basal periphery the knobbed pestles studied show some common silicate minerals such as quartz, which has significantly reduced the basal degree of handle angularity, mainly in the feldspars, amphiboles, and pyroxenes. It is flare and diameter from its original form. 80 to 88 degree range. Handle angularity extremely difficult to identify precisely This pestle may have once had a basal is mainly caused by the position and ori­ many igneous rocks because usually periphery similar to that of Figure 18, but entation in which the pestle is held while microscopic analysis of a thin-section of not as extensive. Prehistoric wear has re­ being used to grind materials against a the rock is needed. This is especially true if the rock is very finely crystalline (com-

24 posed of micro-sized crystals) or has a factured their stone tools. Exceptions are, the pestles, respectively. All photography highly weathered surface exterior. Pestles of course, various types of flint and chert was done be myself; however, a grant composed of coarse (phaneritic) textured (eg. Flint Ridge flint) which were quarried from the Faculty Research Fund of igneous rock where the mineral crystals from surface or near surface outcrops of Wittenberg University paid for the costs are visible are the following: Figure 6 - bedrock exposed at different localities in of film, processing, and printing. granite; Figure 13 - diorite; and Figure 17 the state. - diabase. In summary, the Archaic peo­ References ple who manufactured and used these Acknowledgements Brennan, Louis A. knobbed pestles chose hard, durable va­ The majority of the pestles analyzed in 1975 Artifacts of Prehistoric America. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, Penna. rieties of rock (eg. quartzites, greenstone, this study are in the author's collection; Converse, Robert N. granite, diorite) from which to construct however, I am very grateful and wish to 1973 Ohio Stone Tools (Revised). The Archaeological Society of Ohio, Columbus, Ohio. these stone tools. In Ohio, the vast majority thank the following individuals who al­ Fowke, Gerard of these rocks came from glacial deposits lowed me to sketch, measure, and study 1902 Archaeological History of Ohio. which are the only surface source of ig­ pestles from their collections. These indi­ The Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio. neous and metamorphic rocks in the viduals, who are also members of the Hothem, Lar state. Glacial ice sheets carried a diverse ASO, are: Ron Helman, Harold Brumfield 1992 Indian Artifacts of the Midwest. Collector Books, Paducah, Kentucky. variety of rock debris into Ohio from the and his sons, Bill Likens, Pat Welch, and 1995 Indian Artifacts of the Midwest, Book II. Collector north several times during the Pleistocene Larry Yowler. In addition, the author is in­ Books, Paducah, Kentucky. (Ice Age) and deposited this material Niles, Charles debted to John Ritter and Ken Bladh, 1963 Indian and Eskimo Artifacts of North America. across all of northern, central, and west­ who are faculty colleagues in the Bonanza Books, New York. ern Ohio. Archaic and later cultures in Department of Geology at Wittenberg Morris, Robert W. 1981 Variations in Shape and Composition of some Ohio selected many varieties of these University, and who committed time and Prehistoric Ohio Pestles. "exotic" transported rocks from these assistance in the computer analysis of the Ohio Archaeologist 31 (4): 31. glacial deposits from which they manu­ data and lithic identification of many of

']— BASAL —{< PERIPHERY KNOBBED CONICAL PESTLE PESTLE

Fig. 1 (Morris) Comparison of three distinct pestle types illustrating pestle terminology used in the text. Not drawn to scale. Fig. 2 (Morris) Different varieties of Ohio knobbed pestles based on actual examples (not drawn to scale). A - Ron Helman Collection, Ohio; B - Clermont Co.; C- Pickaway Co.; D - Hardin Co.; E - Highland Co. knobbed pestles

7.5

7

6.5 o 6

5.5 Fig. 3 (Morris) Size Distribution of knobbed pestles plotted by 5 pestle height and base diameter. Illustrated pestles drawn to scale: 4.5 5mm. = 7 inch. A - Brumfield Collection; B - Helman Collection, 4 Logan Co.; C - Welch Collection; 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 D - Warren Co.; E - Likens Collection, BASE DIAMETER (inches) Madison Co.

25 Figure 4 (Morris) Short, stuby knobbed Figure 5 (Morris) An excellent round Figure 6 (Morris) This distinctive pestle with a flat top poll and wide poll knobbed pestle with a widely speckled granite pestle has a vertical base. Composed of garnet-rich amph- flared base and rounded basal peri­ basal periphery and platform-like base. ibolite, 4.5 inches in height, from phery. Formerly in the Max Shipley The handle tapers upward to a Warren Co. Collection, composed of arkosic knobbed poll. Formerly in the quartzite, this pestle is from Marion Ammerman Collection, from Pickaway Co., Ohio and is 5.6 inches in height. Co., it is 6.1 inches tall.

Figure 7 (Morris) A slightly knobbed Figure 8 (Morris) A knobbed pestle Figure 9 (Morris) A distinctive slightly pestle with a thick vertical basal periphery having a flat top poll and thick massive knobbed pestle with a massive and no flare. Composed of diorite, from base with a slanted basal periphery. bottleneck style base. Composed of Licking Co., 5.75 inches in height. Composed of grey quartzite, this pestle feldspathic quartzite, 5.25 inches in was found near Batavia, Clermont Co., height, from Champaign Co. and is 5.75 inches tall.

KNOBBED POLL - FLATTOP KNOBBED POLL SL BOUND TOP • KNOBBED POLL • ROUND TOP • KNOBBED POLL - POINTED TOP * KNOBBfID POLL - ANCillLAR TOP n SL. KNOB POLL - FLAT TOP SI „ KNOB POLL - SL RND TOP

7 S

7 •

6.S 1 . 1 6 • I" • 1 • 4.5 • . * 2 5 3 35 4 4.5 5 BASE DIAMETER (inches)

Figure 10 (Morris) This excellent knobbed Figure 11 (Morris) This knobbed pestle has a Figure 12 (Morris) Size Distribution of pestle of tan quartzite illustrates a handle flared bottleneck base and handle which knobbed pestles categorized as to poll which flares in both directions, i.e. maintains a constant diameter from base to type and plotted by height versus base toward the base and the poll. It is 5.5 poll. Composed of greenstone, 5.6 inches diameter. inches in height and possibly from tall, from Preble Co. Montgomery Co., Kentucky. 26 Figure 13 (Morris) Tall slender pestle Figure 14 (Morris) Tall, slender Figure 75 (Morris) A slightly knobbed with slightly knobbed poll and rounded greenstone pestle with a flat top, pestle with a heavy, massive flared basal periphery. Composed of diorite, slightly knobbed poll. Note recent field base. Composed of feldspathic quartz 5.87 inches tall, from near Hebron, damage. Formerly in the J. Smith sandstone, this pestle shows excellent Licking Co., Ohio Collection, Highland Co., 6.75 inches peck marks on the surface. From Clark in height. Co., 5.4 inches in height.

Figure 16 (Morris) A highly polished Figure 17 (Morris) Small knobbed pestle Figure 18 (Morris) A highly polished knobbed pestle with almost a platform­ composed of diabase with a rounded greenstone pestle with a large round top like base. Made of tan quartzite, this pestle basal periphery. Formerly in the Alkire knobbed poll and moderately flared was reportedly found along Mad River, Collection, this pestle was found near base. The large poll diameter relative to Clark Co., Ohio, 5.25 inches in height. Harrisburg, Pickaway Co., Ohio (note the base diameter almost give this pestle old label), 4.87 inches tall. a symmetrical "dumb-bell" appearance. From Champaign Co., 5.25 inches tall.

knobbed pestles

1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 POLL DIAMETER (inches)

Figure 19 (Morris) A rare knobbed pestle Figure 20 (Morris) A rare knobbed pestle with a pointed top Figure 21 (Morris) Size Distribution of with an angular top. The minimal basal poll. Note the platform-type base which has extensive wear knobbed pestles plotted by pestle height flare make the base diameter only % inch on several sides. Formerly in the Hahnert Collection, this and poll diameter. Illustrated pestles greater than the poll diameter. pestle may be from Ohio, but the locality is unknown. drawn to scale: 5 mm. - 1 inch. A - Composed of greenstone, this pestle Composed of polished granite, the blackened exterior Highland Co.; B - Helman Collection, was found near Plain City, Madison Co., indicates it was scorched in a fire. It is 5.25 inches tall. Ohio; C - Clark Co.; D - Clark Co. Ohio, 5 inches tall. 27 Figure 22 (Morris) A rounded poll knobbed pestle showing Figure 23 (Morris) A thick handled, knobbed pestle of tan extensive prehistoric damage to the basal periphery, quite quartzite which shows extensive prehistoric damage and typical of many pestles. Composed of feldspathic quartz abrasional wear around the entire basal periphery. The sandstone, this pestle was found on the Reitman Farm near heavy use of this pestle has almost obliterated the original Circleville, Pickaway Co., Ohio, 5.5 inches tall. basal flare. From Ohio (locality unknown), 5.5 inches tall.

knobbed pestles HANDLE ANGLE

15 I I I ! I I I I I | I I I I

c/3 10

Fig. 24 (Morris) Knobbed a pestles (38) plotted to show frequency of handle angularity. Handle angularity represents the angle of the handle relative to the horizontal (basal surface of the pestle). Pestles with a 90 degree handle angle have handles whish are vertical or perpendicular to the base. 0 I I I I IVIl I I I I I I I I I I I I 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 HANDLE ANGLE (degrees from horizontal)

28 ROSS COUNTY FLUTED POINT SURVEY: FINAL REPORT by Claude Britt, Jr. P.O. Box 52 Wapakoneta, Ohio 45895

Nearly two years have now passed Stan Copeland. Copeland stated that his This past year our editor, Bob Converse since I started a survey of Ross County specimen was made from Flint Ridge ma­ showed me his Clovis fluted point from Clovis-type fluted points that have been terial. Thus, each of the five specimens Yellowbud. Thanks to Bob for permitting found in that county (Britt, 1993a :45). from Ross County mentioned here were me to examine it. Only two Ross County Clovis points all made from materials from different REFERENCES which were previously unreported have sources. This is understandable consider­ been brought to my attention. One of Britt, Claude Jr. ing the subsistence of the Paleo-lndians. 1993a Survey of Fluted Points from Ross County, these, found near Frankfort, was reported Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 43, No. 1, p. 45. to me by Lar Hothem of Lancaster. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1993b Report on the Ross County Fluted Point Hothem's specimen was reported in a I wish to thank Stacy Claggett of Survey. Ohio ArchaeologistMo\. 43, No. 4. p. 8. previous article of mine (Britt,1993b:8). Kingston, Ohio for providing the photo Claggett, Stacy Within the past year Stacy Claggett of and data on the fluted point from near 1994 Letter to Claude Britt dated March 15, 1994. Kingston, Ohio reported one additional Adelphi. The reporting of this specimen Kingston, Ohio. Clovis from Ross County (Fig. 1). with excellent provenience by Stacy adds Converse, Robert N. Stacy's find is the subject of this final considerably to the literature on the 1985 Fluted Point collected at Yellowbud, Ohio report on the subject. Claggett's letter (color photo) Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 35, No. Paleo-lndians of the area. 4, p. 19. to me dated March 15, 1994 gives the Thanks again to Lar Hothem for fur­ following information: Copeland, Stanley G. nishing the data which I reported in my 1960 Ohio Fluteds. Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 10, "This Clovis point was found in the first survey report. No. 4, p. 134. northeast corner of Ross County, near Adelphi. It was a surface find, found along a small feeder stream leading into Salt Creek. The point is 2% inches in length, VA inches in width. Basal grinding is heavy and extends laterally one inch. It is fluted on both sides, measuring 11/B inches. There is some slight damage on one side of the base. A heavy coat of patina hides what I believe to be Coshocton flint. This Clovis has never been pho­ tographed in the Ohio Archaeologist or any other publication...." The above data provided by Claggett gives a very detailed description of this point found near Adelphi. Comparing it to the Clovis of Hothem (Britt, 1993b:8) and the Clovis of Converse (1985), Claggett's point is approximately an inch shorter than those two. Hothem's point is made from Delaware flint. Converse's Clovis is made from an orange-black material which may have originated in Fairfield County, while Claggett's fluted point may be of Coshocton flint. In my previous article on Ross County fluted points (Britt, 1993b:8), I stated that many years ago a fluted point from Ross County had been given to me. That point was made from a glossy, high-grade white chert. One additional Clovis from Ross County had been illustrated in an old back issue of the Ohio Archaeologist. I overlooked that point previously in searching the literature. It was a fluted Figure 1 (Britt) Obverse and reverse views of a Clovis-type Fluted Point found near Adelphi, Ross point from Ross County pictured by Dr. County, Ohio. Measures 2% inches by 1 % inches. Photo courtesy of Stacy Claggett, Kingston, Ohio.

29 JOHNNY APPLESEED ANNUAL AWARDS MEETING by R.L Hancock Ashland, Ohio

The January 1995 Annual Awards Best Stone - Josh Risner (Prismoidal Weight) Acquired Category 1994: Best Stone - Herb Enkemann (% Grooved Axe) Meeting of the Johnny Appleseed Best Slate - Troy Cuffman (Engraved Slate Pendant) Best Slate - Skip Cozad (Gorget) Chapter #19 was somewhat hampered by Best Non-Lithic - Troy Cuffman (Bead and Best Non-Lithic - Pam Lauer (Bowl) inclement weather. The 29 members who Trade Pipe) Special Presidential Award: were present, representing Ashland, Best Site- Gary and Robin Risner (Huron Steve Badger Richland, Huron, Crawford, Wayne, and County, Risner Site #16) Medina Counties, provided the Chapter Best Collection - Jerry Ball (Slate Collection) The Johnny Appleseed Chapter #19 of with a wide variety of displays and 1994 Most Educational - Joyce and Skeeter Kish the ASO meets at King wood Center, 900 personal field finds pictured here. (Pleistoscene Diarama) Park Ave. West, Mansfield, Ohio. Meetings The following is a list of those receiving are held the first Wednesday of the month Children's Category awards: (April through November) at 6:30 p.m., and Surface Found 1994: the first Saturday of the month (December Best Flint - Caitlin Zemrock and Clay Pollard through March) at 9:30 a.m. Adult Category Surface Found 1994: Best Slate- Julie Ball Best Flint- Chris Cuffman (Cache Blade) Best Collection - Caleb Zemrock and Randy Hancock (Hopewell Blade)

Figure A Non-Lithic Adult Surface Found 1994 Top row left to right Trade Pipe - R.L. Hancock Trade Pipe - Troy Cuffman 1865 Two Cent Piece - Troy Cuffman Bead - Troy Cuffman

Figure C Flint Adult Surface Found 1994. Top row left to right Cashe Blade, Flint Ridge - Chris Cuffman; Lance - Chris Cuffman; 3 Lances - Gary Risner; Hopewell Blade, Heat Treated Flint Ridge - R.L. Hancock; Square Knife - Gary Risner; Adena, Flint Ridge - Skip Cozad; Hafted ADULT Shaft Scraper - Chris Cuffman; Lance and Scraper - Gary Risner; Coshocton Lance and Flint Ridge SURFACE F01M) Hopewell-Pam Lauer

Figure D Slate Adult Surface Found 1994. Top row left to right Hoe - Gary Risner Bar Weight - Gary Risner Figure B Stone Adult Surface Found 1994. Two Hole Gorget - 3/4 Groove Axe - Tom Wolfe Porphyry Axe - Bob Bright Robin Risner Pestle - Charlie Fulk Celt - Troy Cuffman Hoe - Gary Risner Preform - Bob Bright Pestle - Charlie Fulk Engraved Single Hole Hardstone Celt - Mark Pollard Prismoidal Weight - Josh Risner Pendant - Troy Cuffman

30 ANOTHER PERSPECTIVE ON POINT PLEASANT POTTERY PIPES by James L. Murphy Ohio State University Libraries 1858 Neil Avenue Mall Columbus, Ohio 43210

Several articles in the Ohio Archaeo­ the bottom of his excavations were older exaggeration to state that "A number logist have called attention to the manu­ than the anthropomorphic forms - is prob­ have been found in historic contact Indian facture of reed stem clay tobacco pipes ably erroneous. My own observations, graves, principally in the west, suggesting at Point Pleasant, Ohio (Shriver 1986, based on limited excavation within the their probable use in mid and Iate-I9th 1987; Holzapfel 1993). The present article confines of the factory foundations, indi­ century fur and other trade" (Shriver is intended to provide additional informa­ cated that the ribbed forms were most 1986: 30), for I know of no documented tion as well as correct a number of errors common here, possibly suggesting that occurrences in Indian graves. While some in these articles and other accounts in they were among the latest types made. may have been traded to Indians, this the literature. The point remains undetermined. was incidental and a miniscule segment As documented by Thomas and Several other statements by Parker of the market. Burnett (1971) and Murphy (1985), there Melvin that are clearly erroneous have Products of the Kirkpatrick-Davis- have actually been three distinct potteries crept into the popular literature (Heimlich Peterson Brothers pottery are the most producing clay tobacco pipes at Point 1979) and should be corrected. The Point common Point Pleasant pipes found and Pleasant. The best known of these is the Pleasant factory was certainly not "the have been frequently illustrated in the lit­ Cornwall Kirkpatrick-Nathan Davis- first major American clay-pipe plant," erature (Thomas and Burnett 1972; Peterson Brothers factory, which stood there being numerous earlier factories, Thomas 1977; Murphy 1975; Shriver on the south bank of Big Indian Creek the most notable being Godrey Aust's ef­ 1986, 1987; Heimlich 1979) near the U.S. Route 52 highway bridge. forts at Salem and Bethbara, North If any portions of the Kirkpatrick-Davis- This pottery was in production from ca. Carolina. Sudbury (1979) provides a good Peterson Brothers pottery site (33-CT- 1838 to ca. 1887. Although a pottery op­ synopsis of tobacco pipe production in 256) were left undisturbed by Parker erated at this site by William P. Lakin the United States along with much data Melvin and other pipe collectors, they stood here from ca. 1838 until his death refuting Melvin's statement. were completely destroyed by replace­ in 1843, it is considered unlikely that pipe Nor is it accurate to state that "no one ment of the Grant Memorial Bridge in production occurred prior to operation of was even certain that a clay-pipe factory 1985. Although the Ohio Historic the pottery by Cornwall Kirkpatrick (1814- had existed at Point Pleasant, and no Preservation Office was assured by the 1890), which began in 1849. (Kirkpatrick written record pinpointing its location had Ohio Dept. of Transportation that the had earlier operated a yellow ware pottery ever been found." The location is accu­ bridge replacement project would not im­ in Covington, Kentucky, and very likely rately shown on the 1870 Clermont pact the site, pilings for the temporary produced a variety of yellowware reed County atlas, when it was operated by highway bridge across Big Indian Creek stem pipes that have been found in the Nathan Davis. The site was never buried were constructed directly on the pottery Cincinnati area before moving to Point "under tons of Ohio River mud." The con­ site and waster dump. This roadwork Pleasant; as Kirkpatrick operated a pot­ siderable depth at which Melvin found thoroughly destroyed the remainder of the tery in Cincinnati subsequent to his oper­ pipes was due to his digging along the pottery site and removed the possibility of ations at Point Pleasant, he may well have edge of the creek bank, as waster material excavating any stratified deposits not pre­ produced pipes there, as well.) It is cer­ had naturally been dumped over the edge viously impacted by Parker Melvin and tainly an exaggeration to state that the of the hillside. Nor is there any evidence other pipe diggers. Point Pleasant pipes have been buried for for Melvin's theory that the Point Pleasant The second pottery site in Point 150 years (Heimlich 1979: 69), Monte factory produced a different pipe style Pleasant is also shown on the 1870 Melvin's 1827 large cent notwithstanding each year. Clermont County atlas (Fig. 1). It was op­ (Holzapfel 1993: 11). Melvin reported 65 separate pipe erated by Tom Peterson on the opposite Although Thomas and Burnett (1971: 7) styles; Thomas and Burnett, 67. Murphy (north) bank of Big Indian Creek and suggest that production continued to ca. (1976) described 71, in addition to three slightly upstream from the Kirkpatrick- 1890, there is no evidence that pipe pro­ described by Thomas and Burnett but Peterson pottery. It is believed that this duction at the Kirkpatrick-Davis-Peterson not available to him. Thomas (1977: 13) pottery was operated by Thomas' sons, Brothers factory continued after 1887, reported 73 styles. Sudbury (1979) illus­ Henry and George Peterson, who are when the land was purchased by James trated eight additional styles and (pers. listed as Peterson & Bro. in the 1870 W. McKibben from Samuel Cooper. The comm.) has since discovered several ad­ manufacturer's schedule, producing "jars, latest known reference to a pottery at this ditional ones. For the record, it should be jugs, and crocks" valued at $1000 per site is Williams' 1883 Ohio Directory for noted in this regard that several of the year. Murphy (1985) provides additional 1883-1884, which lists a Peterson and pipes included in Figure 2 of Shriver documentation on this pottery site (33-Ct- Cooper pottery (Williams 1883: 436). (1986:31) definitely are not Point Pleasant 390), which is now owned by the Ohio It is this pottery that was so thoroughly pipe styles. Historical Society. Rist (cited in Sudbury dug through by the late Parker Melvin Finally, while these clay pipes are often 1979: 183) believed that the last operator (Heimlich 1979; Holzapfel 1993) and others. sold today as "trade pipes," they were not of this pottery was Henry Bushman and Unfortunately, Melvin's research design made primarily for this function. Known that production ceased about 1901. was simply to accumulate as many com­ distribution is over most of the United Bushman (1843-1917), a nephew of plete pipes as possible. Neither he nor States, including a number of western Nathan Davis, is listed in an 1896 direc­ Thomas and Burnett attempted to make sites, and one has been reported from tory as "Pipe Manufacturer," and the any controlled excavations at the site and "an Indian village site dating about 1885" 1910 federal census lists a Charles Melvin's sole recorded observation on the (Emory Strong, cited in Thomas and Bushman, presumably a son, as operat­ distribution of pipe styles in the waster Burnett 1972:12) but the vast majority are ing a pipe factory. While the information dump - that the ribbed forms found near from non-Indian sites. It is a considerable remains sketchy, it appears that the Tom

31 Peterson/Henry Bushman pottery may Clermonter of 1900" (Sudbury 1985: 60) ation of the Clermont Pottery as late as have produced pipes as late as 1910. and identified as "The Old Pipe Kiln at 1913. If the photograph of "The Old Pipe The U.S. Route 52 bridge replacement Point Pleasant, Ohio." This photograph Kiln at Point Pleasant, Ohio" (Fig. 5) is project and subsequent unauthorized appears to have been first published in correctly identified, it must have replaced digging along the northern bank of Big "The Illustrated Clermonter," of the ramshackle frame building shown in Indian Creek revealed waster material November, 1900, and more recently by Figure 4 sometime prior to 1898, before clearly associated with the Peterson/ the Batavia Clermont Sun (Thomas and being replaced in turn by the Grant Bushman pottery. At the request of the Burnett 1971: 8). According to the photo Memorial Church in 1913. Ohio Historic Preservation Office, Murphy caption in the Sun, this factory, too, Only two pipe styles have been found salvaged a sample of this material, which stood at the present site of the Grant in association with the Clermont Pottery, has been described elsewhere (Murphy Memorial Church and was operated by and these are shown in Fig. 6. Styles sim­ 1985). Several relatively plain, previously John Bainum and Thomas Peterson. The ilar to the specimens in the top row were unrecorded pipe styles were recovered caption further states that the Grant made by the Akron Smoking Pipe Co. at from this site, and typical examples are Methodist Church was built following the both its Mogadore, Ohio, and Pamplin, shown in Figures 2-3. 1913 flood. Virginia, factories, and their presence at The third pipe factory was located a It is possible that the ramshackle frame the site of the Clermont Pottery strength­ block north of the Peterson/Bushman building shown in Figure 4 was replaced ens the supposition that Bainum and factory, at the present site of the Grant by the substantial stone building shown in Peterson supplied pipes to the Akron Memorial Church. This was known as the Figure 5 sometime prior to 1898, but this Smoking Pipe Co. Clermont Pottery and was operated by would have been a fairly major project for Much remains to be learned about the John Bainum and Thomas B. Peterson (a a relatively small industry, including the three distinct clay tobacco pipe factories son of Henry C. and grandson of Tom construction of a new kiln in front of the at Point Pleasant, but events over the last Peterson). The 1910 census lists Thomas building. There is also some difficulty in thirty years have radically reduced the B. Peterson as proprietor of a pipe factory reconciling the 1898 reference to the amount of information to be gleaned from and John L. Bainum as employed at a Clermont Pottery's stone building, the archaeological research. Any additional pipe factory. In addition, an 1898 factory fact that the building in the 1900 photo­ knowledge will probably derive from inspector's report lists the Clermont graph appears to have witnessed sub­ archival and historical research. Pottery as employing eight workers over stantial use, and the fact that the the age of 18, in a two-story stone building. postcard view of the frame structure REFERENCES Pipe fragments found in the vicinity of the probably dates 1900 or later. On the Heimlich, Jane Grant Memorial Church represent distinc­ other hand, it is known that the 1979 Parker Melvin's Pipes of Clay. American 7 (3): 68-70. tive ribbed and diamond-patterned pipes Kirkpatrick pottery was also a two story Holzapfel, Elaine that can be attributed to this factory. stone structure, so there exists the possi­ 1993 Parker Melvin, An Ohio Archaeologist. Ohio Archaeologist 43 (1) 11 -13, 8 fig. Beginning date of the Peterson and bility that the two buildings have been Murphy, James L. Bainum pipe factory remains unknown. confused with one another. In particular, 1976 Reed Stem Tobacco Pipes from Point Pleasant, Clermont County, Ohio. Northeast Historical A perplexing question regarding these the lack of hills behind the building in Archaeology 5 (1 -2): 12-27.1 pipe factories is raised by a recently dis­ Figure 5, as well as the abundance of Shriver, Phillip R. trees, corresponds more with the river- 1986 A Perspective on Point Pleasant Pottery Pipes. covered post card view of "The Oldest Ohio Archaeologist 36 (4): 30-32 . Clay Pipe Factory in U.S." (Fig. 4), which bank locale of the Kirkpatrick-Peterson 1987 A Point Pleasant Pottery Effigy Pipe. Ohio pottery; also, there is no evidence in the Archaeologist 37 (1): 14. clearly stood at the site of the Grant Sudbury, Byron Memorial Church. The post card is not photograph of the road (Indian Street) 1979 Historic Clay Tobacco Pipemakers in the United dated but is on AXO postcard stock which leads along the south side of the States of America. The Archaeology of the Clay Bainum/Peterson pottery building. Tobacco Pipe, II, ed . by Peter Davey . BAR which indicates a ca. 1900-1925 date International Series, 60, pp . 151 -337 . (Frank Ryan, pers. comm.). The location According to the late Don Rist (cited in 1986 An Update on the Status of Pipe Manufacturing Sites at Point Pleasant, Ohio. Historic Clay of the frame pottery building is confirmed Sudbury 1979: 183), the Bainum/Thomas Tobacco Pipe Studies, 3:60-62. by the presence of the school house on the B. Peterson pottery was known as the Thomas, B.B. (Ted), Jr., and Richard M. Burnett hill in the background. This, clearly, is the Clermont Pottery, and Rist should have 1972 A Study of Clay Smoking Pipes Produced at a Nineteenth Century Kiln at Point Pleasant, Ohio. Thomas Peterson/John Bainum pottery. known, as he purchased the pipe ma­ The Conference on Historic Site Archaeology chine used in the Clermont Pottery from Papers 1971, 6(pt. 1): 1-31. The confusion arises when we consider Thomas, B.B. (Ted), Jr. another early Point Pleasant photograph Thomas B. Peterson in 1944. Rist (in 1977 Clay Smoking Pipes Produced at Point Pleasant, (Fig. 5) reproduced from "The Illustrated Sudbury 1979) also documents the oper­ Ohio. Spinning Wheel, April, 1977:13-16.

The following chapters will be hosting summer meets for 1995. June 11, 1995 - co-hosted by the Mound City Chapter, Fort Salem Chapter and the Lower Ohio River Valley Basin Chapter. Will be held at the Ross County Fairgrounds located 2.5 miles North of Chillicothe, Ohio (State Route 104). Doors will open at 8:00am for display set up - open to the public at 9:30am to 3:30pm. Awards presented at 3:00pm. Tables will be furnished and food and drinks available on site. Contact Bud Tackett at 614-772-5431 or Gary Argabright at 614-773-0439 for additional details August 20,1995 - hosted by the King Beaver and Painted Post Chapters. Will be held at Parkerstown, Pennsylvania located West of New Castle, Pennsylvania (Parkerstown Restaurant Lounge, State Route 224 just East of Ohio, Penn. line). Doors will open at 9:00am for set up - open to the public 10:00am - 5:00pm. Some tables will be available and food and lodging is nearby. Contact Judy Storti at 412-658-6228 for additional details. September 9, 1995 - hosted by the Fulton Creek Chapter. Will be held in West Mansfield, Ohio at the West Mansfield Conservation Lake (Route 33 from Columbus to Marysville, then Route 31 North to Summerville, then west on Route 47 to West Mansfield and turn left at light onto Route 142 approx. one mile on South edge of West Mansfield). Tables are available, food and drinks on site in addition to fishing and camping. Contact Mike Coyle at 513-642-0858 for additional details. These meets will be ASO sponsored and all participants must comply with ASO rules and regulations.

32 I rin J'.'-, lion Monror '/iurri.s/ii/> fVcu/r. :!(>ltmlx to tin Inelt.

;•./;• /• ' '/^:

1 ,i\tlil

{ V { S •,',-/

If. ( I w

.3'!./

JACK j-i, -•<: -, •" 4 .«„' -»o i..:'" *vT -*-

J» -fc? j iijaL'^-J- r,-/li,ii-' W....SL B gg. ate* r7.Bl SHC )RT ST. • '• H TCSIuinTl | AMORE ST. Rfl •|-«MW2 rri A £ i iwl J.: PI .: M 5Q r#1 1 llmttnti^g, ; ! r'lrn l':,,i i X] ml WATER F/'g. 7 Map of Point Pleasant from Lake's 1870 atlas of Clermont County. A = Kirkpatrick!Davisl Peterson Bros, pottery. B= Tom Peterson pottery. C = Site of later Peterson/Bainum Pottery and Grant Memorial Church.

Fig. 2 Tom \ A I " ( :* Peterson Plain tobacco pipes, Var. a. Figure 3 Tom Peterson Plain tobacco pipes, Var. e.

33 Fig. 4 Undated postcard view of "The Oldest Clay Pipe Factory in U.S.," looking northeast from intersection of Indian Street and Back St., Point Pleasant. Now the site of Grant Memorial Church.

Fig. 5 Photo of "Old Pipe Kiln at Point Pleasant, Ohio." Reproduced with permission from Sudbury (1986). The photograph was published in the Batavia Clermont Sun in 1971 and attributed to "The Illustrated Clermonter" of 1900. Robert K. Slade identifies this stone building as the Bainum and Peterson pottery, which stood at the present site of the Grant Memorial Church.

Fig. 6. The only two pipe styles known to be associated with the Bainum/Peterson pottery, found opposite the Grant Memorial Church, at left edge of Fig. 4.

34 IN SEARCH OF HOPEWELL ARCHAEOASTRONOMY by William F. Romain 4000 Westbrook Drive #502 Brooklyn, Ohio 44144

In earlier articles (Romain 1993a, 1992a, different horizon elevations and latitudes From the USGS map we find that 1992b, 1991), I discussed the possibility as interpolated from Aveni's tables. Infirmary Road - which is just to the south that more than two dozen major Hopewell of the square embankment - extends earthworks may incorporate celestial Seal along an azimuth of 263 degrees as mea­ alignments in their designs. Unfor­ The first earthwork we will look at is the sured from true north. Using this known tunately, these early analyses could not Seal Earthwork. Located in Pike County, value we draw a true north-south line on be considered definitive because they re­ Ohio, on the east bank of the Scioto to the aerial photo. Using this north-south lied on maps made by early investigators River, most of the earthwork has been de­ line as a reference, we measure the az­ and estimated horizon elevations. The stroyed by gravel mining and agricultural imuth of the diagonal sightline that ex­ present article is an effort to improve that plowing. From what is left of the site, tends from Point A to Point B. This situation. In this article I use aerial pho­ however, it is clear that the square enclo­ azimuth is 60.5 degrees. As measured tographs in combination with USGS sure was oriented to the heavens. from Point A, the horizon elevation along topographic maps and measured horizon Although we do not usually associate this sightline is 1.5 degrees. Given the elevation data to re-examine the possibility the cardinal directions of north-south and date of A.D. 250, 39°-20' North latitude, of astronomical alignments at a number east-west with astronomical alignments, lower limb tangency, and a 1.5 degree of Hopewell earthworks. the fact is that such directions can only horizon elevation, it is found from Aveni's The aerial photos were selected from be established by reference to the sun, tables that the summer solstice sun several series of U.S. Department of moon, or stars. Indeed, the cardinal direc­ would have risen at a point on the horizon Agriculture photographs. Horizon eleva­ tions can only be derived by celestial ob­ at an azimuth of 60.00138 degrees as tions were determined by field surveys servation. Hence it is of great interest to viewed from Point A. The accuracy of this made in November and December of find that the Seal Earthwork is precisely sightline therefore is to within one-half of 1994, and January of 1995. Horizon ele­ oriented to north-south and east-west. one degree (60.5 - 60.00138 = 0.49862). vation measurements were made using a Figure 1a shows Squier and Davis' map In other words, the diagonal of the Suunto PM-5 optical reading clinometer. of the earthwork. Figure 2a shows a sec­ Dunlap enclosure is aligned to the sum­ In all instances, horizon elevation mea­ tion of the USGS Wakefield quadrangle mer solstice sunrise to within one-half of surements were made from the actual lo­ map for the area. And, Figure 3 presents one degree. cations variously identified on the aerial a 1976 aerial view of what is left of the photographs or topographic maps as square enclosure. Hopeton Point A, Point B, etc. Aveni's (1972) tables Looking at the USGS map, we find that The Hopeton Earthwork is located in were used to determine the rising and the 1 mile section of the Norfolk and Ross County, Ohio, on the east bank of the setting azimuths of the sun and moon. Western railroad just to the east of the Scioto River, diagonally across from Mound And, all sites were checked for both solar Seal enclosure extends along an azimuth City. Figure 1c shows Squier and Davis' and lunar alignments. To enter Aveni's ta­ of 359 degrees as measured from true map of the earthwork. Figure 2c shows a bles a date of A.D. 250 was used for all north. Using this known direction, we section of the USGS Kingston quadrangle sites, lower limb tangency was assumed, draw a true north-south line on to the aer­ map for the area. And, Figure 5 shows the latitude for each site was rounded to the ial photograph. Using this north-south line earthwork as it appeared in 1938. nearest 10 minute increment, and mea­ as a reference, we find that the azimuth of From the USGS map, we find that the sured horizon elevations were recorded to the square enclosure's north wall from road that cuts through the south part of the nearest one-quarter of one degree. Point A to Point B is 270 degrees. In other the square enclosure extends along an words, the wall that extends from Point A As discussed elsewhere (Romain azimuth of 86.5 degrees as measured to Point B extends along a precise east- 1991), the rising and setting azimuths of from true north. Using this known value west axis. Similarly, we find that the west the sun and moon change at relatively we draw a true north-south line on to the wall of the enclosure, from Point B to Point small increments in responses to aerial photo. Using this north-south line C, extends along a precise north-south changes in date. For example, at 40 de­ as a reference, we measure the azimuth axis. In fact, the orientation of the Seal grees North latitude, over the course of of the diagonal sightline that extends from Earthwork to the cardinal directions is so 1,000 years the sun's rising and setting Point A to Point B. The northwest corner accurate that even when using a ten inch positions on the horizon will change by of the square in the area of Point B is circular protractor and an 11 x 14 inch pho­ less than two tenths of one degree in az­ somewhat difficult to discern. But from tographic enlargement of the earthwork, it imuth. Aveni's tables take this change what I can tell, the azimuth of line A-B is is virtually impossible to discern any devia­ into account and again, are entered by 301.0 degrees. Unfortunately, the distant tion of the walls from true north-south and date - which in this case is A.D. 250. horizon at Hopeton is partially blocked by east-west. The alignment of the earthwork Accordingly, we would not expect any a newly created hill of debris from the to the cardinal directions is precise. significant changes in the calculated az­ nearby gravel mining operation. Still, this mound of dirt is no higher than 1.25 de­ imuth of the sun, even if the Hopewell Dunlap grees. Further, by measuring the horizon earthworks were built two or three hun­ The Dunlap Earthwork is located in Ross dred years earlier or later than the as­ elevation along either side of this ob­ County, Ohio, on the west bank of the structing hill, and by plotting the horizon sumed date of A.D. 250. Scioto River. Figure 1b shows my plan of profile from USGS maps, it can be estab­ The greatest change in azimuth is the re­ the earthwork - made by tracing an aerial lished that the horizon elevation along sult of horizon elevation. To give the reader photograph. Figure 2b shows a section of sightline A-B is 1.25 degrees. Given the some sense for the rate of this change, the USGS Andersonville quadrangle map date of A.D. 250, 39° 20' North latitude, Table 1 shows the calculated azimuths for for the area. And, Figure 4 shows the lower limb tangency, and a 1.25 degree the summer solstice sunrise at several earthwork as it appeared in 1938.

35 horizon elevation, it is found from Aveni's Given the date of A.D. 250, 39° 20' placed too far to the southeast. tables that the summer solstice sun would North latitude, lower limb tangency, and a Thus the structure remained until the have set at a point on the horizon at an az­ 1.5 degree horizon elevation, it is found 1960s when a excavations and restora­ imuth of 300.2576 degrees as viewed from from Aveni's tables that the summer sol­ tions were made that corrected the earlier Point A. The accuracy of this sightline stice sun would have set at a point on the errors. It is important to note that the therefore is to within 0.75 degrees (301.0 - horizon at an azimuth of 299.9986 de­ restorations made by Brown and Baby 300.2576 = 0.7424). In other words, the di­ grees as viewed from Point A. The accu­ (1966), Hanson (1966, 1965), and agonal of the Hopeton Square is in align­ racy of this sightline therefore is to within Drennen (1972) were made by piling earth ment with the summer solstice sunset to about one-half of one degree (300.5 - on top of remnants of the original walls. The original walls in turn, were success­ within three-quarters of one degree. 299.9986 = 0.5014). In other words the Anderson Earthwork is aligned to the fully located by excavation. The following The parallel walls at Hopeton have long references explain the situation. The first fascinated investigators. David Brose summer solstice sunset to within about one-half of one degree. quote concerns the east wall of the (1979:64) formerly of the Cleveland square enclosure. Simply stated, Brown Museum of Natural History, for example, Hopewell and Baby note that, suggested that the walls might be aligned The Hopewell Earthwork is located in . . . the east wall. . . could be traced to the summer solstice sunrise; whereas Ross County, Ohio, on the north side of with some certainty (Brown and Baby Christopher Turner (1983:5) proposed a the North Fork of Paint Creek. Figure 1e 1966:11). lunar maximum rise alignment. From what shows Squier and Davis' map of the site. Regarding the southeast corner of the en­ I can determine using the 1938 aerial Figure 2e shows a section of the USGS closure, photo and measured horizon elevations, it Chillicothe West quadrangle map for the The base of the original embankment appears that the parallel walls are aligned area. And, Figure 7 shows the earthwork was finally located in the unit east of to the winter solstice sunset. More specif­ as it appeared in 1976. the tracks where it was indicated by a ically, if we measure the azimuth of line B- From the USGS map we find that the midden at its base. This unit was ex­ C in Figure 5, we find that the parallel Baltimore and Ohio railroad tracks just to tended to continue the tracing of the walls extend along an azimuth of 237 de­ embankment base... It was success­ the south of the square embankment ex­ grees. As measured in the field from Point fully followed west of the tracks and tend along an azimuth of 76.25 degrees B, the horizon elevation along line B-C is to the point where it straightens out as measured from true north. Using this 1.5 degrees. Given the date of A.D. 250, into the south wall (Brown and Baby known value we draw a true north-south 39° 20' North latitude, lower limb tan­ 1966:6). line on to the aerial photo. Using this gency, and a 1.5 degree horizon eleva­ Regarding the south wall, north-south line as a reference, we find tion, it is found from Aveni's tables that The network of profiles . . . managed that the azimuth of the diagonal sightline the winter solstice sun set at an azimuth to reveal the outer slope of the em­ that extends from Point A to Point B is of 237.3778 degrees. The parallel walls bankment over a distance of 220 feet 123.5 degrees. As measured in the field therefore, are aligned to the winter sol­ on the east end and a distance of 165 from Point A, the horizon elevation along stice sunset to within about one-third of feet on the west (Brown and Baby this sightline is 2.25 degrees. Given the one degree (237.3778 - 237.0 = 0.3778). 1966:11). date of A.D. 250, 39° 20' North latitude, Having clearly identified the base of the lower limb tangency, and a 2.25 horizon el­ Anderson original wall on east, southeast, and south evation, it is found from Aveni's tables that The Anderson Earthwork is located in sides of the enclosure, Brown and Baby the winter solstice sun would have risen at Ross County, Ohio, on the north side of leveled the incorrectly placed 1920s wall, a point on the horizon at an azimuth of the North Fork of Paint Creek. Figure 1d and restored the original wall - again, by 123.4416 degrees as viewed from Point A. shows my plan of the earthwork - made piling earth on top of the traceable rem­ The accuracy of this sightline therefore is by tracing an aerial photograph. Figure nants of the original wall. almost perfect (123.5 - 123.4416 = 2d shows a section of the USGS Regarding the northwest corner of the en­ 0.0584). In other words, the Hopewell Chillicothe West quadrangle map for the closure, Hanson's report is quite clear: Square is aligned to the winter solstice area. And, Figure 6 shows the earthwork Testing revealed traces of the original sunrise. as it appeared in 1938. wall on the northern side of the enclo­ sure with evidence that it had been From the USGS map we find that the Mound City cut down in height with a drag Baltimore and Ohio railroad tracks that Mound City is located in Ross County, scraper (Hanson 1965:14). cut through the square earthwork extend Ohio, on the west bank of the Scioto Hanson then explains how he restored along an azimuth of 76.8 degrees as mea­ River. Figure 1f presents Squier and the northwest corner to its original curve. sured from true north. Using this known Davis' map of the site. Figure 2f shows a The crucial point here is that even value we draw a true north-south line on section of the Andersonville quadrangle though the Mound City walls have been to the aerial photo. Using this north-south map for the area. And, Figure 8 shows the partially reconstructed and restored, all line as a reference, we measure the az­ earthwork as it appeared in 1988. the available evidence tells us that what imuth of the diagonal sightline that ex­ Since its discovery the Mound City en­ we see in the 1988 aerial photograph is in­ tends from Point A to Point B. In Figure 6, closure and its associated burial mounds deed an accurate reflection of the original the northwest corner of the enclosure is have been plowed down by agricultural configuration of the enclosure. somewhat difficult to discern. However, pursuits, excavated for their burial goods, careful examination shows that the az­ and graded by bulldozer to make room Having said this, we find from the imuth of line A-B is 300.5 degrees. As for Camp Sherman - a World War I training USGS map that the section of State measured in the field from Point A, the camp. At one time too, both a roadway Route 104 just to the west of Mound City horizon elevation along this sightline is 1.5 and a set of railroad tracks cut through extends along an azimuth of 345.25 de­ degrees. (In the event that other investi­ the enclosure. grees as measured from true north. Using gators anticipate taking horizon elevation In the late 1920s the embankment walls this known value we draw a true north- south line on to the 1988 aerial photo. measurements at Anderson - they are en­ were reconstructed - but unfortunately, Using this north-south line as a reference, couraged to do so now. Housing con­ the reconstructed south embankment we find that the azimuth of the diagonal struction at Anderson is proceeding at a was placed north of where it should have sightline that extends from Point A to rapid rate. Soon, the horizon may not be been; and the reconstructed northwest Point B is 300.25 degrees. (Even though visible from Point A.) corner of the enclosure was incorrectly

36 the corners of the Mound City enclosure the National Road. Given Curtis' engineering background it are rounded, Points A and B can be es­ Of interest here is the section of the seems likely that his representation is reli­ tablished by extending the lines of the Marietta earthworks known as the Sacra able in this respect. embankment walls to the point where Via, or Sacred Way. Squier and Davis Third, it may be that remnants of the those lines intersect.) As measured in the provide a longitudinal view of the Sacra original parallel walls are still extant. Of field from Point A, the horizon elevation Via as an accompaniment to their map - course ground testing is needed to be along sightline A-B is 2.0 degrees. see Figure 9, and they provide the fol­ certain, but during my reconnaissance of Given the date of A.D. 250, 39° 20' lowing description: the area I noticed a slight ridge that looks North latitude, lower limb tangency, and a Leading from (the Large Square)...to­ like it may be part of the original south horizon elevation of 2.0 degrees, we find wards the river, and at right angles to embankment. It is about 2 feet in height, from Aveni's tables that the summer sol­ the embankment, is the "Sacra Via," a 10 feet in width, and perhaps 30 feet in stice sun would have set at an azimuth of graded way... of singular construction. length (see Figure 10). The remnant is lo­ 299.4806 degrees as viewed from Point It is six hundred and eighty feet long cated just west of Allan Street, in an area A. The accuracy of this sightline therefore by one hundred and fifty wide be­ that was never paved. It extends along is to within about three-quarters of one tween the banks, and consists of an the same azimuth as the Sacra Via. degree (300.25 - 299.4806 = 0.7694). In excavated passage descending regu­ Based on the above lines of evidence, other words, Mound City is aligned to the larly from the plain, upon which the it seems likely that the present appear­ summer solstice sunset to within about works just described are situated, to ance of the Sacra Via does indeed reflect three-quarters of one degree. the alluviums of the river. The earth, in the directional orientation of the ancient Before concluding this analysis of part at least, is thrown outward upon parallel walls and graded way. Mound City, there is an interesting foot­ either side, forming embankments Having said this, we find from the note to the summer solstice alignment. It from eight to ten feet in height. The USGS Marietta quadrangle map that the so happens that several Hopewell burials center of the excavated way is slightly Sacra Via extends along an azimuth of were found underneath and just to the raised and rounded....(Squier and 231.5 degrees as measured from true outside of the original embankment walls Davis 1848:74, emphasis added). north (see Figure 11). By field survey it is - in both the southeast and northwest It was originally intended that the Sacra found that the horizon elevation as mea­ corners of the enclosure - in the areas of Via was "never to be disturbed or de­ sured along this azimuth varies from 5.5 Points A and B (see Drennen 1972; Brown faced, as common ground" (resolution degrees to 7.0 degrees. Quite simply, the and Baby 1966; Hanson 1965). Four burials quoted in part in MacLean 1903:37). horizon elevation depends on where one were found in the southeast corner, while Unfortunately, this resolution was not stands to take the measurement. Looking one burial was found in the northwest strictly adhered to and sometime in the along the 231.5 degree azimuth, a corner. According to Brown (1982), the 1800s the parallel embankments of the tremendous mountain ridge looms from burials are most likely Hopewellian in age. Sacred Way were leveled and a roadway across the Muskingum River. It is this Brown bases his assessment on the loca­ was laid inside the excavated portion of ridge that forms the visible horizon (see tion of the burials underneath sections of the Sacred Way. Figure 12). Naturally, the closer one the enclosure's walls, as well as the finding Still, three lines of evidence suggest stands to the ridge - the higher the hori­ of Hopewellian cache bifaces with one of that the orientation of the Sacred Way as zon elevation will be. For example, from the burials. it appears today is in fact the same as it the intersection of Sacra Via and Third Interestingly, all five burials were articu­ was originally. Street the horizon elevation is 5.5 de­ lated skeletons - as contrasted with the First and most importantly, as de­ grees. From the intersection of Sacra Via universally cremated remains found inside scribed by Squier and Davis, MacLean, and Second Street the horizon elevation the enclosure. As Brown (1982:10) points and others, the Sacra Via was not just a is 7.0 degrees. From a point in the middle out, a distinction was being made between set of parallel embankment walls. It was of the Sacred Way and midway between the burials within the enclosure and those also a "graded way." What this means is Second and Third Streets - identified in at its southeast and northwest corners. that it was a "broad avenue, excavated so Figure 9 as Point A, the measured horizon Indeed, it is almost as if the Hopewell as to descend by a perfect grade to the elevation is 6.5 degrees. For our purposes intended to emphasize the significance of lower or latest formed terrace" (History of here, I have used the middle location of the summer solstice sunset alignment by Washington County 1881:440). In other Point A as our reference. words, the surface of the earth had actu­ placing bodies at both ends of the diago­ Given then a date of A.D. 250, 39° 20' nal sightline that marks the site alignment. ally been cut into and excavated by the Hopewell so as to provide a sloping pas­ North latitude, lower limb tangency, and Marietta sageway to the river - much like a ramp. 6.5 degree horizon elevation, it is found The last site we will consider here is According to MacLean (1903:64) who from Aveni's tables that the winter sol­ Marietta. As we will see in a few mo­ visited the site in 1882, " the depth of the stice sun would have set at an azimuth of ments, the unique horizon elevation at excavation near the square was eight 231.8953 degrees, as viewed from Point Marietta provides substantial support for feet, but gradually deepened towards the A. The accuracy of this sightline therefore the idea that the Hopewell intentionally farther extremity where it reached eigh­ is to within about one-third of one degree aligned many of their earthworks to teen feet on the interior - the average (231.8953 - 231.5 = 0.3953). In other celestial events. depth of the avenue being about ten words, the Sacra Via is aligned to the win­ Located in Washington County, Ohio, feet." Although the embankment walls ter solstice sunset to within about one- the Marietta earthworks are situated at that were on top of the flanking sections third of one degree. the confluence of the Muskingum and of land are now mostly gone, the original With respect to the Sacra Via align­ Ohio rivers. Figure 9 shows the map of grade, or excavation still remains and can ment, two very interesting observations the earthworks that Squier and Davis be seen to form a very distinct series of can be made. First, the unusual happen­ published in 1848. Although attributed by cuts into the earth. Thus the orientation of stance of a 6.5 degree horizon elevation Squier and Davis to Charles Whittlesey, the Sacra Via is yet preserved in the strongly supports the conclusion that the the map was actually made in 1838, by shape and form of the original excavation. Hopewell intentionally designed the General Samuel R. Curtis (see Murphy Second, the Squier-Davis-Curtis map Sacred Way to be in alignment with the 1977). A West Point graduate, Curtis was clearly shows the city street now known winter solstice sunset. Because the sun employed for a time as a civil engineer for as Sacra Via to extend parallel to the orig­ sets at an angle to the horizon, it happens the State of Ohio. He also helped build inal embankments of the Graded Way. at the latitude of 39° 20' that a change of

37 1 degree in horizon elevation will result in selves, but rather in the diagonals formed made my visits to Mound City a pleasure. about a 1 degree difference in the az­ by connecting the apexes or corners of I am especially grateful to Mr. Petersen imuth of the rising or setting sun. For ex­ the squares. This might seem a bit for helping me locate the unpublished re­ ample, with a 1.0 degree horizon strange - until we realize that this method ports I needed. elevation, winter solstice sunset occurs at provides a very accurate way of pointing Last but not least, I would like to thank an azimuth of 237.9 degrees. With a 2.0 to a particular location on the horizon. In a James and Ruth McNutt for allowing me degree horizon elevation the azimuth way, the diagonal sightlines of the to examine and photograph the possible changes to about 236.8 degrees. With a squares can be viewed as ready-made wall remnant located on their property in 3.0 degree horizon the azimuth is 235.7 arrows. Figure 13 shows what I mean. In Marietta. Mrs. McNutt kindly agreed to degrees. Given an azimuth of 231.5 de­ Figure 13, the diagonal of the square appear in the photo shown in Figure 10. grees, the Sacred Way could only be in forms a directional indicator that points to This article and accompanying illustrations are alignment with the winter solstice sunset a very specific location on the horizon. Copyright 1995 by William F. Romain. if there was also a very high horizon ele­ Considered from this perspective, the References Hopewells' use of diagonal sightlines Aveni, Anthony F. vation. Notably, this is exactly what we 1972 Astronomical Tables Intended for Use in find at Marietta. It can be no coincidence makes sense. Astroarchaeological Studies. American Antiquity that the 231.5 degree azimuth of Sacra 37(4):531-540. Lastly, in the preceding pages we have Brose, David S. Via requires a 6.5 degree horizon eleva­ seen how the Seal, Dunlap, Hopeton, 1979 Discussion Summary of Central Region Papers. In tion for solstice alignment - and that is pre­ Anderson, Hopewell, Mound City, and Hopewell Archaeology: The Chillicothe Conference, edited by David S. Brose and N'omi cisely the horizon elevation that we find. Marietta earthworks all manifest celestial B. Greber, pp.64-65. The second observation is the same alignments in their design. It also happens kent State University Press, Kent. Brown, James A. alignments are found in the parallel walls though, that a number of these earth­ 1982 Mound City and the Vacant Ceremonial Center. at both Marietta and Hopeton. Like works are located directly west of major Paper prepared for the 47th Annual Meeting of the mountain peaks. Dunlap is west of an un­ Society for American Archaeology, April 15,1982. Hopeton, the Marietta parallel walls lead Brown, James A., and Raymond S. Baby to water. But even more interesting is that named knob that defines the northern ex­ 1966 Mound City Revisited. MS on file, Department of tent of the hills east of Chillicothe. Archaeology, Ohio Historical Society, Columbus. both sets of parallel walls are in alignment Drennen, Bert C, III with the winter solstice sunset. Neces­ Hopeton is exactly due west of the north­ 1972 Mound City Group National Monument. sarily, when we find the same alignment ern peak of Sand Hill. And, Mound City is Examination and Restoration of Embankment due west of the southern peak of Sand (Contract #5950L20756). Ohio Historical Society, evidenced in two different sets of parallel Columbus. walls - but at widely separated sites, the Hill. Similarly, the Cedar Bank square is Hanson, Lee H., Jr. precisely due west of Sugarloaf Hill, and 1966 Excavation of Section B, The East Gateway at likelihood that both sets of walls were in­ Mound City Group National Monument. National tentionally aligned to the solstice in­ Shriver is due west of Rocky Knob. Park Service. creases exponentially. Interestingly enough, on the days of the 1965 Excavation of Section F, Mound City Group National Monument (Contract #NER966). Ohio vernal and autumnal equinoxes, when Historical Society, Columbus. Some Final Comments viewed from Dunlap, Hopeton, Mound History of Washington County. Ohio. It is clear that in some instances the City, Cedar Bank, and Shriver, the sun will 1881 H.Z. Williams & Bro., Publishers. Reprinted in 1989 by the Washington County Chapter O.G.S. findings in this paper further corroborate rise directly over and in alignment with the MacLean, John P. my earlier archaeoastronomical analyses. mountain peaks just mentioned. These 1903 Ancient Works at Marietta, Ohio. Ohio In other instances, however, the better equinox sunrise heirophanies in combina­ Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 12:37-66. Murphy, James L. quality aerial photos and new horizon ele­ tion with the solstice alignments just 1977 Authorship of Squier and Davis' Map of the vation data have resulted in findings that noted suggest that the Hopewell had a Marietta Earthworks: A Belated Correction. Ohio Archaeologist 27(3):20-21. differ from my earlier, more tentative pro­ clear appreciation of the yearly cycle of Romain, William F. posals. The value of working directly from seasons. Such findings are supportive, I 1994 Hopewell Geometric Enclosures: Symbols of an Ancient World View. aerial photos is evident. It is unfortunate think, of my earlier efforts to outline a Ohio Archaeologist 44(2):37-43. that we do not have such photos for all possible Hopewellian worldview (Romain 1993a Further Notes on Hopewellian Astronomy and the Hopewell sites. 1994, 1993b). Geometry. Ohio Archaeologist 43(3):48-52. 1993b Hopewell Ceremonial Centers and Geomantic It is also interesting to note in connec­ Influences. Ohio Archaeologist 43(1):35-44. tion with the preceding alalyses that al­ Acknowledgments 1992aAzimuths to the Otherworld: Astronomical Alignments of Hopewell Chamel Houses. most all of the alignments involving Once again I am indebted to Wayne Ohio Archaeologist 42(4):42-48. square-shaped earthworks are diagonals. Kline and Paula Miller of the Ross County 1992b More Astronomical Alignments at Hopewell Sites in Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 42(1 ):38-47. The exception of course, is the Seal Engineer's Office. Wayne and Paula gra­ 1991 Possible Astronomical Alignments at Hopewell Earthwork which is oriented to the cardinal ciously accommodated my photographic Sites in Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 41 (3):4-16. Squier, Ephraim G., and Edwin H. Davis directions - and not to a rising or setting efforts. Thanks are also extended to Ted 1848 Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. point on the horizon. In other words, the Sushka of the Washington County Engi­ Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Vol. 1. alignments are not found in the orienta­ neer's Office for documents he provided. Turner, Christopher 1983 An Astronomical Interpretation of the Hopeton tions of the walls of the squares them­ Bob Petersen and Rebecca Jones Earthworks. Unpublished paper on file Hopewell

38 Table 1. Summer Solstice Rise (A.D. 250, lower limb tangency) latitude 39° 10" 39* 20' 39* 30' horizon elevat ion 1.0 59.5611 59.48333 59.40555

1 .25 59.81839 59.74235 59.66631

1.5 60.07569 60.00138 59.92708

1.75 60.33298 60.26041 60.18784

2.0 60.59027 60.51943 60.44860

2.25 60.84756 60.77846 60.70936

2.5 61.10485 61.03749 60.97013

2.75 61.36214 61.29652 61.23089

3.0 61.61944 61.55555 61.49166

1850 000 FEET, ^ XKIETOVV M"'

^ s

\* ^ 1 ' V^^\!J I, u __^_.B**^..\JsJ Fig. 2c H opeton tjopetown jfffi sffjf 4 1 " /Bl

39 40 _— II I,

Moi Ce

41 AN INDIANA SPEAR

This stemmed spear is part of a large cache found in southern Indiana in the early 1940s. It is made of Indiana hornstone and is 6 inches long. Part of the cache was originally collected by Ben Nussbaum of Fairbury, Illinois, one-time Secretary of the Illinois Archaeological Society. Such spears are usually associated with the Red Ocher culture who often buried caches of blades made of this flint.

42 A MEETING WITH THE HARRISON COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY REKINDLING THE CAMPFIRES AT OLD-TOWN, MATTIE STEWART, AND BIG ELM by Brian DaRe 58561 Sharon Blvd. Rayland, Ohio 43943

ABSTRACT information. For example, the May meet­ To help facilitate this matter, the An amateur attempts to make use of a ing produced information which deter­ Harrison County Historical Society has ranking method to access priorities for mined the rankings shown in Figure 2. agreed to be the curator of all information the publication of comprehensive site re­ This determination was based on the given to them concerning these sites. ports on three sites in eastern Ohio. A quality and volume of information and This information would then become part strategy is developed that may upgrade known literary references which would al­ of their archives. Especially desired would the status of certain categories of infor­ low technical reports. Figure 3 shows the be photographs of surface collected ma­ mation from general to technical by using nature of projected technical information terial prior to excavations at these sites, input from many individuals, including av- listed highest or first and followed by copies of personal notes or observations ocational archaeologists. lesser degrees of general information. of the village plan at the Mattie Stewart This article suggests that a regional ap­ Based upon a researcher's knowledge Site, pottery rim sherds or motifs from the proach to problem-solving archaeological of the potential for developing compre­ Mattie Stewart Site, and personal recol­ situations may have application in eastern hensive site reports, a ranking method lections of Janice R. Whitman. Also Ohio by using the resources of a local or­ can help to identify aspects of the inves­ needed are old photographs of the site ganization who has an excellent record of tigation, by eliminating the confusion that excavations, collected artifacts or pho­ working with professionals, avocational personal bias can play in the publication tographs from the Mattie Stewart and Big archaeologists and students. sequence. At the same time, it has al­ Elm sites, copies of any field notes, and During the late 1960's and early 1970's, lowed me to focus on areas when more observations or findings of any profes­ the Harrison County Historical Society of information is needed (Figure 1) and to sional or amateur that may have been on Cadiz, Ohio, participated in salvage exca­ exercise a strategy in an attempt to get these sites. The Harrison County vations at three important archaeological better information. Historical Society will also accept pottery sites in eastern Ohio. Their involvement The most technical information from the rim sherds as well as information from ranged from control of the Old-Town Site highest ranking site has positioned the Old- other local sites. to participation in the Mattie Stewart and Town Site (Figure 3-1) to be first in the publi­ A questionnaire for the Mattie Stewart Big Elm excavations. Information col­ cation sequence. This is being done without Site is available by contacting Charles B. lected has become part of the archives of further delay for the following reasons: Wallace c/o Harrison County Historical that organization. 1. I have exhausted all leads on those Society, 168 East Market Street, Cadiz, The resulting documentation and who may have had surface material Ohio 43907. Telephone 614-942-3900. preservation of site material has allowed (Figure 1-1). The Old-Town Site is gener­ REFERENCES the Harrison County Historical Society to ally not known to the local surface collec­ Whitman, J. R. pursue archaeological goals consistent tors. The 2/4 week excavation was not (1975) A cursory analysis of Monongahela traits appear­ ing in four sites in southeastern Ohio. SPAAC with the role of county historical societies publicized and the entire site was de­ Speaks 11(1): 6-20. in the State of Ohio. This proprietorship stroyed by strip-mining operations shortly Fig. 1 (DaRe) Information on the following is needed has permitted access to the researcher after the excavation (personal communi­ in order to produce comprehensive site reports. for educational purposes. cation, Charles B. Wallace). Old-Town Site: 1. Surface collections. On May 7th, 1994, a meeting was 2. Charles B. Wallace's work on the Old- 2. Carbon dated samples. arranged with Charles B. Wallace and Town Site (separate article this issue) has Thomas R. Ford of the Harrison County Mattie Stewart Site: not been previously published and could 3. Surface collections. Historical Society. Others at the meeting be useful to other researchers. 4. Carbon dated samples. were myself, another Regional Collaborator 5. Photographs of features. for the A.S.O., James L Murphy, a member 3. To inform the archaeological commu­ 6. Information that is in the hands of private individuals. nity that the Harrison County Historical 7. Consultation with individuals who may have of the Dividing Ridges Archaeological Club, had detailed field notes. Larry Nelson, and a specialist in pottery Society has positioned themselves to be Big Elm Site: influential in problem-solving archaeologi­ identification, Jim Morton. 8. Surface collections. cal situations in Harrison County because 9. Carbon dated samples. The meeting yielded identification of 10. Photographs of features. of their excellent record in coordinating pottery motifs, including ratios of Final-Z 11. Information that is in the hands of private individuals. efforts of students, amateurs, and profes­ 12. Consultation with individuals who may have and Final-S twist on a small sample of sionals on a variety of projects in the past. had detailed field notes. cordmarked-shelltempered rim sherds Fig. 2 (DaRe) Ranking of a site based upon useful from the Mattie Stewart Site, photo­ 4. To test the hypothesis that a regional information. approach to problem-solving archaeologi­ graphic records of the artifacts from the Old-Town Site - very substantial three sites and a copy of the literary cal situations may have application in east­ Mattie Stewart Site - substantial sources pertaining to the three sites. ern Ohio. Activities to be conducted by the Big Elm Site - moderately substantial Consequently, permission was granted by Harrison County Historical Society are: (A) Fig. 3 (DaRe) Potential for reports using existing the Harrison County Historical Society to helping to record historical and prehistoric information. publish comprehensive site reports. sites, (B) to provide general summaries of Old-Town Site: 1. Technical report on the excavations. The effort to coordinate information re­ archaeological activity in Harrison County quired the use of a method to gauge the that can be a resource for teachers, stu­ Mattie Stewart Site: merits of each site. From a preferred con­ dents and researchers, (C) to be a liaison 2. Technical report on pottery rim sherds between professional organizations, avo­ and/or motifs, including ratios of Final-Z and dition that would contain complete infor­ Final-S twist cordage on a small sample of mation, each site was rated for known cational archaeologists and students as shell-tempered rim sherds. archaeological situations develop, etc. 3. Historic use of the land on which the site is located. information. A checklist was developed 4. General history of the excavations. that listed areas where more information 5. Charles B. Wallace's work could be 5. General description of the artifact would be preferred (Figure 1). used to rekindle interest in the excava­ assemblage from the site (moderate sample). Figure 1 identifies areas where infor­ tions of 25 years ago and help to promote Big Elm Site: mation is lacking. It also shows how the the collecting of information on the re­ 6. General history of the excavations. 7. General description of the artifact assemblage reports will be limited by available maining two sites. from the site (moderate sample).

43 A REPORT OF EXCAVATIONS AT THE OLD-TOWN INDIAN BURIAL GROUND HARRISON COUNTY, OHIO, JUNE 28 - JULY 14,1968: A MONOGRAPH ON LOCAL ARCHAEOLOGY PREPARED ON BEHALF OF THE HARRISON COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY IN JANUARY, 1969

by Charles B. Wallace 435 Park Avenue Cadiz, Ohio 43907

Introduction Figure 1 (Wallace) In the late afternoon of June 27, 1968, the writer examined an area of disturbed J top-soil in a heavily weeded pasture field located about three miles west of Cadiz. Cross-section looking North Apparently the soil disturbance had been caused by the passage of a bulldozer or other mining machinery some months earlier. Although clover orchard grass had covered much of the scraped ground, enough was left barren to show frag­ ments of human bone and teeth. It was assumed that the remains were those of Indians and that they were of prehistoric origin. Consequently plans were made to proceed on the 28th with an orderly exca­ vation. Such an excavation was highly de­ * Base-line of Site sirable for little was known of the prehistory of Harrison County and only one other similar site (designated 33Hsl) had ever been located in the county.

Site Description The newly discovered Indian burial ground was named the Old-Town Site to commemorate the defunct town of New Carlisle which was platted nearby in 1817. It was further designated as Site 33Hs2 in accordance with the trinomial system adopted by the Smithsonian Institution.1 The Old-Town Site was located in the northwest quarter of Section 23, Township 10, Range 5, Harrison County, Ohio, 100 Cross-section and Contour of Site 33Hs2 yards southeast of County Road #2. This

location is given simply for the record be­ Scale: 1/4 inch =• 10 feet cause the site was completely strip-mined following its excavation. The contour is scaled to one foot of rise between lines. The burial ground was positioned at the crest of a small hillock on the History of the Site Ranges, 1785-1786. The Moravian Town Deersville Ridge, approximately 1300 feet There are no historical records or tradi­ Road was first surveyed and opened in above sea level and about 300 feet tions relating to the Old-Town Burial Site 1806 by the Commissioners of Jefferson above the floor of the valley of Standing itself. However the ridge-road 100 yards County of which Harrison was then a Stone Fork. It was grass covered, except north of the site is on record and known part. The records of this action do not re­ for the soil disturbance that first attracted to tradition as the Moravian Trail or fer to the Indian history of the route. the author, showed no evidence of recent Moravian Town Road. Tradition holds The Old-Town site has been owned by agriculture, and had approximately seven that this route was originally a well-trav­ a succession of individuals. It was lo­ inches of undistinguished topsoil over a eled Indian path from the Ohio River near cated on what was known in recent hard pan of yellow clay. Apparently this Brilliant and Mingo Junction to the years as the Winfield S. Wheeler and site had never been subjected to deep Tuscarawas River Valley. History records later the John B. Mallernee farm. There plowing; perhaps it had never been its use as a military road during the are no traditions in the neighborhood plowed at all. Figure One illustrates the Indian Wars of early 1782. No mention that relate directly to the site. It is re­ contour and cross-section of the site. was made of the road or the burial site by called, only, that the fields nearby (within the surveyors who platted much of east­ a mile west) were always good places to 1 William J. Mayer-Oakes, Prehistory of the Upper Ohio Valley, p. 280. ern Ohio during the survey of the Seven find projectile points.

44 An effort was made in 1817 to establish Burial #3 was discovered beneath found in association with individual F. a village, to be called New Carlisle, on the seven inches of topsoil. It contained two Burial #5 yielded an adult female (indi­ ridge-road, 100 yards north of the site. adults, sex indeterminate, whose remains vidual A) as judged by the delicate features This effort failed, however, and New were interred in a bundle, and whose of the skeleton. Since the teeth of this indi­ Carlisle existed as a town only on paper. skulls faced the southwest. vidual were well worn, it was further judged From this vanished old town, site 33Hs2 Apparently Burial Three was made at that she was a relatively old person. derives its common name. the bottom of a conical pit; the nature of There were some bone fragments in the Since 1948 the Old-Town Site has been the soil about and immediately below the disturbed soil above "A" — these frag­ owned by the Hanna Coal Company. In remains suggest that they were originally ments suggested the remains of a second the Spring of 1968, strip-mining opera­ placed in puddled clay. individual, "B". tions were begun near the site. Shortly Red ochre was abundant in Burial #3 Individual "A" was interred in a flexed thereafter (June 27) the site was discov­ and concentrated at a point almost oppo­ position with the head to the southwest. A ered and work commenced to salvage it. site the position of the pelvic bones. single projectile point and the remains of This work continued until July 14th; a few Particles of burned bone were present in a freshwater clam shell were discovered weeks later the site was stripped. and around the concentration of red ochre. in association with the burial. No other ar­ The Old-Town Site exists no more. Beneath the pelvic bones a tubular tifacts were found. Nonetheless we are confident that little clay pipe was discovered. Data on the Burial #6 was opened accidentally by was lost in its final destruction. We believe pipe is given later in this report. amateurs and the contents plundered. that the major burials and artifacts, with Burial #4 was the most crowded single According to the testimony of witnesses, the exception of Burial #6, were recovered. burial found at the Old-Town Site. Within burial six contained at least four individu­ its small area seven individuals were distin­ als, a stone gorget, 150-200 fresh water Methods of Excavating and Recording guished: six adults and one child less than pearls stored in a shell, and numerous The Old-Town Site was excavated en­ 6 years. Three of the adults (C, D, and F) beads. The beads were made of a tooth­ tirely with hand tools. However, during were interred in a flexed position, their like material and may have been sectioned the last few days of work, a bulldozer was heads to the southwest. The manner of from the canine tooth of some animal. used to clear the sod from the neighbor­ burial for the remaining three adults (A, B, Burial #7 was damaged by a bulldozer hood of the site. and G) could not be determined because as it cleared away the sod adjoining the Work at the site was documented in of the crowdedness of the burial and its Old-Town Site. Sometime previously this three ways: photography was used exten­ partial destruction by mining machinery. burial had been extensively disturbed by sively, a daily log kept, and measure­ The method of interring the child less than a mining machine. Because of both the ments made from a base line running due six is unknown; only a maxilla and some earlier and later damage it was difficult to north and south. small, delicate long bones survived time judge in any detail the nature of Burial and man's recent damage to the burial. Seven. It was apparent, only, that this Descriptions of Burials Despite the number of individuals in burial contained a single individual, prob­ Seven distinct burials were located at burial Four, only one artifact was recov­ ably an adult. No artifacts were found in the Old-Town Site. Each burial was de­ ered — a drilled, freshwater pearl was burial seven. fined as an area within which the remains of one or more individuals were deposited and which area was separated from oth­ Figure 2 (Wallace) ers by undisturbed soil. Notes on each of the burials discovered at the site follow. Burial #1 was the first discovered and the first burial to be excavated. Unfortunately much of it had been sheared away by the blade of a bulldozer. Two individuals (A and B) were distin­ guished in Burial One. Both individuals were interred in a flexed position with their heads to the southwest. Apparently, individuals A and B faced one another within the narrow confines (3' X 2') of their common grave. Judging from the delicacy of the long bones and jaw, individual B was an adult female. Individual A was probably a child, aged less than six years, as based on dental observations of the maxilla. No artifacts were found in Burial One. Burial #2 was badly damaged by the movement of heavy mining machinery. On the basis of identifiable femurs, three individuals were distinguished: A, B, and C. Only the femurs and some other frag­ mentary long bones remained of B and C. The presence of femurs, pelvic fragments and vertebrae indicated that individual A was interred in a flexed position. Individuals A and B, judging from their robust femurs, were adults. The degree of Plat of the Old-Town Indian Burial Ground. Burials are repesented as squares; maturity of individual C was indeterminate. the skulls of individuals within each burial are shown as circled letters. No artifacts were found in Burial #2.

45 Anthropometrics of length. These measurements were in­ Conclusions and Suggestions The long bones of some of the individ­ serted in regression equations to yield The following resume of fact character­ uals interred at the Old-Town Site were approximate heights. A tabulation of izes the Old-Town Burial Ground: sufficiently intact to yield measurements these measurements and heights follows: Manner of Burial 1. Usually flexed, heads to SW Burial and Bone Length of App. Height App. Height in 2. Once bundled, heads to SW Individual Measured Bone in cm. feet and inches Individuals Burial 3 1. Height average for today's U.S. popu­ Individual A Femur 41.5 cm 161.79 cm 5'4" lation. Burial 3 2. No apparent deformation of the skull. Individual B Femur 43.5 cm 166.09 cm 5'6" 3. Teeth usually present, well worn, and free of caries. Burial 4 Individual E Femur 44.5 cm 168.24 cm 5'6" Burial Goods Burial 4 Humerus 32.0 cm 1. Red ochre Individual F Ulna 26.5 cm 169.46 cm 5'6" 2. Fresh-water clam shells 3. Fresh-water pearls, drilled Burial 4 4. Beads of tooth-like material Individual ? Femur 43.0 cm 165.02 cm 5'5" 5. Tubular clay pipe 6. Small corner notched point. Burial 4 Individual ? Femur 48.0 cm 175.77 cm 5'9" From the facts listed above, and with Burial 5 reference to Mayer-Oake's scheme of the Individual A Femur 45.2 cm 169.75 cm 5'7" Prehistory of the Upper Ohio Valley, we have concluded that a proper date for the AVERAGES: 168.01 cm 5'6" Old-Town Site would fall between the late Archaic and Early Woodland periods. Such a time would date at approximately 1000 BC or 3000 years ago. The Old-Town Site did not reveal any­ Descriptions of Artifacts Descriptions of Artifacts thing startling about the people of the late PIPE: Beneath a pelvic bone in Burial PROJECTILE POINT: Only a single Archaic Period. The site does lay to rest, #3 a tubular pipe of unfired blue clay was projectile point was found at the Old- however, the old myth that Harrison discovered. Notes on this pipe follow: Town Site. This point was located in the County was not inhabited by Indians. (1) Found in three parts: lap of individual 5A, in association with Most of the flint artifacts collected in (a) Sketch: the remnants of some clam shells. A Harrison County are labeled as Archaic in drawing of the point and its measure­ nature. The Old-Town Site has also been ments follow: called Archaic, with some evidence of Early Woodland traits. If we are correct in assuming that there indeed was such a discrete period as the Archaic then (b) Thickness of the wall at the break "X Harrison County may offer a valuable area between part 1 and parts 2 and 3 is 7.5 for research into the extent and nature of cm f/e"). that period. Admittedly not as glamorous THICKNESS as Adena or Hopewell research, the study (2) A conical plug of sandstone was of the Archaic may nevertheless be just found in the pipe at the main break, u- as significant for an understanding of the (a) Sketch: prehistory of Ohio.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Anderson, J.E., The Human Skeleton: A Manual for Archaeologists, Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, Ottawa, 1962. (b) The large end of the plug was Mayer-Oakes, William J., Prehistory of the Upper Ohio Measurements: Height, base to tip 5.2 Valley: An Introductory Archaeological Study, blackened. cm Greatest width = 3.3 cm Annals of Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1955. (c) Plug measurements: Diameter, Robbins, Maurice, The Amateur Archaeologist's Maximum thickness = 1 cm Handbook, Thomas Y. Crowell Company, large end = 1.5 cm f/e") Length = 2.5 cm (1") New York, 1965. (3) Pipe measurements: Note: One side of the base was appar­ (a) Length 11.5 cm (4 }A 1 ently broken before being placed in the (b) Diameter, large end 2.8 cm (1 /6 burial. The most careful excavation did (c) Diameter, small end 1.9 cm (% not locate the missing piece of the base. (d) Bore, large end 2.1 cm (% e) Bore, small end 1.0 cm {%

46 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS thropologist who gave the site a profes­ ing efforts contributed most to the cleaning A number of individuals contributed to sional examination; and Paul Reed, a and reconstruction of the burial remains, the successful excavation and study of representative of Hanna Coal Company and to the preparation of this final report. the Old-Town Site. Those prominent in who provided help in clearing and pro­ Other helpers deserving of thanks are: this project were: Thomas R. Ford and tecting the site. Charles Voshall, George Nichols, Mary Neil Richards, who did much of the dig­ A special thanks goes to Carl Coffland, a Ford, Phillip Pettay, Tom Bemhard, and ging; Dr. Louanna Pettay, physical an­ student at Cadiz High School, whose untir­ Rick Celestino.

Photo 1 (Wallace) A general view of the site (on hill-top) before excavation; looking south.

Photo 2 (Wallace) A view of the site before excavation; looking north.

47 Photo 3 (Wallace) A view of burial tt1 before excavation. Mr. J.S. Campbell of Cadiz indicates the position of the burial with a staff.

Photo 4 (Wallace) A view of burial #2 (fore-ground), burial # 1, and burial #3 (background).

48 Photo 7 (Wallace) A general view of the site during excavation; burial #4 in the foreground. Photo 6 (Wallace) A view of burial #2.

1 Photo 8 (Wallace) A view of the initial excavation of burial #3. Photo 9 (Wallace) A second view of burial #3; note division of dark and light soil left of yardstick. This feature, here and at other points around the burial, suggest that the remains of burial #3 were placed in a conical pit.

49 •*•

f:-iiPmzI$M Photo 10 (Wallace) Tubular clay pipe found beneath pelvic bones of Photo 11 (Wallace) A general view of burial #3. burial #3.

"4* . - 'V

•is ,

*

Photo 12 (Wallace) The first skull discovered in burial #4, individual "C". "k

<***

i#v faVf'Atf"-. ..-. K9 >*•* *>» •< *••.***' 2".'' Priofo 73 (Wallace) Initial excavation of burial #4; position of the skull of "C" is indicated by the coin. Priofo 14 (Wallace) Burial #4, individual "F" in left background.

50 Sfc-v'l

m

/• ' Vv srWk Photo 15 (Wallace) Burial #4, showing the skulls of individuals "A" and Photo 16 (Wallace) Burial #4 showing the skull of individual "D", parts of the "B", damaged previously by mining machinery. skeleton of individual "C", and a femur and pelvic bone of individual "F".

Photo 17 (Wallace) Burial tt4 - skull of individual "A" on right, parts of the Photo 18 (Wallace) Burial i i left and the skull of skeletons of individuals "C" and "D", and the skull of individual "D". individual "G" on right.

Photo 19 (Wallace) General view of the site looking north. Burial #4 in the foreground.

51 Photo 20 (Wallace) Burials #4 and #5. Individuals 4F and 4G at Photo 22 (Wallace) Individual 5A - note remains of the freshwater clam bottom of the picture. Individual 5A at the top. shell, and the complete projectile point in center (lap) of the burial.

Photo 21 (Wallace) Burial #5, individual "A" Photo 23 (Wallace) View of the site looking due south. Burial #1 in center foreground (removed), Burial #2 in right foreground, Burial #3 in left foreground, and Burials 4 and 5 in right background.

52 •*•.--. « • Photo 24 (Wallace) A general view of the site looking south-west. This photo was taken after the hill sides around the site had been bulldozed.

Photo 25 (Wallace) A view of the site late in its excavation.

Photo 26 (Wallace) A view of a pit-like depression filled with loose, reddish Photo 27 (Wallace) A view of the cleaning and reconstruction process by earth, located southeast of the main burials. students at Cadiz High School.

53 NATIONAL PARK SERVICE ORDERED TO RETURN ILLEGALLY SEIZED COLLECTION BELONGING TO GREG SHIPLEY by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio In February, more than a year after they commercial value. With this enter­ then burst into the room and arrested and illegally seized it, the National Park ing wedge, the collecting of "relics" handcuffed this poor soul. If you can Service was ordered to return the collec­ became a business, and men tra­ imagine, the account of this expensive tion belonging to Greg Shipley. The large versed the region for the sole pur­ operation was printed in Archaeology collection of pottery, artifacts, personal pose of tearing up the ruins for magazine as an example of how the Park papers and photographs had been unlaw­ their private gains. Almost every Service was stopping looting on public fully seized by undercover agents of a so- trader either employed Indians to land and as an advertisement of the im­ called "sting team" early in 1994. After a dig or bought all the specimens the portance and macho image of the Park year of litigation which cost Shipley in ex­ Indians brought in at a nominal Service "sting team". cess of $11,000, a federal judge in Dayton price, and many were the men who These amateurish exercises would be ordered the Park Service to either charge had "collections" for sale. A few of comedic if they didn't have such tragic Shipley with a crime or return the collec­ these individuals, profiting by the consequences for their victims. These tion. Apparently the judge with whom the scientific methods of governmental people, neither experienced law officers Park Service had filed the original affidavit and institutional explorations, were nor knowledgeable archaeologists, are of criminal conduct, came to the conclu­ careful to catalogue and localize armed with guns, badges, search war­ sion that the case had been spurious and the specimens as far as possible at rants and the full authority of the federal had no merit. second hand, finding that such government. The tragedies they can in­ The Shipley fiasco is a classic example data increased the value. To give voke on their innocent targets are mind- of government bureaucracy out of con­ an idea of the extent of this vandal­ numbing. I ask you the reader (and trol. It started with the enactment of the ism and unscientific collection, it perhaps you are a professional archaeol­ ARPA law and was effected by the bu­ may be said that from one town ogist who agrees with these sting exer­ reaucrats who made their own interpreta­ alone during the past ten years cises) how you would react to having tion of it. The ARPA law was passed by about 20,000 specimens have been these people, who lie to gain your confi­ Congress at the urging of some profes­ shipped; from other neighboring dence, come into your home and search sional archaeologists and the Society for towns, about 7,000 specimens. drawers, cabinets, closets, bedrooms, American Archaeology. In order to win From the same points during this kitchens, living rooms and every nook and support for its passage, the professionals, period about 10,000 specimens cranny in your house? Six strangers who who saw it as an opportunity to rein in have been shipped by scientific ex­ spend an entire day, making themselves collectors, told Congress that there was ploring parties. The speculative col­ comfortable on your furniture, eating at rampant looting on public lands and that lecting was from Indian reservations, your table, and examining every personal a nationwide network of collectors was railroad and Government lands. item in your possession? And then have trading in illegal artifacts. Ironically, there Thus, there were added to museum them leave with your letters, checkbooks, had been federal laws on the books since and private collections from this ten-year bank books, scrapbooks, photograph al­ 1906, but in typical government logic, it period alone an incredible 37,000 South­ bums, membership cards, receipts, pic­ was concluded that if one law didn't do western pots and artifacts. tures of your loved ones, and your the trick, two would. I always wondered After the ARPA law was passed, it was collection of artifacts? Can you share why some Congressman didn't ask the left to the National Park Service to imple­ Tricia Shipley's feelings when she arrived Park Service why, if there was such en­ ment it. In their strange interpretation of home after a hard day at work to find six demic looting on public lands, the Park the law they decided that in order to stop armed strangers ransacking her home and Service never seemed to catch any of the looting on public land, a "sting team" - rifling drawers of her undergarments? looters. In fact, the Park Service could (secret police unit) - should be formed. In the aftermath of the Shipley opera­ cite no more than a handful of success­ But did this "sting team" then travel the tion it is important to know what the gov­ fully prosecuted cases since enactment national parks, public lands and forests, ernment accomplished. Several hundred of the 1906 law. and Indian reservations where the looting thousand tax dollars had been spent for Nevertheless, the looting myth had to was taking place and catch the looters? air tickets, motel rooms, first class meals, be sustained and the new ARPA law was No. In a curious sense of logic, they were and Lincoln rental cars for six people. passed. No mention was made to sent to such unlikely places as San Greg Shipley had to spend much of his Congress that nearly all of the looting the Antonio, Texas, Owensboro, Kentucky, personal income to defend his innocence. professionals decried had taken place a and to Greg Shipley's house in Because he was deprived of his collection hundred years before when there were no Champaign County, Ohio. This had to be and could not make payments on bor­ laws or even public lands. Most of the done to justify their undercover existence rowed money, his family farm was lost. looting, in fact, had been done by Indians, and to perpetuate the fallacy of a national The collection was returned with most of government agents, professional archae­ traffic in illicit artifacts. In one sophomoric the items damaged or defaced of old la­ ologists, or at the direction of Eastern mu­ operation, six members of this team flew bels which even a rank amateur would seums. If this assertion is doubted, please from Santa Fe to San Antonio, rented ex­ not have removed. Criminal identification read the following excerpt from the 1901 pensive cars, paid for expensive motel numbers were written across old valuable report of the National Museum. rooms, used video cameras, recording photographs. A preposterous criminal equipment, carried guns, wore their bul­ identification number accompanied an Lafer, the various governmental ex­ letproof vests, and one afternoon spent Archaeological Society of Ohio member­ plorations called widespread atten­ several hours trying to convince an "illegal ship card in an evidence envelope. Greg tion to the ruined pueblos of the artifact dealer" to buy $1,600 worth of ar­ and Tricia Shipley, two of the finest young Southwest, and soon it was found tifacts for $100 and a $300 IOU! They people you could ever meet, were por- that relics from these pueblos had

54 trayed as criminals in newspaper stories flimsiest of circumstances, make false to donate the collection for a tax writeoff, and their reputations clouded. Because of presentations to a federal court and sub­ and to add insolence to arrogance, they this illegal operation, the value of the col­ orn the fourth amendment of the Con­ warned him that they had notified the lection was substantially reduced. And a stitution, entrap an honest citizen, and "tribes and State Department" of the pots year out of the lives of these fine young wreck him financially and mentally. They in his possession. people, neither of whom has ever com­ can spend thousands of tax dollars to do Tax-payer dollars go to finance these mitted a crime in their life, has been filled irreparable harm to him and his family - silly exercises as well as the salaries of with turmoil, apprehension and unimagin­ all in the name of protecting public land those who dream them up. We should be able stress. from looting. These same bureaucrats so outraged that we ought to bury our Aside from the fact that this is one of can then blithely walk away from the senators and representatives with letters the few instances where common sense wreckage they have caused with no of protest at these immoral, illegal and prevailed over government excesses, it apologies, no regrets and no pangs of wasteful expenditures of tax money. nevertheless proves that an innocent citi­ conscience for the lives they have upset. When you are paying your taxes this year, zen is ever at the mercy of the govern­ To demonstrate the final depth of their ar­ remember that a portion of that hard- ment and its misguided employees. rogance, they handed Shipley a hand- earned money is going to support this Government bureaucrats can, under the scribbled note saying that he might want "sting team" and their $650,000 budget.

M Figure 1 (Converse) Greg Shipley and Bob Converse unload the rental truck containing Shipley's artifacts, only minutes after the arrival of the truck from Santa Fe. As the boxes were unpacked, it was discovered that some artifacts had been damaged while in possession of the Park Service.

t^34—2>3-..ar-t-i'-^uu-J- £/-o/-\._ Mxv^o i ict- ^po^^Kjl .-.._l_io>dv-CA»^ .Jc.*r\dj i. . .

-i(\{q «, -0 £._ *&* f\ Tt^r^i • : -•= _jQ^^_i4\©^-&*e*>, cxcU^-xW-0 £*-.ar'k'T^^/-^._

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Figure 2 (Converse) This torn, folded, and apparently hastily-scribbled note was handed to Greg Shipley by a Federal Agent as the rental truck was being unloaded.

55 LARRY MORRIS, PAST PRESIDENT by Elaine Holzapfel 104 E. Lincoln Greenville, Ohio

Larry Morris, past president of the ASO: Larry, what do you think about the fu­ Archaeological Society of Ohio, has long ture of the Archaeological Society of Ohio? been involved with archaeology. He and Larry: The meetings provide a great ser­ wife Nancy have volunteered an average vice, as they are a common ground among of six hours each week for the last six collectors, serious amateurs, and profes­ years at the Paleolndian Nobles Pond sional archaeologists. However, we stand at site in northeastern Ohio. They fre­ a crossroad; our future will not be like our quently work in the lab, where over past. For one thing, our stand is "politically 14,000 lithic pieces are being analyzed, incorrect" at this time, and we are frequently and Larry says that the end of the work assailed by groups having a narrow agenda. is not yet in sight. ASO: If you could be president of the In 1987, at their own expense, Larry ASO for another two years, what would and Nancy traveled to Kenya, Africa, on you like to see accomplished? an archaeological expedition organized by Dr. Michael Gramly. There they visited Larry: Several things. I would like to see the Early Man sites which had been exca­ ASO take an active role in influencing pro­ vated by Mary Leakey. They examined posed legislation concerning archaeology. I first-hand the Acheulian tools made by would like to see the index completed so Early Man, which date from 250,000 to that anyone can take advantage of the ex­ over a million years old. At that time they pertise offered in the pages of the Ohio Larry Morris, Past President Archaeologist. Also, it is important for a also toured the National Museum of about archaeology. Contribute articles book on Ohio ceramic types to be written. Nairobi, where they had the opportunity and good photographs to the Ohio to observe an Australopithicine skeleton, Archaeologist. It is very important to pub­ among other archaeological wonders. ASO: What was your proudest accom­ plishment while you were in office? lish reports of your sites. Remember, it is Larry and Nancy have worked from 500 true that what you put into something is to 1,000 hours organizing an index of over Larry: The activation of the Fraudulent what you will get out of it. 40 years of Ohio Archaeologist magazines Artifacts Committee. This committee has (Larry is quick to point out that Barbara had a large impact on our meetings. ASO: Thanks, Larry. Motts Gelbach has already worked on this Indispensible in organizing it were Don Larry Morris was President of the project twice that many hours). Potter, Jim Hahn, and Steve Puttera. I am Society during a difficult period, and his Larry was one of the contributing au­ also pleased that we obtained a computer "grace under pressure" would have made thors in The First Discovery of America, for business manager Paul Wildermuth, to Hemingway proud. He was impartial, deci­ an excellent publication of the Ohio help him in his tireless efforts. sive, unafraid to say "no" when it needed Archaeological Council. Larry recently ASO: How would you recommend that to be said, and he commanded the re­ traveled to California where, in conjunc­ members help improve the ASO or con­ spect of all who dealt with him. He has tion with Dr. Mark Seeman and others, he tribute to archaeology in general? been one of the Society's most articulate presented a paper on Nobles Pond to the spokesmen, and has represented the im­ National meeting of the Society for Larry: Join a chapter, or organize one. portance of non-professional archaeology American Archaeology. Because I was a member of the Sugar as few others could have. The wise coun­ Last fall, in an interview at Columbus, I Creek chapter, I met Garry Summers, sel and direction of Larry Morris will be asked Larry the following questions: who in turn led me to the work at Nobles sought and heeded by the Archaeological Pond. Study, and read everything you can Society of Ohio for many years to come.

BEST FOUND COLLECTION Found by Dick Rose, Clarksville, Ohio

•^ Best personally found collection at the January 1994 ASO meeting.

56 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR January 28, 1995 Dear Bob: I would like to start off by thanking you for all your Jan. 29, 1995 hard work and devotion to the Archaeological Hi Bob, Society of Ohio and the field of archaeology. Having just finished reading your Editorial in the Fall Most of our members don't realize how much time & 1994 issue of The Ohio Archaeologist, I feel work you put into our association, & I want to tell you compelled to send you this letter. I agree with you on behalf of them that we do appreciate all you do! 100% on the points you made, and really appreciate the fact that someone put in print what so many of Sincerely, us feel. • - : X '' 11 ( / y

I have just received a copy of the 1994 edition of Some people have greatness thrust upon them. Ohio Flint Types. This is a fine publication. I am Very few have excellence thrust upon them. delighted to see that you noted two sites with bird They achieve it. They do not achieve it easily, points that can be interpreted as early use of the and they don't stumble onto it in the course bow and arrow. As I mentioned in a previous of amusing themselves. All excellence involves publication, early use of the bow and arrow may discipline and tenacity of purpose. have made a significant contribution to the John Gardner subsistence base of early complex cultures, such as Poverty Point and Hopewell, where there is little Your, follower, supporter, & friend evidence for major use of agriculture. .t ) *K, k^ "WcJ^X-. Sincerely, Dick Lemaster • /•' n. . ... P.S. I am really enjoying your revised book of Ohio L.W. Patterson Flint Types.

BEST SITE AWARD by Elaine Holzapfel 104 E. Lincoln Greenville, Ohio

Fig. 1 (Holzapfel) Jim, Shawn, and Gary Stephan, owners of the Stephan site, an Archaic site in Darke County. The three men were awarded BEST SITE at a recent ASO meeting in Columbus. They presented a photograph of the site along with a map of the approximate site location and included all the lithic material, neatly segregated by types. Their site material was examined and appreciated by hundreds of people that day.

57 ANNUAL CONVERSE AWARD

At the Annual Meeting of the Archae­ ological Society of Ohio in May of 1994, Elaine Holzapfel of Greenville, Ohio, re­ ceived the annual Converse Award for contributions to Ohio archaeology. This award is presented to the non-pro­ fessional archaeologist who has made a significant addition to the literature, facili­ tated archaeological research, written an important site report or otherwise made contributions to the archaeology of Ohio. Miss Holzapfel received the award for the extensive report on the Thiebeau site in Darke County, Ohio. The accompanying $100 monetary por­ tion of the award was contributed to the Archaeological Society.

ASO President Larry Morris, Elaine Holzapfel and Robert Converse at the annual presentation of the Converse Award.

Coming in the Spring of 1995

The Mount Vernon Site (12-Po-885): A Hopewell Burial Mound in Southwestern Indiana. Preliminary Conference Announcement and Call for Papers Edited by Thomas Beard HUNTER-GATHERERS TO HORTICULTURALISTS: In this soon to be released volume, ihe discovery, cultural hislory, artifaelual material, and scientific analyses ot tne Mount Vernon Site will be examined The book will provide an exclusive report of'the unique artifacls reco*-*™*) from ihe mound THE ARCHAIC PREHISTORY OF THE OHIO AREA Articles Will Include. A High-Power MicrowearAnaly*!* of Stone Toot*. Dr Flora Church. Archaeological Sen ices Consuli.ini s. Inc l'he Identification, Characterisation, and Analysis of Prehistoric Fabric, Cord, and Fiber Sample* Dr. Laurie Crawford. Archaeological Services Consultants. Inc. Sponsored by the Ohio Archaeological Council An Aii.il> sis of Human Skeletal Remain* Dr. Stephen P Nawrocki. University of Indianapolis Enamel Wear and Preliminary Scanning Electron Microscopy on Ihe Mount Vernon Mound Mandible* Christopher W November 17 and 18, 1995 Schmidt and Dr. R. Criss Hclmkamp, Purdue University. An Analysis of Chert Dinks Jeffrey A Plunkcit. LANDMARK Archaeological and Environmental Sen ices, Inc Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio Archaeobotanjcal Summary Annette Q. Erickscn. Archaeological Data Services. Inc. Identification of Wood Specimens Annette G. Erickscn and Kathryn A Jakes. Archaeological Data Services. Inc An Analysis of Faunal Bone Fragment* Dr Flora Church, Archaeological Services Consultants. Inc Source Provenance of Obsidian Artifact*: An Energy Dlspenive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) Study Dr M Steven The objective of the Fourth Ohio Archaeological Council (OAC) Conference is to synthesize Shacklcy. University of California. Berkeley. archaeological research on the Archaic stage (ca. 10,000 - 3,000 B.P.) in Ohio and surrounding areas, Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis of Chert and Quartz Sample* Dr Michael Glascock. University or Missouri including the mid and upper Ohio River Valley and the Lake Erie Basin. Papers are invited on all aspects Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis of Selected Burial Items Dr Ming Kwan Tsc. General Electric Plastics of archaeological research on the Archaic, including chronology, technology, settlement, subsistence, 1-eather Ornamentation Frank Burkctt. Burgess and Niplc Ltd. social structure, diet and demography, ceremonialism, origin, and decline. A Plenary Session will focus Optical Microscopy of Selected Burial Item* Nick Ambrose, General Electric Plastics on synthesizing the Archaic prehistory of the Ohio area. A panel discussion with audience participation Hopewell Anthropomorphous Portraiture Dr. B. K Swart/, Jr., Ball State University will follow. Papers addressing more specific topics and individual site research will be included in a Contributed Paper Session. A Poster Session is also planned. Also Available on CD-ROM:

Persons interested in participating in one of the three sessions are encouraged to submit a 250 word Images from Ihe Mount Vernon Site (12-Po-885): A Hopewdl Burial Mound in Southwestern Indiana. abstract to the Conference Coordinator by May 15, 1995. Please submit abstracts to, or for further A visual inventory of approximately 300 color and black-and-white images from the Mount Vernon Site on one information contact: CD-ROM (4 Meg of RAM Required) If you are interested in either of these two items please complete the form provided below and mail or fax to: Kent Vickery, OAC Conference Coordinator Department of Anthropology, University of Cincinnati LANDMARK P.O. Box 210380, Cincinnati, OH 45221 Archaeological and Environmental Services, Inc. (513) 556-5787; FAX (513) 556-2778 5640 North S.R 421 Lebanon, Indiana 46052 Selection of participants will be made by June I. Selection will be based on adherence to conference (317) 325-2682 (FAX) theme, scholarly content, original research, and ability to synthesize data. Proceedings of Hunter - Gatherers To Horticutturalists: The Archaic Prehistory of the Ohio Area will be published by the OAC. Further conference details will be available after August I. Name I am interested in getting more information Address about purchasing the book when it becomes The Ohio Archaeological Council is a private, non-profit membership organization registered with the available State of Ohio since 1975 as a charitable scientific and educational corporation promoting the Phone/Fax; advancement of archaeology in Ohio. Computer System Used: I am interested in getting more information about purchasing the CD-ROM when it becomes available

58 BOOK REVIEW THE FIRST DISCOVERY OF AMERICA ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF THE EARLY INHABITANTS OF THE OHIO AREA Published by The Ohio Archaeological Council William S. Dancy, Editor The Ohio Archaeological Council 1982 Velma Ave. Columbus, Ohio 43211 This book is a compilation of papers David Brose's well illustrated paper on St. Albans site, the Manning site by Lepper given at a conference sponsored by the the Paleo Crossing site in Medina County and the Weilnau site by Tim Abel. Kozarek, Ohio Archaeological Council in Columbus details what may be one of the earliest Dancy, Minichillo and Pape report on the in 1992, to share current knowledge on evidences of a Paleo habitation site. A Henderson site in Ashland County. the Paleo and Early Archaic periods in the section on the Noble's Pond and Sandy Finally, a section on projectile point Ohio area. A number of archaeologists in Springs sites, both Paleo Indian, are the studies and analysis by Kent Vickery and the Midwest were at the conference and first reports on these early Ohio locations. James Litfin defines many of the types il­ made presentations. Tankersley's report on Clovis technology lustrated in the several reports. The environment, climatic changes and also theorizes on Paleo dispersal and en­ The book is well edited and well illus­ vegetation changes were discussed by vironmental adaptations. A paper by trated. It is a publication which will be Linda Shane, and Gregory McDonald gave Curtis Tomak on a Paleo site in Perry welcomed by anyone interested in a paper on early fauna and dates of their ex­ County, Indiana, is one of the first such Midwestern archaeology and will enable tinction as well as their connection with reports from that state. Surface collected the reader to keep abreast of current Paleo Indians. A section on the Burning Tree as well as excavated material is shown. Paleo Indian and Early Archaic work mastodon by Fisher, Lepper and Hooge In the section on the Early Archaic are Well recommended. postulates evidence of possible butchery. papers by Brasher, Kite and Freidlin on the Reviewed by Robert N. Converse

Necrology Necrology John R. Ford Clyde J. Theler 1914-1994 Long-time Cincinnati collector, Clyde J. cated along the Little Miami and Ohio rivers John R. Ford, 65, a resident of Dayton, for­ Theler, died in January 1994, at the age of in southwestern Ohio during the 1950's. By merly of Newcomerstown and Sugarcreek, 79 as a result of complications from the late 1950's both father and son were cap­ died early Monday afternoon in the Hospice of Parkinson's disease. He is survived by his tivated by the remains of the prehistoric peo­ Dayton facility following a lengthy illness. wife Anne, and two sons, Fred and Jim. ples of southern Ohio. In 1960, they visited John was born in New Philadelphia on May Clyde's interest in the ancient native peo­ an Ohio Archaeological Society meeting 5, 1929. ples of southern Ohio began at age 12 when and became members. The time spent John was a member of Thomas Mont­ he found an arrow point. He and his lifelong searching for artifacts now increased, but gomery Post 431 of the American Legion, F. & friend Charles Gschwind, collected the questions for Jim on the nature and origin of A.M. Masonic Lodge 175 and a life member of fields of southwestern Ohio for ancient arti­ regional archaeological sites would lead him Elks Lodge 1555, all of Newcomerstown. facts through the late 1920's and 1930's. to pursue a career focused in the academic He was a former trustee of the The publication of Henry C. Shetrone's The aspects of archaeology. Archaeological Society of Ohio. He collected Mound Builders in 1928 fueled the interest In the early 1970's Clyde provided his ac­ prehistoric flint and stone Indian artifacts. He of the teenage collectors and they re­ cumulated knowledge on site locations for also belonged to the Ohio Historical Society, sponded with spring hitchhiking and walking an archaeological survey then being con­ Ohio Genealogical Society, First Families of trips through the heart of "Mound Builder" ducted by the University of Cincinnati (UC) Ohio and the Ohio Gun Collectors Assn. territory in the Scioto River valley, were they in Clermont County, Ohio. The Late Archaic John is survived by his wife, Barbara Ann visited famous Hopewell sites such as the sites excavated by UC between 1971 and Reynolds Ford, whom he married Dec. 6, Seip Mound and Mound City, while collect­ 1974 were sites Clyde had located. In addi­ 1950, and three sons. ing fields along the way. The artifact collec­ tion, he donated artifacts from sites of par­ tion of Clyde's youth was sold during the ticular interest and continued to do so until Depression. Marriage, children and World health problems prevented him from sur­ War II put the pursuit of artifacts on hold. face collecting. Necrology A revitalization in collecting interest began Like so many of the much maligned col­ in 1949, when Clyde's son Jim (then three lectors of the Midwest, Clyde had become Robert Mikesell years old) found a few arrow points and a celt part of the grass roots of archaeology in the in his father's desk drawer. Persistent ques­ late 20th century by sharing information It is with deep regret and sadness to share tions on the origins of such remarkable ob­ with professionals on site locations and the news concerning the death of ASO mem­ jects resulted in increasingly frequent spring contents gathered during a lifetime of sur­ ber, Robert K. Mikesell, Pleasantville, Ohio. surface collecting trips to habitation sites lo- face collecting. Bob passed away on January 17,1995. Bob served on the Recent Fields Finds committee for several years and we will cer­ tainly miss his smiling face behind the show­ Necrology ! Errata cases where he logged in the recent field The Gorget shown on page 18 of the Dave finds. Bob was also very active in the Ralph Rudolph Shirley article in the last issue is not genuine. Standing Stone Chapter of the ASO, serving Information furnished by Mr. Shirley as Vice President from 1992 to 1994. Ralph Rudolph, longtime member of the We extend our most sincere condolences Archaeological Society of Ohio passed away to his wife Cheri and the rest of the family. in Massillon, Ohio.

59 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.

Two Flint Ridge Green Knives. Knife on right was found south of Mansfield, Richland Co. The nearly identical knife on left was found near River Corners, Medina Co.