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Archaeological Investigations at the Prather Site, Clark County, Indiana: the 2003 Baseline Archaeological Survey

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Archaeological Investigations at the Prather Site, Clark County, Indiana: the 2003 Baseline Archaeological Survey Archaeological Investigations at the Prather Site, Clark County, Indiana: The 2003 Baseline Archaeological Survey by Cheryl Ann Munson & Robert G. McCullough August 2004 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT THE PRATHER SITE, CLARK COUNTY, INDIANA: THE 2003 BASELINE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY by Cheryl Ann Munson Department of Anthropology Indiana University - Bloomington and Robert G. McCullough IPFW Archaeological Survey Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne Prepared for Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology and National Park Service U.S. Department of Interior August 2004 Forward to the Digital Version August 2004 This is a digital version of the Indiana University–Purdue University at Fort Wayne Archaeological Survey (IPFW-AS) Report of Investigations 402, originally published in August of 2004. This digital version was produced by the IPFW-AS using Adobe Acrobat 5.0 software and may be viewed or printed using Adobe Acrobat Reader. The digital version of ROI 402 is identical in content to the original paper version of the report. However, due to changes in format, there may be some differences in pagination from the original. This report contains archaeological site location information that is not intended for public disclosure. This report is solely for distribution to professional archaeologists and others who would normally have access to this kind of information. Therefore, the contents of this report should be treated with discretion. Sarah Surface-Evans i To Dr. T. Harold Martin, who has helped to preserve and protect the Prather site for more than three decades. ii Abstract Archaeologists from Indiana University and the Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne Archaeological Survey conducted a baseline survey in 2003 of the Prather site (12-CL-4) to map the site's topography, identify the range and distribution of artifact types, assess site size, integrity, and structure, and provide a foundation for future investigations. The Prather site in Clark County is an important but poorly understood Mississippian mound center on the easternmost border of Mississippian influence. Unlike other Mississippian mound centers, it is located in an upland setting some distance from a major waterway. The site was reported to contain one to three mounds and recorded as covering about 3 ha. It has been minimally excavated on several occasions in the past century. Using primarily auger sampling, the 2003 survey mapped site topography and soil stratigraphy, established the size of the site at over 9.5 ha, and the size of the Mississippian component at more than 5.2 ha. The survey confirmed the presence of four mounds. Soil profiles in auger samples combined with the distribution of artifacts indicate a central plaza surrounded by four mounds and a core residential area for the Mississippian occupation of the site. There may have been a palisade surrounding the core. Outside the core, small residential areas or specialized activity areas are indicated. As a result of this baseline survey and mapping, future researchers can carry out more focused investigations at the Prather site to answer specific research questions concerning the Mississippian occupation of the Falls of the Ohio River region. iii Acknowledgments If archaeologists are lucky, their projects closely follow the work plan, with only a few adjustments needed in schedule or methods. At the end of the 2003 Prather site survey, it was very gratifying to realize that real work fit with the ideal: our methods and work plan were right on target, and we were able to achieve each objective. We greatly appreciate the assistance of many people who supported the 2003 archaeological survey. Foremost is Dr. T. Harold Martin, who has owned and cared for the site for more than 30 years. Dr. Martin, along with his family and Donna Kinser, welcomed our research project and provided gracious hospitality. Dr. Martin also loaned us equipment, including tractor, posthole auger, and mower. Moreover, he lent his time to operate equipment, and we consider him to be part of the research team. Key members of the research team in the field and laboratory were: Mr. Scott J. Brish, Mr. Jonathan C. Criss, Mr. G. Perry Harrell, Mr. Sean C. O’Brian, Dr. Michael Strezewski, Dr. Jocelyn C. Turner, and Mr. Andy A. White. Criss, O’Brian, and Turner also assisted with tables, photographs, and maps for the report. Dr. Dorothea McCullough provided technical editing, and White oversaw the production of printed and CD copies. Archaeologists and other researchers who lent their expertise at various times during the project included: Dr. Leslie Bush, Archaeobotanical Analysis, Austin, TX (fieldwork); Dr. Della Collins Cook, Indiana University (bone identification); Rexford Garniewicz, Curator of Prehistoric Archaeology (faunal identifications); Dr. Donald E. Janzen, Louisville, Kentucky (consultation on previous research); Dr. George W. Monaghan (soils); Dr. Patrick J. Munson, Indiana University (fieldwork); Dr. C. Russell Stafford, Indiana State University (soils). Additionally, Phillip J. DiBlasi, University of Louisville, welcomed our review of the 1971 excavated Prather site collections which curated at this institution, arranged for us to have guest-researcher internet connection while we were in the field, and loaned us tents. The survey work was supported by a grant to Indiana University from the National Park Service, Historic Preservation Fund. This grant was administered by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology. Special thanks to Malia Savarino of the DHPA Grants Section for administrative work, to James R. Jones III, DHPA’s State Archaeologist, for his comments on this report; and to all the archaeologists at DHPA who appreciate the importance of gaining knowledge about the Mississippian mound center at the Prather site. We appreciate the support of individuals and organizations in the Jeffersonville and Clarksville, Indiana region and Louisville, Kentucky who commented positively on our survey proposal and encouraged our work: U.S. Congressman Baron P. Hill, Indiana 9th District; Indiana State Representative, James L. Bottorff, House District 71; Ms. Anne T. Bader, Falls of the Ohio iv Archaeological Society; Ms. Jeanne Burke, Clark County Historian; Ms. Bett Etenohan, Falls of the Ohio State Park; Dr. Carl Kramer, historian, IU-Southeast; Mr. Gregory Sekula, Southern Regional Office, Historic Landmarks Foundation; Mr. Robert E. Gallman, Clark's Grant Historical Society; Ms. Jane Sarles, Clarksville History Society; and Mr. Elmer L. Hoehn, Jeffersonville. Volunteer workers contributed enormously to what the survey accomplished both during fieldwork and laboratory work. They included professional, student, and avocational archaeologists, many of whom are members of the Falls of the Ohio Archaeological Society. James Allgood A. Gwynn Henderson Sundea Murphy Craig Arnold Emory Hostetler David Pollack Anne Bader Bill Huser Robert Prather Anthony Baker Christopher Kokojan Sarah Ross Jeanne Burke Victor Lewis Leslie Rumbley Leslie Bush Richard Lyons Joel Ruprecht Bett Etenohan Andrew Martin Susan Spencer Tom Ciskowski Katie McWhorter Joshua Wells Michael French Mark Milliner Mariah Yager Justin Hazuga Ed Mundy Several individuals contributed information about the Prather site and nearby sites: Ms. Jeanne Burke; Mr. Justin Hazuga; Mr. Richard Lewman; Mr. Troy McCormack; and Ms. Lois Mauk. Our heartfelt thanks to everyone for their part in helping the 2003 survey meet our ambitious goals. Cheryl and Bob v Notices This project has received federal financial assistance for the identification, protection, and/or rehabilitation of historic properties and cultural resources in the State of Indiana. Under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, the U.S. Department of the Interior prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, or disability in its federally assisted programs. If you believe that you have been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility as described above, or if you desire further information, please write to: Office of Equal Opportunity, National Park Service, 1849 C Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20240. This project has been financed in part with federal funds from the U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. However, the contents and opinions contained in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of the Interior, nor does the mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation by the U.S. Department of the Interior. vi Table of Contents Forward to Digital Version ...................................................... i Dedication .................................................................. ii Abstract .................................................................... iii Acknowledgments ............................................................ iv Notices..................................................................... vi List of Figures .............................................................. viii List of Tables.................................................................x Chapter 1. Introduction .........................................................1 Chapter 2. Project Background ...................................................5 Natural Setting .............................................................5
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