UC Merced Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology

Title Intensified Middle Period Ground Stone Production on San Miguel Island

Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9dh8m068

Journal Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology, 22(2)

ISSN 0191-3557

Author Conlee, Christina A

Publication Date 2000-07-01

Peer reviewed

eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California 374 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY

Elston, Robert G., Jonathan O. Davis, Alan Levan- Neuenschwander, Neal thal, and Cameron Covington 1994 Archaeological Excavation at CA-Plu-88, 1977 The Archaeology of the Tahoe Reach of the Lakes Basin Campground, Plumas County, Tmckee River. Report on file at the California. Report on file at Peak and As­ Nevada Archaeological Survey, University sociates, Sacramento, Califomia. of Nevada, Reno. Noble, Daryl Flenniken, J. Jeffrey, and Philip J. Wilke 1983 A Technological Analysis of Chipped Stone 1989 Typology, Technology, and Chronology of From CA-Pla-272, Placer County, Califor­ Great Basin Dart Points. American An- nia. Master's thesis, Califomia State Uni­ du-opologist 91 (1): 149-173. versity, Sacramento. Foster, Daniel G., John Belts, and Lmda Sandelin Ritter, Eric W. 1999 The Association of Style 7 Rock Art and 1970 The Archaeology of 4-Pla-101, die Spring the Martis Complex in the Northern Sierra Garden Ravine Site. In: Archaeological In­ Nevada of California. Report on file at the vestigations in the Aubum Reservoir Area, California Department of Forestry and Fire Phase II-III, Eric W. Ritter, ed., pp. 270- Protection, Sacramento. 538. Report on file at the National Park Heizer, Robert F., and Albert B. Elsasser Service, San Francisco, California. 1953 Some Archaeological Sites and Cultures of Rondeau, Michael F. the Central Sierra Nevada. Berkeley: Re­ 1980 Archaeology of the Salmon Creek Site. ports of the University of California Ar­ Tahoe National Forest Cultural Resources chaeological Survey No.21. Report No. 7, on file at the Tahoe National Jackson, Robert J. Forest, Nevada City, Califomia. 1999 Stuck Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Culture Change in the Mid-elevation Amer­ ican River Watershed. Paper presented at the annual meetings of the Society for Cali­ fornia Archaeology, Sacramento. Jensen, Peter M. 1979 Gold Lake Archaeological Testing—Bound­ ary Timber Sale. Report on file at the Ta­ hoe National Forest, Nevada City, Califor­ nia. Johnson, Keith L. 1980 Rainbow Point Revisited: Archaeological Investigations at Bucks Lake, Plumas Intensified Middle Period Ground County, California. Report on file at Pa­ cific Gas and Electric, San Francisco, Cali­ Stone Production on San Miguel fornia. Island Jones, Peter 1981 Experimental Implement Manufacture and CHRISTINA A. CONLEE Use: A Case Study From Olduvai Gorge, Dept. of Anthropology, Univ. of California, Santa Tanzania. In: The Emergence of Man, J. Barbara, CA 93106. Z. Young, E. M. Jope, and K. P. Oakley, eds.,pp. 189-195. Philosophical Transac­ Specialized shell bead manufacture is a tions of the Royal Society of London, Se­ defining characteristic of Late Period (A.D. ries B, 292(1057). 1300 to 1782) Chumash society. While bead Kowta, Makoto manufacturing has been well studied, other 1988 The Archaeology and Prehistory of Plumas items of economic importance have received and Butte Counties California: An Intro­ less attention by archaeologists. This report duction and Interpretive Model. Report on is a discussion of a quarry and associated file at die Northeast Information Center, habitation site (CA-SMI-503/504) on San Mi­ Califomia State University, Chico. guel Island, where mortar and pestle manu- REPORTS 375

facture took place. The data show that pro­ Walker and Snethkamp 1984) and there were duction was centered at the quarry site while 16 other sites in the region show some evi­ indications that mortar and pestie production was dence of manufacture. Radiocarbon dates concentrated during the Middle Period (490 B.C. place intensified production to the later part to A.D. 1150). This suggested that specializa­ of the Middle Period (A.D. 580 to 980). It is tion in some industries occurred earlier than the suggested that the manufacture of mortars Middle to Late period transition in the Santa and pestles at this time was conducted by part-time, community-based specialists. Barbara Channel region. The goal of this project was to investigate the type of ground stone production on San Miguel CRAFT specialization and economic interaction Island, establish when production occurred and were prominent feamres of Chumash society dur­ intensified, and develop models about how ing late prehistory. Centered in the Santa Bar­ ground stone production fit into the broader con­ bara Channel region, Chumash territory included text of the development of Chumash trade and re­ the northern Channel Islands of Anacapa, Santa gional integration. This goal was achieved by Cmz, and Santa Rosa, as well as the western­ visiting the quarry site and compiling all of the most island, San Miguel (Fig. 1). Specialization site records for San Miguel Island in order to de­ and trade were particularly important in linking termine patterns of ground stone use and produc­ the Island Chumash with people on the mainland. tion on the island. In addition, the manufacmr- During die Late Period (A.D. 1300 to 1782), ing debitage from the prior column samples was people on the islands specialized in die manufac­ reanalyzed and the earlier radiocarbon dates were ture of shell beads, lived in fairly large and set­ calibrated. tled villages, and leaders were selected through inherited stattis (King 1969; Blackburn 1975; GROUND STONE USE IN THE SANTA Martz 1984; Arnold 1987, 1992). Prior to die BARBARA CHANNEL REGION Late Period, during the Middle to Late period Changes in ground stone forms through pre­ transition (beginning ca. A.D. 1150), craft spe­ history are thought to correlate with changes in cialization is thought to have fully developed and subsistence strategies. In die Santa Barbara intensified in the region (Arnold 1987, 1990, Channel region, ground stone tools followed a 1992). At this time, shell bead production general evolutionary trend from roughly made changed from a widely practiced, unspecialized grinding slabs to finely shaped mortars (Glassow endeavor to intensified, specialized manufacture 1996a). The first types of ground stone used in at a few sites on Santa Cmz and Santa Rosa is­ the area were the metate (or grinding slab) and lands (Arnold 1987, 1991; Arnold and Munns the mano. These tools were prominent elements 1994). of the mainland tool assemblage during the Early While specialized bead manufacmre during Period from 8,000 to 6,500 B.P. and were pre­ die Late Period has been identified and well stud­ sumably used for milling seeds (Erlandson 1994; ied, other activities of economic importance (es­ Glassow 1996a). During this period, there is pecially those from earlier time periods) have re­ good evidence of occupation on the Channel ceived less attention. The lack of information on Islands (Erlandson 1994); however, manos and production activities and specialization in earlier metates are relatively rare at sites on the islands, time periods instigated this research into ground probably because there were fewer seed-bearing stone production on San Miguel Island. A plants. Instead of milling implements, weights ground stone quarry and manufacturing site was for digging sticks are a dominant artifact found identified previously on the island (Rozaire 1983; on the islands during the Early Period, which 376 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY

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San Miguel Island

t ^^ N -^_^ "— I f Santa Cruz^-..^ /^ basket hopper mortar—a form that is often hoff 1963; Basgall 1987; Glassow 1996a). At associated with acorn milling—came into use the time of Spanish contact, the Chumash, like (Glassow 1996b). The last distinct type of ground many other groups, used mortars and pesties pri­ stone that has been observed in the archaeologi­ marily to mill acorns into flour. However, mor­ cal record of the Santa Barbara Channel is die tars and pesties can be used to process a variety flowerpot mortar that was first used around of materials, including seeds, nuts, roots, grass­ 1,500 B.P. in the Middle Period and continued to es, fmit, rodents, fish, shellfish, and pigment be used until the historical period. However, as (King 1967; Yobe et al. 1991; Schneider 1993a; this ground stone chronology is based on main­ Glassow 1996b; Schrodi 1996). Neverdieless, land data, there are undoubtedly differences in mortars and pesties are most closely associated the development and use of ground stone on the with acorns, and large quantities of diese tools at islands, especially since the plant and animal re­ a site are used as an indication that acorns were sources there were significantly different. an important food source (Basgall 1987). Ground stone tools were important utilitarian At ca. 5,000 B.P., unshaped mortars and goods to the people of the Santa Barbara Channel pesties first appeared on die mainland, perhaps region, but their role in exchange in less well signaling a change in subsistence patterns. Possi­ known. By the historical period, trade was fi-e- bly it was at this time that acorns became part of quent and well developed in the Chumash region. REPORTS 377

In general, people on the islands exported manu­ from the mainland. San Miguel Island is rela­ factured goods to individuals on the mainland in tively low and flat and is only 14 square miles in exchange for food supplies (King 1976; Glassow area. The vegetation on the island has been se­ 1980; Arnold 1987, 1990). Islanders exported verely impacted by overgrazing, and strong beads, digging-stick weights, and otter skins in northwesterly winds have created active sand exchange for acorns, seeds, roots, chia, bows dunes that have impacted vegetation as well as and arrows, and large baskets (Schumacher archaeological sites. Prehistoric plant distribu­ 1879; Heizer 1955; Brown 1967; King 1976). tions are unknown, although they likely included Despite the evidence for frequent and intensive grasslands and coastal sage scmb (Glassow 1977; trade between the islands and the mainland, Walker and Snethkamp 1984). In general, po­ ground stone is not something that is easily trans­ table water is limited on die island, but small ported. However, there are historical reports of streams flowdurin g the wet season and perennial ollas, presumably of steatite, being brought in springs are concentrated on the northern coast of large loads from the Santa Barbara Channel is­ the island. On the west end of the island, at lands to the mainland (Schumacher 1878). Al- Point Bennett, there is an extensive sea mammal diough ground stone is not specifically mentioned rookery that is unique in the region today. Ter­ in the ethnohistoric accounts as a trade item, restrial mammals are limited to the island fox mortars (alcaputsh) and pesties (chuniec) are (Urocyon littoralis) and deer mouse (Peromyscus listed as items that people owned, and items that sp.). were owned were also commonly traded (King The earliest researchers on San Miguel Island 1976:298). This may indicate that ground stone noted the manufacture of ground stone by the na­ was part of the exchange system prehistorically. tive inhabitants. Its extent and importance, how­ Ground stone vessels have been found in the ever, were often overlooked. Paul Schumacher ocean off Anacapa, Santa Rosa, and San Miguel (1877:38) was the first to note the production of islands, as well as along the mainland coast ground stone on the island, observing that "Of (Hudson 1976). Many of these underwater finds the small surface collection made here, I consider may be the result of capsized boats that were an unfinished mortar the most interesting article, transporting ground stone to other areas to use in showing in its partially rough and incomplete exchange. state the mode of manufacturing of such a utensil Despite the large quantities and varieties of by the aborigines." In 1878, Leon de Cessac these tools, much remains unknown about ground noted "an extremely interesting series of mortars stone in the Santa Barbara Channel region. Areas ranging from the first rough draft to the perfect that still need to be explored include the locations achievement" (Heizer 1951:8). However, George and types of quarries, stages of production, Heye (1921:41) concluded that the sandstone on modes of production, differential mainland and the island was of poor quality, that no quarries island uses, and trade patterns. This study of existed, that there were "practically no unfin­ ground stone manufacture and use on San Miguel ished objects," and that all of the large stone arti­ Island addresses some of these issues, and sug­ facts on San Miguel were acquired by trade (al­ gests avenues to future research. though he did comment that one of the few unfin­ ished artifacts discovered was a mortar). David GROUND STONE PRODUCTION ON Rogers, who studied the northern Channel Is­ SAN MIGUEL ISLAND lands during the 1920s, made two interesting The environment, geography, and resources points regarding artifacts found on San Miguel found on San Miguel Island are quite different Island; that they were similar to those found on 378 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY the mainland and that there were "large numbers tation in many places or a continuation of milling of mortars and pesties though there are now no practices. acorns to grind in them" (Rogers 1929:268). Quarry Site at CA-SMI-503/504 In studies conducted by Charles Rozaire and George Kritzman (Rozaire 1965, 1978), Roberta Evidence for ground stone manufacture on Greenwood (1978, 1982), and Michael Glassow San Miguel Island comes from two sites (CA- (1982), most of San Miguel Island was surveyed, SMI-503 and -504) on the northwest coast of the leading to a better understanding of prehistoric island (Fig. 4) (Rozaire 1983; Walker and Snedi- occupation there. Site records from these sur­ kamp 1984). While CA-SMI-503 contains die veys were incorporated into a spatial geographi­ greatest concentrations of manufacturing re­ cal database in order to view the distribution of mains, the two sites are virtually continuous and sites and artifact types. A total of 568 prehistoric are considered together in this analysis (hereinaf­ sites has been identified and recorded on the is­ ter referred to as CA-SMI-503/504). The site is land. Occupation dates back to at least 10,000 located on a series of sand dunes above a conglo­ B.P. (Erlandson 1993; Erlandson et al. 1996), merate formation containing pebble to boulder- extending through the historical period. One of sized clasts that provided the raw material for the most striking features of San Miguel Island ground stone manufacture. This Eocene-aged de­ artifact assemblages is the ubiquitous presence of posit, referred to as the "Undifferentiated Pozo- ground stone, especially given the sparse local Canada Formation" (Bremner 1933:13; Weaver plant resources. Of all of the recorded sites, 57% and Doerner 1969:30), consists of volcanic por­ (n = 322) have ground stone artifacts (Fig. 2). If phyries, sandstone, quartz, chert, limestone, dio- sites where no artifacts were found are excluded, rite, and various granitic types. The mortars and then that percentage increases to 65% of all sites pesties were generally manufacmred from a pink on the island. Furthermore, since these numbers and gray rhyolite porphyry, while igneous cob­ are based on recent survey data, they could be bles were used as hammerstones in the manufac­ conservative, as earlier pothunting and poorly turing process. Small boulders were expediendy documented previous excavations may have used as preforms for mortars. In addition to evi­ skewed the archaeological record. dence of quarrying and manufacmring activities, Mortars and pestles are more common at the site contains a large midden of habitation ref­ sites on San Miguel Island than manos and meta­ use. tes (Table 1). There is also a difference in the Portions of CA-SMI 503/504 are covered spatial distribution of sites with mortars and pes­ with chipping waste from ground stone manufac­ tles compared to sites with manos and metates ture (Fig. 5). The debris includes flakes of rhyo­ (Fig. 3). Sites with manos and/or metates are lite porphyry, along with large quantities of clustered more on the eastern end of the island, flakes from hammerstones used in manufacmre. while mortars and/or pestles appear to be more Often the assumption is made that ground stone evenly distributed across the island. Since there tools were produced primarily through grinding is a temporal difference in the use of mortars and and abrasion. However, recent research has re­ pestles versus manos and metates the presence of vealed that a great deal of what is called ground these different ground stone types may give some stone is actually manufactured primarily by per­ insight into changes in site locations over time. It cussion flaking and pecking (Hayden 1987; is also interesting to note that most sites with Wright 1992; Schneider and Osborne 1996; Wil­ manos and/or metates also contained mortars ke and Quintero 1996). Other techniques used and/or pesties, suggesting a long history of habi­ for making ground stone artifacts include batter- REPORTS 379

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"^ °. ^"^~v, ,~^ ^~~^-<^. i 1 \ ' ii Si'i! \i -•-—•« °«*A^ Xr^ ^-*-!-^' jy \ ,' V < V' . -., ^-^'^-^^

N ^""^^VJir 0 ' 5 km. Groundstone ^ " Absent • Present

Fig. 2. Presence and absence of ground stone at sites on San Miguel Island.

Table 1 process of manufacture was carried out at this FREQUENCIES OF GROUND STONE TYPES location. Walker and Snethkamp (1984:59) re­ AT SITES ON SAN MIGUEL ISLAND corded 42 mortar blanks and rim fragments and 53 pesde blanks at the site and suggested that this Ground Stone Type No. of Sites sample represented a quarter of the mortars and pestle only 76 mortar only 81 one-tenth of the pesties. Both globular and flow­ both mortar and pesde 126 erpot mortars have been discovered at the site; Total sites with mortars however, it appears that no manos or metates and/or pestles 283 were produced there. The general steps in the mano only 21 manufacturing process of mortars at CA-SMI- metate only 74 503/504 were: (1) the selection of an appropri­ both mano and metate 33 ate piece of raw material; (2) percussion flaking Total sites with manos to produce a blank with a roughly shaped exteri­ and/or metates 128 or (Fig. 6); (3) pecking the exterior to form the shape; and finally (4) pecking the interior to pro­ ing, pounding, chopping, incising, cutting, and duce a rim (Walker and Snethkamp 1984). Pes­ drilling (Wright 1992:53). Wilke and Quintero tles were made in a similar fashion by removing (1996) found that the majority of grinding occurs large flakes to create a rough shape (Fig. 7), fol­ not in the production but in the use of ground lowed by pecking to even out the surface (Ro­ stone. zaire 1983). Also found at CA-SMI-503/504 are dozens Hammerstones were used in mortar and pes­ of mortars and pesties abandoned in various tle manufacttire at CA-SMI-503/504 and appear stages of manufacmre, indicating that the entire to have been the primary tool used for ground 380 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY

j1 rC • ^ "+ ^ -!

*

\-A\V 1 \1 1 ! U V- t » Manos or Metates N 0 1 5 km. + Mortars or Pestles o Manos or Metates and Mortars or Pestles

Fig. 3. Distribution of sites with manos or metates and/or mortars or pesdes on San Miguel Island.

Fig. 4. The northwest coast of San Miguel Island, including sites CA-SMl-503 and -504. REPORTS 381

Fig. 5. Chipping waste covering a dune at CA-SMI-503.

Fig. 6. Porphyry mortar blank from CA-SMI-503/504. 382 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY

Fig. 7. Porphyry pestle in the process of manufacture at CA-SMI-503/504, with large percussion flakesre ­ moved. stone manufacture in the Santa Barbara Channel 1987). At CA-SMI-503/504, tiiere are large region (King 1976; Hudson and Blackburn 1987; numbers of both prepared core hammers and un­ Erlandson 1994). Hudson and Blackburn (1987) modified cobble hammers. noted the lack of attention by archaeologists in Anodier tool type found at CA-SMI-503/504, identifying flaking versus pecking implements, as well as many other sites on the island, are suggesting that many of the hammerstones de­ picks and gouges (Rozaire 1978, 1983). Both scribed in archaeological reports were actually types were manufactured by percussion flaking for the manufacmre of ground stone. Erlandson and have single pointed ends. Gouges are gen­ (1994:83) believed that core hammers, which are erally smaller, unworked on one side, and have intentionally flaked to create obtuse, angular one rounded end; picks are larger and often tri­ edges, were used to peck and shape ground stone angular in shape. Rozaire (1983:141) maintained tools. These core hammers were also used to that these tools were used for finishing the sur­ roughen the grinding surface after extended use. faces of ground stone. The examples found on Core hammers can take different forms, includ­ San Miguel Island are commonly made of vol­ ing unifacial and bifacial flaked choppers, split canic material, predominantiy rhyolite porphyry cobbles, picks, and stone discoidals (Erlandson but also including quartzite and chert. However, 1994:83). However, in quarries with an abun­ such tools do not show use-wear of the type ex­ dance of adequate raw material for tool use, rela­ pected to be found if they were used to peck tively unmodified cobbles were used (Hayden ground stone. Similar picks were reportedly REPORTS 383 used to quarry steatite (Schumacher 1878; Heye point dates to around A.D. 450 or later (Glassow 1921), suggesting that they were used on other 1996a: 20). Also at this site was a larger leaf- types of ground stone material, despite the fact shaped point (possibly a dart point) of Monterey that steatite is much softer than other types of chert. Obsidian and Monterey chert both come stone. It has also been suggested that these tools from mainland sources indicating cross-Channel are reamers (Hudson and Blackburn 1987), shell­ trade at tiiis time. It is common in the Middle fish pries (Jones 1956), or drills for making Period for island sites to have obsidian from the doughnut stones (Rogers 1929). While picks and eastern Sierra 300 km. away, and mainland chert gouges have been found on Santa Cmz and Santa from up to 60 km. away (Arnold 1991:959). A Rosa islands, they have not been identified on the J-shaped fishhook and OUvella saucer beads from mainland. Despite the lack of use-wear, they do the surface also indicate occupation during the seem to be associated with ground stone on San Middle Period (King 1990) at CA-SMI-503/504. Miguel Island. Of the 124 sites with picks and In addition to CA-SMI-503/504, 16 odier gouges, all but 16 also had ground stone tools. It sites on San Miguel Island have evidence of mor­ remains possible that these are specialized tools tar and pestie manufacttire (Fig. 8). The major­ used in the production of ground stone imple­ ity of these sites is on the western end of the ments. island near CA-SMI-503/504. Seven sites con­ tained single specimens of unfinished mortars, Middle Period Mortar and Pestle Manufacture and five sites contained a single unfinished pes­ Radiocarbon dates obtained by Walker and tie. Six of the sites column sampled by Walker Snethkamp (1984) from column samples at the and Snethkamp 1984) had evidence of ground quarry site were recalibrated. The recalibrated stone manufacturing debitage in one or more dates indicate that ground stone manufacture on levels (Table 2). The debitage from these sam­ San Miguel was concentrated in the Middle Peri­ ples (all of equal volume) was recounted and od (490 B.C. to A.D. 1150), especially in Phase weighed. Of the levels containing debitage, five 3. The chronology used here is based on calibrat­ were radiocarbon dated. One level dated to Phase ed and corrected radiocarbon dates from King's 2 of the Middle Period, three to Phase 3 of the (1990) chronology (see Erlandson and Colten Middle Period, and two to Phase 1 of the Late 1991; Kennett 1998). A date obtained from the Period. The second largest amount of debitage upper strattim at CA-SMI-503 (15 to 25 cm.), came from CA-SMI-525 (303.3 g.) in one of die which contained the highest amount of chipping levels dating to Phase 3 (A.D. 670 to 813). This waste, was recalibrated to A.D. 702 (803) 917 site had unfinished mortars and pesdes on the during Phase 3 of the Middle Period. The total surface, as well as debitage of rhyolite porphyry weight of debitage from this level was 2740.3 g. and other volcanic materials. The third largest The lower levels of CA-SMI-503 (184 to 189 quantity of debitage was derived from a level at cm.) yielded a calibrated date of 1879 (1778) CA-SMI-492 (219.2 g.) that was just above the 1710 B.C. (Early Period) and there is no evi­ level dated to Phase 3 of the Middle Period. dence for ground stone manufacture from this It appears that the majority of mortar and level. pestie production took place at CA-SMI-503/504 Surface artifacts identified by the author cor­ while more limited manufacturing occurred at roborate the Middle Period occupation of the other sites in the vicinity of the quarry. The site. One small obsidian harpoon point was col­ large amount of unfinished and broken ground lected on the surface of CA-SMI-503, associated stone tools found at quarry sites in general indi­ with mortar and pestie manufacture. This typeo f cate a high degree of failure, especially in the 384 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY

it SMI 503/504 + Sites w/ manufacture o Archaeological sites

Fig. 8. The 16 sites on San Miguel Island with evidence of groimd stone manufacturing. manufacture of pestles (Schneider 1993b, 1996). the Late and Historic periods (D. Kennett, per­ Therefore, the preliminary and most risky stages sonal communication 1997). In addition, the of manufacmre were carried out at quarry loca­ porphyry debitage from CA-SMI-525 showed tions so that if a tool failed, another could be that manufacture continued into the Late Period easily started. This would explain, at least in but probably to a lesser degree. There is no evi­ part, the distribution of mortar and pestle manu­ dence that manufacturing continued at CA-SMI- facturing on San Miguel Island. 503/504 in the Late and Historic periods. While the raw material sources continued to be used to DISCUSSION some extent, there was no longer habitation at Several interesting issues arise when consid­ this location. ering the ground stone data from San Miguel Is­ The changes in use of die quarry site be­ land. These include the timing and causes of in­ tween the Middle and Late periods parallel tensified manufacmring, the uses of mortars and King's (1990) conclusions about ground stone pestles, and the degree of specialization repre­ manufacmre and trade. King (1990) asserted that sented. It seems evident that production of mor­ throughout Phase 4 of the Middle Period, there tars and pesties intensified and was concentrated was an increase in the use of both shaped stone in the Middle Period. The manufacture of ground mortars and steatite bowls from Catalina Island. stone from the source at CA-SMI-503/504, how­ These vessels commonly occur in burial contexts, ever, does appear to have continued in a limited suggesting a corresponding increase in their man­ manner after the Middle Period. From a site at ufacture and trade (King 1990). After this time, Adam's Cove on the far western end of the is­ at die very end of die Middle Period and into die land, a flowerpot mortar of pink rhyolite porphy­ Late Period, mortars and bowls no longer occur ry was found. The deposits at this site date to in mortuary contexts. King (1990) attributed diis REPORTS 385

Table 2 REANALYSIS OF COLUMN SAMPLE DATA COLLECTED BY WALKER AND SNETHKAMP (1984) SHOWING MORTAR AND PESTLE MANUFACTURING DEBITAGE AND CORRESPONDING DATES

Site Unit Level Strata PD' Count Grams OD" Count Grams Calibrated "C Date Phase' CA-SIVII- (cm.) 485 N 0-10 6 - 0 - - 485 N 10-20 0 - 1 - - 485 N 40-50 0 - 2 - - 485 S 0-10 - 0 ~ 1 - A.D.. 1376 (1434) 1481481 Ll 485 S 10-20 6 ~ 1 ~ - 488 S 0-5 3 1.4 2 0.3 - 488 S 13-17 3 1.5 2 1.7 - 488 S 17-31 0 0 1 0.2 - 488 S 32-41 6 14.5 11 9.5 - 488 N 0-10 0 0 1 7.1 - 488 N 40-45 3 0 0 1 0.2 - 492 N 15-32 11 0 0 23 26.2 - 492 N 32-48 10 6 3.9 58 215.3 ~ 492 N 48-64 9 7 1.99 0 0 A.D.. 589 (658) 707066 M3 492 N 64-78 8 0 0 1 0.4 - 492 S 0-10 3 1.4 0 0 - 492 S 10-20 6 7.9 1 0.2 - 492 S 20-30 0 0 1 2.8 - 503 N - 2 1 1.0 0 0 - 503 N - 3 2 10.7 5 2.1 - 503 N - 6 1 1.1 0 0 - 503 N 30-52 8 2 5.6 2 51.9 730 (544)) 42 4200 B.C B.C.. M2 503 C 0-10 1 3 106.6 1 1.6 - 503 C 10-18 2 3 1.3 0 0 ~ 503 C 18-25 2 2 139.8 4 1.3 - 503 C 25-35 3 0 0 1 0.1 ~ 503 S 15-25 ~ 56 1689.44 16 1050.9 A.D.. 707022 (803(803)) 91 9177 M3 503 S profile 109 1338.9 20 581.6 ~ 504 N 26-37 3 1 0.8 0 0 ~ 504 N 241-287 15 0 0 1 1.2 - 510 N ~ 2 5 3.4 6 22.6 ~ 510 N ~ 3 6 3.6 3 14.2 - 510 N - 5 0 0 3 25.4 - 510 N 89-97 6 1 0.2 1 0.6 A.D.. 696911 (768(768)) 84 8433 M3 510 S 25-35 2 4 12.7 4 1.6 - 510 S 35-45 3 0 0 6 13.5 - 510 S 45-55 4 1 0.7 2 1.5 - 510 S 90-95 6 2 0.2 0 0 - 525 A - 9B 1 1.7 0 0 - 525 A ~ 10 0 0 1 6.9 - 525 B 99-104 1 40.8 0 0 - 525 D - 1 2 0.6 3 2.1 ~ 525 D - 2A 0 0 1 2.2 - 525 D ~ 2B 0 0 2 0.5 ~ 525 D 30-37 3 2 3.3 13 12.22 A.D.. 1334 (1406) 1441404 Ll 525 D ~ 4A 2 2.2 8 19.9 - 525 D ~ 4B 0 0 3 3.3 - 525 D ~ 5A 0 0 1 0.3 - 525 D ~ 5B 0 0 2 0.3 ~ 525 D - 6 7 4.1 7 9.9 ~ 525 D - 7 1 1.3 13 10.6 ~ 525 D - 8 17 25.5 8 13.3 ~ 525 D 70-79 9 5 10.6 15 292.77 A.D.. 670 (725)) 81 8133 M3 525 D -- UB 1 4.0 0 0 - 525 D ~ 13 0 0 5 3.7 ~ 525 D ~ 19 3 27.6 0 0 ~ 525 D ~ 14 0 0 4 6.2 ~ 525 D - 15 0 0 1 0.2 ~ 525 D - 21 0 0 1 15.7 ~ 525 D ~ 26 0 0 1 22.4 ~

PD = Porphyry debitage. OD = Odier volcanic or sandstone debitage. Phases are based on calibrated dates (Erlandson and Colten 1991; Kennett 1998) of King's (1990) cultural phases. 386 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY to a decrease in the manufacture of such items, cating the use of such implements there. In addi­ although a decrease in their use as burial goods tion, mortars made of volcanic porphyry similar may be related to changes in ideology. to the typefoun d on San Miguel Island have been Evidence for the production of mortar and identified at sites on Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz pesties at 16 sites on San Miguel Island is note­ islands, as well as on the mainland (author's per­ worthy as few locations of manufacture have sonal observations, 1996), although without been identified from the mainland or the other chemical compositional or mineralogical/petro- northern Channel Islands. In the collections at graphic studies, the origin cannot be determined the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, with certainty. there are single sandstone mortar blanks from One other explanation for the intensification CA-SRI-62 (Historical Period) and CA-SRI-5 of mortar and pestle manufacture during the Mid­ (Middle Holocene and Middle Period on Santa dle Period is that tiiese tools were being used for Rosa Island, but no other evidence of production processing something besides acorns. Ethno­ has been found. The conglomerate formation that graphic information indicates that Califomia provides the source of raw material for mortars groups reportedly processed rodents, fish, in­ and pesties on San Miguel Island is thought to be sects, and large mammals with ground stone similar to the conglomerate in the Domengine tools (Yobe et al. 1991). While mice were on formation on Santa Cruz Island (Bremner 1933: the island prehistorically, these animals were far 13), although manufacmring has not been re­ less abundant than marine resources such as fish, ported on this island either. From the southern shellfish, and sea mammals. The Middle Period Channel Islands (just outside the Chumash has been characterized as a time of subsistence sphere), there is evidence of ground stone manu­ change with an increase in both fishing and the facture on San Nicholas Island (Bryan 1961, hunting of sea mammals (Glassow 1996a). The 1970) and San Clemente Island (Schumacher Pomo, Modoc, and Yuma reportedly used 1878; L. M. Raab, personal communication mortars and/or pestles to process fish (see 1997, as well as steatite ground stone manufac­ McLendon and Lowy 1978; Schrodi 1996), so it ture on Santa Catalina Island (Wlodarski 1979). is possible that increased fishing during the Mid­ Because the use of mortars and pestles by the dle Period led to the intensification of ground Chumash is associated with acorn processing and stone manufacture. Masters (1983) proposed that there is no evidence of oak trees on San Miguel mortars from La JoUan sites south of the Chu­ Island during die Middle Period, ground stone mash area were used for marine foods such as production on the island must be explained by shellfish. However, there is no apparent reason other factors. From ethnohistoric sources, it is why a mortar and pesde would be a necessary clear that acorns were traded to the islands from tool for processing marine foods. The Luiseno the mainland during die Historic Period. If it is were known ethnohistorically to have simply assumed that acorn processing is die primary pounded abalone on rocks to make it tender fiinction of mortars and pesdes, then the data (Schrodi 1996). from San Miguel Island suggest that interaction What were the causes for increased ground increased tremendously during the Middle Peri­ stone production during the Middle Pe-riod? od. This could be true if mortars and pestles Intensification came before the large growth in were used for processing acorns that were traded trade and interaction that began in the Middle to in and/or if the ground stone itself was exported. Late period transition and culminated during the Large numbers of finished mortars and pestles Historic Period. One possible explanation is that have been discovered at sites on the island, indi­ the development of die plank canoe (tomol) had REPORTS 387 an immense impact on regional interaction during vidual or household-based production units, ag­ die Middle Period. Some studies have suggested gregated within a single community, producing that die tomol was first used between A.D. 500 for unrestricted regional consumption" (Costin and 800 (Hudson et al. 1978; King 1990; Arnold 1991:8). The producers in this type of situation 1995) and Arnold (1995) believed its final form are kin-based and dieir production is not attached was developed by about A.D. 1100. This tech­ to elites. nology allowed for deep-sea fishing and facilitat­ It does not necessarily follow that the high ed transportation between the islands and the density of ground stone manufacmring debitage mainland. At this time, trade may have in­ at CA-SMI-503/504 is an indication diat mortar creased, leading the people on San Miguel Island and pestle production was very intensive or high­ to increase production of ground stone in order ly specialized. Huge amounts of debitage are to be part of an expanded regional exchange net­ created in the manufacmring process of ground work. The report of at least one ground stone stone tools (Wilke and Quintero 1996), which vessel off die coast near CA-SMI-503/504 and may lead to overestimates of the amount of pro­ vessels located off the coast near Point Con­ duction taking place. Schneider (1993a, 1996) ception and the other Channel Islands (Hudson reached similar conclusions about the ground 1976) suggest the possibility of ocean trade of stone quarries she studied in the Southwest. For these objects. example, at the Antelope Hill quarry, which en­ Increased manufacmre and exchange of mor­ compassed 300 acres and included 46,136 tars and pestles during the Middle Period does workshop areas, Schneider (1996) concluded that not necessarily indicate that the use of acorns or despite its extent, this quarry represents the low another food source changed and/or intensified at end of the range of craft specialization. CA-SMI- this time. If interaction between the different is­ 503/504 is much smaller in size than the quarries lands and between the islands and the mainland Schneider (1996) smdied, but it was also used increased due to the development of the tomol, over a shorter period of time. From their work the people of San Miguel Island would have on the southern Channel Islands, Williams and needed something to exchange in the expanding Rosenthal (1993) concluded that although there trade network. Since there was such a good was significant trade of soapstone bowls that source of raw material for making mortars and were produced on Catalina Island, there is little pesties, they may have chosen to intensify pro­ evidence for craft specialists. They based this duction of these items for exchange. The ex­ conclusion on the absence of specialized tools change of ground stone for other goods could and standardized production, as well as the lack have established or helped solidify social ties of mass blank production, storage, or exclusive with people in other areas. Alternatively, ground access (Williams and Rosenthal 1993:43-44). stone tools may have been used to produce other There is, however, evidence that production goods, such as tenderized and/or dried fish or of mortars and pestles on San Miguel was more sea mammal meat that could then be exchanged. than just generalized and for family consumption. Another significant issue regarding ground There are no other comparable material sources stone production on San Miguel Island is the de­ on San Miguel Island and the evidence points to gree and type of craft specialization. It is pro­ mortar and pestle production in the immediate posed here that part-time, community-based spe­ area surrounding CA-SMI-503/504 in this limited cialization of mortar and pestle manufacturing region of the island. A large midden area con­ occurred at CA-SMI-503/504. Community spe­ taining habitation debris such as charcoal, faunal cialization has been defined as "autonomous indi­ remains, and various tools was found at CA- 388 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY

SMI-503/504. People were living at the site in a larger economic system and which laid the while the quarry was being used and it was not a groundwork for the integrated trade systems in place used only for the procurement of the raw the Late and Historic periods. material. The association of substantial habita­ tion with the quarry suggests that there may have ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS been control over the raw material source (Tor­ Don Morris and the National Park Service facili­ rance 1986; Arnold 1987). In addition, die dense tated the research on San Miguel Island. Douglas Ken­ habitation refuse indicates that production was nett, Ann Munns, and Jelmer Eerkens read drafts of this report. Douglas Kennett also provided assistance probably part-time since people were still heavily with the spatial geographical databases. Michael Glas­ involved in subsistence activities. Finished mor­ sow provided the opportunity for me to present an ear­ tars and pestles at CA-SMI-503/504 and a limited lier version of diis report in a symposium titled "Pro­ zone where tools in the final state of manufacture gress in Understanding Santa Barbara County Prehis­ tory: New Insights and Analytical Approaches" at die are found are consistent with some degree of re­ 1997 Society for California Archaeology meetings in stricted access and suggest community based, or­ Rohnert Park. I also thank PhUip J. Wilke and diree ganized production focused at the site (Costin anonymous reviewers for their comments. 1991). REFERENCES CONCLUSIONS Arnold, Jeanne E. 1987 Craft Specialization in the Prehistoric Chan­ The results of this research indicate that there nel Islands, Califomia. Berkeley: Univer­ is a large amount of ground stone on San Miguel sity of Califomia Press. Island, despite the scarcity of plant resources. 1990 Lithic Resource Control and Economic This is most apparent at CA-SMI-503/504, a Change in the Santa Barbara Channel Re­ quarry site that is associated with a habitation gion. Journal of Califomia and Great Ba­ area where the entire manufacturing process of sin Andiropology 12(2): 158-172. mortars and pestles took place. In addition, there 1991 Transformation of a Regional Economy: Sociopolitical Evolution and the Production are 16 other sites in the vicinity of CA-SMI- of Valuables in Southern California. An­ 503/504 where evidence of later stages of tiquity 65(249):953-962. production have been found. Finally, the ma­ 1992 Complex Hunter-Gatherer-Fishers of Pre­ jority of the evidence dates die manufacture of historic California: Chiefs, Specialists, and ground stone on San Miguel Island to Phase 3 of Maritime Adaptations of die Channel Is­ lands . American Antiquity 57( 1): 60-84. die Middle Period. Overall, die evidence from San Miguel Island 1995 Transportation Innovation and Social Com­ plexity Among Maritime Hunter-Gatherer suggests that intensification of trade and produc­ Societies. American Anthropologist 97(4): tion of certain items occurred during the Middle 733-747. Period. This was perhaps related to the develop­ Arnold, Jeanne E., and Ann Munns ment of the tomol around the same time. At CA- 1994 Independent and Attached Specialization: SMI-503/504, part-time and possibly community- The Organization of Shell Bead Production based, specialized production of mortars and in Califomia. Journal of Field Archaeol­ ogy 21(4):473-489. pesdes developed. This was different than the more standardized, larger scale production of Basgall, Mark E. 1987 Acorn Economies in Prehistoric Califomia. Late Period shell bead manufacture. However, Research in Economic Anthropology 9:21- diere was intensification of a local resource that 52. could be used by the people of San Miguel, or Baumhoff, Martin A. certain segments of the population, to participate 1963 Ecological Determinants of Aboriginal Cal- REPORTS 389

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