DOCSLIB.ORG

South and Southeast Asia: Links with Africa After 100,000Kya Based on DNA Studies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
South and Southeast Asia: Links with Africa After 100,000Kya Based on DNA Studies South and Southeast Asia: Links with Africa after 100,000kya based on DNA studies Southern expansion from East Africa to Southwest and South Asia, circa 100,000 - 80,000 to 60,000 ya Petraglia et al. 2010, Annals of Human Biology - Later branching and expansion of M and U haplogroups between 60,000 and 40,000 ya Rohri – Sindh, Pakistan – open air quarry site, Late Lower Palaeolithic, (500,000 ya) Middle Palaeolithic, (100,000 ya) Upper Palaeolithic, (30,000 -10,000 ya) Hathnora, central India- Narmada River Valley site, hominid skull identified as archaic Homo sapiens, 400,000 YA, though some would suggest that it is Homo erectus? Darra-i-Kur , Afghanistan - Middle/Upper Palaeolithic-circa 29,050 B.C. temporal bone of archaic H. sapiens. Similar to the skull of Skhul Cave in the Levant - lowest levels “hearths”, Mousterian type stone tools Hunted Wild goat/sheep and possibly cattle. Aq Kuprukian Tradition sites Gar-i-Mar (Snake Cave, AKI and Gar-i-Asp (Horse Cave, AK II) and open air site called Aq Kupruk (AK III) The importance of these sites is that they are located in an area between West Asian centers of domestication and South Asia Aq-Kupruk, 20,000-15,000YA (C14 date- 14,665 B.C.) - blade tools, points, burins scrapers, bone point, numerous faunal remains - wild sheep/goat (88%), cattle (6.5%) , horse, dog/wolf; The major subsistence indicator is animal bone Ovix/Capra (sheep/goat) - 88% Cervus elephas/ Bos (cattle)- 6.5% Equus (horse) - 1 Canis - 1 Vulpes - 1 Some of these species become domesticated eventually and domestic species are found in the Neolithic and Chalcolithic levels at these sites and other sites in the region , dating as early as 8566 B.C. to 6500 B.C. Aq Kupruk – open air site Gar-i-Mar and Gar-i-Asp Caves, Afghanistan- Upper Palaeolithic - Kuprukian A, B from 20,000-15000 B.C., 14,665 B.C. -wide range of tools suggesting that many activities took place at the sites. Gar-i-Asp, carved pebble with human feline face? Some bone tools, possibly for basketry or weaving, small incised bone dart that looks more ornamental than functional. Stone tools indicate a focus on hunting, we can assume that some of the food was vegetable - wild grain, nuts, berries all would have been abundant seasonally in this region Peninsular Subcontinent– Upper Palaeolithic General dates are from 30,000 to 12,000 B.P. Bhimbetka, W. India – upper Palaeolithic occupation in cave, many painted rock shelters in area, some probably dating to the Upper Palaeolithic, the rest show a continuity through the Mesolithic to the Historical period. Mesolithic - Neolithic -feeding pigs Hunting scenes Mesolithic Xray art Bhimbetka Cave, central India - lower levels have late Acheulian handaxes and flake tools, 400,000 -100,000 YA - Upper Palaeolithic levels date to 30,000-10,000 ya, some caves are painted Khaimur Range, Pleistocence mega-fauna replaced by large modern game such as Gaur, Tiger Baghor I, Central India- Late Upper Palaeolithic, dated to about 11,000 B.P., short term occupation site, rubble floors, manufacturing waste from tool manufacture, inverse indirect percussion technique, many varieties of backed blades and geometric microliths, grinding stones, ring stones, stone platform with unique triangular stone in center, interpreted as a ritual structure. Baghor I overview of excavations Modern hut with rubble floor , and ancient Baghor I hut floor and hearth. Microlith distributions Rubble platform Artifact distributions Heat Treated cores, and Inverse Indirect Percussion, to make blades and other retouched tools. Exotic raw materials and finished blades were traded over great distances. Inayat Hussain, master bead maker using same technique, Khambhat, India Hunting with barbed points, Mesolithic cave painting from Bhimbetka Baghor I Platform, as excavated and reconstructed Baghor I, stone platform - unique triangular stone with red ochre in center, interpreted as a ritual structure - possible fertility shrine Modern shrine to the Goddess made with identical stones Belan Valley, Upper Palaeolithic gravels, Carved bone harpoon point or possible mother goddess figure Chandravati, Gujarat, carved stone core - Mesolithic-Chalcolithic Men as hunters and women as gatherers Geometric designs on cave paintings are probably for ritual purposes. They continue to be used today by women to protect the home. Palaeolithic in East Asia Jinniushan, Liaoning N. E. China, 200,000 ya, H.s.s., robust female? fossil but no stone tools Dali Site, China, 209,000 ya, archaic H. s. , fossil found in association with some stone tools, scrapers Zhoukoudian, China, 300,000 H. Zhoukoudian erectus, and 18,000-10,000 ya H. sapiens foragers Ngandong - Java- Homo erectus, recently re-dated to around 143,000 years ago - latest evidence for H. erectus in Southeast Asia, Niah Ngandong stone tools, bone and antler tools Denisova cave, Siberia 50,000-30,000 ya –diverged from H. sapiens and Neanderthals, DNA taken from a female individual –no match with most modern populations, may represent an Asian lineage that has since been obscured, but 6 % of the DNA of some individuals in Melanesia and Papua New Guinea seem to match Niah Cave, Sarawak, Borneo- H. s. sapiens 45,000 -39,000 ya – And in 2003 the discovery of miniature Hobbit-like Homo floresiensis in Indonesia - 95,000-12,000 YA - 1 meter tall, used stone tools AUSTRALIA-NEW GUINEA Sahul shelf - Three major periods when the land bridge was passable are around 50,000, 35,000 and 17,000 Niah B.P. Cave - had to cross 80 to 100 kilometers of ocean - accomplished by Ngandong significant populations before 30,000 and possibly as early as 50,000 B.P at a new site Warratyi discovered in 2016 and 65,000 based on Lake Mungo new dates from the site Madjedbebe in 2017. Kow Swamp Madjedbebe, excavated in 2012 and 2014, dated to 37,000 BP but now with new OSL dating it is thought to be around 65,000 BP - mica and hematite for painting and ground stone tools Lake Mungo, West N.S. Wales - 25,000 to 28,000 B.P. to 32,000 or 42,000 BP. cremated remains of humans. Female, with modern skull shape, thin cranial bones, Male, modern skull and post- cranial bones, not cremated, buried with red ochre. Kow Swamp, S. Australia - 15,000-9000 YA , more robust population, thicker skulls, receding forehead, low brow and heavy jaws possible evidence for intentional skull deformation Devil's Lair, W. Australia- engraved stone plaques and broken human incisors, dated from 29,000 to 4,000 B.P. Human Expansion into the Beringia New World - Beringia land bridge was exposed from 75,000 to 45,000 B.P. and then again between 25,000 and 11,000 B.P. With periodic fluctuations, it is thought that it was passable as late as 10,000 B.P. Environmental pressures Dyuktai on animals related to snow fall and availability of fodder lead animals and human foragers to the east Avoidance of in-breeding also leads to expansion and linkages to new and more distant communities, eventually resulting in migration up to the Bering straits and along the coasts Dyuktai Dyuktai populations in Siberia cannot be earlier than 30,000, and it is probable that groups passed to the New World between 25,000 and 12,000 B.P. using both land and sea routes Following migrating herds of woolly Mammoth, Rhino, Bear, Sloth, etc Ushki sites in Kamchatka Peninsula date to between 13,500-11,000 years ago - similar to sites in Alaska Dyuktai and Ushki culture (30,000-11,000 ya) in Siberia is similar to the Paleo- Arctic of Alaska/Canada Dyuktai cores and bifaces Ushki microblade cores Nenana Complex sites in Alaska 12,000 to 11,000 B. P. used small bifacial points for hunting, Moose Creek site, Chindadn points with rounded base and sub-triangular with flat base Denali Complex - 11-10,000 BP - wedge shaped cores, microblades, lanceolate points etc. closely linked to Siberian Dyuktai culture Major North American sites : Clovis Clovis point Complex sites in Texas circa 11,000 and B.P. - used larger fluted points detachable foreshaft Folsom points Paleo-Indians emerged into a pristine environment with no other humans and after circa 12000 BP rapidly spread from Alaska to Tierra Del Fuego Distribution of Paleo- Indian points in Wisconsin Skare Site Clayton and Attig Skare, circa 11,600 BP 1997 Fluted point locations Hearths and burned areas have high conductivity Paleoindian Points (surface finds) Fluted Paleo-Indian point from Skare site, discovered in 2001 by Prof. Sissel Schroeder Meadowcroft Rockshelter, Penn. - 19,600 BP - fire pits, ash and charcoal, stone tools, refuse and storage areas,earliest human occupation in N. America. Dating is inconsistent with Alaskan and Siberian dates. Monte Verde, Chile - 12,800-11,800 BP - hunter- gatherer camp, tent-like structure, hearths, stone tools, nuts, berries and seaweed. - sites have also been reported in the Amazon .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tentative Lists Submitted by States Parties As of 15 April 2021, in Conformity with the Operational Guidelines
    World Heritage 44 COM WHC/21/44.COM/8A Paris, 4 June 2021 Original: English UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION CONVENTION CONCERNING THE PROTECTION OF THE WORLD CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE Extended forty-fourth session Fuzhou (China) / Online meeting 16 – 31 July 2021 Item 8 of the Provisional Agenda: Establishment of the World Heritage List and of the List of World Heritage in Danger 8A. Tentative Lists submitted by States Parties as of 15 April 2021, in conformity with the Operational Guidelines SUMMARY This document presents the Tentative Lists of all States Parties submitted in conformity with the Operational Guidelines as of 15 April 2021. • Annex 1 presents a full list of States Parties indicating the date of the most recent Tentative List submission. • Annex 2 presents new Tentative Lists (or additions to Tentative Lists) submitted by States Parties since 16 April 2019. • Annex 3 presents a list of all sites included in the Tentative Lists of the States Parties to the Convention, in alphabetical order. Draft Decision: 44 COM 8A, see point II I. EXAMINATION OF TENTATIVE LISTS 1. The World Heritage Convention provides that each State Party to the Convention shall submit to the World Heritage Committee an inventory of the cultural and natural sites situated within its territory, which it considers suitable for inscription on the World Heritage List, and which it intends to nominate during the following five to ten years. Over the years, the Committee has repeatedly confirmed the importance of these Lists, also known as Tentative Lists, for planning purposes, comparative analyses of nominations and for facilitating the undertaking of global and thematic studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Ch. 4. NEOLITHIC PERIOD in JORDAN 25 4.1
    Borsa di studio finanziata da: Ministero degli Affari Esteri di Italia Thanks all …………. I will be glad to give my theses with all my love to my father and mother, all my brothers for their helps since I came to Italy until I got this degree. I am glad because I am one of Dr. Ursula Thun Hohenstein students. I would like to thanks her to her help and support during my research. I would like to thanks Dr.. Maysoon AlNahar and the Museum of the University of Jordan stuff for their help during my work in Jordan. I would like to thank all of Prof. Perreto Carlo and Prof. Benedetto Sala, Dr. Arzarello Marta and all my professors in the University of Ferrara for their support and help during my Phd Research. During my study in Italy I met a lot of friends and specially my colleges in the University of Ferrara. I would like to thanks all for their help and support during these years. Finally I would like to thanks the Minister of Fournier of Italy, Embassy of Italy in Jordan and the University of Ferrara institute for higher studies (IUSS) to fund my PhD research. CONTENTS Ch. 1. INTRODUCTION 1 Ch. 2. AIMS OF THE RESEARCH 3 Ch. 3. NEOLITHIC PERIOD IN NEAR EAST 5 3.1. Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) in Near east 5 3.2. Pre-pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) in Near east 10 3.2.A. Early PPNB 10 3.2.B. Middle PPNB 13 3.2.C. Late PPNB 15 3.3.
    [Show full text]
  • British Neolithic Axehead Distributions and Their Implications
    Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-019-09438-6 British Neolithic Axehead Distributions and Their Implications Peter Schauer 1 & Andrew Bevan1 & Stephen Shennan1 & Kevan Edinborough2 & Tim Kerig 3 & Mike Parker Pearson1 # The Author(s) 2019, corrected publication 2020 Abstract Neolithic stone axeheads from Britain provide an unusually rich, well-provenanced set of evidence with which to consider patterns of prehistoric production and exchange. It is no surprise then that these objects have often been subject to spatial analysis in terms of the relationship between particular stone source areas and the distribution of axeheads made from those stones. At stake in such analysis are important interpretative issues to do with how we view the role of material value, supply, exchange, and demand in prehistoric societies. This paper returns to some of these well-established debates in the light of accumulating British Neolithic evidence and via the greater analytical power and flexibility afforded by recent computational methods. Our anal- yses make a case that spatial distributions of prehistoric axeheads cannot be explained merely as the result of uneven resource availability in the landscape, but instead reflect the active favouring of particular sources over known alternatives. Above and beyond these patterns, we also demonstrate that more populated parts of Early Neolithic Britain were an increased pull factor affecting the longer-range distribution of these objects. Keywords Neolithic . Britain . Radiocarbon . Stone axeheads . Spatial analysis . Cluster analysis Introduction Prehistoric edge-ground stone tools are a key form of human material culture, found across a vast range of cultural settings and interpreted with more or less regard to their potential roles as socially charged emblems, proto-currencies, and/or functional tools.
    [Show full text]
  • Intensified Middle Period Ground Stone Production on San Miguel Island
    UC Merced Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology Title Intensified Middle Period Ground Stone Production on San Miguel Island Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9dh8m068 Journal Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology, 22(2) ISSN 0191-3557 Author Conlee, Christina A Publication Date 2000-07-01 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California 374 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY Elston, Robert G., Jonathan O. Davis, Alan Levan- Neuenschwander, Neal thal, and Cameron Covington 1994 Archaeological Excavation at CA-Plu-88, 1977 The Archaeology of the Tahoe Reach of the Lakes Basin Campground, Plumas County, Tmckee River. Report on file at the California. Report on file at Peak and As­ Nevada Archaeological Survey, University sociates, Sacramento, Califomia. of Nevada, Reno. Noble, Daryl Flenniken, J. Jeffrey, and Philip J. Wilke 1983 A Technological Analysis of Chipped Stone 1989 Typology, Technology, and Chronology of From CA-Pla-272, Placer County, Califor­ Great Basin Dart Points. American An- nia. Master's thesis, Califomia State Uni­ du-opologist 91 (1): 149-173. versity, Sacramento. Foster, Daniel G., John Belts, and Lmda Sandelin Ritter, Eric W. 1999 The Association of Style 7 Rock Art and 1970 The Archaeology of 4-Pla-101, die Spring the Martis Complex in the Northern Sierra Garden Ravine Site. In: Archaeological In­ Nevada of California. Report on file at the vestigations in the Aubum Reservoir Area, California Department of Forestry and Fire Phase II-III, Eric W. Ritter, ed., pp. 270- Protection, Sacramento. 538. Report on file at the National Park Heizer, Robert F., and Albert B.
    [Show full text]
  • Neolithic Society in Northern Greece: the Evidence of Ground Stone Artefacts
    Neolithic society in Northern Greece: the evidence of ground stone artefacts Volume I Christina Tsoraki Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield October 2008 to (j3en ABSTRACT Analysis of ground stone technology from the Neolithic of Greece rarely goes beyond incomplete descriptive accounts to focus on the activities performed with these tools and the contexts of their use. Ground stone products are seen as mundane static objects devoid of meaning and lacking significance. The aim of this thesis is to move away from incomplete accounts of ground stone technology and static typologies. Drawing upon the concepts of the chaine operatoire and 'object biographies' this thesis investigates ground stone technology as a social practice focusing on the life-cycle of artefacts from raw material selection to final deposition. The underlying premise is that a contextual approach can contribute to understanding the ways in which the production, consumption and discard of ground stone artefacts were structured within different forms and scales of social practice and the manner in which these differences articulated different meanings and social understandings. The aims of the thesis were materialised through the study of the rich ground stone assemblage from the LN settlement of Makriyalos, Greece. The analysis of the chaine operatoire of the Makriyalos ground stone assemblage revealed diverse technological choices expressed throughout the cycle of production and use. Established traditions existed according to which specific materials were considered to be appropriate for the production of different objects. Furthermore, detailed analysis suggests that the resulting objects were far from mundane artefacts but were instead active media for expressing choices informed by cultural understandings of appropriateness.
    [Show full text]
  • Changing Patterns of Discard and Re-Use of Ground Stone Tools in Middle Bronze Age Cyprus
    sustainability Article How Rocks Die: Changing Patterns of Discard and Re-Use of Ground Stone Tools in Middle Bronze Age Cyprus Andrew McCarthy School of History Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, William Robertson Wing Old Medical School, 4 Teviot Pl, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK; [email protected] Received: 31 August 2020; Accepted: 10 October 2020; Published: 26 October 2020 Abstract: Cultural objects are thought to have a lifespan. From selection, through construction, use, destruction, and discard, materials do not normally last forever, transforming through stages of life, eventually leading to their death. The materiality of stone objects, however, can defy the inevitable demise of an object, especially durable ground stone tools that can outlive generations of human lifespans. How groups of people deal with the relative permanence of stone tools depends on their own relationship with the past, and whether they venerate it or reject its influence on the present. A case study from the long-lived site of Prasteio-Mesorotsos in Cyprus demonstrates a shifting attitude toward ground stone objects, from the socially conservative habit of ritually killing of objects and burying them, to one of more casual re-use and reinterpretation of ground stone. This shift in attitude coincides with a socio-political change that eventually led to the ultimate rejection of the past: complete abandonment of the settlement. Keywords: Cyprus; prehistory; ground stone; materiality; social conservatism 1. Introduction We have learned from Leroi-Gourhan [1], Lemmonier [2], and others [3] that objects have lifespans, but what about objects whose material qualities make them immortal? While stone tools certainly undergo transformations in the stages of chaîne opératoire, they are extremely durable.
    [Show full text]
  • Ground Stone, Continuity, and Change at Çatalhöyük
    Jacob Brady Ground Stone, Continuity, and Change at Çatalhöyük Jacob Brady The Early Chalcolithic in Central Anatolia (6100-3000 B.C.E.) is a period characterized by both significant changes in the way people lived and a continuation of traditional practices. The site of Çatalhöyük West offers a unique opportunity to study the complexities of the Early Chalcolithic. Lying only 300 meters from the Late Neolithic site of Çatalhöyük East, the West Mound shows both continuity and change with its neighbor. The analysis of ground stone artifacts is potentially less affected by chronological gaps resulting from erosion of the mounds since ground stone is considered a relatively conservative class of artifacts in terms of rate of change. My research focuses on the ground stone artifacts excavated from Çatalhöyük West and Çatalhöyük East by several teams over many years. This article will use the ground stone evidence to examine the processes of change and continuity between the East and West Mounds of Çatalhöyük, with special emphasis on raw material and typo-morphological traits. 16 Chronika Ground Stone, Continuity, and Change at Çatalhöyük Introduction This article begins by exploring documented changes in the material culture between Çatalhöyük West lies 300m from the better the East Mound and the West Mound of known Late Neolithic East Mound, across Çatalhöyük. This includes changes in both the ancient riverbed of the Çars,amba pottery, obsidian, animal remains, human River and its current channel (Fig. 1). The remains, and architecture. I then focus Neolithic East Mound was located on the on the ground stone assemblage from the alluvial fan of the Çars,amba River, an area West Mound in order to incorporate this with a wetland environment at the time previously unstudied material into the of occupation.1 The West Mound covers larger picture of change and continuity approximately eight hectares and was first at Çatalhöyük.
    [Show full text]
  • Geographic Names
    GEOGRAPHIC NAMES CORRECT ORTHOGRAPHY OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES ? REVISED TO JANUARY, 1911 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1911 PREPARED FOR USE IN THE GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE BY THE UNITED STATES GEOGRAPHIC BOARD WASHINGTON, D. C, JANUARY, 1911 ) CORRECT ORTHOGRAPHY OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES. The following list of geographic names includes all decisions on spelling rendered by the United States Geographic Board to and including December 7, 1910. Adopted forms are shown by bold-face type, rejected forms by italic, and revisions of previous decisions by an asterisk (*). Aalplaus ; see Alplaus. Acoma; township, McLeod County, Minn. Abagadasset; point, Kennebec River, Saga- (Not Aconia.) dahoc County, Me. (Not Abagadusset. AQores ; see Azores. Abatan; river, southwest part of Bohol, Acquasco; see Aquaseo. discharging into Maribojoc Bay. (Not Acquia; see Aquia. Abalan nor Abalon.) Acworth; railroad station and town, Cobb Aberjona; river, IVIiddlesex County, Mass. County, Ga. (Not Ackworth.) (Not Abbajona.) Adam; island, Chesapeake Bay, Dorchester Abino; point, in Canada, near east end of County, Md. (Not Adam's nor Adams.) Lake Erie. (Not Abineau nor Albino.) Adams; creek, Chatham County, Ga. (Not Aboite; railroad station, Allen County, Adams's.) Ind. (Not Aboit.) Adams; township. Warren County, Ind. AJjoo-shehr ; see Bushire. (Not J. Q. Adams.) Abookeer; AhouJcir; see Abukir. Adam's Creek; see Cunningham. Ahou Hamad; see Abu Hamed. Adams Fall; ledge in New Haven Harbor, Fall.) Abram ; creek in Grant and Mineral Coun- Conn. (Not Adam's ties, W. Va. (Not Abraham.) Adel; see Somali. Abram; see Shimmo. Adelina; town, Calvert County, Md. (Not Abruad ; see Riad. Adalina.) Absaroka; range of mountains in and near Aderhold; ferry over Chattahoochee River, Yellowstone National Park.
    [Show full text]
  • Ground Stone Technology and Household Activities at the Harris Site, Southwestern New Mexico
    UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones 8-1-2014 Ground Stone Technology and Household Activities at the Harris Site, Southwestern New Mexico Lauren W. Falvey University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Repository Citation Falvey, Lauren W., "Ground Stone Technology and Household Activities at the Harris Site, Southwestern New Mexico" (2014). UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones. 2178. http://dx.doi.org/10.34917/6456408 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GROUND STONE TECHNOLOGY AND HOUSEHOLD ACTIVITIES AT THE HARRIS SITE, SOUTHWESTERN NEW MEXICO By Lauren W. Falvey Bachelor of Arts in Anthropology University of Nevada, Las Vegas 2008 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts – Anthropology Department of Anthropology College of Liberal Arts The Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas August 2014 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Copyright by Lauren W.
    [Show full text]
  • Sarawak—A Neglected Birding Destination in Malaysia RONALD ORENSTEIN, ANTHONY WONG, NAZERI ABGHANI, DAVID BAKEWELL, JAMES EATON, YEO SIEW TECK & YONG DING LI
    30 BirdingASIA 13 (2010): 30–41 LITTLE-KNOWN AREA Sarawak—a neglected birding destination in Malaysia RONALD ORENSTEIN, ANTHONY WONG, NAZERI ABGHANI, DAVID BAKEWELL, JAMES EATON, YEO SIEW TECK & YONG DING LI Introduction It is our hope that this article will be a catalyst One of the ironies of birding in Asia is that despite for change. Alhough much of Sarawak has been the fact that Malaysia is one of the most popular logged and developed, the state still contains destinations for birdwatchers visiting the region, extensive tracts of rainforest habitat; it is still one very few visit the largest state in the country. of the least developed states in Malaysia once away Peninsular Malaysia, and the state of Sabah in east from the four main coastal cities. Given its extensive Malaysia, are well-known and are visited several coastline, Sarawak contains excellent wintering times a year by international bird tour operators grounds for waders and other waterbirds. BirdLife as well as by many independent birdwatchers. But International has designated 22 Important Bird Areas Malaysia’s largest state, Sarawak, which sits (IBAs) in Sarawak, the highest number for any state between the two and occupies one fifth of eastern in Malaysia and more than in all the states of west Borneo, is unfortunately often overlooked by Malaysia combined (18), whilst Sabah has 15 IBAs birdwatchers. The lack of attention given to (Yeap et al. 2007). Sarawak is not only a loss for birders, but also to the state, as the revenue that overseas birdwatchers Why do birders neglect Sarawak? bring in can be a powerful stimulus for protecting That Sarawak is neglected is clear from an examination forests, wetlands and other important bird habitats.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Origin Sites and the World Heritage Convention in Eurasia
    World Heritage papers41 HEADWORLD HERITAGES 4 Human Origin Sites and the World Heritage Convention in Eurasia VOLUME I In support of UNESCO’s 70th Anniversary Celebrations United Nations [ Cultural Organization Human Origin Sites and the World Heritage Convention in Eurasia Nuria Sanz, Editor General Coordinator of HEADS Programme on Human Evolution HEADS 4 VOLUME I Published in 2015 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France and the UNESCO Office in Mexico, Presidente Masaryk 526, Polanco, Miguel Hidalgo, 11550 Ciudad de Mexico, D.F., Mexico. © UNESCO 2015 ISBN 978-92-3-100107-9 This publication is available in Open Access under the Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/). By using the content of this publication, the users accept to be bound by the terms of use of the UNESCO Open Access Repository (http://www.unesco.org/open-access/terms-use-ccbysa-en). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. Cover Photos: Top: Hohle Fels excavation. © Harry Vetter bottom (from left to right): Petroglyphs from Sikachi-Alyan rock art site.
    [Show full text]
  • A Geoarchaeological Analysis of Ground Stone Tools and Architectural Materials from Mitrou, East Lokris, Greece
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 5-2016 A Geoarchaeological Analysis of Ground Stone Tools and Architectural Materials from Mitrou, East Lokris, Greece Lee Bailey Anderson University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Anderson, Lee Bailey, "A Geoarchaeological Analysis of Ground Stone Tools and Architectural Materials from Mitrou, East Lokris, Greece. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2016. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/3751 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Lee Bailey Anderson entitled "A Geoarchaeological Analysis of Ground Stone Tools and Architectural Materials from Mitrou, East Lokris, Greece." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Anthropology. Aleydis Van de Moortel, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Ted C. Labotka, Boyce N. Driskell Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) A Geoarchaeological Analysis of Ground Stone Tools and Architectural Materials from Mitrou, East Lokris, Greece A Thesis Presented for the Master of Arts Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Lee Bailey Anderson May 2016 ii Acknowledgements As the reader will undoubtedly realize, this paper would not have been possible without the help of many people.
    [Show full text]