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University of Oklahoma UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE WISTER AREA FOURCHE MALINE: A CONTESTED LANDSCAPE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By SIMONE BACHMAI ROWE Norman, OKlahoma 2014 WISTER AREA FOURCHE MALINE: A CONTESTED LANDSCAPE A DISSERTATION APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY BY ______________________________ Dr. Lesley RanKin-Hill, Co-Chair ______________________________ Dr. Don Wyckoff, Co-Chair ______________________________ Dr. Diane Warren ______________________________ Dr. Patrick Livingood ______________________________ Dr. Barbara SafiejKo-Mroczka © Copyright by SIMONE BACHMAI ROWE 2014 All Rights Reserved. This work is dedicated to those who came before, including my mother Nguyen Thi Lac, and my Granny (Mildred Rowe Cotter) and Bob (Robert Cotter). Acknowledgements I have loved being a graduate student. It’s not an exaggeration to say that these have been the happiest years of my life, and I am incredibly grateful to everyone who has been with me on this journey. Most importantly, I would like to thank the Caddo Nation and the Wichita and Affiliated Tribes for allowing me to work with the burials from the Akers site. A great big thank you to my committee members, Drs. Lesley Rankin-Hill, Don Wyckoff, Barbara Safjieko-Mrozcka, Patrick Livingood, and Diane Warren, who have all been incredibly supportive, helpful, and kind. Thank you also to the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, where most of this work was carried out. I am grateful to many of the professionals there, including Curator of Archaeology Dr. Marc Levine and Collections Manager Susie Armstrong-Fishman, as well as Curator Emeritus Don Wyckoff, and former Collection Managers Liz Leith and Dr. Elsbeth Dowd. Many of the photographs reproduced in this work are from museum archives are used courtesy of SNOMNH. More thank yous to the Department of Anthropology, especially Wanda Downs, Keli Mitchell, and Drs. Susan Vehik and Asa Randall. Thank you also to Drs. Scott Hammerstedt, Amanda Regnier, and everyone at the Archaeological Survey. Finally, my friends and peers Lauren Cleeland, Rachel Fauchier Tooman, and Matt Galloway were always there for a laugh, a cry, or a drink. And most of all, thank you to my husband Eric, who made this possible. iv Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. iv Table of Contents ................................................................................................................... v List of Tables ....................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... x Abstract .................................................................................................................................. xii Chapter 1: A Contested Landscape .................................................................................. 1 Oklahoma Archaeology ................................................................................................................ 2 NAGPRA ............................................................................................................................................. 5 The Current Study ......................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 2: Exploring Conflict and Nutrition in Archaeological Context ........... 9 Conflict in the Archaeological Record ..................................................................................... 9 Dye – social complexity and conflict ................................................................................................. 10 Skeletal Trauma ........................................................................................................................... 12 BroKen and Fractured Bone ................................................................................................................. 14 Embedded Projectile Points and Pincushioning .......................................................................... 20 Trophy Taking Behavior ........................................................................................................................ 21 Mass or Group Burials ............................................................................................................................. 23 Nutritional Status in the Archaeological Record ............................................................... 24 Prehistoric Health and the Advent of Agriculture ...................................................................... 25 Chapter 3: The Wister Area and the Fourche Maline Mounds ............................ 40 Fourche Maline – History of a Concept ................................................................................. 40 v 1930s and 1940s and the WPA Excavations ................................................................................. 40 Culture History ........................................................................................................................................... 44 Processualism and Ecological Adaptations ................................................................................... 46 Beyond Processualism ............................................................................................................................ 48 The Study Area .............................................................................................................................. 49 Geologic History ........................................................................................................................................ 53 The Ouachita Ecoregion ......................................................................................................................... 54 Soils and Minerals ..................................................................................................................................... 57 Inhabitation ................................................................................................................................... 58 Wister phase (1500 BCE – 300 CE) ................................................................................................... 59 Fourche Maline phase (300 – 800/900 CE) .................................................................................. 60 Harlan phase (900 – 1200 CE) ............................................................................................................ 61 Spiro phase (1200 – 1400 CE) ............................................................................................................. 62 Ft. Coffee phase (1400 – 1550) ........................................................................................................... 63 The Fourche Maline Mounds .................................................................................................... 64 Wister area Fourche Maline Sites not in the study ..................................................................... 84 Previous bioarchaeology in the Wister area ................................................................................. 85 Chapter 4: Skeletal Trauma and Nutritional Status ................................................ 88 from the Akers Site (34Lf32) .......................................................................................... 88 Methods and Materials .............................................................................................................. 88 Prevalence rates ........................................................................................................................................ 89 The AKers burial population ................................................................................................................ 89 The Current Study Subsample ............................................................................................................. 91 Age and Sex of the Study Population ................................................................................................ 92 vi Skeletal Trauma at the Akers Site .......................................................................................... 93 Results ............................................................................................................................................................ 94 Summary and Discussion of Skeletal Trauma ............................................................................ 110 Nutritional Status at Akers .................................................................................................... 116 Results .......................................................................................................................................................... 118 Summary and Discussion of Nutritional Status at AKers ....................................................... 119 Akers Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 121 Chapter 5: Conflict in the Wister Area ..................................................................... 122 Methods and Materials ..........................................................................................................
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