DOCSLIB.ORG

Test Excavations at Prehistoric Site 41SM203, Smith County, Texas

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Test Excavations at Prehistoric Site 41SM203, Smith County, Texas Volume 1997 Article 23 1997 Test Excavations at Prehistoric Site 41SM203, Smith County, Texas Glenn T. Goode Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita Part of the American Material Culture Commons, Archaeological Anthropology Commons, Environmental Studies Commons, Other American Studies Commons, Other Arts and Humanities Commons, Other History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons, and the United States History Commons Tell us how this article helped you. Cite this Record Goode, Glenn T. (1997) "Test Excavations at Prehistoric Site 41SM203, Smith County, Texas," Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State: Vol. 1997, Article 23. https://doi.org/10.21112/ita.1997.1.23 ISSN: 2475-9333 Available at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita/vol1997/iss1/23 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Regional Heritage Research at SFA ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State by an authorized editor of SFA ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Test Excavations at Prehistoric Site 41SM203, Smith County, Texas Licensing Statement This is a work produced for the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) by the report producer. TxDOT and the report producer jointly own all rights, title, and interest in and to all intellectual property developed under TxDOT’s contract with the report producer. The report may be cited and brief passages from this publication may be reproduced without permission provided that credit is given to both TxDOT and the report producer. Permission to reprint an entire chapter, section, figures or tables must be obtained in advance from either the Supervisor of the Archeological Studies Branch, Environmental Affairs Division, Texas Department of Transportation, 125 East 11th Street, Austin, Texas, 78701 or from the report producer. This article is available in Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita/vol1997/iss1/23 Test Excavations at Prehistoric Site 41SM203, SMITH COUNTY, TEXAS BY Glenn T. Goode December 1997 Archeology Studies Program Cultural Resource Management Section Environmental Affairs Division Texas Department of Transportation Management Summary ......................................................................................................................................................... ix Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Site Description and Environmental Background ................................................................................................................. 3 Site Description ................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Physiography and Geology ............................................................................................................................................ 3 Climate, Paleoenvironment and Biota ............................................................................................................................ 3 Archeological Background .................................................................................................................................................... 7 Cultural Chronology .......................................................................................................................................................... 7 Previous Work ................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Excavation Procedures, Soils and Anomalies ....................................................................................................................... 9 Excavation Procedures ................................................................................................................................................. 9 Soils ................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Anomalies ...................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Artifact Assemblage .......................................................................................................................................................... 13 Horizontal and Vertical Distribution of Artifacts ........................................................................................................... 13 Lithic Debitage ........................................................................................................................................................... 13 Stone Tools and Ceramics ....................................................................................................................................... 13 Debitage Analysis ............................................................................................................................................................ 13 Material Types ......................................................................................................................................................... 13 Method of Manufacture/Platform and Specimen Completeness ............................................................................... 16 DC 1- 2 (Hard Hammer Method): ............................................................................................................................... 16 DC 3-4 (Soft-Hammer Method) ................................................................................................................................. 16 DC 5-6 (Unknown Method)........................................................................................................................................ 19 DC 7 (Flake Fragments): ............................................................................................................................................ 20 DC 8 (Shatter): .......................................................................................................................................................... 20 Flake Size .................................................................................................................................................................... 20 Cortex.......................................................................................................................................................................... 20 Regional Pattern ........................................................................................................................................................... 20 Other Knapping Methods .............................................................................................................................................. 21 Pressure Flaking ............................................................................................................................................................ 21 Indirect Percussion ........................................................................................................................................................ 21 Hammer/Anvil .............................................................................................................................................................. 21 Stone Tools, Ceramics, Organic Materials and Ferriginous Sandstone........................................................................ 21 Bifacial Artifacts ........................................................................................................................................................... 21 Modified Flake Tools ................................................................................................................................................... 21 Ceramics........................................................................................................................................................................ 22 Ground Stone Artifacts ................................................................................................................................................. 22 Organic Material and Ferruginous Sandstone Fragments ............................................................................................ 22 Aboriginal Activities at Site 41SM203 ............................................................................................................................... 23 Summary and Recommendations ........................................................................................................................................ 25 References Cited ................................................................................................................................................................. 27 Figure 1. USGS topographic map of Site 41 SM203 and vicinity........................................................................................ 2 Figure 2. Site location along proposed S.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Further Investigations Into the King George
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2010 Further investigations into the King George Island Mounds site (16LV22) Harry Gene Brignac Jr Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Brignac Jr, Harry Gene, "Further investigations into the King George Island Mounds site (16LV22)" (2010). LSU Master's Theses. 2720. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/2720 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE KING GEORGE ISLAND MOUNDS SITE (16LV22) A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in The Department of Geography and Anthropology By Harry Gene Brignac Jr. B.A. Louisiana State University, 2003 May, 2010 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I would like to give thanks to God for surrounding me with the people in my life who have guided and supported me in this and all of my endeavors. I have to express my greatest appreciation to Dr. Rebecca Saunders for her professional guidance during this entire process, and for her inspiration and constant motivation for me to become the best archaeologist I can be.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Oklahoma
    UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE ALTERNATE PATHWAYS TO RITUAL POWER: EVIDENCE FOR CENTRALIZED PRODUCTION AND LONG-DISTANCE EXCHANGE BETWEEN NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN CADDO COMMUNITIES A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By SHAWN PATRICK LAMBERT Norman, Oklahoma 2017 ALTERNATE PATHWAYS TO RITUAL POWER: EVIDENCE FOR CENTRALIZED PRODUCTION AND LONG-DISTANCE EXCHANGE BETWEEN NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN CADDO COMMUNITIES A DISSERTATION APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY BY ______________________________ Dr. Patrick Livingood, Chair ______________________________ Dr. Asa Randall ______________________________ Dr. Amanda Regnier ______________________________ Dr. Scott Hammerstedt ______________________________ Dr. Diane Warren ______________________________ Dr. Bonnie Pitblado ______________________________ Dr. Michael Winston © Copyright by SHAWN PATRICK LAMBERT 2017 All Rights Reserved. Dedication I dedicate my dissertation to my loving grandfather, Calvin McInnish and wonderful twin sister, Kimberly Dawn Thackston. I miss and love you. Acknowledgements First and foremost, I want to give my sincerest gratitude to Patrick Livingood, my committee chair, who has guided me through seven years of my masters and doctoral work. I could not wish for a better committee chair. I also want to thank Amanda Regnier and Scott Hammerstedt for the tremendous amount of work they put into making me the best possible archaeologist. I would also like to thank Asa Randall. His level of theoretical insight is on another dimensional plane and his Advanced Archaeological Theory class is one of the best I ever took at the University of Oklahoma. I express appreciation to Bonnie Pitblado, not only for being on my committee but emphasizing the importance of stewardship in archaeology.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Oklahoma
    UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE WISTER AREA FOURCHE MALINE: A CONTESTED LANDSCAPE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By SIMONE BACHMAI ROWE Norman, OKlahoma 2014 WISTER AREA FOURCHE MALINE: A CONTESTED LANDSCAPE A DISSERTATION APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY BY ______________________________ Dr. Lesley RanKin-Hill, Co-Chair ______________________________ Dr. Don Wyckoff, Co-Chair ______________________________ Dr. Diane Warren ______________________________ Dr. Patrick Livingood ______________________________ Dr. Barbara SafiejKo-Mroczka © Copyright by SIMONE BACHMAI ROWE 2014 All Rights Reserved. This work is dedicated to those who came before, including my mother Nguyen Thi Lac, and my Granny (Mildred Rowe Cotter) and Bob (Robert Cotter). Acknowledgements I have loved being a graduate student. It’s not an exaggeration to say that these have been the happiest years of my life, and I am incredibly grateful to everyone who has been with me on this journey. Most importantly, I would like to thank the Caddo Nation and the Wichita and Affiliated Tribes for allowing me to work with the burials from the Akers site. A great big thank you to my committee members, Drs. Lesley Rankin-Hill, Don Wyckoff, Barbara Safjieko-Mrozcka, Patrick Livingood, and Diane Warren, who have all been incredibly supportive, helpful, and kind. Thank you also to the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, where most of this work was carried out. I am grateful to many of the professionals there, including Curator of Archaeology Dr. Marc Levine and Collections Manager Susie Armstrong-Fishman, as well as Curator Emeritus Don Wyckoff, and former Collection Managers Liz Leith and Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Indian History in the Lake Ouachita Region
    Indian History in the Lake Ouachita Region Mary Beth Trubitt, Ph.D. (Arkansas Archeological Survey) ake Ouachita was created with the construction of Blakely Mountain Dam by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in 1953. The lake, designed for flood control, hydroelectric power, recreation, and wildlife man- agement,L covers about 40,000 acres in Garland and Montgomery counties. Before the lake, rural communities such as Buckville, Avant, and Cedar Glades developed in the Ouachita River valley between the 1880s and 1950. There are traces of still older communities beneath the waters of Lake Ouachita, places where Indians lived dur- ing the past 13,500 years. We can learn about this Indian history from oral traditions, from written accounts left by explorers, and from archeology. Field profile of Adair mound, showing burned floors and building posts (University of Arkansas Museum). Caddo Indians in the Ouachita Mountains a creek in eastern Oklahoma). These people were probably In the late 1600s and early 1700s, Spanish missionar- ancestral to the Caddo Indians that lived in the Ouachita ies and French traders met Caddo Indians living in the Red Mountains in later centuries. As seen from the Poole site, River valley in what is now Arkansas, Texas, Oklahoma, excavated by WPA crews prior to the construction of Lake and Louisiana. When settlers reached the Ouachita River Ouachita, Fourche Maline communities made and used in the early 1800s, there were no Indians living in the valley. pottery, and chipped dart points and other tools from lo- Caddos were farmers. According to oral tradition, the cally available stone.
    [Show full text]
  • An Account of the Birth and Growth of Caddo Archeology, As Seen by Review of 50 Caddo Conferences, 1946-2008
    Volume 2009 Article 20 2009 An Account of the Birth and Growth of Caddo Archeology, as Seen by Review of 50 Caddo Conferences, 1946-2008 Hester A. Davis Unknown E. Mott Davis Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita Part of the American Material Culture Commons, Archaeological Anthropology Commons, Environmental Studies Commons, Other American Studies Commons, Other Arts and Humanities Commons, Other History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons, and the United States History Commons Tell us how this article helped you. Cite this Record Davis, Hester A. and Davis, E. Mott (2009) "An Account of the Birth and Growth of Caddo Archeology, as Seen by Review of 50 Caddo Conferences, 1946-2008," Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State: Vol. 2009, Article 20. https://doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2009.1.20 ISSN: 2475-9333 Available at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita/vol2009/iss1/20 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Regional Heritage Research at SFA ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State by an authorized editor of SFA ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. An Account of the Birth and Growth of Caddo Archeology, as Seen by Review of 50 Caddo Conferences, 1946-2008 Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. This article is available in Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita/vol2009/iss1/20 An Account of the Birth and Growth of Caddo Archeology, as Seen by Review of 50 Caddo Conferences, 1946-2008 Hester A.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of the Burial Mound Tradition in the Caddo Area
    Volume 1997 Article 40 1997 The Development of the Burial Mound Tradition in the Caddo Area Frank F. Schambach Unknown Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita Part of the American Material Culture Commons, Archaeological Anthropology Commons, Environmental Studies Commons, Other American Studies Commons, Other Arts and Humanities Commons, Other History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons, and the United States History Commons Tell us how this article helped you. Cite this Record Schambach, Frank F. (1997) "The Development of the Burial Mound Tradition in the Caddo Area," Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State: Vol. 1997, Article 40. https://doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1997.1.40 ISSN: 2475-9333 Available at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita/vol1997/iss1/40 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Regional Heritage Research at SFA ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State by an authorized editor of SFA ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Development of the Burial Mound Tradition in the Caddo Area Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. This article is available in Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita/vol1997/iss1/40 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology, No. 9 ( 1997) 53 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BURIAL MOUND TR~DITION IN THE CADDO AREA Frank F.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Resource Survey
    Contract Publication Series 12-428 EXHIBIT 17- CULTURAL RESOURCE SURVEY A CULTURAL RESOURCE SURVEY OF THE PROPOSED 700-ACRE DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLAND AIRPARK SITE W-1 IN RAPIDES PARISH, LOUISIANA by Jay W. Gray, RPA, Benjamin J. Bilgri, Jeremy Pye, and Paul D. Bundy, RPA Prepared for England Economic & Industrial Development District Pan American Engineers– Alexandria, Inc. Prepared by Kentucky West Virginia Ohio Wyoming Illinois Indiana Louisiana Tennessee New Mexico Virginia Colorado Contract Publication Series L12P004 EXHIBIT 17-CULTURAL RESOURCE SURVEY A CULTURAL RESOURCE SURVEY OF THE PROPOSED 700 ACRE DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLAND AIRPARK SITE W-1 IN RAPIDES PARISH, LOUISIANA By Jay W. Gray, RPA, Benjamin J. Bilgri, Jeremy Pye, and Paul D. Bundy, RPA Prepared for England Economic & Industrial Development District 1611 Arnold Drive Alexandria, Louisiana 71303 and Thomas C. David, Jr. Pan American Engineers–Alexandria, Inc. 1717 Jackson Street P.O. Box 89 Alexandria, Louisiana 71309-0089 Phone: (318) 473-2100 Prepared by Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc. 7330 Fern Avenue Shreveport, Louisiana 71105 Phone: (318) 213-1385 Fax: (318) 213-0289 Email: [email protected] CRA Project No.: L12P004 _________________________ Jay W. Gray Principal Investigator February 5, 2013 Lead Agency: Louisiana Economic Development ABSTRACT Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc., personnel completed a records review and cultural resource survey for a 283.4 ha (700.0 acres) development in Rapides Parish, Louisiana. This study was conducted to meet the requirements of an Industrial Site Certification from Louisiana Economic Development, which requires an archaeological assessment as part of the review process for the certification. The records review for the project was conducted on November 27, 2012.
    [Show full text]
  • Atkins North America, Inc
    Atkins North America, Inc. 6504 Bridge Point Parkway, Suite 200 ATKINS Austin, Texas 78730 Telephone: +1.512.327.6840 Fax: +1.512.327.2453 www.atkinsglobal.com/northamerica Document No. 110073 PBS&J Job No. 100018259 A CULTURAL RESOURCES SURVEY REPORT FOR INVESTIGATIONS AT A CROSSING STRUCTURE ON THE RED RIVER FOR THE NORTHWEST TEXARKANA 345-KV TRANSMISSION LINE BOWIE COUNTY, TEXAS Prepared for: American Electric Power 212 East Sixth Street Tulsa, Oklahoma 74119-1295 Prepared by: Atkins 6504 Bridge Point Parkway Suite 200 Austin, Texas 78730 Principal Investigator: Report Authors: Nesta Anderson Michael Chavez Julie Shipp Amy McWhorter April 2011 Contents Page List of Figures......................................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables............................................................v Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. v 1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................1 II. ENVIRONM ENTAL SETTING .................------....................................................................................... 3 CLI MATE.................................................. ...................................................................... 3 PALEOCLI MATE.............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Caddo Bibliography 2010, 3Rd Edition
    Caddo Bibliography, 3rd Edition Timothy K. Perttula, Ann M. Early, Lois E. Albert, and Jeffrey Girard with contributions by Robert L. Brooks, Duncan McKinnon, Robert Z. Selden, Jr., Mary Beth Trubitt, and Mark Walters March 2011 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction, by Timothy K. Perttula 3 I, Caddo Archaeology and Bioarchaeology 5 II, Caddo Ethnohistory and Ethnography 242 III, Caddo History 256 2 INTRODUCTION This is the third edition of the Caddo Bibliography; the earlier two editions were published by the Arkansas Archeological Survey (Perttula et al. 1999, 2006). We hope that the bibliography will be a useful reference work for people conducting research on, and/or are interested in, Caddo native history and culture. This version of the bibliography, intended for posting on the Caddo Nation Website Portal now under development, as well as the Caddo Conference Organization website (www.caddoconference.org), contains over 4200 references whose subject matter in some manner is about the Caddo Indian peoples, an aboriginal people that lived in southwest Arkansas, northwest Louisiana, eastern Oklahoma, and eastern Texas from as early as the Woodland period (ca. 500 B.C. to A.D. 800) to the present-day. References concerning older cultures that inhabited the area—Archaic and Paleoindian cultures—are not included in the bibliography. Their traditional homelands, centering on the Red River in the Great Bend area, covered approximately 200,000 km2. The bibliography is organized into three sections: (1) Caddo Archeology & Bioarcheology; (2) Caddo Ethnohistory & Ethnography; and (3) Caddo History. Any works that inhabit the intersection between these categories will be found in one section only, so users of this bibliography should look through as many sections as needed for useful references.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report for 2020
    Arkansas Archeological Survey Annual Report 2019–2020 Arkansas Archeological Survey Annual Report for 2019–2020 A Division of the University of Arkansas System Arkansas Archeological Survey Annual Report for fiscal year 2019–2020 A Division of the University of Arkansas System Arkansas Archeological Survey Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................1 Highlights for the Year ...............................................................................................................2 Reports of the Survey Research Stations University of Arkansas Fayetteville ...................................................................................... 18 University of Arkansas at Fort Smith ................................................................................... 24 University of Arkansas at Monticello .................................................................................. 28 University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff ..................................................................................... 32 Winthrop Rockefeller Institute ............................................................................................. 38 Arkansas State University....................................................................................................... 44 Henderson State University................................................................................................... 52 Southern Arkansas University..............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Caddo Archeology Journal, Volume
    Caddo Archeology Journal Volume 20 2010 Caddo Archeology Journal • 1 Caddo Journal Oklahoma Editorial Board Arkansas Robert L. Brooks George Sabo Oklahoma Archeological Survey Arkansas Archeological Survey [email protected] of Oklahoma [email protected] of Arkansas Norman, Oklahoma Fayetteville, Arkansas Donald G. Wyckoff Mary Beth Trubitt Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum Arkansas Archeological Survey of Natural History [email protected] State University [email protected] of Oklahoma Arkadelphia, Arkansas Norman, Oklahoma Texas Louisiana Tom Middlebrook Jeff Girard Texas Archeological Louisiana Regional Archaeology Program [email protected] Network [email protected] State University Nacogdoches, Texas Natchitoches, Louisiana Tim Perttula Pete Gregory Archeological & Environmental The Williamson Museum [email protected], LLC [email protected] State University Austin, Texas Natchitoches, Louisiana Dayna Lee [email protected] Search, Inc. New Orleans, Louisiana George Avery, editor Department of Social and Cultural Analysis P.O. Box 13047, SFA Station [email protected] F. Austin State University Nacogdoches, Texas 75962-3047 Printed in the United States of America at Hudson Printing in Longview, Texas 2010 2 • Volume 20, 2010 Table of Contents Articles Jim Tiller A Case for Dehahuit’s Village, Part I 1 1 Robert L. Brooks Analyzing the Arkansas River Caddoan Cultural Landscape 3 Further InvestigationsTimothy K. Perttula, of a Prehistoric Mark Walters, Caddo and Habitation Bo Nelson Site in the White Oak Creek Basin of Northeastwith Texas: a contribution The James by Owens LeeAnna Site Schniebs (41TT769) 53 RedwineMark or Pie-Crust Walters, Mode with contributionsForms in East by Texas Tom Caddo Middlebrook Ceramics and and Timothy Comparisons K. Perttula with Sprocket-Rims of Southwest Arkansas 77 Mary Beth Trubitt Two Shell Gorgets from Southwest Arkansas 129 Jesse Todd Two Catlinite Pipe Fragments from the Womack Site, Lamar County Texas 139 Jesse Todd and Robert L.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Oklahoma Graduate College An
    UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE EARSPOOLS OF THE ARKANSAS RIVER VALLEY AND SURROUNDING REGIONS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS By DENISE RENÉE ERICKSON Norman, Oklahoma 2018 AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE EARSPOOLS OF THE ARKANSAS RIVER VALLEY AND SURROUNDING REGIONS A THESIS APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY BY ______________________________ Dr. Patrick Livingood, Chair ______________________________ Dr. Scott Hammerstedt ______________________________ Dr. Marc Levine © Copyright by DENISE RENÉE ERICKSON 2018 All Rights Reserved. Acknowledgements The completion of this thesis and my master’s degree fulfills a personal goal many years in the making, and could not have been achieved without the support of multiple individuals. I would first like to that my graduate committee chair Patrick Livingood, and committee Scott Hammerstedt, and Marc Levine, for their encouragement, support, and continual patience in guiding me during my research. I would like to extend my gratitude to the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma and Wichita and Affiliated Tribes for granting me permission to examine the collections. I would also like to thank Susie Fisher-Armstrong of the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, Laura Bryant of the Gilcrease Museum, Mary Suter of the Arkansas Archeological Survey, and Matt Reed from the Oklahoma Historical Society who provided assistance in accessing the collections at their institutions. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude toward friends and family who supported me throughout my studies and research, and whose constant encouragement allowed me to reach this goal.
    [Show full text]