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BIOLOGY
Classification & Phylogeny April 2013 www.njctl.org
Slide 3 / 92 Vocabulary Click on each word below to go to the definition. acoelomate family phylum angiosperm genus psuedocoelomate bilateral symmetry gymnosperm radial symmetry binomial nomenclature heterotroph species epithet cladistic analysis invertebrate taxa cladogram kingdom vertebrate class monocot xylem coelomate order cotyledon phloem dicot phototroph domain phylogenetic tree endothermic phylogeny
Slide 4 / 92 Classification & Phylogeny Topics
· Classification & Naming Click on the topic to go to that section · Phylogeny & Cladistics · Domains & Kingdoms · Kingdom Plantae · Kingdom Animalia
Slide 5 / 92 Classification & Naming
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Slide 6 / 92 Classification Classification is a method of organizing species into groups called taxa. There are 8 taxa in the modern system of classification.
This modern system began with the work of Carolus Linnaeus in 1735. Linnaeus based his classification of species solely on shared characteristics. Scientists have refined this system using molecular homologies and DNA evidence.
Slide 7 / 92 The Bigger Picture Think about classification in this way.... the country is divided into states, states into counties, counties into towns, towns into streets, and streets into individual houses.
People living in the same house have more in common than people on the same street.
People on the same street have more in common than people in the same town.
People in the same town have more in common than people in the same county.
People in the same county have more in common than people in the same state. People in the same state have more in common that people in the same country.
Slide 8 / 92 The Big Picture
Continent
country state Less in Common county town street house
person More in Common
Slide 9 / 92 The Classification System Domain Kingdom Continent Phylum Class country Order state Less in Common
county Family town Genus street Species house person More in Common
Slide 10 / 92 Species to Domain In other words.... Organisms of the same species have more in common than organisms of the same genus. Organisms of the same genus have more in common than organisms of the same family. Organisms of the same family have more in common than organisms of the same order. Organisms of the same order have more in common than organisms of the same class. Organisms of the same class have more in common than organisms of the phylum.
Organisms of the same phylum have more in common than organisms of the same kingdom.
Organisms of the same kingdom have more in common than organisms of the same domain.
Slide 11 / 92 1 Which of these groupings has the most in common?
A order
B class
C phylum D kingdom
Slide 12 / 92 2 Which of these groupings has the least in common?
A order
B class
C phylum D kingdom
Slide 13 / 92 3 Below is the biological classification of humans in order from least in common to most in common. Identify the highlighted taxa. Eukarya A phylum, order Animalia B family, genus Chordata C phylum, speices Mammalia D kingdom, family Primates Hominidae Homo Homo sapiens
Slide 14 / 92 4 Below is the biological classification of the Asian elephant in order from least in common to most in common. Identify the highlighted taxa. Eukarya A phylum, order Animalia B family, genus Chordata C class, speices Mammalia D phylum, genus Proboscidea Elephantidae Elephas Elephas maximus
Slide 15 / 92 We are Homo sapiens
Why are we given this special name?
Slide 16 / 92 Binomial Nomenclature
Binomial nomenclature is the formal system of naming a species. Each species' name includes the organism's genus and a species epithet to identify it. Common Name Genus species epithet
dog Canis familiaris Wolf Canis lupis
Sugar Maple Tree Acer sacchaum
Human ______
Slide 17 / 92 Rules for Naming
Homo sapiens
1. The first letter of the genus is always capitalized.
2. The first letter of the species epithet is never capitalized.
3. The whole name is italicized. Both the genus and species epithet together are referred to as the name of the species. We are never just called sapiens.
Slide 18 / 92 5The genus for the American black bears is ursus and the epithet is americanus. Which of the following is the proper species name of American black bears?
A Ursus Americanus B Americanus ursus C Ursus americanus
D Ursus americanus E Americanus Ursus
Slide 19 / 92 6The species name for a tiger is Panthera tigris. What is a tiger's genus?
A Panthera B tigris
Slide 20 / 92 Phylogeny & Cladistics
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Slide 21 / 92 Phylogeny
Scientists can further classify a species based on its probable evolutionary history. A phylogeny is a graphic method of illustrating the evolutionary relationships between species.
Example of a Mammalian Phylogeny
Slide 22 / 92 Phylogenetic Trees Phylogenetic trees are used to show relatedness among organisms. Branches separate organisms based on traits they have in common.
Biologists use two methods to place organisms on the phylogenetic tree: - morphological similarities (similarities in body structure and embryonic development) - molecular similarities (similarities in DNA, RNA, and proteins)
Phylogenetic trees are constantly changing to fit in the new information that scientists learn.
Slide 23 / 92 7Which of the following is NOT used to create a phylogenetic tree?
A DNA comparison B Molecular homologies C Acquired characteristics D Comparative embryology
Slide 24 / 92 Cladistics One of the tools used to create a phylogeny is cladistic analysis. A cladogram is a special type of phylogenetic tree that uses derived traits to determine which species are most closely related.
ability to purr domestic cat retractable claws
carnivore leopard hair wolf Common horse Ancestor Turtle
Slide 25 / 92 Another Way to Show It
Leopard Domestic Cat Wolf Turtle Horse Ability to purr
Retractable Claws
Carnivour
Hair
Common Ancestor
Slide 26 / 92 Clade The closer together two organisms are on the cladogram, the more shared traits they have in common, therefore the Leopard Domestic Cat more related they are. Wolf Turtle Horse Ability to purr
Retractable Claws
Carnivour
Hair
Common Ancestor
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Slide 29 / 92 Domains & Kingdoms
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Slide 30 / 92 Domains
In a phylogenetic tree of all life on Earth, the first branches represent the 3 domains of the modern classification system.
These 3 domains are:
Domain Bacteria Eukarya Domain Archaea
Domain Eukarya Archaea Bacteria
Common Ancestor
Slide 31 / 92 Domain Bacteria
Domain Bacteria consists of prokaryotes and includes the bacteria most people are familiar with including both the the beneficial bacteria used to make yogurt as well as disease causing organisms such as E.coli O157:H7
Domain Bacteria has only one kingdom, Eubacteria. Species in this kingdom are assigned to more discrete taxa based on Eukarya their cell structures, methods of cellular metabolism, and other factors. Eubacteria Archaea Bacteria
Common Ancestor
Slide 32 / 92 Domain Archaea Domain Archaea is also contains only prokaryotes. These prokaryotes share characteristics with both bacteria and eukaryotes. They differ from bacteria by a difference in their rRNA base sequence and in the structure of their plasma membrane. Domain Archaea contains organisms which live in places on Earth considered too volatile for other organisms such as very hot or salty environments. Eukarya
Archaebacteria
Archaea Bacteria
Common Ancestor
Slide 33 / 92 Domain Eukarya Domain Eukarya is made up of eukaryotes. They can be unicellular or multicellular. The Animalia cells all have a membrane bound nucleus and various organelles. Plantae Fungi This domain is broken into 4 kingdoms: - Protista Protista - Fungi - Plantae Eukarya - Animalia
Archaea Bacteria
Common Ancestor
Slide 34 / 92 Major Differences Between Domains
Characteristic Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
Unicellular Yes Yes Some species
Phospholipids, Different types, Phospholipids, Membrane lipids unbranched branched unbranched
Yes with Yes without Cell Wall Some species peptidoglycan peptidoglycan Nuclear Envelope No No Yes
Membrane-bound No No Yes organelles
Slide 35 / 92 10 Which domain do Homo sapiens belong to?
A Bacteria B Eukarya C Archaea
Slide 36 / 92 11What Domain has the most in common with LUCA?
A Bacteria B Eukarya C Archaea
Slide 37 / 92 12 Which domain has 4 kingdoms?
A Bacteria B Eukarya C Archaea
Slide 38 / 92 Kingdom Protista
Like all eukaryotes, protists contain organelles and have a true nucleus. Most are unicellular, but some (like algae) are multicellular. plasmodium Often they create colonies. Some are heterotrophs (getting slime mold energy from organic compounds) and some are phototrophs (getting energy from the sun).
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Kingdom Fungi Fungi are eukaryotic and nearly all fungi are multicellular. They have cell walls that contain chitin.
Fungi are heterotrophs; they cannot make their own food as they lack chloroplasts.
Species in this kingdom are assigned to phyla based on their sexual reproductive structures.
Slide 40 / 92 Kingdom Plantae
Plants are multicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes. Members of the Plantae kingdom are further grouped based on how they carry water: vascular and non- vascular. There are 3 non-vascular phyla and 9 vascular phyla.
Slide 41 / 92 Kingdom Animalia
Animals are eukaryotic, multicellular heterotrophs.
There are 36 recognized animal phyla, of which 9 contain the vast majority of described, existing species. Animals are grouped into phyla based on the presence or absence of certain structures.
Slide 42 / 92 13Which kingdom(s) do Homo sapiens belong to?
A Protists B Plantae
C Fungi D Animalia E all of the above
Slide 43 / 92 14Which Kingdom(s) have multicellular species?
A Protists B Plantae C Fungi
D Animalia E all of the above
Slide 44 / 92 15Which Kingdom(s) are exclusively autotrophic?
A Protists B Plantae C Fungi
D Animalia E all of the above
Slide 45 / 92 Last Universal Common Ancestor
We're again bought back to the idea of LUCA and that all living things have a common starting point. Let's take another look at the phylogeny that we have drawn so far. Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista
Eukarya Archaebacteria Eubacteria Archaea Bacteria
Common Ancestor
Slide 46 / 92 Kingdom Plantae
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Slide 47 / 92 Plant Phyla The plant kingdom is broken down into 12 phyla, based on the presence or absence of a vascular system, the presence/absence of seeds, and the presence/absence of flowers.
3 Non-Vascular Phyla 4 Vascular/Seeded Phyla - liverworts - conifers - mosses - cycads - hornworts - Ginko biloba - Gnetophyta 4 Vascular/Non-Seeded Phyla - whisk ferns - club mosses 1 Vascular/Seeded/Flowering Phyla - horsetails - all flowering plants - ferns
Slide 48 / 92 Vascular Plants Vascular plants Non-vascular plants
Aquatic plants
The vascular plants contain specialized tissues, the xylem and the phloem for moving water and nutrients throughout the plant, much like the human circulatory system.
Slide 49 / 92 Vascular Tissues
The xylem is mainly responsible for transporting water up from the roots.
The phloem transports sugars (sap) from the leaves to parts of the plant that do not undergo photosynthesis such as the branches and roots.
xylem in a stem
Slide 50 / 92 Seeded Plants Angiosperm Gymnosperm In some vascular plants, fertilization results in the development of a seed. Seeds protect the plant embryo until conditions are right for development.
Seeded plants Non-seeded plants
Vascular plants
Seeded, non-flowering plants are called gymnosperms. Flowering plants are called angiosperms.
Slide 51 / 92 Gymnosperms vs. Angiosperms
Conifers Deciduous Trees
Slide 52 / 92 Angiosperms
Angiosperms have dominated the land for over 100 million years and there are about 250,000 known species. Most of our foods come from a few hundred domesticated species of flowering plants. Roughly 70% of angiosperms are polyploid.
Monocot Dicot The angiosperms are broken down into 2 classes, the monocots and the dicots.
Angiosperm Gymnosperm
Seeded Plants
Slide 53 / 92 Monocots and Dicots The term monocot and dicot refer to the first leaves that appear on the embryo of the plant, the cotyledon.
Monocot Dicot
Monocot has Dicot has one cotyledon two cotyledons
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Slide 55 / 92 Examples of Dicots Fruit Trees Grape Vines
Pumpkin Patch Magnolia Tree
Slide 56 / 92 Monocot Seed Dicot Seed
seed coat seed coat
endosperm endosperm
one two cotyledon cotyledons embryo embryo
Slide 57 / 92 Leaf Veins
Monocots have parallel leaf veins
while dicots have branched leaf veins
Slide 58 / 92 Stem Vascular Bundles The vascular tissue which transports water and nutrients up the stem of the plant has different arrangements in monocots and dicots. Monocots have bundles Dicots in complex have arrangements vascular bundles in a ring
Slide 59 / 92 16A dicot has one cotyledon.
True
False
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Slide 61 / 92 18This is the stem of a dicot.
True
False
Slide 62 / 92 Flower Petal Arrangements The floral petals on each plant differ in total number. Monocots have petals in multiples of three, while dicots have petals in multiples of four or five.
Monocot Dicot Multiple of 3 Multiple of 4 or 5
Slide 63 / 92 Roots Monocots have a fibrous root system,
while dicots typically have one taproot.
Slide 64 / 92 19Is this flower a monocot?
Yes
No
Slide 65 / 92 20This flower is a monocot.
True
False
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Slide 67 / 92 Continuing Classification Plants are further classified into families, orders, genus, and species based on additional adaptations and derived characteristics such as modified leaves, modified stems, and modified roots. modified stem
modified leaf
modified root
Slide 68 / 92 Phylogeny Examples: Plantae
Slide 69 / 92 Kingdom Animalia
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Slide 70 / 92 The Original Ancestral Animal
The animal kingdom probably evolved during the Cambrian period, 540 million years ago. The earliest animal fossils are from the late Precambrian period, 600 million years ago.
Slide 71 / 92 The Cambrian Explosion At the beginning of the Paleozoic era, multicellular animals underwent an 'explosion' in diversity known as the 'Cambrian explosion'. This artist's rendering, based on fossil evidence, of some of the bizarre life forms, now extinct, that emerged during this time.
Slide 72 / 92 The Cambrian Explosion
All animal body plans that exist today can be traced back with geologic and fossil data to ancestors of this time period.
Over time natural selection, for one reason or another, favored some traits over others and today we are left with a small percentage of the body plans that existed in the Cambrian period.
Slide 73 / 92 Phyla of the Animal Kingdom
The animal kingdoms can be broken down into 36 phyla based on body symmetry and body cavities.
Some of these phyla include: - Sponges Segmented Worms Arthropods - Jellyfish Chordates Mollusks - Flatworms - Round Worms Round Worms Jellyfish - Mollusks Flatworms Echinoderms
- Segmented Worms Sponges - Arthropods - Echinoderms Animalia - Chordates
Slide 74 / 92 Symmetry Animal bodies can either have radial symmetry or bilateral symmetry.
Radial Symmetry is a common feature of simple animals.
Radially symmetrical animals have all body parts radiating out from the center of the body.
Bilateral Symmetry is more commonly found in complex animals.
Bilateral animals show a right and left side
Slide 75 / 92 22Which of the following animals is radially symmetrical?
A alligator
B flatworm C jellyfish D lobster
Slide 76 / 92 23A human has which type of symmetry?
A radial symmetry
B bilateral symmetry
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Body Cavities
A body cavity is a fluid-filled space that lies between the digestive tract and the body. There are 3 types of body cavities among animals.
Acoelomates, such as the flatworm, have no body cavity.
Pseudocoelomates, such as the roundworm, have a partially- lined body cavity.
Coelomates, such as the earthworm, have a fully-lined body cavity.
Slide 78 / 92 Acoelomates
Acoelomates have only a digestive cavity with no Planarian lining.
Slide 79 / 92 Pseudocoelomates
Pseudocoelomates have a partially lined body cavity with loosely holds the animals organs in place.
Slide 80 / 92 Coelomates
Coelomates have a fully lined body cavity called a coelom which holds the animals organs in place.
Slide 81 / 92 24 Humans have which type of body plan?
A symmetrical acoelomate B symmetrical coelomate C bilateral psuedocoelomate D bilateral coelomate
Slide 82 / 92 Phylum: Chordata Humans belong to the phylum chordata. All chordates have a dorsal nerve cord and a post-anal tail at some time in their development.
In humans, this dorsal nerve cord has evolved into the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord).
Slide 83 / 92 Phylogeny Examples: Chordata
Slide 84 / 92 Invertebrates vs. Vertebrates
The phylum chordata contains the subphylum vertebrata, animals with a backbone.
Most animals on Earth today are invertebrates (without a vertebral column). Of the 36 phyla there are in all the kingdoms 35 do not have a backbone.
Slide 85 / 92 Vertebrata Classes The subphylum vertebrata contains 5 classes of extant fishes and 4 classes of extant tetrapods (animals with 4 limbs) Birds The 4 classes of tetrapods are:
- Amphibians Reptiles Mammals - Reptiles - Birds Amphibians
- Mammals Fishes
Chordates
Slide 86 / 92 25 How many fish have trait A?
Slide 87 / 92 26 How many fish have trait C?
Slide 88 / 92 27 What traits do primates and ray-finned fish have in common?
A bony skeleton, four limbs C vertebrae, bony skeleton
B amniotic egg, vertebrae D hair, four limbs
Slide 89 / 92 28 Which of the following sets of animals give birth via amniotic egg?
A rabbits, amphibians, birds C sharks, amphibians, fish
B birds, crocodiles, primates D amphibians, primates, rabbits
Slide 90 / 92 Mammals
Mammals are defined as endothermic (warm-blooded) animals which produce amniotic eggs, in which the fetus is surrounded by an amniotic membrane.
Mammals are further classified into orders, families, genus and species based on derived characteristics.
Humans belong to the order Primates, the family Hominidae, the genus Homo, and the species Homo sapiens.
Slide 91 / 92 Phylogeny Example: Mammals
Slide 92 / 92 Phylogeny Example: Hominids