Biology 211 Flowering Plant Taxonomy Fall 2004 Linnaeus’ Sexual System Species Plantarum (1753) Class 1. Monandria Stamens one 2. Diandria Stamens two 3. Triandria Stamens three 4. Tetrandria Stamens four 5. Pentandria Stamens five 6. Hexandria Stamens six 7. Heptandria Stamens seven 8. Octandria Stamens eight 9. Enneandria Stamens nine 10. Decandria Stamens ten 11. Dodecandria Stamens 11-19 12. Icosandria Stamens 20 or more, on the calyx 13. Polyandria Stamens 20 or more, on the receptacle 14. Didynamia Stamens didynamous (2 + 2 arrangement) 15. Tetradynamia Stamens tetradynamous (4 + 2 arrangement) 16. Monadelphia Stamens monadelphous (all fused) 17. Diadelphia Stamens diadelphous (all fused except 1 or in fused in 2 groups 18. Polyadelphia Stamens polyadelphous (fused in several clusters) 19. Syngenesia Stamens syngenesious 20. Gynandria Stamens united to the gynoecium 21. Monecia Plants monoecious (unisexual flowers, and both sexes on one plant) 22. Dioecia Plants dioecious (unisexual flowers, but only 1 sex/plant) 23. Polygamia Plants polygamous (both unisexual and hermaphroditic flowers on one plant) 24. Cryptogamia Flowerless plants de Jussieu’s System Genera Plantarum (1789) Class 1. Acotyledones (fungi, algae, mosses) Monocotyledones 2. Stamens hypogynous 3. Stamens perigynous 4. Stamens epigynous Dicotyledones Apetalae (no petals) 5. Stamens epigynous 6. Stamens perigynous 7. Stamens hypogynous Monopetalae (Petals fused) 8. Corolla hypogynous 9. Corolla perigynous Corolla epigynous 10. Anthers connate (fused) 11. Anthers distinct (separate) Polypetalae (Petals separate) 12. Stamens epigynous 13. Stamens hypogynous 14. Stamens perigynous 15. Diclines irregulares (unisexual plants with no corolla) (100 total orders = families) Page 2

de Candolle’s System Prodromus (1819) I. Vasculares (vascular plants with cotyledons) Class 1. Exogenae (vascular bundles in a ring; dicotyledons) A. Diplochlamydeae (both calyx and corolla present) a. Thalamiflorae (polypetalous, hypogynous) Orders 1-46 b. Calyciflorae (perigynous or epigynous, polypetalous or sympetalous) Orders 47-84 c. Corolliflorae (gamopetalous, hypogynous) Orders 85-108 B. Monochlamydeae (calyx only present) Orders 109-128 Class 2. Endogenae (vascular bundles scattered; monocotyledons) A. Phanerogamae (flowers present) Orders 129-150 B. Cryptogamae (flowers absent, hidden, or unknown) II. Cellulares (plants without vascular bundles or cotyledons) Class 1. Foliaceae (leafy, sexuality unknown) Class 2. Aphyllae (not leafy, sexuality unknown)

Bentham and Hooker’s System Genera Plantarum (1862) DICOTYLEDONS I. Polypetalae (petals separate) Series 1. Thalaminflorae (hypogynous) Orders 1-33 Series 2. Disciflorae (receptacle expanded as a disc) Orders 34-55 Series 3. Calciflorae (perigynous, sometimes epigynous) Orders 56-82 II. Gamopetalae (petals united) Series 1. Inferae (epigynous) Orders 83-91 Series 2. Heteromerae (ovary usually superior, carpels more than 2) Orders 92-103 Series 3. Bicarpellatae (ovary usually superior, carpels usually 2) Orders 104-127 III. Monochlamydeae (only one perianth whorl, i.e., only sepals) Series 1. Curvembryeae (embryo curved) Orders 128-134 Series 2. Multiovulatae Aquaticae (submerged herbs) Order 135 Series 3. Multiovulatae Terrestres (terrestrial plants) Orders 136-138 Series 4. Micrembryeae (embryo very small) Orders 139-142 Series 5. Daphnales (ovary of 1 carpel, ovule 1) Orders 143-147 Series 6. Achlamydosporeae (pistil 1-loculed, ovules 1-3) Orders 148-150 Series 7. Unisexuales (flowers unisexual) Orders 151-159 Series 8. Ordines Anomali (relationships uncertain) Orders 160-163 GYMNOSPERMAE Orders 164-166 MONOCOTYLEDONS Series 1. Microspermae (no endosperm) Orders 167-169 Series 2. Epigynae (with endosperm, ovary inferior) Orders 170-176 Series 3. Coronarieae (ovary superior) Orders 177-184 Series 4. Calycineae (perianth sepaloid) Orders 185-187 Series 5. Nudiflorae (perianth lacking) Orders 188-192 Series 6. Apocarpae (carpels single or separate) Orders 193-195 Series 7. Glumaceae (flowers in spikelets or heads) Orders 196-200 Page 3

Engler and Prantl’s System Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien (1887-1911) Division Embryophyta Siphonogama — Seed-bearing plants Subdivision Gymnospermae — Plants with naked ovules that are directly pollinated Subdivision Angiospermae — The flowering plants; ovules enclosed in carpels Class I. Monocotyledonae Class II. Dicotyledonae Subclass I. Archichlamydae — No petals or separate petals “Amentiferae” ament or catkin, primitive according to Pseudantial Theory Subclass II. Metachlamydae — Fused petals Bessey’s System Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 2:109-164 (1915) Class Alternifoliae (Monotyledoneae) Subclass Strobiloideae Subclass Cotyloideae Class Oppositifoliae (Dicotyledoneae) Subclass Strobiloideae (hypogynous) Superorder Apopetalae-Polycarpellatae (separate petals and many carpels) - Euanthial Superorder Sympetalae-Polycarpellatae (fused petals and many carpels) Superorder Sympetalae-Dicarpellatae (fused petals, two carpels) Subclass Cotyloideae (epigynous or perigynous) Superorder Apopetalae (separate petals) Superorder Sympetalae (fused petals) Hutchinson’s System Families of Flowering Plants (1959) Phylum Angiosperms Subphylum Dicotyledons Division Lignosae (woody plants) Division Herbaceae (harbaceous plants) Subphylum Monocotyledons Division Calyciferae (calyx bearers) Division Corolliferae (corolla bearers) Division Glumiflorae (reduced flowers) Cronquist’s System An Integrated System of Classification of Flowring Plants (1981) Division Magnoliophyta Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons) Subclass Magnoliidae – undifferentiated perianth, many separate stamens and carpels Subclass Hamamelidae – shrubs or trees, flowers reduced, often clustered in catkins Subclass Caryophyllidae – free-central placentation, betalains Subclass Dilleniidae – tendency toward epigyny, sympetaly, clustered stamens Subclass Rosidae – well developed nectary disk Subclass Asteridae – sympetalous, many epigynous, few stamens, 2 carpels, one integument Class Liliopsida (Monocotyledons) Subclass Alismatidae – aquatic, herbs, separate carpels, Subclass Arecidae – flowers small, in spadix with subtending spathe Subclass Commelinidae – fused carpels, distinct sepals and petals or absent Subclass Zingiberidae – flowers zygomorphic, epigynous, septal nectaries Subclass Liliidae – sepals are petaloid, nectarines often present