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Plant Morphology and Taxonomy of Angiosperm Chapter Taxonomy and 5 Systematic Botany

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Unit II: Plant Morphology and Taxonomy of Angiosperm Chapter Taxonomy and 5 Systematic Botany Plants are the prime companions of human Learning Objectives beings in this universe. Plants are the The learner will be able to, source of food, energy, shelter, clothing, drugs, beverages, oxygen and the aesthetic • Differentiate systematic botany from taxonomy. environment. Taxonomic activity of human • Explain the ICN principles and to is not restricted to living organisms alone. discuss the codes of nomenclature. Human beings learn to identify, describe, • Compare the national and international name and classify food, clothes, books, herbaria. games, vehicles and other objects that they • Appreciate the role of morphology, come across in their life. Every human being anatomy, cytology, DNA sequencing in thus is a taxonomist from the cradle to the relation to Taxonomy, grave. • Describe diagnostic features of Taxonomy has witnessed various families Fabaceae, Solanaceae and phases in its early history to the present day Liliaceae. modernization. The need for knowledge on plants had been realized since human existence, a man started utilizing plants Chapter Outline for food, shelter and as curative agent for 5.1 Taxonomy and Systematics ailments. 5.2 Taxonomic Hierarchy Theophrastus (372 – 287 BC), the 5.3 Concept of species – Morphological, Greek Philosopher known as “Father of Biological and Phylogenetic Botany”. He named and described some 500 5.4 International Code of plants in his “De Historia Plantarum”. Later Botanical Nomenclature Dioscorides (62 – 127 AD), Greek physician, 5.5 Taxonomic Aids described and illustrated in his famous 5.6 Botanical Gardens “Materia medica” and described about 600 5.7 Herbarium – Preparation and uses medicinal plants. From 16th century onwards 5.8 Classification of Plants Europe has witnessed a major developments 5.9 Need for classification in the field of Taxonomy. Some of the key 5.10 Types of classification contributors include Andrea Caesalpino, John 5.11 Modern trends Ray, Tournefort, Jean Bauhin and Gaspard in taxonomy Bauhin. Linnaeus ‘Species Plantarum' (1753) 5.12 Cladistics laid strong foundation for the binomial nomenclature. 5.13 Selected Families Taxonomy is no more classical morphology of Angiosperms based discipline but become a dynamic 86 XIth_BIO-BOTANY_Ch_5-EM.indd 86 5/17/2020 11:17:47 PM and transdisciplinary subject, making use classification including the bases, principles, of many branches of botany such as Cell rules and procedures”. Biology, Physiology, Biochemistry, Ecology, Simpson (1961) defined Systematics as, Pharmacology and also Modern Biotechnology, “Scientific study of the kinds and diversity of Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics. It organisms and all relationships among them”. helps to understand biodiversity, wildlife, Though there are two terms are used in an forest management of natural resources for interchangeable way, they differ from each sustainable use of plants and eco restoration. other. 5.1 Taxonomy and Systematics 5.2 Taxonomic Hierarchy The word taxonomy is derived from Greek Taxonomic hierarchy was introduced by words “taxis” (arrangement) and “nomos” Carolus Linnaeus. It is the arrangement of (rules or laws). Taxonomy is defined as various taxonomic levels in descending order as “the science dealing with the study of starting from kingdom up to species. Differences between Taxonomy and Systematics Taxonomy Systematics • Discipline of classifying organisms into • Broad field of biology that studies the taxa. diversification of species. • Governs the practices of naming, • Governs the evolutionary history and describing, identifying and specimen phylogenetic relationship in addition to preservation. taxonomy. • Classification + Nomenclature = • Taxonomy + Phylogeny = Systematics Taxonomy Species is the lowest of classification and Kingdom is the highest level or rank of the shows the high level of similarities among the classification. Example: Plantae organisms. For example, Helianthus annuus Rank Ending Example and Helianthus tuberosus. These two species Kingdom - Plantae differ in their morphology. Both of them are Phylum = -phyta Magnoliophyta herbs but Helianthus tuberosus is a perennial Division herb. Subphylum = -phytina Magnoliophytina Genus consists of multiple species which Sub division have similar characters but differ from the Class -opsida Asteropsida species of another genus. Example: Helianthus, Sub class -idea Asteridea Tridax. Order -ales Asterales Family comprises a number of genera Suborder -ineae Asterineae which share some similarities among them. Family -aceae Asteraceae Example: Asteraceae. Sub family -oideae Asteroideae Order includes group of families which Tribe -eae Heliantheae show less similarities among them. Genus - Helianthus Helianthus subg. Class consists of group of orders which Sub genus - share few similarities. Helianthus Helianthus ser. Division is the next level of classification Series - Helianthus that consists of number of classes. Example: Magnoliophyta. Species - Helianthus annuus 87 XIth_BIO-BOTANY_Ch_5-EM.indd 87 5/17/2020 11:17:47 PM 5.3 Concept of species-Morphological, 5.4 International Code of Botanical Biological and Phylogenetic Nomenclature (ICBN) Species is the fundamental unit of taxonomic Assigning name for a plant is known as classification. Species is a group of individual Nomenclature. This is based on the rules organisms which have the following characters. and recommendations of the International 1. A population of organisms which closely Code of Botanical Nomenclature. ICBN resemble each other more than the other deals with the names of existing (living) and population. extinct (fossil) organisms. The elementary 2. They descend from a common ancestor. rule of naming of plants was first proposed by 3. In sexually reproducing organisms, they Linnaeus in 1751 in his Philosophia Botanica. interbreed freely in nature, producing In 1813 a detailed set of rules regarding plant fertile offspring. nomenclature was given by A.P. de Candolle Species concepts can be classified into two in his famous work “Theorie elementaire general groups. Concept emphasizing process de la botanique”. Then the present ICBN of evolution that maintains the species as a unit was evolved by following the same rules and that can result in evolutionary divergence of Linnaeus, A.P. de Candolle and his son and speciation. Another concept emphasises Alphonse de Candolle. the product of evolution in defining a species. ICBN due to specific reasons and in order to Types of Species separate plant kingdom from other organisms, There are different types of species and they are is redesignated as ICN. The International as follows: Botanical Congress held in Melbourne in July 1. Process of evolution - Biological Species 2011 brought this change. The ICN stands 2. Product of evolution - Morphological Species for International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi and Plants. and Phylogenetic Species Morphological Species (Taxonomic species) ICN Principles When the individuals are similar to one International Code of Nomenclature is based another in one or more features and different on the following six principles. from other such groups, they are called 1. Botanical nomenclature is independent morphological species. of zoological and bacteriological Biological Species (Isolation Species) nomenclature. According to Ernest Mayr 1963,“ these are 2. Application of names of taxonomic group groups of populations that interbreed and is determined by means of nomenclatural are reproductively isolated from other such types. groups in nature”. 3. Nomenclature of a taxonomic group is based on priority of publication. Phylogenetic Species 4. Each taxonomic group with a particular This concept was developed by Meglitsch circumscription, position and rank can (1954), Simpson (1961) and Wiley (1978). bear only one correct name. Wiley defined phylogenetic species as “an 5. Scientific names of taxonomic groups evolutionary species is a single lineage of are treated as Latin regardless of their ancestor descendent populations which derivation. maintains its identity from other such lineages 6. The rules of nomenclature are retroactive which has its own evolutionary tendencies unless expressly limited. and historical fate”. 88 XIth_BIO-BOTANY_Ch_5-EM.indd 88 5/17/2020 11:17:47 PM Codes of Nomenclature refer to more than one plant or many plants ICN has formulated a set of rules and may have same common name. These names recommendations dealing with the botanical are regional or local and are not universal. name of plants. International Botanical Example: Albizia amara . L belongs to Congress is held at different places every six Mimosaceae is called as Usilai in South years. Proposals for nomenclatural changes Tamilnadu and Thurinji in North Tamilnadu. and changes in rules are discussed and Activity implemented. Changes are published in their Write common name and scientific name of website. 10 different plants around your home. 18th International Botanical Congress held in 2011at Melbourne, Australia made Scientific Names / Botanical Names the following major changes. Each and every taxon as per the ICN (species, 1. The code now permits electronic genus, family etc) can have only one correct publication of names of new taxa. scientific name. Scientific name of a species is always a binomial. These names are 2. Latin diagnosis or description is not universally applied. Example: Oryza sativa L. mandatory and permits the use of English
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