DOCSLIB.ORG

Plant Morphology and Taxonomy of Angiosperm Chapter Taxonomy and 5 Systematic Botany

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Plant Morphology and Taxonomy of Angiosperm Chapter Taxonomy and 5 Systematic Botany Unit II: Plant Morphology and Taxonomy of Angiosperm Chapter Taxonomy and 5 Systematic Botany Plants are the prime companions of human Learning Objectives beings in this universe. Plants are the The learner will be able to, source of food, energy, shelter, clothing, drugs, beverages, oxygen and the aesthetic • Differentiate systematic botany from taxonomy. environment. Taxonomic activity of human • Explain the ICN principles and to is not restricted to living organisms alone. discuss the codes of nomenclature. Human beings learn to identify, describe, • Compare the national and international name and classify food, clothes, books, herbaria. games, vehicles and other objects that they • Appreciate the role of morphology, come across in their life. Every human being anatomy, cytology, DNA sequencing in thus is a taxonomist from the cradle to the relation to Taxonomy, grave. • Describe diagnostic features of Taxonomy has witnessed various families Fabaceae, Solanaceae and phases in its early history to the present day Liliaceae. modernization. The need for knowledge on plants had been realized since human existence, a man started utilizing plants Chapter Outline for food, shelter and as curative agent for 5.1 Taxonomy and Systematics ailments. 5.2 Taxonomic Hierarchy Theophrastus (372 – 287 BC), the 5.3 Concept of species – Morphological, Greek Philosopher known as “Father of Biological and Phylogenetic Botany”. He named and described some 500 5.4 International Code of plants in his “De Historia Plantarum”. Later Botanical Nomenclature Dioscorides (62 – 127 AD), Greek physician, 5.5 Taxonomic Aids described and illustrated in his famous 5.6 Botanical Gardens “Materia medica” and described about 600 5.7 Herbarium – Preparation and uses medicinal plants. From 16th century onwards 5.8 Classification of Plants Europe has witnessed a major developments 5.9 Need for classification in the field of Taxonomy. Some of the key 5.10 Types of classification contributors include Andrea Caesalpino, John 5.11 Modern trends Ray, Tournefort, Jean Bauhin and Gaspard in taxonomy Bauhin. Linnaeus ‘Species Plantarum' (1753) 5.12 Cladistics laid strong foundation for the binomial nomenclature. 5.13 Selected Families Taxonomy is no more classical morphology of Angiosperms based discipline but become a dynamic 86 XIth_BIO-BOTANY_Ch_5-EM.indd 86 5/17/2020 11:17:47 PM and transdisciplinary subject, making use classification including the bases, principles, of many branches of botany such as Cell rules and procedures”. Biology, Physiology, Biochemistry, Ecology, Simpson (1961) defined Systematics as, Pharmacology and also Modern Biotechnology, “Scientific study of the kinds and diversity of Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics. It organisms and all relationships among them”. helps to understand biodiversity, wildlife, Though there are two terms are used in an forest management of natural resources for interchangeable way, they differ from each sustainable use of plants and eco restoration. other. 5.1 Taxonomy and Systematics 5.2 Taxonomic Hierarchy The word taxonomy is derived from Greek Taxonomic hierarchy was introduced by words “taxis” (arrangement) and “nomos” Carolus Linnaeus. It is the arrangement of (rules or laws). Taxonomy is defined as various taxonomic levels in descending order as “the science dealing with the study of starting from kingdom up to species. Differences between Taxonomy and Systematics Taxonomy Systematics • Discipline of classifying organisms into • Broad field of biology that studies the taxa. diversification of species. • Governs the practices of naming, • Governs the evolutionary history and describing, identifying and specimen phylogenetic relationship in addition to preservation. taxonomy. • Classification + Nomenclature = • Taxonomy + Phylogeny = Systematics Taxonomy Species is the lowest of classification and Kingdom is the highest level or rank of the shows the high level of similarities among the classification. Example: Plantae organisms. For example, Helianthus annuus Rank Ending Example and Helianthus tuberosus. These two species Kingdom - Plantae differ in their morphology. Both of them are Phylum = -phyta Magnoliophyta herbs but Helianthus tuberosus is a perennial Division herb. Subphylum = -phytina Magnoliophytina Genus consists of multiple species which Sub division have similar characters but differ from the Class -opsida Asteropsida species of another genus. Example: Helianthus, Sub class -idea Asteridea Tridax. Order -ales Asterales Family comprises a number of genera Suborder -ineae Asterineae which share some similarities among them. Family -aceae Asteraceae Example: Asteraceae. Sub family -oideae Asteroideae Order includes group of families which Tribe -eae Heliantheae show less similarities among them. Genus - Helianthus Helianthus subg. Class consists of group of orders which Sub genus - share few similarities. Helianthus Helianthus ser. Division is the next level of classification Series - Helianthus that consists of number of classes. Example: Magnoliophyta. Species - Helianthus annuus 87 XIth_BIO-BOTANY_Ch_5-EM.indd 87 5/17/2020 11:17:47 PM 5.3 Concept of species-Morphological, 5.4 International Code of Botanical Biological and Phylogenetic Nomenclature (ICBN) Species is the fundamental unit of taxonomic Assigning name for a plant is known as classification. Species is a group of individual Nomenclature. This is based on the rules organisms which have the following characters. and recommendations of the International 1. A population of organisms which closely Code of Botanical Nomenclature. ICBN resemble each other more than the other deals with the names of existing (living) and population. extinct (fossil) organisms. The elementary 2. They descend from a common ancestor. rule of naming of plants was first proposed by 3. In sexually reproducing organisms, they Linnaeus in 1751 in his Philosophia Botanica. interbreed freely in nature, producing In 1813 a detailed set of rules regarding plant fertile offspring. nomenclature was given by A.P. de Candolle Species concepts can be classified into two in his famous work “Theorie elementaire general groups. Concept emphasizing process de la botanique”. Then the present ICBN of evolution that maintains the species as a unit was evolved by following the same rules and that can result in evolutionary divergence of Linnaeus, A.P. de Candolle and his son and speciation. Another concept emphasises Alphonse de Candolle. the product of evolution in defining a species. ICBN due to specific reasons and in order to Types of Species separate plant kingdom from other organisms, There are different types of species and they are is redesignated as ICN. The International as follows: Botanical Congress held in Melbourne in July 1. Process of evolution - Biological Species 2011 brought this change. The ICN stands 2. Product of evolution - Morphological Species for International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi and Plants. and Phylogenetic Species Morphological Species (Taxonomic species) ICN Principles When the individuals are similar to one International Code of Nomenclature is based another in one or more features and different on the following six principles. from other such groups, they are called 1. Botanical nomenclature is independent morphological species. of zoological and bacteriological Biological Species (Isolation Species) nomenclature. According to Ernest Mayr 1963,“ these are 2. Application of names of taxonomic group groups of populations that interbreed and is determined by means of nomenclatural are reproductively isolated from other such types. groups in nature”. 3. Nomenclature of a taxonomic group is based on priority of publication. Phylogenetic Species 4. Each taxonomic group with a particular This concept was developed by Meglitsch circumscription, position and rank can (1954), Simpson (1961) and Wiley (1978). bear only one correct name. Wiley defined phylogenetic species as “an 5. Scientific names of taxonomic groups evolutionary species is a single lineage of are treated as Latin regardless of their ancestor descendent populations which derivation. maintains its identity from other such lineages 6. The rules of nomenclature are retroactive which has its own evolutionary tendencies unless expressly limited. and historical fate”. 88 XIth_BIO-BOTANY_Ch_5-EM.indd 88 5/17/2020 11:17:47 PM Codes of Nomenclature refer to more than one plant or many plants ICN has formulated a set of rules and may have same common name. These names recommendations dealing with the botanical are regional or local and are not universal. name of plants. International Botanical Example: Albizia amara . L belongs to Congress is held at different places every six Mimosaceae is called as Usilai in South years. Proposals for nomenclatural changes Tamilnadu and Thurinji in North Tamilnadu. and changes in rules are discussed and Activity implemented. Changes are published in their Write common name and scientific name of website. 10 different plants around your home. 18th International Botanical Congress held in 2011at Melbourne, Australia made Scientific Names / Botanical Names the following major changes. Each and every taxon as per the ICN (species, 1. The code now permits electronic genus, family etc) can have only one correct publication of names of new taxa. scientific name. Scientific name of a species is always a binomial. These names are 2. Latin diagnosis or description is not universally applied. Example: Oryza sativa L. mandatory and permits the use of English
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 5.4 Insect Visitors to Marianthus Aquilonaris and Surrounding Flora
    REPORT: Insect visitors to Marianthus aquilonaris and surrounding flora Nov 2-4, 2019 Kit Prendergast, Native bee scientist BSc First Class Honours, PhD researcher and Forrest Scholar On behalf of Botanica Consulting 1 REPORT: Insect visitors to Marianthus aquilonaris and surrounding flora Nov 2-4 2019 Kit Prendergast, Native bee scientist Background Marianthus aquilonaris (Fig. 1) was declared as Rare Flora under the Western Australian Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 in 2002 under the name Marianthus sp. Bremer, and is ranked as Critically Endangered (CR) under the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN 2001) criteria B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v); C2a(ii) due to its extent of occurrence being less than 100 km2, its area of occupancy being less than 10 km2, a continuing decline in the area, extent and/or quality of its habitat and number of mature individuals and there being less than 250 mature individuals known at the time of ranking (Appendix A). However, it no longer meets these criteria as more plants have been found, and a recommendation has been proposed to be made by DBCA to the Threatened Species Scientific Committee (TSSC) to change its conservation status to CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) (Appendix A), but this recommendation has not gone ahead (DEC, 2010). Despite its listing as CR under the Western Australian Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016, the species is not currently listed under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. The main threats to the species are mining/exploration, track maintenance and inappropriate fire regimes (DEC, 2010). Fig. 1. Marianthus aquilonaris, showing flower, buds and leaves.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix Color Plates of Solanales Species
    Appendix Color Plates of Solanales Species The first half of the color plates (Plates 1–8) shows a selection of phytochemically prominent solanaceous species, the second half (Plates 9–16) a selection of convol- vulaceous counterparts. The scientific name of the species in bold (for authorities see text and tables) may be followed (in brackets) by a frequently used though invalid synonym and/or a common name if existent. The next information refers to the habitus, origin/natural distribution, and – if applicable – cultivation. If more than one photograph is shown for a certain species there will be explanations for each of them. Finally, section numbers of the phytochemical Chapters 3–8 are given, where the respective species are discussed. The individually combined occurrence of sec- ondary metabolites from different structural classes characterizes every species. However, it has to be remembered that a small number of citations does not neces- sarily indicate a poorer secondary metabolism in a respective species compared with others; this may just be due to less studies being carried out. Solanaceae Plate 1a Anthocercis littorea (yellow tailflower): erect or rarely sprawling shrub (to 3 m); W- and SW-Australia; Sects. 3.1 / 3.4 Plate 1b, c Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade): erect herbaceous perennial plant (to 1.5 m); Europe to central Asia (naturalized: N-USA; cultivated as a medicinal plant); b fruiting twig; c flowers, unripe (green) and ripe (black) berries; Sects. 3.1 / 3.3.2 / 3.4 / 3.5 / 6.5.2 / 7.5.1 / 7.7.2 / 7.7.4.3 Plate 1d Brugmansia versicolor (angel’s trumpet): shrub or small tree (to 5 m); tropical parts of Ecuador west of the Andes (cultivated as an ornamental in tropical and subtropical regions); Sect.
    [Show full text]
  • Well-Known Plants in Each Angiosperm Order
    Well-known plants in each angiosperm order This list is generally from least evolved (most ancient) to most evolved (most modern). (I’m not sure if this applies for Eudicots; I’m listing them in the same order as APG II.) The first few plants are mostly primitive pond and aquarium plants. Next is Illicium (anise tree) from Austrobaileyales, then the magnoliids (Canellales thru Piperales), then monocots (Acorales through Zingiberales), and finally eudicots (Buxales through Dipsacales). The plants before the eudicots in this list are considered basal angiosperms. This list focuses only on angiosperms and does not look at earlier plants such as mosses, ferns, and conifers. Basal angiosperms – mostly aquatic plants Unplaced in order, placed in Amborellaceae family • Amborella trichopoda – one of the most ancient flowering plants Unplaced in order, placed in Nymphaeaceae family • Water lily • Cabomba (fanwort) • Brasenia (watershield) Ceratophyllales • Hornwort Austrobaileyales • Illicium (anise tree, star anise) Basal angiosperms - magnoliids Canellales • Drimys (winter's bark) • Tasmanian pepper Laurales • Bay laurel • Cinnamon • Avocado • Sassafras • Camphor tree • Calycanthus (sweetshrub, spicebush) • Lindera (spicebush, Benjamin bush) Magnoliales • Custard-apple • Pawpaw • guanábana (soursop) • Sugar-apple or sweetsop • Cherimoya • Magnolia • Tuliptree • Michelia • Nutmeg • Clove Piperales • Black pepper • Kava • Lizard’s tail • Aristolochia (birthwort, pipevine, Dutchman's pipe) • Asarum (wild ginger) Basal angiosperms - monocots Acorales
    [Show full text]
  • Outline of Angiosperm Phylogeny
    Outline of angiosperm phylogeny: orders, families, and representative genera with emphasis on Oregon native plants Priscilla Spears December 2013 The following listing gives an introduction to the phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants that has emerged in recent decades, and which is based on nucleic acid sequences as well as morphological and developmental data. This listing emphasizes temperate families of the Northern Hemisphere and is meant as an overview with examples of Oregon native plants. It includes many exotic genera that are grown in Oregon as ornamentals plus other plants of interest worldwide. The genera that are Oregon natives are printed in a blue font. Genera that are exotics are shown in black, however genera in blue may also contain non-native species. Names separated by a slash are alternatives or else the nomenclature is in flux. When several genera have the same common name, the names are separated by commas. The order of the family names is from the linear listing of families in the APG III report. For further information, see the references on the last page. Basal Angiosperms (ANITA grade) Amborellales Amborellaceae, sole family, the earliest branch of flowering plants, a shrub native to New Caledonia – Amborella Nymphaeales Hydatellaceae – aquatics from Australasia, previously classified as a grass Cabombaceae (water shield – Brasenia, fanwort – Cabomba) Nymphaeaceae (water lilies – Nymphaea; pond lilies – Nuphar) Austrobaileyales Schisandraceae (wild sarsaparilla, star vine – Schisandra; Japanese
    [Show full text]
  • Systematic Botany. Lecture 38
    BIOL 448.38 Systematic Botany. Lecture 38 Alexey Shipunov Minot State University December 5, 2011 BIOL 448.38 Outline Questions and answers Angiosperms Rosidae, part 2 BIOL 448.38 Outline Questions and answers Angiosperms Rosidae, part 2 I The goal was to remember the key characters, plus (possibly) some representatives BIOL 448.38 Questions and answers Previous final question: the answer Give the short characteristic of any of 7 orders studied. BIOL 448.38 Questions and answers Previous final question: the answer Give the short characteristic of any of 7 orders studied. I The goal was to remember the key characters, plus (possibly) some representatives BIOL 448.38 Questions and answers General phylogeny of angiosperms groups studied so far other rosids Myrtales Geraniales Vitales Saxifragales Asteridae Dilleniales Platanales Ranunculales Liliidae Piperales Laurales Magnoliales Chloranthales ANTITA BIOL 448.38 Angiosperms Rosidae, part 2 Angiosperms Rosidae, part 2 BIOL 448.38 Angiosperms Rosidae, part 2 BIOL 448.38 Angiosperms Rosidae, part 2 BIOL 448.38 Angiosperms Rosidae, part 2 BIOL 448.38 Angiosperms Rosidae, part 2 BIOL 448.38 Angiosperms Rosidae, part 2 BIOL 448.38 Angiosperms Rosidae, part 2 BIOL 448.38 Angiosperms Rosidae, part 2 BIOL 448.38 Angiosperms Rosidae, part 2 BIOL 448.38 Angiosperms Rosidae, part 2 General phylogeny + all rosids Malpighiales Oxalidales Celastrales Cucurbitales Fagales Rosales Fabales Malvales Brassicales Sapindales Myrtales Geraniales Vitales Saxifragales Asteridae Dilleniales Platanales Ranunculales Liliidae Piperales Laurales Magnoliales Chloranthales ANTITA Give the short characteristic of any of orders studied. BIOL 448.38 Angiosperms Rosidae, part 2 Final question (3 points) BIOL 448.38 Angiosperms Rosidae, part 2 Final question (3 points) Give the short characteristic of any of orders studied.
    [Show full text]
  • A Visual Guide to Collecting Plant Tissues for DNA
    A visual guide to collecting plant tissues for DNA Collecting kit checklist Silica gel1 Permanent marker and pencil Resealable bags, airtight plastic container Razor blade / Surgical scissors Empty tea bags or coffee filters Ethanol and paper tissue or ethanol wipes Tags or jewellers tags Plant press and collecting book 1. Selection and preparation of fresh plant tissue: Sampling avoided. Breaking up leaf material will bruise the plant tissue, which will result in enzymes being released From a single plant, harvest 3 – 5 mature leaves, or that cause DNA degradation. Ideally, leaf material sample a piece of a leaf, if large (Picture A). Ideally should be cut into smaller fragments with thick a leaf area of 5 – 10 cm2 should be enough, but this midribs being removed (Picture C). If sampling robust amount should be adjusted if the plant material is leaf tissue (e.g. cycads, palms), use a razor blade or rich in water (e.g. a succulent plant). If leaves are surgical scissors (Picture D). small (e.g. ericoid leaves), sample enough material to equate a leaf area of 5 – 10 cm2. If no leaves are Succulent plants available, other parts can be sampled such as leaf buds, flowers, bracts, seeds or even fresh bark. If the If the leaves are succulent, use a razor blade to plant is small, select the biggest specimen, but never remove epidermal slices or scoop out parenchyma combine tissues from different individuals. tissue (Picture E). Cleaning Ideally, collect clean fresh tissues, however if the leaf or plant material is dirty or shows potential contamination (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • In Pursuit of Vitamin D in Plants
    Commentary In Pursuit of Vitamin D in Plants Lucinda J. Black 1,*, Robyn M. Lucas 2, Jill L. Sherriff 1, Lars Olof Björn 3 and Janet F. Bornman 4 1 School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia; [email protected] 2 National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia; [email protected] 3 Department of Biology, Lund University, SE‐223 62 Lund, Sweden; [email protected] 4 International Institute of Agri‐Food Security (IIAFS), Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +61‐8‐9266‐2523 Received: 14 November 2016; Accepted: 7 February 2017; Published: 13 February 2017 Abstract: Vitamin D deficiency is a global concern. Much research has concentrated on the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D in human skin following exposure to ultraviolet‐B radiation (UV‐B, 280–315 nm). In many regions of the world there is insufficient UV‐B radiation during winter months for adequate vitamin D production, and even when there is sufficient UV‐B radiation, lifestyles and concerns about the risks of sun exposure may lead to insufficient exposure and to vitamin D deficiency. In these situations, dietary intake of vitamin D from foods or supplements is important for maintaining optimal vitamin D status. Some foods, such as fatty fish and fish liver oils, certain meats, eggs, mushrooms, dairy, and fortified foods, can provide significant amounts of vitamin D when considered cumulatively across the diet. However, little research has focussed on assessing edible plant foods for potential vitamin D content.
    [Show full text]
  • GENOME EVOLUTION in MONOCOTS a Dissertation
    GENOME EVOLUTION IN MONOCOTS A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School At the University of Missouri In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy By Kate L. Hertweck Dr. J. Chris Pires, Dissertation Advisor JULY 2011 The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled GENOME EVOLUTION IN MONOCOTS Presented by Kate L. Hertweck A candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy And hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. Dr. J. Chris Pires Dr. Lori Eggert Dr. Candace Galen Dr. Rose‐Marie Muzika ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to many people for their assistance during the course of my graduate education. I would not have derived such a keen understanding of the learning process without the tutelage of Dr. Sandi Abell. Members of the Pires lab provided prolific support in improving lab techniques, computational analysis, greenhouse maintenance, and writing support. Team Monocot, including Dr. Mike Kinney, Dr. Roxi Steele, and Erica Wheeler were particularly helpful, but other lab members working on Brassicaceae (Dr. Zhiyong Xiong, Dr. Maqsood Rehman, Pat Edger, Tatiana Arias, Dustin Mayfield) all provided vital support as well. I am also grateful for the support of a high school student, Cady Anderson, and an undergraduate, Tori Docktor, for their assistance in laboratory procedures. Many people, scientist and otherwise, helped with field collections: Dr. Travis Columbus, Hester Bell, Doug and Judy McGoon, Julie Ketner, Katy Klymus, and William Alexander. Many thanks to Barb Sonderman for taking care of my greenhouse collection of many odd plants brought back from the field.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenomic Approach
    Toward the ultimate phylogeny of Magnoliaceae: phylogenomic approach Sangtae Kim*1, Suhyeon Park1, and Jongsun Park2 1 Sungshin University, Korea 2 InfoBoss Co., Korea Mr. Carl Ferris Miller Founder of Chollipo Arboretum in Korea Chollipo Arboretum Famous for its magnolia collection 2020. Annual Meeting of Magnolia Society International Cholliop Arboretum in Korea. April 13th~22th, 2020 http://WWW.Chollipo.org Sungshin University, Seoul, Korea Dr. Hans Nooteboom Dr. Liu Yu-Hu Twenty-one years ago... in 1998 The 1st International Symposium on the Family Magnoliaceae, Gwangzhow Dr. Hiroshi Azuma Mr. Richard Figlar Dr. Hans Nooteboom Dr. Qing-wen Zeng Dr. Weibang Sun Handsome young boy Dr. Yong-kang Sima Dr. Yu-wu Law Presented ITS study on Magnoliaceae - never published Ten years ago... in 2009 Presented nine cp genome region study (9.2 kbp) on Magnoliaceae – published in 2013 2015 1st International Sympodium on Neotropical Magnoliaceae Gadalajara, 2019 3rd International Sympodium and Workshop on Neotropical Magnoliaceae Asterales Dipsacales Apiales Why magnolia study is Aquifoliales Campanulids (Euasterids II) Garryales Gentianales Laminales Solanales Lamiids important in botany? Ericales Asterids (Euasterids I) Cornales Sapindales Malvales Brassicales Malvids Fagales (Eurosids II) • As a member of early-diverging Cucurbitales Rosales Fabales Zygophyllales Celestrales Fabids (Eurosid I) angiosperms, reconstruction of the Oxalidales Malpighiales Vitales Geraniales Myrtales Rosids phylogeny of Magnoliaceae will Saxifragales Caryphyllales
    [Show full text]
  • TOPIC: Bentham and Hooker's System of Classification FACULTY: Isha Gaurav Department of Botany Email: [email protected]
    Course: B.Sc Botany SEMESTER IV PAPER CODE: BOT CC 410 PAPER: Plant Systematics TOPIC: Bentham and Hooker's system of classification FACULTY: Isha Gaurav Department of Botany Email: [email protected] Bentham and Hooker's system of classification It is a natural system of classification and is based on important characters of the plants. Even today this system is being followed in India, United Kingdom and several other Commonwealth countries. It is also used in a number of herbaria and botanical gardens all over the world. It is a well known and widely accepted classification of seeded plants. It was proposed by two English botanists George Bentham (1800-1884) and Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817- 1911). Their system of classification was published in 'Genera Plantarum' in three volumes and they had described 97,205 species of seeded plants in 202 orders (now referred to as families). In Bentham and Hooker's classification of plants, the present day 'orders' were referred to as 'cohorts' and 'families' as 'orders'. The seeded plants are divided into three classes 'Dicotyledonae,Gymnospermae and Monocotyledonae. Class I Dicotyledonae: Seeds of dicotyledonous plants contain two cotyledons. Leaves show reticulate venation. Flowers are tetramerous or pentamerous having four or five members in various floral whorls respectively. It includes three sub-classes ' Polypetalae, Gamopetalae and Monochlamydeae. Sub-class I Polypetalae:Plants having flowers with free petals come under polypetalae. The flowers are with distinct calyx and corolla. It is further divided into three series - Thalamiflorae, Disciflorae and Calyciflorae. Series (i) Thalamiflorae:It includes plants having flowers with dome or conical thalamus.
    [Show full text]
  • Sunn Hemp (Crotalaria Juncea) Plant Guide
    Plant Guide for the stem to harden and the leaves to fill out, while still SUNN HEMP remaining short enough for goats to reach leaves. Crotalaria juncea L. The leaves of C. juncea can be used for cattle forage Plant Symbol = CRJU during late summer and early fall, but the amount of fiber in stems is too high 6 weeks after planting to be used as Contributed by: USDA NRCS Cape May Plant Materials suitable forage (Mansoer et al., 1997). Mannetje (2012) Center, Cape May, NJ found that the leaves and stems must be dried before fed to cattle and sheep. Cover crop/green manure: C. juncea is used as a nitrogen-fixing green manure to improve soil quality, reduce soil erosion, conserve soil moisture, suppress weeds and nematodes, and recycle plant nutrients. It grows quickly and can produce more than 5,000 lb dry matter/acre and 120 lb nitrogen/acre in 9–12 weeks (Clark, 2007). Fertilized and hand-weeded plots have yielded 5.6–6.2 T (short tons) per acre (Duke, 1983). Leaves have a nitrogen concentration between 2–5% and roots and stems have between 0.6–2% (Treadwell and Alligood, 2008). Its fast growth makes it ideally suited for planting in late summer rotations before fall cash crops. Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea).(Photo by Chris Miller, USDA-NRCS, Wildlife: Deer will browse plants and turkey and quail Cape May Plant Materials Center) will use C. juncea for shelter and food. Alternate Names Ethnobotany Alternate Common Names: Indian hemp, Madras hemp, C. juncea has been grown as a fiber crop in India since brown hemp 600 BC (Treadwell and Alligood, 2008) and is still used for fiber production in India and Pakistan (Wang and Scientific Alternate Names: McSorley, 2009).
    [Show full text]
  • Liliaceae Lily Family
    Liliaceae lily family While there is much compelling evidence available to divide this polyphyletic family into as many as 25 families, the older classification sensu Cronquist is retained here. Page | 1222 Many are familiar as garden ornamentals and food plants such as onion, garlic, tulip and lily. The flowers are showy and mostly regular, three-merous and with a superior ovary. Key to genera A. Leaves mostly basal. B B. Flowers orange; 8–11cm long. Hemerocallis bb. Flowers not orange, much smaller. C C. Flowers solitary. Erythronium cc. Flowers several to many. D D. Leaves linear, or, absent at flowering time. E E. Flowers in an umbel, terminal, numerous; leaves Allium absent. ee. Flowers in an open cluster, or dense raceme. F F. Leaves with white stripe on midrib; flowers Ornithogalum white, 2–8 on long peduncles. ff. Leaves green; flowers greenish, in dense Triantha racemes on very short peduncles. dd. Leaves oval to elliptic, present at flowering. G G. Flowers in an umbel, 3–6, yellow. Clintonia gg. Flowers in a one-sided raceme, white. Convallaria aa. Leaves mostly cauline. H H. Leaves in one or more whorls. I I. Leaves in numerous whorls; flowers >4cm in diameter. Lilium ii. Leaves in 1–2 whorls; flowers much smaller. J J. Leaves 3 in a single whorl; flowers white or purple. Trillium jj. Leaves in 2 whorls, or 5–9 leaves; flowers yellow, small. Medeola hh. Leaves alternate. K K. Flowers numerous in a terminal inflorescence. L L. Plants delicate, glabrous; leaves 1–2 petiolate. Maianthemum ll. Plant coarse, robust; stems pubescent; leaves many, clasping Veratrum stem.
    [Show full text]