Introduction to Comparative Methods

BM CC EB What can we learn from a ?

Net diversification (r) Relative (ε)

Peridiscaceae

Peridiscaceae

yllaceae yllaceae

h h

atop atop

Proteaceae r r

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p n p n a e a S e e S e e

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c a a c x c x c c G I a G I a n c n c c c y l y l t a a t a a

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f a e a a f a e a a l r r l c c

a i i r l e t e t a a r l a a e e u u u u o a o a a a c a c a a l a l e e

e b b a a a a e e c e e c a a s c s c c e l c e l e e g e g e a a

a a e e n n s e e s e e e e a a

a P a P e e

N N u u u S u S a e a e a a e e c c

l n a l n e e a e e a e a e

a e a e r a r a

c c C i C i R R a e a e

a e a e r c r c A A a d a a d a e i e i

phanopetalaceae s r e ph s r e a a

s e c s e c e e u u b a a b a e e P P r r l l e n e a a a a m m entho e e e Ha a H o a c r e c r e nt B B e p e e e c e e c a c c h e a p a a p a lo lo l l a a e s o t e s i a r a i a r r r r r a n e a n e a b a l b t a t gaceae e g e ceae a c a s c s a z e z M i a e M i a c a d e a d e ae e ae r e r a e a e a a a c c ce r e r L L i i ac a Vi r r C C e e ta v e v e

a a c a a

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e e l l e Ge G e e ae a t t e e p p r r ce c an u an u a a E E s i i a us ac u e

ceae a M M Viv eae V e e support M i ae c v e a ia ia t li an n e nia n n antac a a r i r e ac e eae Combre t Co t hacea ceae h a ce a e Ma ac M a i cea mb c ae cea z e a t a r i r a l r e ae e e yd yd tac trelitzi e t tre eae il a il S S c h

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n a e g g a r eae r e a a ceae c e cac cac a re e re

A A

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ae e e e a a e e c c a ha h p p y y T T

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ea c My M a li y e r r taceae t m a ce Bro Bro a e oaceae oaceae e

eae ea

ac eac Rapate P Rapat P

Mel M e asto la s t om m a at ta a c cea e ae e

P P C enaeac 0.25 C e r r n y y a pteroniac p e St St t er a r r as a ce e o Aph s Ap n b a b a e i e u ur h a Sta r loiaceae S lo c g eae t g e a e e ia a p r p r iac i c e C h C h aceae eae ros S yleace r S y tac eae o t le s a c a sosom s ce h o h y y ae s a u o u r r e aceae ma a P ata P c ic ic t e a r r a am ceae a ce e m a niaceae n e ia N N c i it e tr r ae a a r r iac iace e a a e e

Anac An

a c ardiac a r d ia ce eae a e

Bu B ur r se se r r ace ace e e a a ae e e c a id llidacea ll y y r r a a m Am A

Sapindacea S ap ind ac ea e e

ae ae ce ce a a

rag rag a p spa As A M M e e lia liaceae cea e 0.50

Simarou Sim

a roub b aceae ace

ae

e e a ea c ace a oe oe ordiaceae h h ordiaceae rr thorr tho Ru n Rut n f tace Xa a Xa f c e ae a e

T T apisciaceae D a ip p e is n c tod ia ce o n a tac ta e c eae e a e

T T h h yme y e m e a el la e a ea e e c a a a Bland ce ridac ce rid a I Bland a I e e 0.75 Zingiberales

M Ma a lv lv a ac c ea e ae e 6 6 Myrtales Gunnerales Bixaceae Bi xa ceae

Cist C ist a 9 ac ce 9 e ae 15 ae 15 Dipt Dipt Saxifragales Commelinales er B e o ro B ca ca rpace rp a ce a a r e r e Poales Ca C e r ceae assicaceae ar icacea a ic acea id a id assicaceae ce h rch a rc e O e O

T T ropaeo rop ae Sapindales ol lacea ac ea e e Li Lim Geraniales mn na anth n tha Ba a B ce a ce t a t a aceae e ace e a R Res e es ed e a daceae ceae Proteales Cappa Ca pp a ra rac ceae ea 1.00 e 12 Superrosidae 12 Superrosidae Malvidae 5 Malvidae 5 Crossosomatales Ranunculales

e eae acea ac Eudicotyledoneae ac Eudicotyledoneae c il ila Sm Sm

Kr Kr ame am e ria ria ce ce ae ae Rosidae

Zy Z g ygo op p hy hy llac llac eae e ae ae ceae ia liace Lil Li Q Qu uil laj ill aj ac ac eae eae Huerteales

Pol Pol yg yg a 14 a ae laceae la ceae ce 14 e a thi ae thiac an n el ela 26 M 26 M e ea aceae ac on on em em St St Su Su ria ria na nac Malvales ce e ae ae

e e ea a c ace tha th lan an Commelinidae4 Cyc Commelinidae4 Cycl

ae ceae reace o corea osc os Gunneridae Di Gunneridae Di Fabaceae Brassicales

e ea ae tac itace ari r ch cha dro Hy Hydro

e e ea ea ac ac smat mat Ali Alis

e cea a naceae eton eto og g tam Po Potamo

e cea ceae ina ina ag nc ncag Ju Asparagales Ju e e ea acea iac eldi eld 21 Tofi 21 Tofi Petrosaviidae Zygophyllales Petrosaviidae

e eae Aracea Arac raceae Fabales raceae Aco Pandanales Aco

e ceae ea ndia diac rna rnan He He

ae eae iace im nimiac 3Mon Liliales 3Mo aceae raceae Ros Rosa ace r ce ae Lau ae Lau

E 13 El lae aeagnacea 13 ag nac eae e

e ceae ea rmata rmatac rospe ospe Athe Ather eae e gacea rte orte Gomo Gom

eae ae nac nace paru paru Rhamn Si Rhamn Si a ace ceae ae

ae eae hace nt canthac Calyca Caly ae ae ce iace matia omat Eupo Eup

U U lma lmac ceae Nartheciidae eae Nartheciidae

Cann C ann aba abac ceae 17 Annonaceae eae 17

U ceae U ceae rticac dra rticac ndra ea an ea anta e Himant ceae e Him ceae neria neria Dege Alismatales Dege

e ae acea ticace Myristic Rosales Myris ae ae oliace oliace Mesangiospe1rmae Monocotyledoneae Magn Mesangiospe1rmae Monocotyledoneae Magn

ae ae ridace ridace Lacto Lacto

Mor Mor aceae aceae Laurales

hiaceae hiaceae Aristoloc Aristoloc

An An isophyll isophylle eaceae aceae

raceae raceae Sauru Sauru

Coriar Coriar iaceae iaceae aceae Cucurbi Cucurbi r tac tac Magnoliales eae raceae eae Pipe 7 20 Pipe 20 ae 7 ae Winterace Winterace

ae Canellace Cucurbitales Bego Bego niaceae niaceae

eae ceae Magnoliidae Chloranthac Magnoliidae Chlorantha

eae ae Trimeniac Piperales Trimeniace

eae ceae Schisandrac Schisandra

yaceae yaceae Austrobaile Austrobaile Dat Dat iscaceae iscaceae e Cabombaceae Cabombacea

Notho Notho Fabidae fagaceae Fabidae e e Nymphaeacea Nymphaeacea

e e Hydatellacea Hydatellacea

e Amborellaceae Amborellacea

Gnetaceae Gnetaceae

e ae Welwitschiacea Canellales Welwitschiace

Fagaceae Fagaceae

Pinaceae Pinaceae

Myricaceae Gnetophyta Cupressaceae Fagales Gnetophyta Cupressaceae

Juglandaceae Angiospermae Podocarpaceae Angiospermae Nymphaeales Podocarpaceae

Betulaceae

Zamiaceae Zamiaceae

Casuarinaceae

Coniferae Cupressophyta Cycadaceae Coniferae Cupressophyta Cycadaceae Cycadales Ginkgoaceae Cycadales Ginkgoaceae

Phrymaceae Phrymaceae Spermatophyta Acrogymnospermae Celastraceae Spermatophyta Acrogymnospermae Lepidobotryaceae Celastrales

Orobanchaceae Orobanchaceae Huaceae Connaraceae Oxalidales

Oxalidaceae Paulowniaceae Paulowniaceae Brunelliaceae 300 Brunelliaceae 300 ae Elaeocarpace Elaeocarpaceae

Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Cephalotaceae Cunoniaceae Cephalotaceae eae e Humiriac Humiriacea

eae eae Achariac Achariac

Lacistemataceae Lacistemataceae

Salicaceae

T Thoma homandersiac ndersia eae Malpighiales ceae

Verbenaceae Verbenaceae

raceae raceae Passiflo Passiflo

Lenti Lenti bularia bulariacea ceae e

Violaceae Violaceae

e ceae Goupiacea 200 eae 200 ceae thac Ixonan Ixonantha

ceae Irvingiaceae Irvingia

Acanthace Acanth ae aceae

e iacea Clusiaceae Clus

ae ae ce etiace Bonnetia Bonn

By By blida blidacea ceae e

ae ae lace phyllace hyl Calo Calop

Bigno Bigno niace nia ae ceae

aceae aceae ostem Pod Podostem

Pedaliac Pedaliac eae eae

M M artyniaceae artynia eae ceae ricaceae ricac Hype Hype

ae e race racea dend dend Picro Picro Scrophula Scro ph r ular iaceae iaceae

e ae cea tha anthace llan Phyll Phy

P 100 Pla lant nta aginacea gin 100 ac e eae

Stil St b ilb aceae Lamiales aceae e ceae ea ia hiac pig Malpigh Mal

Ges Gesn ne riace eria ae ceae ae eae nace tinac Elati Ela

e aceae acea v njiv ranji tra Put Pu

ae race raceae ca ryoca ryo Ca Ca

Cal C c alc e eola e eola r a r acea iace ace iace ae a Ochn 22 Ochn 22 e Te Tet trachond Solanales rac hond raceae rac 19 19 eae e eae racea rac Pe Pe

O O leacea leac e Superasteridae 24e r ε Superasteridae 24ae Plocospe B Plocospe B or or agi ag nac ina e cea Berberidopsidales10 ae Berberidopsidales10 e

Hydrol H ydrol S eacea S eac phenoclea phenoclea ea e e Mo Mo nti n n ceae tin cea iaceae iacea e r Pentapetalae rmataceae 0.00 0.00 Santalales Pentapetalae e mataceae Co Co n n volvu volvu la lac ceae eae ae aceae ace or or ph zoph zo Rhi Rhi

eae laceae xy xylac ro o yth ythr Er Lamiidae Er Lamiidae

e e ea acea ac nd Pand Pa Caryophyllales e e acea Sola Sola Lin n Euphorbiaceae Linacea na a ce cea Euphorbiaceae ae e

ae eae ce aca placac opl eae tr eae entro en C C pac opac no la Balan Ba

e eae a ace al et petalac ap ich Dicha 16 D 16 ae ae iace iace on igon ig Tr ae Tr ae ce iace ia on Gentianales phron phr Eu Eu 0.05 Garryales A A po poc cy yna na e ceae ea ce ac ae ni le Ctenolophonaceae 0.20 Ctenolophonaceae Dil

e cea laca Dipsacales8 O Dipsacales8

laceae ta San Bruniales

ae ceae ce a ili Cornales p Apiales18 O Apiales18 e a eae e Genti c Ge pfia ntian epfiac a e nac o ac Scho ea Sch Asteridae e ae e

e ae e ac hacea th n rant ra Lo Campanulidae G Lo Campanulidae G el el s s emiac emi aceae eae

23 L L o 23 o gan g e e a a n ia ia ce ce c a ae e a id e a e e ps ac Ericales ic opsidaceaxicaceae o x rid o 0.10 rid to xt x e e e e rb a A e A e Berbe B c aceae ia n eni e k k ran ysobalanaceae ran ysobalanaceae F F ae r ace r ricaceae ric ama ama T T Aquifoliales Ch Ch e ea ac on g ly olygonaceae o P 0.40 P Asterales

R R e ub e ubi a iaceae e ac ac e nacea in ae g bagi ba lum Plum P

e a eae e c rac ra e s o Drose Dr e a eae e e c a a e c th a e n ll e yllaceae e y a h p h e e p c Nepenthac acea N o a s d e ae la a e c e Drosop oclad c Dro o c e a r a a ll t ll e e y is y c a h aceae c h a e e p r n p r a Ancistr aceaeeae A o d ac nd c n i ce e n e a a d n e io o nds e Dionco dode ondsi D d o ysenac b ys h a m h eiac peiaceae h m p P i P o Rhab Simm R S r ste Astero 0.15 A V V ahliacea ahl ia c eae Ga Ga e rr rr y e y Eucom aceae E a ea u c e ac co ll a yllaceae y mm e h mia h op op ia y y r Icacinacea cea r Ic ce a ac a Ca C e inac e

e ae e

e a e ceae c a pa p r r a a c to atoc a h Ach Ac

A A piac p ia Oncothecaceae c e e a Oncothecaceae a e e

e a e c a th n anthaceae a r r a m Ama A

M M y y odo odo

c e c a a a eae r e r pa 0.60 c e pa ta a ce e c a c ea matac aceae a m a r e r e e e p im spe Lime s L o n gno g e Ste St

A A r r al al i i ace e a a cea e ceae ae c e oa oa z z Ai Ai

e e a e c P P ia it k itt tospo e o sekiacea is s p Gi G o r r acea a G e G ce a r e r iseliniaceae is a T e c T e a e or o li in r n P r P r ic g ic ia enn a en taginaceae ellia t ell c c e n ia a y a a Nyc n c N n ce e t eae tia ia a ce ce e ae 0.20 ae a eae e e c a e Ca c Cap c ae e p la c r a r tacea i to ae i ytolaccac f y f olia at ol h h b ce ia P P o coba c c na c ea i ea ar Sar e S ug e olluginaceae oll M M e ae a

ce ia tiace Ad t Ad n o o o x x Mon a M acea ce e ae a ae e P P e a a r r ac ac alinace alinac T Co r T C r yphia y o p lu l u h me m i B B a r c r e c u lli e A B u ll e n n ia a a a ia i cea e a c e cea ce e a e a e e e

e

ea

e ac e caceae c a e e c ula a tula t a r r t ceae ce o ytacea o y e a P h P h a p re erea o e ce l i aceae a alop a d l i l H H Didi D 27 se e 27 a a eae e Basell B c a nac n r r o Co C

e ae a e c a e g n angeace a r r

e Hyd Hyd ae e c a s a oasacea o L e L e a e c acea

vi via ae a a e r r

ac cg t r s istaceae i r a r e 11 Marcg M ame 11 am r r 0.80 t et e T T

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Lecythi L

ceae cea

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aceae lem i iac ole o r Ca r Ca P P ie ie

lyc l y qu qu e Barbeuiaceae c ae e e Go G ou ou ea r r a c a Barbeuiaceae F F o ce 0.25 c od o tace e d ota a a en e Me p M e e a n e iace ia Sapo S S S n n Aste c Al t y Al t y y y e an a Ar A l s ae s l a i Aste i n d r d eu e e e go t go t i i ha h a a u a

a o c os c p p sm e c ce e c h h ea e aceae a a m a y y a n e n e ll i ll i ac e ac e ace e ac

be b C ea ea ea E E a a

mpa e e e e

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P R e P R p l a c e e a o o E E ceae a n n n u l u H H s s P P t t u ulaceae s u s c a c a e e l h h s s a a p a p m l m l i y e i e y e w w c l h l h r r l l l l a a a e l o l o i r i r o o P n P n eae S a c S a c n n ae

n n g g e ce e e g e g t i t i C C C C o a o a e i e i ac a a a m a m a a

y a m c y a m c e m e m e ca e e e c c

e r e a e r e a r r ac a a a c c i a e i a e e d o e d o

a l a t a l a t e e e e a l a a l a yl c a yl c a a i a i e n e n a a e e e e c a o c a o

e e h e e c h e e c e u e u a c a c c c

a e p a e p e h h e i a p i a c c e r e r e e a a c c t t a a s a s a ap T e a T e a e a e c a c a c c

a a i t i

c c n i e n i e r r a e a e a a

n n n e e r i r i r r e d e d

d d

i i

ent e e e a a y h y h p p

a a

t t t n t n

c c P P i e i e

a a

c c t t

e e i i a S S a

l l

r e r c c e

D r D r

C C a a

A A

a a

e e

S S r r aceae aceae Cactaceae Cactaceae

Aquifoliaceae Aquifoliaceae

Ericaceae tisiaceae Ericaceae tisiaceae r r

Cu 0.30 1.00 Cu

Balsaminaceae making is hard.... because trees are information-rich the coming age of the megaphylogeny* the coming age of the megaphylogeny*

* trees that are too big for your brain ensembl

Why do you want to make or use trees? What do you hope to learn? What can you do?

• Diversification ( and extinction) • Character • Characters and diversification • Biogeography • Testing complex evolutionary models Diversification (speciation and extinction) Sharks Polypteriformes Chondrostei Amiiformes Elopomorpha Osteoglossomorpha Ostariophysi Clupeomorpha Esociformes Salmoniformes Galaxiiformes Stomiiformes Osmeriformes Argentiniformes Aulopiformes Myctophiformes Beryciformes+Stephanoberyciformes Ophidiiformes Percomorpha Scombridae Polymixiiformes Lampriformes Percopsiformes Zeiforms Latimeridae Dipnoi Gymnophiona Anura Caudata Monotremes Marsupials Boreoeutheria Afrotheria+Xenarthra Sphenodon NongekkoSquamates Taxa Gekkos 1 Pleurodira 5 Cryptodira Crocodylinae 10 Gavialidae 50 Camininae 100 Alligatorinae 500 Tinamiformes 1000 Struthioniformes 5000 Neoaves 10000 Galliformes 20000 Anseriformes 500 400 300 200 100 0 MYA

Character evolution ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

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● ● ● ● Siren intermedia

Siren lacertina

Pseudobranchus striatus

Pseudobranchus axanthus

Onychodactylus fischeri

Ranodon sibiricus

Paradactylodon mustersi

Paradactylodon gorganensis shift direction

Pachyhynobius shangchengensis

Hynobius formosanus

Hynobius sonani

Hynobius retardatus

Hynobius boulengeri

Hynobius kimurae

Hynobius abei

Hynobius lichenatus Hynobius tokyoensis 1.00 Hynobius nigrescens

Hynobius takedai

Hynobius stejnegeri

Hynobius katoi

Hynobius chinensis

Hynobius yiwuensis

Hynobius amjiensis

Hynobius guabangshanensis

Hynobius leechii 0.80

Hynobius okiensis

Hynobius tsuensis

Hynobius dunni

Hynobius nebulosus

Hynobius hidamontanus

Salamandrella keyserlingii

Liua tsinpaensis Liua shihi 0.50 Batrachuperus yenyuanensis

Batrachuperus tibetanus

Batrachuperus pinchonii

Batrachuperus londongensis

Cryptobranchus alleganiensis

Andrias japonicus

Andrias davidianus

Necturus punctatus

Necturus maculosus 0.20

Necturus lewisi

Necturus beyeri

Necturus alabamensis

Proteus anguinus

Rhyacotriton variegatus

Rhyacotriton cascadae

Rhyacotriton kezeri Rhyacotriton olympicus 0.00 Amphiuma tridactylum

Amphiuma means

Amphiuma pholeter

Desmognathus auriculatus

Desmognathus brimleyorum

Desmognathus monticola

Desmognathus fuscus

Desmognathus welteri

Desmognathus ochrophaeus point.seq -0.20

Desmognathus imitator

Desmognathus marmoratus

Desmognathus quadramaculatus

Desmognathus aeneus

Desmognathus wrighti

Phaeognathus hubrichti

Aneides flavipunctatus Aneides ferreus -0.50 Aneides lugubris

Aneides hardii

Aneides aeneus

Ensatina eschscholtzii

Hydromantes platycephalus

Hydromantes italicus

Karsenia koreana Plethodon albagula -0.80 Plethodon glutinosus

Plethodon cylindraceus

Plethodon teyahalee

Plethodon cheoah

Plethodon shermani

Plethodon meridianus

Plethodon amplus

Plethodon montanus Plethodon ouachitae -1.00 Plethodon caddoensis

Plethodon jordani

Plethodon metcalfi

Plethodon kentucki

Plethodon yonahlossee

Plethodon dorsalis

Plethodon ventralis

Plethodon angusticlavius

Plethodon welleri

Plethodon punctatus

Plethodon wehrlei

Plethodon hubrichti

Plethodon nettingi

Plethodon richmondi

Plethodon shenandoah

Plethodon cinereus

Plethodon hoffmani

Plethodon serratus

Plethodon idahoensis

Plethodon vandykei

Plethodon neomexicanus

Plethodon dunni

Plethodon vehiculum

Plethodon elongatus

Eurycea tridentifera

Eurycea neotenes

Eurycea sosorum

Eurycea nana

Eurycea rathbuni

Eurycea wilderae Bolitoglossinae

Eurycea junaluska

Eurycea bislineata

Eurycea cirrigera

Eurycea longicauda

Eurycea lucifuga

Eurycea quadridigitata

Eurycea spelaea

Eurycea tynerensis

Eurycea multiplicata

Pseudotriton ruber

Pseudotriton montanus

Gyrinophilus porphyriticus

Stereochilus marginatus

Batrachoseps major

Batrachoseps attenuatus posterior rates

Batrachoseps wrightorum

Cryptotriton nasalis

Cryptotriton alvarezdeltoroi

Nyctanolis pernix

Dendrotriton rabbi Dendrotriton cuchumatanus rep(-0.5, length(point.seq)) Nototriton barbouri

Nototriton richardi Nototriton guanacaste 3.011 Nototriton picadoi

Nototriton abscondens

Oedipina uniformis

Oedipina pacificensis

Oedipina poelzi

Oedipina pseudouniformis

Oedipina cyclocauda

Oedipina gephyra

Oedipina elongata 0.519

Oedipina parvipes

Oedipina complex

Oedipina savagei

Bradytriton silus

Thorius troglodytes

Thorius dubitus

Chiropterotriton magnipes Chiropterotriton chondrostega 0.090 Chiropterotriton multidentatus

Chiropterotriton priscus

Chiropterotriton lavae

Chiropterotriton dimidiatus

Chiropterotriton arboreus

Pseudoeurycea scandens

Pseudoeurycea galeanae

Pseudoeurycea cephalica

Pseudoeurycea naucampatepetl 0.015

Pseudoeurycea gigantea

Pseudoeurycea boneti

Pseudoeurycea bellii

Pseudoeurycea goebeli

Pseudoeurycea brunnata

Pseudoeurycea exspectata

Pseudoeurycea rex Pseudoeurycea smithi 0.003 Pseudoeurycea anitae

Pseudoeurycea cochranae

Pseudoeurycea gadovii

Pseudoeurycea melanomolga

Pseudoeurycea longicauda

Pseudoeurycea robertsi

Pseudoeurycea altamontana

Pseudoeurycea unguidentis

Pseudoeurycea saltator point.seq 0.000

Pseudoeurycea juarezi

Pseudoeurycea werleri

Pseudoeurycea mystax

Pseudoeurycea nigromaculata

Pseudoeurycea lynchi

Pseudoeurycea leprosa

Pseudoeurycea firscheini Lineatriton lineolus 0.000 Parvimolge townsendi

Ixalotriton parvus

Ixalotriton niger

Bolitoglossa hartwegi

Bolitoglossa rufescens

Bolitoglossa occidentalis

Bolitoglossa odonnelli

Bolitoglossa lignicolor

Bolitoglossa yucatana 0.000

Bolitoglossa striatula

Bolitoglossa mexicana

Bolitoglossa platydactyla

Bolitoglossa flaviventris

Bolitoglossa macrinii

Bolitoglossa riletti

Bolitoglossa hermosa Bolitoglossa rostrata 0.000 Bolitoglossa helmrichi

Bolitoglossa engelhardti

Bolitoglossa lincolni

Bolitoglossa franklini

Bolitoglossa porrasorum

Bolitoglossa longissima

Bolitoglossa decora

Bolitoglossa synoria

Bolitoglossa celaque

Bolitoglossa morio

Bolitoglossa dunni

Bolitoglossa diaphora

Bolitoglossa conanti

Bolitoglossa carri

Bolitoglossa dofleini

Bolitoglossa subpalmata

Bolitoglossa pesrubra

Bolitoglossa gracilis

Bolitoglossa marmorea

Bolitoglossa minutula

Bolitoglossa cerroensis

Bolitoglossa schizodactyla

Bolitoglossa colonnea

Bolitoglossa sima

Bolitoglossa biseriata

Bolitoglossa palmata

Bolitoglossa peruviana

Bolitoglossa altamazonica

Bolitoglossa medemi

Bolitoglossa adspersa

Hemidactylium scutatum

Pleurodeles waltl

Pleurodeles poireti

Tylototriton vietnamensis

Tylototriton hainanensis

Tylototriton asperrimus

Tylototriton wenxianensis

Tylototriton kweichowensis

Tylototriton verrucosus

Tylototriton taliangensis

Echinotriton andersoni

Echinotriton chinhaiensis

Pachytriton brevipes

Pachytriton labiatus

Paramesotriton deloustali shift probability

Paramesotriton fuzhongensis

Paramesotriton guangxiensis

Paramesotriton hongkongensis

Paramesotriton chinensis

Paramesotriton caudopunctatus Paramesotriton laoensis rep(-0.5, length(point.seq)) Cynops ensicauda

Cynops pyrrhogaster Cynops cyanurus 1.000 Cynops chenggongensis

Cynops orphicus

Cynops orientalis

Neurergus strauchii

Neurergus microspilotus

Neurergus kaiseri

Neurergus crocatus

Ommatotriton vittatus

Ommatotriton ophryticus 0.875

Calotriton asper

Calotriton arnoldi

Triturus carnifex

Triturus dobrogicus

Triturus karelinii

Triturus cristatus

Triturus marmoratus Triturus pygmaeus 0.750 Lissotriton boscai

Lissotriton italicus

Lissotriton helveticus

Lissotriton montandoni

Lissotriton vulgaris

Mesotriton alpestris

Euproctus platycephalus

Euproctus montanus

Notophthalmus viridescens 0.625

Notophthalmus perstriatus

Notophthalmus meridionalis

Taricha rivularis

Taricha sierrae

Taricha torosa

Taricha granulosa

Mertensiella caucasica Chioglossa lusitanica 0.500 Lyciasalamandra atifi

Lyciasalamandra helverseni

Lyciasalamandra antalyana

Lyciasalamandra billae

Lyciasalamandra fazilae

Lyciasalamandra luschani

Lyciasalamandra flavimembris

Salamandra salamandra

Salamandra atra

point.seq 0.375

Salamandra corsica

Salamandra lanzai

Salamandra infraimmaculata

Salamandra algira

Salamandrina perspicillata

Salamandrina terdigitata

Ambystoma gracile Ambystoma maculatum 0.250 Ambystoma macrodactylum

Ambystoma californiense

Ambystoma rosaceum

Ambystoma dumerilii

Ambystoma rivulare

Ambystoma lermaense

Ambystoma granulosum

Ambystoma altamirani

Ambystoma velasci 0.125

Ambystoma taylori

Ambystoma tigrinum

Ambystoma ordinarium

Ambystoma andersoni

Ambystoma flavipiperatum

Ambystoma mexicanum

Ambystoma amblycephalum Ambystoma jeffersonianum 0.000 Ambystoma laterale

Ambystoma annulatum

Ambystoma cingulatum

Ambystoma bishopi

Ambystoma opacum

Ambystoma barbouri

Ambystoma texanum

Dicamptodon aterrimus

Dicamptodon ensatus

Dicamptodon tenebrosus Dicamptodon copei photos from wiki commons Characters and diversification Silvestro et al. 2013 Evolution Biogeography Ree and Smith 2008 Sys Biol Testing Complex Evolutionary Models Price et al. 2014 Nature