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Home , Acipenseriformes, Agnatha, Amiiformes, Ampullae of Lorenzini, Atheriniformes, Beloniformes

Unit 2c Chordata and

• : Chordata – • : Urochordata - • Subphylum: Cephalochordata - • : – Ray-finned Fish • Subphylum: Vertebrata – • : – , • Superclass: • Infraclass: • Order: Myxiniformes – • Order: Lepisoteriformes - • Order: Petromyzontiformes – Tyler vs Mark • Order: – • Superclass: – Jawed Vertebrates • Infraclass: Teleostei • Class: - Cartilagenous Fish • Subclass: – , Skates and Rays • Superorder: • Subclass: - Ratfish • Order: – , Elephantfish • Class: – Lobe-finned fish • Superorder: • Order: Coelacanthiformes - Coelocanths • Order: Anguilliformes - Morey • Subclass: Dipnoi – • Superorder: Clupeiformorpha • Order: - Ancovies,

• Class: Amphibia – • Superorder: Ostariphysi • Order: Urodela - Salmanders • Order: – , • Order: Anurans – /Toads • Order: – • Order: Apodans - Caecilians • Order: - Knifefish • Class: Testudines – • Order: Siluriformes - • Class: Sphenodontia – Tuataras • Class: – / • Superorder: • Lizards • Order: Salmoniformes – , • – – Old World Lizards • Order: - Pike • Family – – Glass Lizards • Superorder: Stomiatii • Family – Chameleonidae – • Order: – • Family – Corytophanidae – Helmet Lizards • Order: – Dragonfish • Family - – Collared Lizards • Superorder: Scopelomorpha • Family – Helodermatidae – Monster • Order: – Lantern Fish • Family – – Iguanids • Family – – NA Spiny Lizards • Superorder: • Family – – Anoles • Order: Mugiligormes - • Family – Geckonidae – Geckos • Order: – , Silversides • Family – Scincidae – • Order: - • Family – Anniellidae – Legless Lizards • Order: –, mosqitofish • Family – – Whiptail Lizards • Order: - • Snakes • Order: Gobiesociformes – Clingfish • Family – – Pythons and Boas • Order: • Family – – Colubrids Order: Synganthiformes - Sea Horses, • Family – – Elapids • Order: Tetradontiformes – Porcupine fish Order: • Family - Viparidae - Viperids Pleuronectiformes - Halibut • Class: Crocodilia – Crocodilians • Order: - • Order: – 40% of fish Phylum: Chordata

• – radial and indeterminate cleavage – Enterocoelous – anus from blastopore • Bilateral Symmetry • Both and vertebrates – Contain four anatomical features Phylum: Chordata

• ______Notochord • Dorsal, Hollow Nerve Cord • Pharyngeal Slits • Muscular, Postanal Tail SubPhylum: Urochordata

• Tunicates • Sessile • Only contains Pharynx with slits as an adult SubPhylum: Cephalochordata

• Lancelates • Contains all four characters as an adult • Closest relative to vertebrates (Amphioxus) • Paedeogenesis SubPhylum: Vertebrata

• Backbones • Contains all four chordate characters as an adult with modification • Neural Crest – and of the • Living Endoskeleton and Musculature – better for larger – Bones allow for muscle attachment • Pharynx and Efficient Respiration – increased metabolic rate • Advanced Nervous System – developed system for distance reception • Paired Limbs – increased movement Chordate • Vertebrae • and two sets of paired appendages • Teeth • • Legs • Amniotic • Hair, feathers Superclass Agnatha, Order Myixiniformes Hagfish • Marine scavengers • Secrete slime • Lack scales and paired appendages Barbe • Reduced brain, , ears,ls and nasal opening • Tie themselves in a knot to release slime or provide leverage when feeding Superclass Agnatha Order Petromyzontiformes Lampreys • (Marine and freshwater migrates to to • Ammocoetes larvae: filter feeders, buried in sediment • Lack scales and paired appendages • Parasite Evolution of Jaws • Jaws likely developed from ______gill arches used in filter feeding • Lead to ______(carnivoryMoving jaws. and herbivory) • Allowed for active defense from predators – De-emphasis on armored plates • Development of paired appendages Superclass Gnathostomata Class Chondrichthyes • First appeared in mid- Placoid • ______Cartilage scales • ______Placoid scales • Teeth derived from placoid scales are not fused with – Replaceable (every few day) • Large, ______Liver – Lack gas bladder or lungs Ampullae de • intestine Lorenzini • Highly developed sensory organs – Spiral • Internal fertilization valve – Claspers Reproduction Claspers- pelvic used to transfer sperm. Shark development: ______:Viviparity the mother feeds by a placenta – Example:Hammerheads & Bullsharks ______:Oviparity the mother deposits Example: ______:Ovoviviparity the eggs retained in female Example: tiger sharks, great white, most Class Chondrichthyes Subclass Elasmobranchii • Sharks, Skates, Rays Dorsal fins • Two dorsal fins, an anal , • 5 openings Gill Anal • Nictitating openings fin membrane • Heterocercal Caudal Nictitating membrane Fin Class “” Bony • Ossified (bony) endoskeleton • Pair of lungs or • Bony fin rays Lobed • Ganoid, ctenoid, or cycloid scales fin (no placoid) • ______: bony gill cover

Divided into two classes Class Sarcopterygii (sar-KOP-tuh-RIJ-ee-) • ______Lobed-Fin Fish fishes – Pectoral and pelvic fins made of rod-shaped bones surrounded by muscle Rayed Class Actinopterygii (ACK-tih-NOP-tuh-RIJ-ee-eye) fin • ______Ray-Fin Fish fishes – Elongated, flexible fin rays – Single Basic of a Bony Fish

Lateral line: sensory organ used to detect ______Pressure changes - Motion

Swim bladder (gas bladder): internal air filled organ that aids in ______Buoyancy Class Sarcopterygii Order Coelocantiformes Coelocanths • ______3 lobed caudal fin • Fleshy operculum • Jointed skull • Viviparous • ______Rostral Organ : electroreceptive organ located in the front of the braincase • Believed to have gone extinct 65mya – Re-discovered in 1938 – Populations near and South Class Sarcopterygii Subclass Dipnoi Lungfish • All • ______Lungs – Breathe air – Homologous to • Slender fins – Single, long tapered caudal fin • Omnivorous diet • Can survive dry conditions by estivating in mucus-lined burrow for up to 4 ! • Largest genome among vertebrates Class Actinopterygii (largest class) • Order Acipenseriformes • Order Cypriniformes (2nd largest order) • Order Synganthiformes • Order • Order Perciformes (largest order) Class Actinopterygii (largest class) • Order Acipenseriformes – • Mostly Cartilaginous Skeleton • Heterocercal caudal fin • Spiral Valve • Lack Vertebral Centra • Dates back 245 mya Class Actinopterygii (largest class) • Order Cypriniformes (Minnows, Carp, Shiners) – 2nd largest order – Early Pharyngeal • Order Synganthiformes ( & Pipefish) - Prehensile Tail - Males carry eggs - “Conjoined Jaws” Class Actinopterygii (largest class)

• Order Scombriformes ( & ) – Strong caudal fin Finlets – Finlets behind dorsal & Anal Fin. Fast Swimmers. • 45-60 mph

• Order Perciformes (largest Order) (, , ) Abdominal Pelvic Fins & Lateral Pectoral Fins

Lateral Pectoral fin

Abdominal Evolution of the Tetrapods END OF UNIT 2