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Phylogeny Classification Additional Readings Clupeomorpha and Ostariophysi

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Phylogeny Classification Additional Readings Clupeomorpha and Ostariophysi Teleostei - AccessScience from McGraw-Hill Education http://www.accessscience.com/content/teleostei/680400 (http://www.accessscience.com/) Article by: Boschung, Herbert Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Gardiner, Brian Linnean Society of London, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, United Kingdom. Publication year: 2014 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1036/1097-8542.680400 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1036/1097-8542.680400) Content Morphology Euteleostei Bibliography Phylogeny Classification Additional Readings Clupeomorpha and Ostariophysi The most recent group of actinopterygians (rayfin fishes), first appearing in the Upper Triassic (Fig. 1). About 26,840 species are contained within the Teleostei, accounting for more than half of all living vertebrates and over 96% of all living fishes. Teleosts comprise 517 families, of which 69 are extinct, leaving 448 extant families; of these, about 43% have no fossil record. See also: Actinopterygii (/content/actinopterygii/009100); Osteichthyes (/content/osteichthyes/478500) Fig. 1 Cladogram showing the relationships of the extant teleosts with the other extant actinopterygians. (J. S. Nelson, Fishes of the World, 4th ed., Wiley, New York, 2006) 1 of 9 10/7/2015 1:07 PM Teleostei - AccessScience from McGraw-Hill Education http://www.accessscience.com/content/teleostei/680400 Morphology Much of the evidence for teleost monophyly (evolving from a common ancestral form) and relationships comes from the caudal skeleton and concomitant acquisition of a homocercal tail (upper and lower lobes of the caudal fin are symmetrical). This type of tail primitively results from an ontogenetic fusion of centra (bodies of vertebrae) and the possession of paired bracing bones located bilaterally along the dorsal region of the caudal skeleton, derived ontogenetically from the neural arches (uroneurals) of the ural (tail) centra. The presence of uroneurals is a synapomorphy (homology) for all teleosts and is recognizable in the fossil groups, as is another synapomorphy—the articulation of the first two hypurals with the same vertebral centrum (ural centrum 1, which results from an ontogenetic fusion of two centra). Other characteristics of the teleosts include a mobile premaxillary bone, unpaired basibranchial tooth plates, extension of the posterior myodome (the eye muscle canal) into the basioccipital bone, and development of the swim bladder. The swim bladder (gas bladder, air bladder), lying between the gut and kidneys, develops as a diverticulum from the dorsal wall of the esophagus. In the basal groups of teleosts, the swim bladder usually remains in contact with the esophagus via the pneumatic duct, a condition called physostomous. In more advanced groups, this connection may be lost (physoclistic bladder). Accompanying the development of a physoclistic condition are retia (anatomical networks) of blood vessels that form gas glands that pump gases into or out of the bladder. Thus, the principal function of the physoclistic swim bladder is hydrostatic. See also: Swim bladder (/content/swim-bladder/672500) Ostariophysans have a chain of ossicles (little bones) and associated structures connecting the swim bladder with the inner ear, the so-called Weberian apparatus. In some osteoglossomorphs, clupeomorphs, and euteleosts, there is a direct connection between the diverticulum of the swim bladder and the labyrinth of the ear, with the diverticulum passing through an opening in the exoccipital bone and terminating in two distinct vesicles (one in the prootic, the other in the pterotic). Thus, in both ostariophysans and clupeomorphs, stimuli are transmitted from the swim bladder to the utriculus. However, the nature of the two otophysic (ear-swim bladder) connections is not regarded as homologous. The Weberian ossicles allow the swim bladder to function as a manometer or pressure receptor. In the Clupeomorpha, there is also a connection between the swim bladder and the lateral line, and it has been shown that these swim bladder-ear connections in the herrings are important in shoaling (schooling) behavior. Also, the swim bladder can function as a resonator when beaten by the ribs, as in certain toadfishes. See also: Ear (vertebrate) (/content/ear-vertebrate/208600); Ostariophysi (/content/ostariophysi/802680) Phylogeny In the past four or five decades, a surge of interest in teleost fishes resulted in several ideas regarding the details of their origins and lines of descent (phylogenies), any one of which may be closer to the truth than the others. Notwithstanding this high level of interest, much work remains ahead for current and future generations of researchers to unravel the evolutionary history of this tremendously large group of fishes. Teleosts probably had their beginning in the middle to late Triassic, about 220 to 200 million years ago. By the end of the Jurassic, several representatives of Recent teleost taxa had evolved; these included the Osteoglossomorpha, Elopomorpha, and Clupeomorpha, but the Holostei remained the dominant fishes. It was in the succeeding Cretaceous Period that great radiation of the teleost group occurred and at that time they exceeded the Holostei to become by far the largest and most diverse group of vertebrates. The fish beds at Monte Bolca in Verona, Italy, provide the earliest records (lowermost Eocene) for a large number of higher teleost taxa (Fig. 2). See also: Clupeiformes (/content/clupeiformes/142500); Elopiformes (/content/elopiformes/229100); Geologic time scale (/content/geologic-time-scale/286500); Holostei (/content/holostei /321000); Osteoglossiformes (/content/osteoglossiformes/478600) 2 of 9 10/7/2015 1:07 PM Teleostei - AccessScience from McGraw-Hill Education http://www.accessscience.com/content/teleostei/680400 Fig. 2 Phylogeny of the Teleostei. Teleostei is a sister group of Amiiformes (bow fins). Osteoglossomorpha, Elopomorpha, and Clupeomorpha are now generally regarded as successive clades (groups) above the level of the fossil, paraphyletic pholidophorids. Clupeomorpha is identified as the sister group of Ostariophysi. See also: Amiiformes (/content/amiiformes/027800) Clupeomorpha and Ostariophysi Clupeomorpha and Ostariophysi are collectively named Otocephala or Ostarioclupeomorpha. Clupeomorpha has one extant order (Clupeiformes), with 364 species in 84 genera and 5 families. Ostariophysi accounts for about 68% of the freshwater fishes of the world. Clupeomorpha plus Ostariophysi, comprising 6 orders, are sister to the Euteleostei. Euteleostei By far, the largest teleost taxon is Euteleostei, with about 17,419 species arranged in some 346 families. It comprises two major lineages, Protacanthopterygii and Neoteleostei (see table). Table - Two proposed classifications of the Euteleostei Johnson and Patterson Nelson Protacanthopterygii Protacanthopterygii Argentiniformes Argentiniformes Salmoniformes Osmeriformes Salmonoidei Salmoniformes Osmeroidei Esociformes Neognathi Neoteleostei—the remaining teleosts Esociformes Neoteleostei Protacanthopterygii According to J. S. Nelson, Salmoniformes and Esociformes are sister taxa. Protacanthopterygii comprises four orders and is sister to the Neoteleostei. G. D. Johnson and C. Patterson recognize two orders of protacanthopterygians by combining the 3 of 9 10/7/2015 1:07 PM Teleostei - AccessScience from McGraw-Hill Education http://www.accessscience.com/content/teleostei/680400 osmeroids and salmonids in Salmoniformes, the sister group of the argentinoids. They regard Esociformes as sister to the Neoteleostei. Neoteleostei Nelson suggests that support for the monophyly of Neoteleostei is stronger for itself than for its individual member taxa, namely Stomiiformes, Ateleopodiformes, Aulopiformes, Myctophiformes, Lampriformes, Polymixiiformes, Paracanthopterygii, and Acanthopterygii (see classification below). The Stomiiformes, a morphologically diverse group of 321 species of deep-water oceanic fishes, seems to be the best candidate as the sister group to all the other neoteleosts. Molecular work of M. Miya and coworkers suggests that Ateleopodiformes is the sister group of Lampriformes and that the two are sister to Myctophiformes. This is unlike the phylogeny shown in Fig. 2. The last four superorders constitute the Acanthomorpha (spiny-rayed fishes), which left a rich fossil record beginning in the Cretaceous. Scopelomorpha (Myctophiformes) is regarded as the sister group of Acanthomorpha. Lampriomorpha (Lampriformes) is regarded as the primitive sister group to the remaining acanthomorphs, that is, Polymixiomorpha (Polymixiiformes), paracanthopterygians, and acanthopterygians (Fig. 3). Fig. 3 Cladogram showing the relationships of the Neoteleostei. (J. S. Nelson, Fishes of the World, 4th ed., Wiley, New York, 2006) Paracanthopterygii is a diverse group of acanthomorphs, which defies a clear-cut definition and lacks firm evidence to support its monophyly. As with the Cyclosquamata (Aulopiformes), it contains various deep-sea groups, including the Lophiiformes (angler fishes) with 297 species and the Gadiformes with about 482 species, many of which are important commercial fishes that constitute over one-quarter of the world's marine fish catch. Other paracanthopterygian groups include the freshwater Percopsiformes (trout and pirate perches and cave fishes; 9 species) and the Batrachoidiformes (coastal, benthic toadfishes; 69 species). Acanthopterygii is the largest subgroup of the Euteleostei, distributed among 13 orders and 267 families (whose interrelationships
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