Unit 2c Chordata and Fish • Phylum: Chordata – Chordates • Subphylum: Urochordata - Tunicates • Subphylum: Cephalochordata - Lancelets • Class: Actinopterygii – Ray-finned Fish • Subphylum: Vertebrata – Vertebrates • Order: Acipenseriformes – Sturgeon, Paddlefish • Superclass: Agnatha • Infraclass: Holostei • Order: Myxiniformes – Hagfish • Order: Lepisoteriformes - Gars • Order: Petromyzontiformes – Lamprey Tyler vs Mark • Order: Amiiformes – Bowfin • Superclass: Gnathostomata – Jawed Vertebrates • Infraclass: Teleostei • Class: Chondrichthyes - Cartilagenous Fish • Subclass: Elasmobranchii – Sharks, Skates and Rays • Superorder: Osteoglossomorpha • Subclass: Holocephali - Ratfish • Order: Osteoglossiformes – Arowana, Elephantfish • Class: Sarcopterygii – Lobe-finned fish • Superorder: Elopomorpha • Order: Coelacanthiformes - Coelocanths • Order: Anguilliformes - Morey eels • Subclass: Dipnoi – Lungfish • Superorder: Clupeiformorpha • Order: Clupeiformes - Ancovies, Sardines • Class: Amphibia – Amphibians • Superorder: Ostariphysi • Order: Urodela - Salmanders • Order: Cypriniformes – Carp, Minnows • Order: Anurans – Frogs/Toads • Order: Characiformes – Piranha • Order: Apodans - Caecilians • Order: Gymnotiformes - Knifefish • Class: Testudines – Turtles • Order: Siluriformes - Catfish • Class: Sphenodontia – Tuataras • Class: Squamata – Lizards/Snakes • Superorder: Protacanthopterygii • Lizards • Order: Salmoniformes – Salmon, Trout • Family – Agamidae – Old World Lizards • Order: Esociformes - Pike • Family – Anguidae – Glass Lizards • Superorder: Stomiatii • Family – Chameleonidae – Chameleons • Order: Osmeriformes – Smelt • Family – Corytophanidae – Helmet Lizards • Order: Stomiiformes – Dragonfish • Family - Crotaphytidae – Collared Lizards • Superorder: Scopelomorpha • Family – Helodermatidae – Gila Monster • Order: Myctophiformes – Lantern Fish • Family – Iguanidae – Iguanids • Family – Phrynosomatidae – NA Spiny Lizards • Superorder: Acanthopterygii • Family – Polychrotidae – Anoles • Order: Mugiligormes - Mullet • Family – Geckonidae – Geckos • Order: Atheriniformes – Grunion, Silversides • Family – Scincidae – Skinks • Order: Beloniformes - Flying Fish • Family – Anniellidae – Legless Lizards • Order: Cyprinodontiformes –Pupfish, mosqitofish • Family – Teiidae – Whiptail Lizards • Order: Stephanoberyciformes - Ridgehead • Snakes • Order: Gobiesociformes – Clingfish • Family – Boidae – Pythons and Boas • Order: Gasterosteiformes Sticklebacks • Family – Colubridae – Colubrids Order: Synganthiformes - Sea Horses, Pipefish • Family – Elapidae – Elapids • Order: Tetradontiformes – Porcupine fish Order: • Family - Viparidae - Viperids Pleuronectiformes - Halibut • Class: Crocodilia – Crocodilians • Order: Scorpaeniformes - Sculpin • Order: Perciformes – 40% of fish Phylum: Chordata • Deuterostomes – radial and indeterminate cleavage – Enterocoelous – anus from blastopore • Bilateral Symmetry • Both invertebrates and vertebrates – Contain four anatomical features Phylum: Chordata • _________Notochord • Dorsal, Hollow Nerve Cord • Pharyngeal Slits • Muscular, Postanal Tail SubPhylum: Urochordata • Tunicates • Sessile • Only contains Pharynx with slits as an adult SubPhylum: Cephalochordata • Lancelates • Contains all four chordate characters as an adult • Closest relative to vertebrates (Amphioxus) • Paedeogenesis SubPhylum: Vertebrata • Backbones • Contains all four chordate characters as an adult with modification • Neural Crest – bones and cartilage of the skull Vertebrate Adaptations • Living Endoskeleton and Musculature – better for larger animals – Bones allow for muscle attachment • Pharynx and Efficient Respiration – increased metabolic rate • Advanced Nervous System – developed system for distance reception • Paired Limbs – increased movement Chordate Evolution • Vertebrae • Jaws and two sets of paired appendages • Teeth • Lungs • Legs • Amniotic Egg • Hair, feathers Superclass Agnatha, Order Myixiniformes Hagfish • Marine scavengers • Secrete slime • Lack scales and paired appendages Barbe • Reduced brain, eyes, ears,ls and nasal opening • Tie themselves in a knot to release slime or provide leverage when feeding Superclass Agnatha Order Petromyzontiformes Lampreys • (Marine and freshwater migrates to fresh water to spawn • Ammocoetes larvae: filter feeders, buried in sediment • Lack scales and paired appendages • Parasite Evolution of Jaws • Jaws likely developed from __________gill arches used in filter feeding • Lead to _____________(carnivoryMoving jaws. and herbivory) • Allowed for active defense from predators – De-emphasis on armored plates • Development of paired appendages Superclass Gnathostomata Class Chondrichthyes • First appeared in mid-Devonian Placoid • __________Cartilage skeleton scales • _________Placoid scales • Teeth derived from placoid scales are not fused with jaw – Replaceable (every few day) • Large, ___________Liver – Lack gas bladder or lungs Ampullae de • Spiral valve intestine Lorenzini • Highly developed sensory organs – Ampullae of Lorenzini Spiral • Internal fertilization valve – Claspers Shark Reproduction Claspers- pelvic fins used to transfer sperm. Shark development: __________:Viviparity the mother feeds by a placenta – Example:Hammerheads & Bullsharks __________:Oviparity the mother deposits eggs Example: Horn Shark _____________:Ovoviviparity the eggs retained in female Example: tiger sharks, great white, most Class Chondrichthyes Subclass Elasmobranchii • Sharks, Skates, Rays Dorsal fins • Two dorsal fins, an anal fin, • 5 gill openings Gill Anal • Nictitating openings fin membrane • Heterocercal Caudal Nictitating membrane Fin Class “Osteichthyes” Bony fishes • Ossified (bony) endoskeleton • Pair of lungs or swim bladder • Bony fin rays Lobed • Ganoid, ctenoid, or cycloid scales fin (no placoid) • ___________:Operculum bony gill cover Divided into two classes Class Sarcopterygii (sar-KOP-tuh-RIJ-ee-eye) • ________________Lobed-Fin Fish fishes – Pectoral and pelvic fins made of rod-shaped bones surrounded by muscle Rayed Class Actinopterygii (ACK-tih-NOP-tuh-RIJ-ee-eye) fin • _______________Ray-Fin Fish fishes – Elongated, flexible fin rays – Single dorsal fin Basic Anatomy of a Bony Fish Lateral line: sensory organ used to detect _____________________Pressure changes - Motion Swim bladder (gas bladder): internal air filled organ that aids in __________Buoyancy Lateral Line Class Sarcopterygii Order Coelocantiformes Coelocanths • _________3 lobed caudal fin • Fleshy operculum • Jointed skull • Viviparous • ______________Rostral Organ : electroreceptive organ located in the front of the braincase • Believed to have gone extinct 65mya – Re-discovered in 1938 – Populations near Indonesia and South Africa Class Sarcopterygii Subclass Dipnoi Lungfish • All freshwater fish • ______Lungs – Breathe air – Homologous to tetrapods • Slender fins – Single, long tapered caudal fin • Omnivorous diet • Can survive dry conditions by estivating in mucus-lined burrow for up to 4 years! • Largest genome among vertebrates Class Actinopterygii (largest class) • Order Acipenseriformes • Order Cypriniformes (2nd largest order) • Order Synganthiformes • Order Scombriformes • Order Perciformes (largest order) Class Actinopterygii (largest class) • Order Acipenseriformes – Sturgeons • Mostly Cartilaginous Skeleton • Heterocercal caudal fin • Spiral Valve • Lack Vertebral Centra • Dates back Triassic 245 mya Class Actinopterygii (largest class) • Order Cypriniformes (Minnows, Carp, Shiners) – 2nd largest order – Early Pharyngeal • Order Synganthiformes (Seahorses & Pipefish) - Prehensile Tail - Males carry eggs - “Conjoined Jaws” Class Actinopterygii (largest class) • Order Scombriformes (Tuna & Mackerel) – Strong caudal fin Finlets – Finlets behind dorsal & Anal Fin. Fast Swimmers. • 45-60 mph • Order Perciformes (largest Order) (Perch, Bass, Cichlids) Abdominal Pelvic Fins & Lateral Pectoral Fins Lateral Pectoral fin Abdominal pelvic fin Evolution of the Tetrapods END OF UNIT 2.