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Phylum Arthropoda - Lec Phylum Arthropoda - Lec. 4 Phylum Arthropoda today’s lecture • Arthropod Characteristics – Nervous System • Subphylum Mandibulata – phylogeny • Class Crustacea – Species richness – subclasses Arthropod Nervous System Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Trilobitomorpha √ Ventral, paired Class Trilobita √ nerve cord Subphylum Chelicerata √ Class Merostomata √ Dorsal “brain” of Class Pycnogonida √ 3 ganglia Class Arachnida √ Mandibulata Subphylum Mandibulata 2 ganglia Class Crustacea Class Myriapoda Chelicerata Class Insecta 1 Arthropod Nervous System Arthropod Nervous System Cerebral Ganglia Deutocerebrum not in Protocerebrum - eyes Chelicerata - why? Deutocerebrum - antennae Tritocerebrum surrounds Tritocerebrum - 2nd antennae, esophagus mouth, locomotion Arthropod Nervous System Arthropod Nervous System • Paired • Strikingly similar to Annelid nervous segmental system ganglia – 3 lobes (cerebral ganglia) connected by – Circumesophogeal transverse – Paired, ladder-like ventral nerve cords commissures – Evidence for “Articulata” • Fusion of • Nematodes share many traits as well! ganglia in many – Evidence for Ecdysozoa groups Subphylum Mandibulata Subphylum Mandibulata Concept of Snodgrass 1930-1950s Three classes • Crustacea – shrimps, lobsters, etc. 45,000 spp. • Myriapoda Mandibulata is not universally accepted – centipedes, millipedes, ~13,000 spp • Insecta (Hexapoda) – insects, 1,000,000+ spp. 2 Subphylum Mandibulata Subphylum Mandibulata Crust. Myria. Insec. Myria. Crust. Insec. Crust. Myria. Insec. Myria. Crust. Insec. Not clear how the mandibulates are related Atelocerata vs Pancrustacea No marine fossil record for Myriapoda & Insecta Fossils vs DNA appear ~ 100 million years after Crustacea & Morphology Subphylum Mandibulata Giribet et al. 2001 Nature Crustacea + Myriapoda + Insecta 8 genes + morphology Apomorphies Monophyletic • Mandibles (biting jaws) Mandibulata –Shared development & genetics & • Ommatidia with retinula of 8 cells Pancrustacea –Pg. 335 & 345 fig 14.7 Subphylum Mandibulata Subphylum Mandibulata Gene expression - Distal-less (Dll) Specifies distal part of appendage Confirmed all mandibulates use the gnathobase of the appendage Mandibles - developed from limbs Supports hypothesis of homology Popadiac et al. Dev Genes & Evol. 1998 3 Comparison of heads Class Crustacea Head segment Chelicerata Crustacea Insecta I acron acron acron II antennae1 antennae III chelicerae antennae2 hypopharynx? IV pedipalps mandible mandible V legs1 maxillae1 maxillae VI legs2 maxillae2 labium Class Crustacea Class Crustacea Apomorphies ? Nauplius larva - 3 pair appendages single eye • Two pairs of antennae (2nd ant. lost in terrestrial lineages) • Nauplius larva Class Crustacea Class Crustacea ~ 45,000 species, mostly marine 3/4 of earth surface is covered by freshwater & damp terrestrial ocean Greater morphological diversity than insects but far fewer species But only 15% of the Metazoan species (10 vs 2 subclasses) so far named are marine (275,000) Seems contradictory - why? (This could be due to lack of study) 4 Class Crustacea Class Crustacea Aquatic - body form less constrained by Time - Crustaceans had ~ 150 million gravity and air = greater body form diversity year head-start on insects Ecological niches - most of the ocean compare # phyla in ocean to land volume is not complex ecologically compare ratio of species to genera between islands and mainland Distant island analogy Class Crustacea Mainland Free-living, predators, detritivores Many genera with few species each e.g. 50 genera of 1-5 species Sessile, filter-feeders Islands Parasites (including terrestrial) Few genera with many species each e.g. 4 genera of 20-50 species Class Crustacea Biramous limbs seem to be associated with being aquatic & seem to be ancestral for Three tagmata arthropods head, thorax, abdomen Reduced to uniramous in Insecta & (head+thorax) under carapace Myriapoda & terrestrial (Crustacea) or, head + trunk Biramous limbs 5 Class Crustacea Class Crustacea Classification (text) Classification Subclass Malacostraca - 75% of spp 2 basal, evolutionary relic groups Subclass Branchiopoda - few spp., freshwater Subclass Cephalocarida - 9 spp Subclass Ostracoda - seed shrimp Subclass Remipedia - 8 spp. Subclass Copepoda - copepods Subclass Pentastomida - tongue worms 3 main, large groups Subclass Cirripedia - barnacles Subclass Branchiopoda - few spp., freshwater Subclass Maxillopoda - copepods, barnacles = Maxillopoda Subclass Malacostraca - 75% of spp Class Crustacea Subclass Cephalocarida Thought to be sister lineage to rest of Crustacea < 4 mm, detritivores 9 species, discovered in 1955 Class Crustacea Gnathobases Food groove Cross sec. Cephalocarid 6 Class Crustacea Class Crustacea Subclass Remipedia Subclass Branchiopoda Described in 1981, cavern in Caribbean diverse, small, mostly freshwater, zooplankton homonomous body, primitive? often in temporary ponds < 3 cm, predators fairy, tadpole, & clam shrimp 8 species water fleas, 800 species Branchiopoda: Tadpole shrimp Class Crustacea Subclass Maxillopoda Sessile, parasitic, planktonic Extremely diverse mostly marine ~ 15,000 species Class Crustacea Class Crustacea Subclass Maxillopoda Copepods Copepods -no abdominal limbs -8,500 species Fish lice -most planktonic, Ostracods marine -25% parasitic Barnacles -huge biomass - base of food chain Tongue worms -most with single eye 7 Fish Louse, Branchiurans - 130 species, crustacean “ticks” Class Crustacea Ostracods - seed shrimp -carapace encloses body -2000 species, most marine -benthic & planktonic Class Crustacea Barnacles - Cirripedes -secret calcareous shell -sessile -some parasites -1,000 species Class Crustacea Tongue worms Tongue worms -parasites of vertebrates -in lungs or nasal passages -95 species -4 legs + mouth -annelid-like, odd -larva & DNA =Crustacean 8 You should be able to (at a minimum): Terms Paired ventral nerve cord Nauplius larva • Describe the arthropod nervous system, Protocerebrum Subclass Cephalocarida compare chelicerates to mandibulates Deutocerebrum Subclass Remipedia Tritocerebrum Subclass Branchiopoda Transverse commisures Subclass Maxillopoda • Describe the Mandibulata Fused ganglia Subclass Malacostraca Circumesophogeal Fairy, tadpole & clam shrimp Class Crustacea Water fleas • Contrast the species & subclass diversity of Class Myriapoda Copepods Crustacea to Insecta & explain why Class Insecta (Hexapoda) Barnacles Subphylum Mandibulata Fish lice • Describe the Crustacea Atelocerata Seed shrimp –Characteristics Pancrustacea Tongue worms –Groups, life styles, habitat, etc. Mandibles retinula 9.
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