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Cover by Ciprian-Marius Vizitiu. Photos for cover kindly provided by: Gregory Basco Brian Gratwicke David L. Hawksworth Dietmar Koszewski Christian Lange Anne Mette Nielsen David Patterson TERMS USED IN BIONOMENCLATURE TERMS USED IN BIONOMENCLATURE: The naming of organisms (and plant communities) Including terms used in botanical, cultivated plant, phylogenetic, phytosociological, prokaryote (bacteriological), virus, and zoological nomenclature. Compiled by David L. Hawksworth Chair, IUBS/IUMS International Committee on Bionomenclature (ICB) Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, Madrid 28040, Spain and Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK. E-mail: [email protected] © Global Biodiversity Information Facility 2010 Published by Global Biodiversity Information Facility, Copenhagen. May 2010 The mission of the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) is to facilitate free and open access to biodiversity data worldwide via the Internet to underpin sustainable development. Priorities, with an emphasis on promoting participation and working through partners, include mobilising biodiversity data, developing protocols and standards to ensure scientific integrity and interoperability, building an informatics architecture to allow the interlinking of diverse data types from disparate sources, promoting capacity building and catalysing development of analytical tools for improved decision-making. See http://www.gbif.org ISBN 87-92020-09-7 A PDF version of this book can be downloaded from the GBIF website together with the Terms of Bionomenclature web application at http://www.gbif.org/communications/resources/print-and-online- resources/bionomenclature/ Contents ABSTRACT ............................................................................................ 8 INTRODUCTION................................................................................... 9 SCOPE .................................................................................................. 10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................. 11 THE CODES ......................................................................................... 13 SELECTED ADDITIONAL SOURCES .............................................. 14 SELECTED ETYMOLOGICAL WORKS ........................................... 16 ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................... 19 TERMS USED IN BIONOMENCLATURE ........................................ 20 8 Terms used in Bionomenclature Abstract This is a glossary of over 2,100 terms used in biological nomenclature - the naming of whole organisms of all kinds. It covers terms in use in the current editions of the different internationally mandated and proposed organismal Codes; i.e. those for botany (including mycology), cultivated plants, prokaryotes (archaea and bacteria), virology, and zoology, as well as the Draft BioCode and PhyloCode. Any abbreviations, latinizations and synonyms are incorporated, as are terms which are either no longer employed, are used outside the formal nomenclatural Codes, or are otherwise likely to be encountered. As some of the terms used in the classification of plant communities are identical to those of whole organisms, terms used in phytosociological nomenclature are also included. The glossary has been prepared with inputs from numerous nomenclatural specialists, especially representatives of the different Codes serving on the IUBS/IUMS International Committee on Bionomenclature. It is intended for use as a reference work by all biologists, especially those involved with the description or re-classification of organisms, as well as those investigating the status and application of previously proposed names. Selected key words: algae, animals, archaea, bacteria, BioCode, biological nomenclature, botany, codes of nomenclature, cultivated plants, dictionary, entomology, fungi, glossary, nomenclature, PhyloCode, phytosociology, plants, prokaryotes, protists, viruses, zoology. Hawksworth 9 Introduction Terms used in discussions of, and in the procedures regulating, the scientific naming of organisms often appear abstruse or unfamiliar to most biologists. The associated language and jargon has developed exponentially since Linnaeus endeavoured to codify procedures and terminology in the Philosophia Botanica (1751). The situation has been exacerbated by biologists working with different groups of organisms developing not only unique terms, but also using identical ones but with different meanings. Today, the accumulated terms present a major obstacle for biologists needing to know how to introduce new scientific names, change positions in a classification, understand why a name has been changed, or determine that which should be used for an organism according to the appropriate sets of rules. In addition, confrontation with unfamiliar and outdated terms can be a barrier to a taxonomist's correct interpretation of the older literature that has to be tackled when undertaking monographic or revisionary work. However, it is my hope that this listing will also facilitate the understanding of nomenclatural discussions and procedures by organismal biologists as a whole. The primary objective of the present compilation is to provide, in a single reference work, definitions and explanations of terms for biologists of all kinds working with, or on, the names or organisms. A secondary objective is to discourage both the superfluous coining of new terms, and the use of existing terms in different senses. As will be apparent from a perusal of the entries, there is already an embarrassing number of cases of the same term being used in disparate senses (e.g. genotype, morphotype). The equivalence of selected terms employed in the different Codes is indicated in Table 1. I started compiling notes on terms used in botanical nomenclature in the mid-1960s when as a student I found that some definitions were not always easily located. My list grew, and a glossary of those relevant to mycology was included in the Mycologist's Handbook (1974). I continued to make notes as more were encountered for a putative second edition. In the mid- 1980s, the International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS) identified a need for increased co-operation between the authorities concerned with the nomenclature of different groups of organisms. Then, at the 24th General Assembly of IUBS in Amsterdam in 1991, the Scientific Programme 10 Terms used in Bionomenclature Committee reported that it would be advantageous to produce a comprehensive glossary of biological nomenclature. To that end, in November 1993 I circulated a first draft aiming to cover the five principle Codes to several colleagues; the production of that draft was facilitated by the glossary in Charles Jeffrey's Biological Nomenclature (1989). A second draft was prepared in March 1994, and critically annotated by nominated representatives of the different Codes serving on the then embryo IUBS/IUMS International Committee on Bionomenclature (ICB). Taking note of the painstakingly prepared inputs received, A Draft Glossary of Terms used in Bionomenclature was published by IUBS in July 1994; this had 1175 entries. This opened the draft to comment from the wider biological community, and I continued to compile additions and corrections received, as well as to incorporate updates and revisions necessitated by new editions of the Codes and the scrutiny of other publications. Yet a further draft was made available to several colleagues for comment on the occasion of the International Botanical Congress in Vienna in July 2005, and at a meeting of the ICB in London in June 2009. Such a compilation can never be exhaustive, and it is being released now as it has reached a stage where, hopefully, it will be of value to all those concerned with the naming of whole organisms. However, awareness of the possible deficiencies of the 1994 draft, led me to place a “health-warning” on the back cover. The present work must also be used with caution, and while representatives of the various Codes have assisted in the venture, it has no formal standing in biological nomenclature. Users who come across omissions or misinterpretation, or encounter alternative uses of already included terms, are encouraged to submit details to me ([email protected]) so that they can be accommodated in any future edition. Scope This compilation covers terms employed in the current editions of the different internationally mandated and proposed organismal Codes; i.e. those for botany (including mycology), cultivated plants, prokaryotes (archaea and bacteria), virology, and zoology, as well as the Draft BioCode and PhyloCode. Also incorporated are abbreviations, latinizations, and synonyms, as well as the numerous terms which are either no longer Hawksworth 11 employed, used outside the formal nomenclatural Codes, or are otherwise likely to be encountered. As some of the terms used in the classification of plant communities are identical to that of whole organisms, terms used in phytosociological nomenclature are also included – but not those of so- called Dynamic-Catenal Phytosociology which includes landscape and other aspects. Where definitions are given in the principal Codes, in general, the precise wording they employ is used. However, where the same term is used in several and in identical senses, composites are provided.
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