Brief Guide to the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry
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Singlet/Triplet State Anti/Aromaticity of Cyclopentadienylcation: Sensitivity to Substituent Effect
Article Singlet/Triplet State Anti/Aromaticity of CyclopentadienylCation: Sensitivity to Substituent Effect Milovan Stojanovi´c 1, Jovana Aleksi´c 1 and Marija Baranac-Stojanovi´c 2,* 1 Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Center for Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, P.O. Box 173, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (J.A.) 2 Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, P.O. Box 158, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +381-11-3336741 Abstract: It is well known that singlet state aromaticity is quite insensitive to substituent effects, in the case of monosubstitution. In this work, we use density functional theory (DFT) calculations to examine the sensitivity of triplet state aromaticity to substituent effects. For this purpose, we chose the singlet state antiaromatic cyclopentadienyl cation, antiaromaticity of which reverses to triplet state aromaticity, conforming to Baird’s rule. The extent of (anti)aromaticity was evaluated by using structural (HOMA), magnetic (NICS), energetic (ISE), and electronic (EDDBp) criteria. We find that the extent of triplet state aromaticity of monosubstituted cyclopentadienyl cations is weaker than the singlet state aromaticity of benzene and is, thus, slightly more sensitive to substituent effects. As an addition to the existing literature data, we also discuss substituent effects on singlet state antiaromaticity of cyclopentadienyl cation. Citation: Stojanovi´c,M.; Aleksi´c,J.; Baranac-Stojanovi´c,M. Keywords: antiaromaticity; aromaticity; singlet state; triplet state; cyclopentadienyl cation; substituent Singlet/Triplet State effect Anti/Aromaticity of CyclopentadienylCation: Sensitivity to Substituent Effect. -
Minutes of the IUPAC Chemical Nomenclature and Structure Representation Division (VIII) Committee Meeting Boston, MA, USA, August 18, 2002
Minutes of the IUPAC Chemical Nomenclature and Structure Representation Division (VIII) Committee Meeting Boston, MA, USA, August 18, 2002 Members Present: Dr Stephen Heller, Prof Herbert Kaesz, Prof Dr Alexander Lawson, Prof G. Jeffrey Leigh, Dr Alan McNaught (President), Dr. Gerard Moss, Prof Bruce Novak, Dr Warren Powell (Secretary), Dr William Town, Dr Antony Williams Members Absent: Dr. Michael Dennis, Prof Michael Hess National representatives Present: Prof Roberto de Barros Faria (Brazil) The second meeting of the Division Committee of the IUPAC Division of Chemical Nomenclature and Structure Representation held in the Great Republic Room of the Westin Hotel in Boston, Massachusetts, USA was convened by President Alan McNaught at 9:00 a.m. on Sunday, August 18, 2002. 1.0 President McNaught welcomed the members to this meeting in Boston and offered a special welcome to the National Representative from Brazil, Prof Roberto de Barros Faria. He also noted that Dr Michael Dennis and Prof Michael Hess were unable to be with us. Each of the attendees introduced himself and provided a brief bit of background information. Housekeeping details regarding breaks and lunch were announced and an invitation to a reception from the U. S. National Committee for IUPAC on Tuesday, August 20 was noted. 2.0 The agenda as circulated was approved with the addition of a report from Dr Moss on the activity on his website. 3.0 The minutes of the Division Committee Meeting in Cambridge, UK, January 25, 2002 as posted on the Webboard (http://www.rsc.org/IUPAC8/attachments/MinutesDivCommJan2002.rtf and http://www.rsc.org/IUPAC8/attachments/MinutesDivCommJan2002.pdf) were approved with the following corrections: 3.1 The name Dr Gerard Moss should be added to the members present listing. -
Aldehydes and Ketones (Pp. 916-920)
Aldehydes and Ketones Klein, D. (2012). Aldehydes and Ketones. En Organic Chemistry (pp. 916-920). USA: Wiley. Espacio de Formación Multimodal 20.2 Nomenclature 917 916 CHAPTER 20 Aldehydes and Ketones 20.2 Nomenclature DO YOU REMEMBER? Before you go on, be sure you understand the following topics. If necessary, review the suggested sections Nomenclature of Aldehydes to prepare for this chapter: Recall that four discrete steps are required to name most classes of organic compounds (as we UÊ À}>À`ÊÀi>}iÌÃÊ-iVÌʣΰȮÊÊ UÊ ,iÌÀÃÞÌ iÌVÊ>>ÞÃÃÊ-iVÌÊ£Ó°x® saw with alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and alcohols): UÊ "Ý`>ÌÊvÊ>V ÃÊ-iVÌʣΰ£ä® 1. Identify and name the parent. 6ÃÌÊÜÜܰÜiÞ«ÕðVÊÌÊV iVÊÞÕÀÊÕ`iÀÃÌ>`}Ê>`ÊvÀÊÛ>Õ>LiÊ«À>VÌVi° Ê 2. Identify and name the substituents. 3. Assign a locant to each substituent. 4. Assemble the substituents alphabetically. Aldehydes are also named using the same four-step procedure. When applying this procedure 20.1 Introduction to Aldehydes and Ketones for naming aldehydes, the following guidelines should be followed: When naming the parent, the suffix “-al” indicates the presence of an aldehyde group: Aldehydes (RCHO) and ketones (R2CO) are similar in structure in that both classes of com- pounds possess a CO bond, called a carbonyl group: O Carbonyl Group H Butane Butanal O O When choosing the parent of an aldehyde, identify the longest chain that includes the carbon RH RR atom of the aldehydic group: An aldehyde A ketone The parent The carbonyl group of an aldehyde is flanked by a hydrogen atom, while the carbonyl group of must include HO a ketone is flanked by two carbon atoms. -
Ethylene Glycol
Ethylene glycol Ethylene glycol (IUPAC name: ethane-1,2-diol) is an organic Ethylene glycol compound with the formula (CH2OH)2. It is mainly used for two purposes, as a raw material in the manufacture of polyester fibers and for antifreeze formulations. It is an odorless, colorless, sweet-tasting, viscous liquid. Contents Production Industrial routes Biological routes Historical routes Uses Coolant and heat-transfer agent Antifreeze Precursor to polymers Other uses Dehydrating agent Hydrate inhibition Applications Chemical reactions Toxicity Environmental effects Names Notes Preferred IUPAC name References Ethane-1,2-diol External links Other names Ethylene glycol 1,2-Ethanediol Production Ethylene alcohol Hypodicarbonous acid Monoethylene glycol Industrial routes 1,2-Dihydroxyethane Ethylene glycol is produced from ethylene (ethene), via the Identifiers intermediate ethylene oxide. Ethylene oxide reacts with water to CAS Number 107-21-1 (http produce ethylene glycol according to the chemical equation: s://commonche mistry.cas.org/d C2H4O + H2O → HO−CH2CH2−OH etail?cas_rn=10 7-21-1) 3D model (JSmol) Interactive This reaction can be catalyzed by either acids or bases, or can occur image (https://ch at neutral pH under elevated temperatures. The highest yields of emapps.stolaf.e ethylene glycol occur at acidic or neutral pH with a large excess of du/jmol/jmol.ph water. Under these conditions, ethylene glycol yields of 90% can be p?model=OCC achieved. The major byproducts are the oligomers diethylene glycol, O) triethylene glycol, and tetraethylene glycol. The separation of these oligomers and water is energy-intensive. About 6.7 million tonnes 3DMet B00278 (http://w are produced annually.[4] ww.3dmet.dna.af frc.go.jp/cgi/sho A higher selectivity is achieved by use of Shell's OMEGA process. -
Introduction to NMR Spectroscopy of Proteins
A brief introduction to NMR spectroscopy of proteins By Flemming M. Poulsen 2002 1 Introduction Nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR, and X-ray crystallography are the only two methods that can be applied to the study of three-dimensional molecular structures of proteins at atomic resolution. NMR spectroscopy is the only method that allows the determination of three-dimensional structures of proteins molecules in the solution phase. In addition NMR spectroscopy is a very useful method for the study of kinetic reactions and properties of proteins at the atomic level. In contrast to most other methods NMR spectroscopy studies chemical properties by studying individual nuclei. This is the power of the methods but sometimes also the weakness. NMR spectroscopy can be applied to structure determination by routine NMR techniques for proteins in the size range between 5 and 25 kDa. For many proteins in this size range structure determination is relatively easy, however there are many examples of structure determinations of proteins, which have failed due to problems of aggregation and dynamics and reduced solubility. It is the purpose of these notes to introduce the reader to descriptions and applications of the methods of NMR spectroscopy most commonly applied in scientific studies of biological macromolecules, in particular proteins. The figures 1,2 and 11 are copied from “Multidímensional NMR in Liquids” by F.J.M de Ven (1995)Wiley-VCH The Figure13 and Table 1 have been copied from “NMR of Proteins and Nucleic acis” K. Wüthrich (1986) Wiley Interscience The Figures 20, 21 and 22 have been copied from J. -
Nomenclature of Alkanes
Nomenclature of alkanes methane CH4 ethane CH3CH3 propane CH3CH2CH3 butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 pentane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 hexane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 heptane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 octane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 nonane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 decane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 undecane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 dodecane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 Funky groups/alkanes iso- CH3 R isopropyl HC R CH3 isobutane/isobutyl R = CH3/CH2R (4 C’s) R isopentane/isopentyl R = CH2CH3/CH2CH2R (5 C’s) R isohexane/isohexyl R = CH2CH2CH3/CH2CH2R (6 C’s) R neo- CH3 neopentyl H3C C CH2 R R CH3 neopentane R = H (5 C’s) neohaxane/neohexyl R = CH3/CH2R (6 C’s) R 1° primary (n-) 2° secondary (sec-, s-) 3° tertiary (tert-, t-) H C H C H3C 3 3 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2 H C CH H C CH H3C CH3 3 3 3 3 n- often used with strait chain compounds though it is not actually necessary. sec- sec-butyl H the substituent is attached s-butyl to a 2° C of butane (4 C’s) H3C CH2 C R CH3 no other "sec-" group tert- tert-butyl CH3 a substituent is attached to t-butyl the 3° C of a 4 C H3C C R molecule/unit CH3 tert-pentyl CH3 a substituent is attached to t-pentyl the 3° of a 5 C molecule/unit H3C CH2 C R CH3 no other "tert-" group Form of name #-followed by substituent name followed by parent hydrocarbon name • Determine longest continuous chain. o This is the parent hydrocarbon o If compound has two or more chains of the same length, parent hydrocarbon is chain with greatest number of substituents • Cite the name of substituent before the name of the parent hydrocarbon along with the number of the carbon to which it is attached--Substituents are listed in alphabetical order – neglecting prefixes such as di- tri- tert- etc. -
Chapter 1: Atoms, Molecules and Ions
Previous Chapter Table of Contents Next Chapter Chapter 1: Atoms, Molecules and Ions Section 1.1: Introduction In this course, we will be studying matter, “the stuff things are made of”. There are many ways to classify matter. For instance, matter can be classified according to the phase, that is, the physical state a material is in. Depending on the pressure and the temperature, matter can exist in one of three phases (solid, liquid, or gas). The chemical structure of a material determines the range of temperatures and pressures under which this material is a solid, a liquid or a gas. Consider water for example. The principal differences between water in the solid, liquid and gas states are simply: 1) the average distance between the water molecules; small in the solid and the liquid and large in the gas and 2) whether the molecules are organized in an orderly three-dimensional array (solid) or not (liquid and gas). Another way to classify matter is to consider whether a substance is pure or not. So, matter can be classified as being either a pure substance or a mixture. A pure substance has unique composition and properties. For example, water is a pure substance (whether from Texas or Idaho, each water molecule always contains 2 atoms of hydrogen for 1 atom of oxygen). Under the same atmospheric pressure and at the same ambient temperature, water always has the same density. We can go a little further and classify mixtures are either homogeneous or heterogeneous. In a homogeneous mixture, for example, as a result of mixing a teaspoon of salt in a glass of water, the composition of the various components and their properties are the same throughout. -
Source-Based Nomenclature for Single-Strand Homopolymers and Copolymers (IUPAC Recommendations 2016)
Pure Appl. Chem. 2016; 88(10-11): 1073–1100 IUPAC Recommendations Richard G. Jones*, Tatsuki Kitayama*, Karl-Heinz Hellwich, Michael Hess, Aubrey D. Jenkins, Jaroslav Kahovec, Pavel Kratochvíl, Itaru Mita†, Werner Mormann, Christopher K. Ober, Stanisław Penczek, Robert F. T. Stepto†, Kevin Thurlow, Jiří Vohlídal and Edward S. Wilks Source-based nomenclature for single-strand homopolymers and copolymers (IUPAC Recommendations 2016) DOI 10.1515/pac-2015-0702 Received July 10, 2015; accepted June 27, 2016 Abstract: IUPAC recommendations on source-based nomenclature for single-strand polymers have so far addressed its application mainly to copolymers, non-linear polymers and polymer assemblies, and within generic source-based nomenclature of polymers. In this document, rules are formulated for devising a satis- factory source-based name for a polymer, whether homopolymer or copolymer, which are as clear and rigor- ous as possible. Thus, the source-based system for naming polymers is presented in a totality that serves as a user-friendly alternative to the structure-based system of polymer nomenclature. In addition, because of their widespread and established use, recommendations for the use of traditional names of polymers are also elaborated. Keywords: apparent monomer; copolymer; end-groups; homopolymer; IUPAC; IUPAC nomenclature; monomer; nomenclature; polymers; polymer nomenclature; source-based names; traditional names. Dedicated to: The memory of Robert (Bob) Stepto, former president of the Polymer Division of IUPAC, whose recent death denied him the satisfaction of witnessing the publication of this manuscript on which he expended much effort. Article note: Sponsoring bodies: IUPAC Division of Chemical Nomenclature and Structure Representation and IUPAC Polymer Division, Sub-Committee on Polymer Terminology: see more details on p. -
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance of Radicals and Metal Complexes. 2. International Conference of the Polish EPR Association. Wars
! U t S - PL — voZ, PL9700944 Warsaw, 9-13 September 1996 ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE OF RADICALS AND METAL COMPLEXES 2nd International Conference of the Polish EPR Association INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF WARSAW VGL 2 8 Hi 1 2 ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology Prof. Andrzej G. Chmielewski, Ph.D., D.Sc. Assoc. Prof. Hanna B. Ambroz, Ph.D., D.Sc. Assoc. Prof. Jacek Michalik, Ph.D., D.Sc. Dr Zbigniew Zimek University of Warsaw Prof. Zbigniew Kqcki, Ph.D., D.Sc. ADDRESS OF ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16,03-195 Warsaw, Poland phone: (0-4822) 11 23 47; telex: 813027 ichtj pi; fax: (0-4822) 11 15 32; e-mail: [email protected] .waw.pl Abstracts are published in the form as received from the Authors SPONSORS The organizers would like to thank the following sponsors for their financial support: » State Committee of Scientific Research » Stiftung fur Deutsch-Polnische Zusammenarbeit » National Atomic Energy Agency, Warsaw, Poland » Committee of Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland » Committee of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland » The British Council, Warsaw, Poland » CIECH S.A. » ELEKTRIM S.A. » Broker Analytische Messtechnik, Div. ESR/MINISPEC, Germany 3 CONTENTS CONFERENCE PROGRAM 9 LECTURES 15 RADICALS IN DNA AS SEEN BY ESR SPECTROSCOPY M.C.R. Symons 17 ELECTRON AND HOLE TRANSFER WITHIN DNA AND ITS HYDRATION LAYER M.D. Sevilla, D. Becker, Y. Razskazovskii 18 MODELS FOR PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTION CENTER: STEADY STATE AND TIME RESOLVED EPR SPECTROSCOPY H. Kurreck, G. Eiger, M. Fuhs, A Wiehe, J. -
Dialogue on the Nomenclature and Classification of Prokaryotes
G Model SYAPM-25929; No. of Pages 10 ARTICLE IN PRESS Systematic and Applied Microbiology xxx (2018) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Systematic and Applied Microbiology journal homepage: www.elsevier.de/syapm Dialogue on the nomenclature and classification of prokaryotes a,∗ b Ramon Rosselló-Móra , William B. Whitman a Marine Microbiology Group, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), 07190 Esporles, Spain b Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Keywords: The application of next generation sequencing and molecular ecology to the systematics and taxonomy Bacteriological code of prokaryotes offers enormous insights into prokaryotic biology. This discussion explores some major Taxonomy disagreements but also considers the opportunities associated with the nomenclature of the uncultured Nomenclature taxa, the use of genome sequences as type material, the plurality of the nomenclatural code, and the roles Candidatus of an official or computer-assisted taxonomy. Type material © 2018 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. Is naming important when defined here as providing labels Prior to the 1980s, one of the major functions of Bergey’s Manual for biological entities? was to associate the multiple names in current usage with the cor- rect organism. For instance, in the 1948 edition of the Manual, 21 Whitman and 33 names were associated with the common bacterial species now named Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, respectively [5]. When discussing the nomenclature of prokaryotes, we must first This experience illustrates that without a naming system gener- establish the role and importance of naming. -
How to Read and Interpret FTIR Spectroscope of Organic Material
97| Indonesian JournalIndonesian of Science Journal & Technology of Science &,Volum Technologye 4 Issue 4 ( 11,) (20April19 )2019 97-1 18Page 97-118 Indonesian Journal of Science & Technology Journal homepage: http://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/ijost/ How to Read and Interpret FTIR Spectroscope of Organic Material Asep Bayu Dani Nandiyanto, Rosi Oktiani, Risti Ragadhita Departemen Kimia, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jl. Dr. Setiabudi no 229 Bandung 40154, Indonesia Correspondence: E-mail: [email protected] A B S T R A C T S A R T I C L E I N F O Article History: Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) has been developed as a Received 10 Jan 2019 tool for the simultaneous determination of organic Revised 20 Jan 2019 components, including chemical bond, as well as organic Accepted 31 Aug 2019 Available online 09 Apr 2019 content (e.g., protein, carbohydrate, and lipid). However, ____________________ until now, there is no further documents for describing the Keywords: detailed information in the FTIR peaks. The objective of this FTIR, study was to demonstrate how to read and assess chemical infrared spectrum, organic material, bond and structure of organic material in the FTIR, in which chemical bond, the analysis results were then compared with the literatures. organic structure. The step-by-step method on how to read the FTIR data was also presented, including reviewing simple to the complex organic materials. This study is potential to be used as a standard information on how to read FTIR peaks in the biochemical and organic materials. © 2019Tim Pengembang Jurnal UPI 1. INTRODUCTION analysis is quite rapid, good in accuracy, and relatively sensitive (Jaggi and Vij, 2006). -
Numerical Methods in Electron Magnetic Resonance
NO0000039 NUMERICAL METHODS IN ELECTRON MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANALYSES AND SIMULATIONS IN QUEST OF STRUCTURAL AND DYNAMICAL PROPERTIES OF FREE RADICALS IN SOLIDS BY ANDERS RASMUS S0RNES Thesis submitted for the degree Doctor scientiarum Department of Physics, University of Oslo 1998 31-18 Preface This thesis encompasses a collection of six theoretical and experimental Electron Magnetic Resonance (EMR) studies of the structure and dynamics of free radicals in solids. Radicals are molecular systems having one or more unpaired electron. Due to their energetically unfavourable open shell configuration, they are highly reactive. Radicals are formed in different ways. They are believed to be present in many chemical reactions as short-lived intermediate products, and they are also produced in interactions of x-radiation with matter, in Compton and photoelectric processes and interactions of their secondary electrons. Longer-lived, quasistable radicals do also exist and these may be used as spin-labels or spin-probes and may be attached to larger molecules and surfaces as measurement probes to examine the environment in their immediate vicinity. EMR is a collective term for a group of spectroscopic techniques inducing and observing transitions between the Zeeman levels of a paramagnetic system, such as a radical situated in an external magnetic field. Whithin the broader concept of EMR, the particular experimental techniques of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), ELectron Nuclear DOuble Resonance (ENDOR), Field Swept ENDOR (FSE) and Electron Spin Echo Envelope Modulation (ESEEM) are discussed in this thesis. The focal point of this thesis is the development and use of numerical methods in the analysis, simulation and interpretation of EMR experiments on radicals in solids to uncover the structure, the dynamics and the environment of the system.