Syllabus Chem 646
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Brief Guide to the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry
1 Brief Guide to the Nomenclature of Table 1: Components of the substitutive name Organic Chemistry (4S,5E)-4,6-dichlorohept-5-en-2-one for K.-H. Hellwich (Germany), R. M. Hartshorn (New Zealand), CH3 Cl O A. Yerin (Russia), T. Damhus (Denmark), A. T. Hutton (South 4 2 Africa). E-mail: [email protected] Sponsoring body: Cl 6 CH 5 3 IUPAC Division of Chemical Nomenclature and Structure suffix for principal hept(a) parent (heptane) one Representation. characteristic group en(e) unsaturation ending chloro substituent prefix 1 INTRODUCTION di multiplicative prefix S E stereodescriptors CHEMISTRY The universal adoption of an agreed nomenclature is a key tool for 2 4 5 6 locants ( ) enclosing marks efficient communication in the chemical sciences, in industry and Multiplicative prefixes (Table 2) are used when more than one for regulations associated with import/export or health and safety. fragment of a particular kind is present in a structure. Which kind of REPRESENTATION The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) multiplicative prefix is used depends on the complexity of the provides recommendations on many aspects of nomenclature.1 The APPLIED corresponding fragment – e.g. trichloro, but tris(chloromethyl). basics of organic nomenclature are summarized here, and there are companion documents on the nomenclature of inorganic2 and Table 2: Multiplicative prefixes for simple/complicated entities polymer3 chemistry, with hyperlinks to original documents. An No. Simple Complicated No. Simple Complicated AND overall -
Introduction to NMR Spectroscopy of Proteins
A brief introduction to NMR spectroscopy of proteins By Flemming M. Poulsen 2002 1 Introduction Nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR, and X-ray crystallography are the only two methods that can be applied to the study of three-dimensional molecular structures of proteins at atomic resolution. NMR spectroscopy is the only method that allows the determination of three-dimensional structures of proteins molecules in the solution phase. In addition NMR spectroscopy is a very useful method for the study of kinetic reactions and properties of proteins at the atomic level. In contrast to most other methods NMR spectroscopy studies chemical properties by studying individual nuclei. This is the power of the methods but sometimes also the weakness. NMR spectroscopy can be applied to structure determination by routine NMR techniques for proteins in the size range between 5 and 25 kDa. For many proteins in this size range structure determination is relatively easy, however there are many examples of structure determinations of proteins, which have failed due to problems of aggregation and dynamics and reduced solubility. It is the purpose of these notes to introduce the reader to descriptions and applications of the methods of NMR spectroscopy most commonly applied in scientific studies of biological macromolecules, in particular proteins. The figures 1,2 and 11 are copied from “Multidímensional NMR in Liquids” by F.J.M de Ven (1995)Wiley-VCH The Figure13 and Table 1 have been copied from “NMR of Proteins and Nucleic acis” K. Wüthrich (1986) Wiley Interscience The Figures 20, 21 and 22 have been copied from J. -
Chapter 1: Atoms, Molecules and Ions
Previous Chapter Table of Contents Next Chapter Chapter 1: Atoms, Molecules and Ions Section 1.1: Introduction In this course, we will be studying matter, “the stuff things are made of”. There are many ways to classify matter. For instance, matter can be classified according to the phase, that is, the physical state a material is in. Depending on the pressure and the temperature, matter can exist in one of three phases (solid, liquid, or gas). The chemical structure of a material determines the range of temperatures and pressures under which this material is a solid, a liquid or a gas. Consider water for example. The principal differences between water in the solid, liquid and gas states are simply: 1) the average distance between the water molecules; small in the solid and the liquid and large in the gas and 2) whether the molecules are organized in an orderly three-dimensional array (solid) or not (liquid and gas). Another way to classify matter is to consider whether a substance is pure or not. So, matter can be classified as being either a pure substance or a mixture. A pure substance has unique composition and properties. For example, water is a pure substance (whether from Texas or Idaho, each water molecule always contains 2 atoms of hydrogen for 1 atom of oxygen). Under the same atmospheric pressure and at the same ambient temperature, water always has the same density. We can go a little further and classify mixtures are either homogeneous or heterogeneous. In a homogeneous mixture, for example, as a result of mixing a teaspoon of salt in a glass of water, the composition of the various components and their properties are the same throughout. -
Materials Science
Materials Science Materials Science is an interdisciplinary field combining physics (fundamental laws of nature), chemistry (interactions of atoms) and biology (how life interacts with materials) to elucidate the inherent properties of basic and complex systems. This includes optical (interaction with light), electrical (interaction with charge), magnetic and structural properties of everyday electronics, clothing and architecture. The Materials Science central dogma follows the sequence: Structure—Properties—Design—Performance. This involves relating the nanostructure of a material to its macroscale physical and chemical properties. By understanding and then changing the structure, material scientists can create custom materials with unique properties. The goal of the materials science minor is to create a cross-disciplinary approach to fundamental topics in basic and applied physical sciences. Students will gain experience and perspectives from the disciplines of chemistry, physics and biology. The minor places a strong emphasis on current nanoscale research methods in addition to the basics of electronic, optical and mechanical properties of materials. Any student with an interest in pursuing the cross-disciplinary minor in materials science should consult with the coordinator of the minor. Students are encouraged to declare their participation in their sophomore year but no later than the end of the junior year. Students also should seek an adviser from participating faculty. Degree Requirements for the Minor General College requirements -
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance of Radicals and Metal Complexes. 2. International Conference of the Polish EPR Association. Wars
! U t S - PL — voZ, PL9700944 Warsaw, 9-13 September 1996 ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE OF RADICALS AND METAL COMPLEXES 2nd International Conference of the Polish EPR Association INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF WARSAW VGL 2 8 Hi 1 2 ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology Prof. Andrzej G. Chmielewski, Ph.D., D.Sc. Assoc. Prof. Hanna B. Ambroz, Ph.D., D.Sc. Assoc. Prof. Jacek Michalik, Ph.D., D.Sc. Dr Zbigniew Zimek University of Warsaw Prof. Zbigniew Kqcki, Ph.D., D.Sc. ADDRESS OF ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16,03-195 Warsaw, Poland phone: (0-4822) 11 23 47; telex: 813027 ichtj pi; fax: (0-4822) 11 15 32; e-mail: [email protected] .waw.pl Abstracts are published in the form as received from the Authors SPONSORS The organizers would like to thank the following sponsors for their financial support: » State Committee of Scientific Research » Stiftung fur Deutsch-Polnische Zusammenarbeit » National Atomic Energy Agency, Warsaw, Poland » Committee of Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland » Committee of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland » The British Council, Warsaw, Poland » CIECH S.A. » ELEKTRIM S.A. » Broker Analytische Messtechnik, Div. ESR/MINISPEC, Germany 3 CONTENTS CONFERENCE PROGRAM 9 LECTURES 15 RADICALS IN DNA AS SEEN BY ESR SPECTROSCOPY M.C.R. Symons 17 ELECTRON AND HOLE TRANSFER WITHIN DNA AND ITS HYDRATION LAYER M.D. Sevilla, D. Becker, Y. Razskazovskii 18 MODELS FOR PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTION CENTER: STEADY STATE AND TIME RESOLVED EPR SPECTROSCOPY H. Kurreck, G. Eiger, M. Fuhs, A Wiehe, J. -
How to Read and Interpret FTIR Spectroscope of Organic Material
97| Indonesian JournalIndonesian of Science Journal & Technology of Science &,Volum Technologye 4 Issue 4 ( 11,) (20April19 )2019 97-1 18Page 97-118 Indonesian Journal of Science & Technology Journal homepage: http://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/ijost/ How to Read and Interpret FTIR Spectroscope of Organic Material Asep Bayu Dani Nandiyanto, Rosi Oktiani, Risti Ragadhita Departemen Kimia, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jl. Dr. Setiabudi no 229 Bandung 40154, Indonesia Correspondence: E-mail: [email protected] A B S T R A C T S A R T I C L E I N F O Article History: Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) has been developed as a Received 10 Jan 2019 tool for the simultaneous determination of organic Revised 20 Jan 2019 components, including chemical bond, as well as organic Accepted 31 Aug 2019 Available online 09 Apr 2019 content (e.g., protein, carbohydrate, and lipid). However, ____________________ until now, there is no further documents for describing the Keywords: detailed information in the FTIR peaks. The objective of this FTIR, study was to demonstrate how to read and assess chemical infrared spectrum, organic material, bond and structure of organic material in the FTIR, in which chemical bond, the analysis results were then compared with the literatures. organic structure. The step-by-step method on how to read the FTIR data was also presented, including reviewing simple to the complex organic materials. This study is potential to be used as a standard information on how to read FTIR peaks in the biochemical and organic materials. © 2019Tim Pengembang Jurnal UPI 1. INTRODUCTION analysis is quite rapid, good in accuracy, and relatively sensitive (Jaggi and Vij, 2006). -
2. Electrochemistry
EP&M. Chemistry. Physical chemistry. Electrochemistry. 2. Electrochemistry. A phenomenon of electric current in solid conductors (class I conductors) is a flow of electrons caused by the electric field applied. For this reason, such conductors are also known as electronic conductors (metals and some forms of conducting non-metals, e.g., graphite). The same phenomenon in liquid conductors (class II conductors) is a flow of ions caused by the electric field applied. For this reason, such conductors are also known as ionic conductors (solutions of dissociated species and molten salts, known also as electrolytes). The question arises, what is the phenomenon causing the current flow across a boundary between the two types of conductors (known as an interface), i.e., when the circuit looks as in Fig.1. DC source Fig. 1. A schematic diagram of an electric circuit consis- flow of electrons ting of both electronic and ionic conductors. The phenomenon occuring at the interface must involve both the electrons and ions to ensure the continuity of the circuit. metal metal flow of ions ions containing solution When a conventional redox reaction occurs in a solution, the charge transfer (electron transfer) happens when the two reacting species get in touch with each other. For example: Ce4+ + Fe 2+→ Ce 3+ + Fe 3+ (2.1) In this reaction cerium (IV) draws an electron from iron (II) that leads to formation of cerium (III) and iron (III) ions. Cerium (IV), having a strong affinity for electrons, and therefore tending to extract them from other species, is called an oxidizing agent or an oxidant. -
Numerical Methods in Electron Magnetic Resonance
NO0000039 NUMERICAL METHODS IN ELECTRON MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANALYSES AND SIMULATIONS IN QUEST OF STRUCTURAL AND DYNAMICAL PROPERTIES OF FREE RADICALS IN SOLIDS BY ANDERS RASMUS S0RNES Thesis submitted for the degree Doctor scientiarum Department of Physics, University of Oslo 1998 31-18 Preface This thesis encompasses a collection of six theoretical and experimental Electron Magnetic Resonance (EMR) studies of the structure and dynamics of free radicals in solids. Radicals are molecular systems having one or more unpaired electron. Due to their energetically unfavourable open shell configuration, they are highly reactive. Radicals are formed in different ways. They are believed to be present in many chemical reactions as short-lived intermediate products, and they are also produced in interactions of x-radiation with matter, in Compton and photoelectric processes and interactions of their secondary electrons. Longer-lived, quasistable radicals do also exist and these may be used as spin-labels or spin-probes and may be attached to larger molecules and surfaces as measurement probes to examine the environment in their immediate vicinity. EMR is a collective term for a group of spectroscopic techniques inducing and observing transitions between the Zeeman levels of a paramagnetic system, such as a radical situated in an external magnetic field. Whithin the broader concept of EMR, the particular experimental techniques of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), ELectron Nuclear DOuble Resonance (ENDOR), Field Swept ENDOR (FSE) and Electron Spin Echo Envelope Modulation (ESEEM) are discussed in this thesis. The focal point of this thesis is the development and use of numerical methods in the analysis, simulation and interpretation of EMR experiments on radicals in solids to uncover the structure, the dynamics and the environment of the system. -
Physical Chemistry MEHAU KULYK / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY LIBRARY PHOTO SCIENCE / KULYK MEHAU
Physical chemistry MEHAU KULYK / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY LIBRARY PHOTO SCIENCE / KULYK MEHAU 44 | Chemistry World | August 2010 www.chemistryworld.org Let’s get physical Physical chemists are finding themselves more in demand than ever. Emma Davies finds out why Physical chemistry is entering theory in harmony, he said: ‘with the called Fueling the future, his team something of a golden era. Its overall perspective of contributing In short is using IR spectroscopy to see tools have advanced dramatically accurate, experimentally vetted, The field of physical how protons are accommodated in recent years, so much so that molecular level pictures of reactive chemistry is booming, as in imidazole nanostructures. The scientists from all disciplines are pathways and relevant structures, more and more scientists project is based at the University of entering collaborations with physical physical chemists are in an excellent seek to understand their Massachussetts at Amhurst, US and chemists to gain new insight into position to engage chemistry in work on a molecular level teams are currently working on fuel their specialist subject areas. There is all of its complexity.’ He believes Developing alternative cells containing alternatives to nafion, however some worry that the subject that understanding processes at a energy sources is one a fluoropolymer-copolymer which is could become a victim of its own molecular level is crucial to making area benefiting from a good proton conductor but fails in success, with fundamental research grand scientific leaps forward. a physical chemistry meeting contemporary demand for losing out in the funding stakes to Johnson and his team are working approach high temperature operation. -
Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy Analysis of Transformer Paper in Mineral Oil-Paper Composite Insulation Under Accelerated Thermal Aging
energies Article Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy Analysis of Transformer Paper in Mineral Oil-Paper Composite Insulation under Accelerated Thermal Aging Abi Munajad * ID , Cahyo Subroto ID and Suwarno ID School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; [email protected] (C.S.); [email protected] (S.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +62-857-465-76059 Received: 26 December 2017; Accepted: 29 January 2018; Published: 4 February 2018 Abstract: Mineral oil is the most popular insulating liquid for high voltage transformers due to its function as a cooling liquid and an electrical insulator. Kraft paper has been widely used as transformer solid insulation for a long time already. The degradation process of transformer paper due to thermal aging in mineral oil can change the physical and chemical structure of the cellulose paper. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis was used to identify changes in the chemical structure of transformer paper aged in mineral oil. FTIR results show that the intensity of the peak absorbance of the O–H functional group decreased with aging but the intensity of the peak absorbance of the C–H and C=O functional groups increased with aging. Changes in the chemical structure of the cellulose paper during thermal aging in mineral oil can be analyzed by an oxidation process of the cellulose paper and the reaction process between the carboxylic acids in the mineral oil and the hydroxyl groups on the cellulose. The correlation between the functional groups and the average number of chain scissions of transformer paper gives initial information that the transformer paper performance can be identified by using a spectroscopic technique as a non-destructive diagnostic technique. -
Chapter 12. Decoding Organic Structures: the Functional Groups
CHAPTER 12. DECODING ORGANIC STRUCTURES: THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Functional Groups: The Key To Understanding Organic Molecules Since life on this planet is based on compounds of the element carbon, the study of these compounds, called organic chemistry, is an important area of chemistry.The ability of carbon to form single or multiple covalent bonds with itself to form chains of varying length, and even rings of varying size, leads to great versatility in the size and shape of carbon-based molecules. In this chapter we consider the bonds carbon forms with other elements, further expanding the number and types of possible compounds. The number of compounds formed by carbon is so great that it far exceeds the number of all the compounds formed by all the other elements. Some of these compounds contain thousands of atoms. How are we to begin to understand this myriad of complex molecules? The backbone of any organic compound is its carbon structure, whether in long chains, branched chains, rings, or some combination of these. In nature only a few elements other than carbon are found in most organic compounds: oxygen and nitrogen are the most common of these, along with sulfur and phosphorous. These tend to be found most commonly in only a few arrangements called functional groups. When the structure of an organic compound is drawn, frequently the carbon backbone is indicated only by a structural skeleton, with symbols for the carbon atoms left out. Usually hydrogen atoms attached to carbon atoms are left out, too. Only the atoms and bonds belonging to the functional groups are shown in detail. -
Atoms and Molecules
230 NATURE [Nov~1rnER 6, 1919 electricity. In the model atom proposed by Sir of Sommerfeld, Epstein, and others. The general J. J. Thomson the electrons were supposed to be ised theory has proved very fruitful in accounting embedded in a sphere of positive electricity of in a formal way for many of the finer details of about the dimension of the atom as ordinarily spectra, notably the doubling of the lines in the understood. Experiments on the scattering hydrogen spectrum and the explanation of the of a-particles through large angles as the complex details of the Stark and Zeeman effects. result of a single collisioh with a heavy In these theories of Bohr and his followers it is atom showed that this type of atom was not cap assumed that the electrons are in periodic orbital able of accounting for the facts unless the positive motion round the nucleus, and that radiation only sphere was much concentrated. This led to the arises when the orbit of the electron is disturbed nucleus atom of Rutherford, where the positive in a certain way. Recently Langmuir, from a charge and also the mass of the atom are supposed consideration of the general physical and chemical to be concentrated on a nucleus of minute dimen properties of the elements, has devised types of sions. The nucleus is surrounded at a distance by atom in which the electrons are more or less fixed a distribution of negative electrons to make it in position relatively to the nucleus like the atoms electrically neutral. The distribution of the ex of matter in a crystal.