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Published by The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature 1999 c/o The Natural History Museum - Cromwell Road - London SW7 5BD - UK © International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature 1999 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature INTERNATIONAL CODE OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Fourth Edition adopted by the International Union ofBiological Sciences The provisions of this Code supersede those of the previous editions with effect from 1 January 2000 'ICZ^Cj ISBN 0 85301 006 4 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries The author of this Code is the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature Editorial Committee W.D.L. Ride, Chairman H.G. Cogger C. Dupuis O. Kraus A. Minelli F. C. Thompson P.K. Tubbs Printed by Tipografia La Garangola - Padova (Italy) Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries TABLE OF CONTENTS / TABLE DES MATIÈRES Explanatory Note on the Code xm Preface to the Fourth Edition xiv Introduction XIX INTERNATIONAL CODE OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Preamble 2 Chapter 1. Zoological Nomenclature Article 1. Definition and scope 2 Article 2. Admissibility of certain names in zoological nomenclature 3 Article 3. Starting point 4 Chapter 2. The number of words in the scientific names of animals Article 4. Names of taxa at ranks above the species group 4 Article 5. Principle of Binominal Nomenclature 4 Article 6. Interpolated names 5 Chapter 3. Criteria of publication Article 7. Application 6 Article 8. What constitutes published work 6 Article 9. What does not constitute published work 8 Chapter 4. Criteria of availability Article 10. Provisions conferring availability 8 Article 11. Requirements 10 Article 12. Names published before 1931 16 Article 13. Names published after 1930 17 Article 14. Anonymous authorship of names and nomenclatural acts 19 Article 15. Names and nomenclatural acts published after 1960 19 Article 16. Names published after 1999 19 Article 17. Names found to denote more than one taxon, or 21 taxa of hybrid origin, or based on parts or stages of animals or on unusual specimens Article 18. Inappropriate and tautonymous names 21 Article 19. Status of emendations, incorrect spellings, and 21 V Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Contents - Table des matières mandatory changes Article 20. Genus-group names ending in -ites, -ytes or -ithes given to fossils 22 Chapter 5. Date of publication Article 21. Determination of date 22 Article 22. Citation of date 23 Chapter 6. Validity of names and nomenclatural acts Article 23. Principle of Priority 24 Article 24. Precedence between simultaneously published names, spellings or acts 30 Chapter 7. Formation and treatment of names Article 25. Formation and treatment of names 31 Article 26. Assumption of Greek or Latin in scientific names 31 Article 27. Diacritic and other marks 32 Article 28. Initial letters 32 Article 29. Family-group names 32 Article 30. Gender of genus-group names 34 Article 31. Species-group names 37 Article 32. Original spellings 39 Article 33. Subsequent spellings 42 Article 34. Mandatory changes in spelling consequent upon changes in rank or combination 43 Chapter 8. Family-group nominal taxa and their names Article 35. The family group 44 Article 36. Principle of Coordination 45 Article 37. Nominotypical taxa 45 Article 38. Homonymy between family-group names 46 Article 39. Invalidity due to homonymy or suppression of the name of the type genus 46 Article 40. Synonymy of the type genus 46 Article 41. Misidentified type genera and overlooked type fixations 47 Chapter 9. Genus-group nominal taxa and their names Article 42. The genus group 47 Article 43. Principle of Coordination 48 Article 44. Nominotypical taxa 48 Chapter 10. Species-group nominal taxa and their names VI Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Contents - Table des matières Article 45. The species group 48 Article 46. Principle of Coordination 50 Article 47. Nominotypical taxa 51 Article 48. Change of generic assignment 51 Article 49. Use of species-group names wrongly applied through misidentification 51 Chapter 11. Authorship Article 50. Authors of names and nomenclatural acts 52 Article 51. Citation of names of authors 54 Chapter 12. Homonymy Article 52. Principle of Homonymy 56 Article 53. Definitions of homonymy in the family group, genus group and species group 56 Article 54. Names that do not enter into homonymy 57 Article 55. Family-group names 57 Article 56. Genus-group names 58 Article 57. Species-group names 58 Article 58. Variant spellings of species-group names deemed to be identical 60 Article 59. Validity of secondary homonyms 61 Article 60. Replacement ofjunior homonyms 62 Chapter 13. The type concept in nomenclature Article 61. Principle of Typification 63 Chapter 14. Types in the family group Article 62. Application 65 Article 63. Name-bearing types 65 Article 64. Choice of type genus 65 Article 65. Identification of the type genus 65 Chapter 15. Types in the genus group Article 66. Application 66 Article 67. General provisions 66 Article 68. Type species fixed in the original publication 70 Article 69. Type species not fixed in the original publication 71 Article 70. Identification of the type species 74 Chapter 16. Types in the species group Article 71. Application 75 Article 72. General provisions 75 VII Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Contents - Table des matières Article 73. Name-bearing types fixed in the original publication (holotypes and syntypes) 79 Article 74. Name-bearing types fixed subsequently from the type series (lectotypes from syntypes) 82 Article 75. Neotypes 84 Article 76. Type locality 86 Chapter 17. The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature Article 77. Relation of Commission to international bodies from which it derives functions and powers 87 Article 78. Powers and duties of the Commission 88 Article 79. List ofAvailable Names in Zoology 89 Article 80. Status of actions of the Commission 93 Article 81. Use of the Plenary Power 95 Article 82. Status of case under consideration 96 Article 83. Obligations and discretion of the Commission 96 Article 84. Constitution and Bylaws 96 Chapter 18. Regulations governing this Code Article 85. Title and authorship 96 Article 86. Effective date and force of the Code 96 Article 87. Official Texts 97 Article 88. Application of the Code 97 Article 89. Interpretation of the Code 98 Article 90. Amendments of the Code 98 Glossary 99 Summary of the status of works, names and nomenclatural acts 123 Appendices Appendix A. Code of Ethics 124 Appendix B. General Recommendations 125 CODE INTERNATIONAL DE NOMENCLATURE ZOOLOGIQUE Préambule 128 Titre 1. La Nomenclature Zoologique Article 1. Définition et champ d'application 128 Article 2. Acceptation de certains noms dans la nomenclature zoologique 130 VIII Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Contents - Table des matières Article 3. Point de départ 130 Titre 2. Le nombre de mots dans les noms scientifiques Article 4. Noms des taxons de rang supérieur au niveau espèce 130 Article 5. Principe de la Nomenclature Binominale 131 Article 6. Mots intercalés 131 Titre 3. Les critères de publication Article 7. Champ d'application 132 Article 8. Travail publié au regard du Code 132 Article 9. Travail non publié au regard du Code 134 Titre 4. Les critères de disponibilité Article 10. Conditions de disponibilité 135 Article 11. Conditions requises 136 Article 12. Noms publiés avant 1931 143 Article 13. Noms publiés après 1930 144 Article 14. Auteurs anonymes de noms et d'actes 146 nomenclaturaux Article 15. Noms et actes nomenclaturaux publiés après 1960 146 Article 16. Noms publiés après 1999 147 Article 17. Noms reconnus comme désignant plus d'un taxon ou des taxons d'origine hybride, ou fondés sur des parties ou des stades d'animaux, ou encore sur des spécimens inhabituels 148 Article 18. Noms impropres ou tautonymes 148 Article 19. Statut des émendatîons, orthographes incorrectes et changements obligatoires 149 Article 20. Noms du niveau genre en -ites, -ytes ou -ithes donnés à des fossiles 149 Titre 5. La date de publication Article 21. Détermination de la date de publication 150 Article 22. Citation de la date 151 Titre 6. La validité des noms et des actes nomenclaturaux Article 23. Principe de Priorité 152 Article 24. Préséance entre des noms, orthographes ou actes publiés simultanément 158 Titre 7. La formation et le traitement des noms Article 25. Formation et traitement des noms 159 IX Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Contents - Table des matières Article 26. Présomption du grec ou du latin dans les noms scientifiques 160 Article 27. Signes diacritiques ou autres 160 Article 28. Lettres initiales 160 Article 29. Noms du niveau famille 160 Article 30. Genre grammatical des noms du niveau genre 162 Article 31.
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  • Insects and Related Arthropods Associated with of Agriculture

    Insects and Related Arthropods Associated with of Agriculture

    USDA United States Department Insects and Related Arthropods Associated with of Agriculture Forest Service Greenleaf Manzanita in Montane Chaparral Pacific Southwest Communities of Northeastern California Research Station General Technical Report Michael A. Valenti George T. Ferrell Alan A. Berryman PSW-GTR- 167 Publisher: Pacific Southwest Research Station Albany, California Forest Service Mailing address: U.S. Department of Agriculture PO Box 245, Berkeley CA 9470 1 -0245 Abstract Valenti, Michael A.; Ferrell, George T.; Berryman, Alan A. 1997. Insects and related arthropods associated with greenleaf manzanita in montane chaparral communities of northeastern California. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-167. Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Dept. Agriculture; 26 p. September 1997 Specimens representing 19 orders and 169 arthropod families (mostly insects) were collected from greenleaf manzanita brushfields in northeastern California and identified to species whenever possible. More than500 taxa below the family level wereinventoried, and each listing includes relative frequency of encounter, life stages collected, and dominant role in the greenleaf manzanita community. Specific host relationships are included for some predators and parasitoids. Herbivores, predators, and parasitoids comprised the majority (80 percent) of identified insects and related taxa. Retrieval Terms: Arctostaphylos patula, arthropods, California, insects, manzanita The Authors Michael A. Valenti is Forest Health Specialist, Delaware Department of Agriculture, 2320 S. DuPont Hwy, Dover, DE 19901-5515. George T. Ferrell is a retired Research Entomologist, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 2400 Washington Ave., Redding, CA 96001. Alan A. Berryman is Professor of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6382. All photographs were taken by Michael A. Valenti, except for Figure 2, which was taken by Amy H.