Why Do Snails Have Hairs? a Bayesian Inference of Character Evolution Markus Pfenninger*1, Magda Hrabáková2, Dirk Steinke3 and Aline Dèpraz4

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Why Do Snails Have Hairs? a Bayesian Inference of Character Evolution Markus Pfenninger*1, Magda Hrabáková2, Dirk Steinke3 and Aline Dèpraz4 BMC Evolutionary Biology BioMed Central Research article Open Access Why do snails have hairs? A Bayesian inference of character evolution Markus Pfenninger*1, Magda Hrabáková2, Dirk Steinke3 and Aline Dèpraz4 Address: 1Abteilung Ökologie & Evolution, J.W. Goethe-Universität, BioCampus Siesmayerstraße, 60054 Frankfurt/Main, Germany, 2Deparment of Zoology, Charles University, Viniènà 7, 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic, 3Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Postbox 5560 M618, 78457 Konstanz, Germany and 4Département d'Ecologie et Evolution, Université de Lausanne, Bâtiment de Biologie, Dorigny, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland Email: Markus Pfenninger* - [email protected]; Magda Hrabáková - [email protected]; Dirk Steinke - [email protected]; Aline Dèpraz - [email protected] * Corresponding author Published: 04 November 2005 Received: 14 July 2005 Accepted: 04 November 2005 BMC Evolutionary Biology 2005, 5:59 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-5-59 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/5/59 © 2005 Pfenninger et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: Costly structures need to represent an adaptive advantage in order to be maintained over evolutionary times. Contrary to many other conspicuous shell ornamentations of gastropods, the haired shells of several Stylommatophoran land snails still lack a convincing adaptive explanation. In the present study, we analysed the correlation between the presence/absence of hairs and habitat conditions in the genus Trochulus in a Bayesian framework of character evolution. Results: Haired shells appeared to be the ancestral character state, a feature most probably lost three times independently. These losses were correlated with a shift from humid to dry habitats, indicating an adaptive function of hairs in moist environments. It had been previously hypothesised that these costly protein structures of the outer shell layer facilitate the locomotion in moist habitats. Our experiments, on the contrary, showed an increased adherence of haired shells to wet surfaces. Conclusion: We propose the hypothesis that the possession of hairs facilitates the adherence of the snails to their herbaceous food plants during foraging when humidity levels are high. The absence of hairs in some Trochulus species could thus be explained as a loss of the potential adaptive function linked to habitat shifts. Background shell structures [3,4] and have attracted considerable Evolutionary theory predicts that costly structures must research efforts to explain them in adaptive terms [5-7]. convey a fitness advantage to their bearers in order to be The proposed roles invoked mechanical stability [8], maintained over evolutionary time [1]. Flightlessness in defence against predators [9], sexual selection [10] and birds and insects, limblessness in lizards and sightlessness climatic selection [11]. However, the potential selective in cave-dwelling organisms are some prominent examples advantage of hair-like shell ornamentation of certain land of phenotypic regression due to the loss of adaptive func- snail species remains unknown. tion (reviewed in [2]). Molluscs in general and gastropods in particular display a fascinating diversity of elaborate Page 1 of 11 (page number not for citation purposes) BMC Evolutionary Biology 2005, 5:59 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/5/59 TVJ1 1.00 TVJ3 TVJ4 Trochulus villosulus TVJ6 D3 2 1.00 D3 4 D4 2 Lineage A D4 1 D4 3 1.00 MdO1 1 Lineage B MdO1 3 1.00 D5 7 D7 8 Lineage C D6 1 D7 1 TB1 1.00 TB2 TB3 Trochulus biconicus TB4 TA1 0.88 TA2 Trochulus alpicolus 1.00 TA3 TA4 0.75 CH13 4 Trochulus villosus CH13 6 1.00 PLB1 PLB2 Trochulus lubomirskii CH21 5 0.99 CH21 4 CH21 3 Trochulus caelatus CH21 6 0.67 CH21 2 CH11 1 CH11 2 1.00 CH11 7 CH11 10 1.00 CH12 1 Trochulus montanus CH10 1 CH10 2 0.97 CH10 9 CH11 6 CH10 4 CH3 3 CH3 5 0.91 0.99 CH18 5 Trochulus clandestinus CH3 2 CH18 1 1.00 MdO1 4 Lineage D MdO1 5 CH24 8 0.99 CH21 1 CH24 4 Lineage E CH24 6 CH24 7 CH6 1 CH6 2 1.00 CH8 2 Lineage F CH8 3 CH8 9 CH8 10 1.00 CH8 1 Lineage G CH8 7 1.00 CH15 4 Lineage H 0.61 0.55 CH15 8 D7 6 1.00 D7 9 Lineage I 1.00 D8 3 D8 6 CHAT 9 CHAT 10 1.00 CHAT2 Trochulus nov. spec. CHAT1 CHAT3 0.1 CHAT4 UnrootedFigure 1 consensus tree of 90,000 trees sampled by the Markov-chain in Bayesian analysis for the COI-fragment Unrooted consensus tree of 90,000 trees sampled by the Markov-chain in Bayesian analysis for the COI-frag- ment. Numbers on nodes indicate the Bayesian posterior probability. Page 2 of 11 (page number not for citation purposes) BMC Evolutionary Biology 2005, 5:59 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/5/59 These hairs can reach varying densities (up to 20 per Trochulus within the Hygromiinae with high posterior squaremilimetre) and lengths (up to three millimetres). probability, except for T. lubomirskii, which seems to be In some cases hardly visible, they confer an almost furry only distantly related to this genus (Figure 2). In addition impression to the shell in others. These semi-rigid struc- to the early branching T. villosus/alpicolus clade, the genus tures are part of the periostracum, a thin protein layer is composed of three well supported subclades: first, a (conchiolin) secreted by the snail to cover the calcareous clade containing the T. striolatus/plebeius-like lineages shell [12]. Building hairs requires the snail to have special- together with T. villosulus, a second clade with ecologically ised glandular tissue and complex strategies to form them. divers species confined to the Jura mountains and the Consequently, this trait can be assumed to be costly and neighbouring Mittelland-plain and finally, a T. hispidus/ should thus present a selective advantage to its bearers in sericeus-like clade, containing also T. biconicus and a new order to be conserved. species. Haired shells occur in several species of the Stylommato- Correlation of shell hairiness with habitat phoran families Polygyridae, Helicidae and Hygromiidae. The PCA on habitat humidity describing variables These families are only distantly related [13], suggesting resulted in two meaningful axes, representing 79.7% and that this features has evolved several times independently. 13.4% of the total variation. The first component opposed Haired shells are almost exclusively observed in species sampling sites in shady woods and sites in sun exposed, living in moist microhabitats, like layers of fallen leaves, open areas. This axis can therefore be interpreted as an broad-leaved vegetation, damp meadows or wet scree evaporation gradient. The second axis is a gradient of the [14]. Such a correlation suggests an adaptive significance summer precipitation on one hand and the humidity of the trait in such a habitat [1]; it was thus speculated that demand of the vegetation on the other (Figure 3). It can the hygrophobic hairs facilitate the movement in wet thus be considered as a humidity gradient. The sampling environments by relieving surface tension [14,15]. A cor- sites appear as two distinct clusters that could be classified relation between haired shells and humid habitats is thus as either moist or dry (Table 1). The outlier (TA) was also expected. In order to test this, we employed the recent considered to be humid, according to its high humidity Bayesian extensions of the comparative method, allowing levels. For each population, at least ten adult individuals to take mapping and phylogenetic uncertainty simultane- were scored for the presence or absence of hairs (mixed ously into account [16]. With a diversity hotspot in South populations were not found). Non-haired populations Germany, Eastern France and Switzerland, the land snail exclusively corresponded to species described in the liter- genus Trochulus s. str. (common name: Hairy snails) is par- ature as having smooth shells (Table 1). When plotting ticularly suited to address our question: its species exhibit the hairiness of each population on the PCA, a complete variability in both hairiness and ecology. This study congruence between humidity and hairiness became present the first comprehensive molecular phylogeny for apparent: haired shells tended to occur at sites with low the genus Trochulus Chemnitz, 1786 (until recently evaporation and/or high precipitation while smooth Trichia, Hartmann 1840) based on mitochondrial and shells were found at places with high evaporation and/or nuclear loci. Finally, we tested experimentally whether the lower precipitation (Figure 3). possession of haired shells indeed facilitates locomotion. Character state evolution Results As the occurrence in moist habitats was systematically Lineage identification and phylogenetic relations linked to the presence of hairs in Trochulus s.str., only a The initial phylogenetic analysis on a COI data set of the single analysis was necessary for both characters. The presumed Trochulus species resolved 18 terminal clades, Bayesian analysis of character evolution suggested with each with 0.99 posterior probabilities or higher (Figure high posterior probability that the most recent common 1). The uncorrected sequence divergence among those ancestor of the genus Trochulus most likely possessed hairs clades ranged from 0.029 to 0.173 (Table 2). Out of these and lived in a moist habitat (Figure 4). The analysis also lineages, nine could be assigned to existing taxa, because revealed considerable mapping- and/or phylogenetic the species were sampled from the type locality and/or uncertainty in the reconstruction of crucial ancestral were morphologically unmistakable. The nine remaining nodes (nodes 1–3 in Figure 4).
Recommended publications
  • International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
    International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature INTERNATIONAL CODE OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Fourth Edition adopted by the International Union of Biological Sciences The provisions of this Code supersede those of the previous editions with effect from 1 January 2000 ISBN 0 85301 006 4 The author of this Code is the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature Editorial Committee W.D.L. Ride, Chairman H.G. Cogger C. Dupuis O. Kraus A. Minelli F. C. Thompson P.K. Tubbs All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise), without the prior written consent of the publisher and copyright holder. Published by The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature 1999 c/o The Natural History Museum - Cromwell Road - London SW7 5BD - UK © International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature 1999 Explanatory Note This Code has been adopted by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature and has been ratified by the Executive Committee of the International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS) acting on behalf of the Union's General Assembly. The Commission may authorize official texts in any language, and all such texts are equivalent in force and meaning (Article 87). The Code proper comprises the Preamble, 90 Articles (grouped in 18 Chapters) and the Glossary. Each Article consists of one or more mandatory provisions, which are sometimes accompanied by Recommendations and/or illustrative Examples. In interpreting the Code the meaning of a word or expression is to be taken as that given in the Glossary (see Article 89).
    [Show full text]
  • Arianta 6, 2018
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Arianta Jahr/Year: 2018 Band/Volume: 6 Autor(en)/Author(s): diverse Artikel/Article: Abstracts Talks Alpine and other land snails 11-27 ARIANTA 6 and correspond ecologically. For instance, the common redstart is a bird species breeding in the lowlands, whereas the black redstart is native to higher altitudes. Some species such as common swift and kestrel, which are originally adapted to enduring in rocky areas, even found a secondary habitat in the house facades and street canyons of towns and big cities. Classic rock dwellers include peregrine, eagle owl, rock­thrush, snowfinch and alpine swift. The presentation focuses on the biology, causes of threat as well as conservation measures taken by the national park concerning the species golden eagle, wallcreeper, crag martin and ptarmigan. Birds breeding in the rocks might not be that high in number, but their survival is all the more fascinating and worth protecting as such! Abstracts Talks Alpine and other land snails Arranged in chronological order of the program Range­constrained co­occurrence simulation reveals little niche partitioning among rock­dwelling Montenegrina land snails (Gastropoda: Clausiliidae) Zoltán Fehér1,2,3, Katharina Jaksch­Mason1,2,4, Miklós Szekeres5, Elisabeth Haring1,4, Sonja Bamberger1, Barna Páll­Gergely6, Péter Sólymos7 1 Central Research Laboratories, Natural History Museum Vienna, Austria; [email protected]
    [Show full text]
  • BMC Evolutionary Biology Biomed Central
    BMC Evolutionary Biology BioMed Central Research article Open Access A species delimitation approach in the Trochulus sericeus/hispidus complex reveals two cryptic species within a sharp contact zone Aline Dépraz1, Jacques Hausser1 and Markus Pfenninger*2 Address: 1Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore – Quartier Sorge, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland and 2Lab Centre, Biodiversity & Climate Research Centre, Biocampus Siesmayerstrasse, D-60054 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Email: Aline Dépraz - [email protected]; Jacques Hausser - [email protected]; Markus Pfenninger* - [email protected] * Corresponding author Published: 21 July 2009 Received: 10 March 2009 Accepted: 21 July 2009 BMC Evolutionary Biology 2009, 9:171 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-171 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/9/171 © 2009 Dépraz et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: Mitochondrial DNA sequencing increasingly results in the recognition of genetically divergent, but morphologically cryptic lineages. Species delimitation approaches that rely on multiple lines of evidence in areas of co-occurrence are particularly powerful to infer their specific status. We investigated the species boundaries of two cryptic lineages of the land snail genus Trochulus in a contact zone, using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA marker as well as shell morphometrics. Results: Both mitochondrial lineages have a distinct geographical distribution with a small zone of co-occurrence.
    [Show full text]
  • ED45E Rare and Scarce Species Hierarchy.Pdf
    104 Species 55 Mollusc 8 Mollusc 334 Species 181 Mollusc 28 Mollusc 44 Species 23 Vascular Plant 14 Flowering Plant 45 Species 23 Vascular Plant 14 Flowering Plant 269 Species 149 Vascular Plant 84 Flowering Plant 13 Species 7 Mollusc 1 Mollusc 42 Species 21 Mollusc 2 Mollusc 43 Species 22 Mollusc 3 Mollusc 59 Species 30 Mollusc 4 Mollusc 59 Species 31 Mollusc 5 Mollusc 68 Species 36 Mollusc 6 Mollusc 81 Species 43 Mollusc 7 Mollusc 105 Species 56 Mollusc 9 Mollusc 117 Species 63 Mollusc 10 Mollusc 118 Species 64 Mollusc 11 Mollusc 119 Species 65 Mollusc 12 Mollusc 124 Species 68 Mollusc 13 Mollusc 125 Species 69 Mollusc 14 Mollusc 145 Species 81 Mollusc 15 Mollusc 150 Species 84 Mollusc 16 Mollusc 151 Species 85 Mollusc 17 Mollusc 152 Species 86 Mollusc 18 Mollusc 158 Species 90 Mollusc 19 Mollusc 184 Species 105 Mollusc 20 Mollusc 185 Species 106 Mollusc 21 Mollusc 186 Species 107 Mollusc 22 Mollusc 191 Species 110 Mollusc 23 Mollusc 245 Species 136 Mollusc 24 Mollusc 267 Species 148 Mollusc 25 Mollusc 270 Species 150 Mollusc 26 Mollusc 333 Species 180 Mollusc 27 Mollusc 347 Species 189 Mollusc 29 Mollusc 349 Species 191 Mollusc 30 Mollusc 365 Species 196 Mollusc 31 Mollusc 376 Species 203 Mollusc 32 Mollusc 377 Species 204 Mollusc 33 Mollusc 378 Species 205 Mollusc 34 Mollusc 379 Species 206 Mollusc 35 Mollusc 404 Species 221 Mollusc 36 Mollusc 414 Species 228 Mollusc 37 Mollusc 415 Species 229 Mollusc 38 Mollusc 416 Species 230 Mollusc 39 Mollusc 417 Species 231 Mollusc 40 Mollusc 418 Species 232 Mollusc 41 Mollusc 419 Species 233
    [Show full text]
  • Liste Rouge Mollusques (Gastéropodes Et Bivalves)
    2012 > L’environnement pratique > Listes rouges / Gestion des espèces > Liste rouge Mollusques (gastéropodes et bivalves) Espèces menacées en Suisse, état 2010 > L’environnement pratique > Listes rouges / Gestion des espèces > Liste rouge Mollusques (gastéropodes et bivalves) Espèces menacées en Suisse, état 2010 Publié par l’Office fédéral de l’environnement OFEV et par le Centre suisse de cartographie de la faune CSCF Berne, 2012 Valeur juridique de cette publication Impressum Liste rouge de l’OFEV au sens de l’art. 14, al. 3, de l’ordonnance Editeurs du 16 janvier 1991 sur la protection de la nature et du paysage Office fédéral de l’environnement (OFEV) (OPN; RS 451.1), www.admin.ch/ch/f/rs/45.html L’OFEV est un office du Département fédéral de l’environnement, des transports, de l’énergie et de la communication (DETEC). La présente publication est une aide à l’exécution de l’OFEV en tant Centre Suisse de Cartographie de la Faune (CSCF), Neuchâtel. qu’autorité de surveillance. Destinée en premier lieu aux autorités d’exécution, elle concrétise des notions juridiques indéterminées Auteurs provenant de lois et d’ordonnances et favorise ainsi une application Mollusques terrestres: Jörg Rüetschi, Peter Müller et François Claude uniforme de la législation. Elle aide les autorités d’exécution Mollusques aquatiques: Pascal Stucki et Heinrich Vicentini notamment à évaluer si un biotope doit être considéré comme digne avec la collaboration de Simon Capt et Yves Gonseth (CSCF) de protection (art. 14, al. 3, let. d, OPN). Accompagnement à l’OFEV Francis Cordillot, division Espèces, écosystèmes, paysages Référence bibliographique Rüetschi J., Stucki P., Müller P., Vicentini H., Claude F.
    [Show full text]
  • Molluscs of the Dürrenstein Wilderness Area
    Molluscs of the Dürrenstein Wilderness Area S a b i n e F ISCHER & M i c h a e l D UDA Abstract: Research in the Dürrenstein Wilderness Area (DWA) in the southwest of Lower Austria is mainly concerned with the inventory of flora, fauna and habitats, interdisciplinary monitoring and studies on ecological disturbances and process dynamics. During a four-year qualitative study of non-marine molluscs, 96 sites within the DWA and nearby nature reserves were sampled in cooperation with the “Alpine Land Snails Working Group” located at the Natural History Museum of Vienna. Altogether, 84 taxa were recorded (72 land snails, 12 water snails and mussels) including four endemics and seven species listed in the Austrian Red List of Molluscs. A reference collection (empty shells) of molluscs, which is stored at the DWA administration, was created. This project was the first systematic survey of mollusc fauna in the DWA. Further sampling might provide additional information in the future, particularly for Hydrobiidae in springs and caves, where detailed analyses (e.g. anatomical and genetic) are needed. Key words: Wilderness Dürrenstein, Primeval forest, Benign neglect, Non-intervention management, Mollusca, Snails, Alpine endemics. Introduction manifold species living in the wilderness area – many of them “refugees”, whose natural habitats have almost In concordance with the IUCN guidelines, research is disappeared in today’s over-cultivated landscape. mandatory for category I wilderness areas. However, it may not disturb the natural habitats and communities of the nature reserve. Research in the Dürrenstein The Dürrenstein Wilderness Area Wilderness Area (DWA) focuses on providing invento- (DWA) ries of flora and fauna, on interdisciplinary monitoring The Dürrenstein Wilderness Area (DWA) was as well as on ecological disturbances and process dynamics.
    [Show full text]
  • Amaia Caro Aramendia
    The genus Pyrenaearia (Gastropoda, Helicoidea): Molecular and Morphological Systematics, Biogeography and Population Dynamics Pyrenaearia generoa (Gastropoda, Helicoidea): Sistematika Molekularra eta Morfologikoa, Biogeografia eta Populazio Dinamika PhD thesis Vitoria-Gasteiz, 2019 Amaia Caro Aramendia The genus Pyrenaearia (Gastropoda, Helicoidea): Molecular and Morphological Systematics, Biogeography and Population Dynamics Pyrenaearia generoa (Gastropoda, Helicoidea): Sistematika Molekularra eta Morfologikoa, Biogeografia eta Populazio Dinamika A thesis submitted by Amaia Caro Aramendia for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, under the supervision of Dr. Benjamín Juan Gómez-Moliner and Dr. María José Madeira University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, 2019 Zoologia eta Animalia Biologia Zelulen Saila Dpto. Zoología y Biología Celular Animal (cc)2019 AMAIA CARO ARAMENDIA (cc by-nc-nd 4.0) Astiro igo, barraskilotxo Fuji mendia da hau! Kobayashi Issa-ren haikua To the little things that run the world Esker onak Acknowledgements Tesi bat ez da pertsona bakar batena, bidean zehar laguntzen duten pertsona guztiei esker sortutako lana da eta, beraz, lehen orriek haien laguntza eskertzeko izan behar dute: En primer lugar me gustaría agradecer a mis directores, Benjamín Gómez-Moliner y María José Madeira. A Benjamín, por darme la oportunidad de entrar en el grupo de investigación y confiar en que podría realizar esta tesis. Gracias por compartir tus extensos conocimientos y por descubrirme el mundo de la malacología, que sin duda no habría encontrado por mi cuenta y ha resultado de lo más interesante. A Marijo, porque desde el principio y hasta el final has estado siempre ahí para guiarme, animarme y para ayudarme en todo lo que hiciese falta pero, sobre todo, por mostrarme que es posible compaginar este trabajo con una vida fuera de él.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Groups of Snails – Use and Perspectives
    The subdivision of all central European Holocene and Late Glacial land snail species to ecological groups ecological Glacial Early Holocene Middle Holocene Late Holocene (sensu Walker at al 2012) modern immigrants comment group Acanthinula aculeata Acanthinula aculeata Acanthinula aculeata Acanthinula aculeata Acicula parcelineata Acicula parcelineata Aegopinella epipedostoma one sites Aegopinella nitens Aegopinella nitens Aegopinella nitidula Aegopinella nitidula few sites Aegopinella pura Aegopinella pura Aegopinella pura Aegopinella pura Aegopis verticillus Ecological groups of snails Argna bielzi Argna bielzi Bulgarica cana Bulgarica cana Carpathica calophana Carpathica calophana one site; undated Causa holosericea Causa holosericea Clausilia bidentata no fossil data Clausilia cruciata Clausilia cruciata Clausilia cruciata – use and perspectives Cochlodina laminata Cochlodina laminata Cochlodina laminata Cochlodina laminata Cochlodina orthostoma Cochlodina orthostoma Cochlodina orthostoma Cochlodina orthostoma Daudebardia brevipes Daudebardia brevipes Daudebardia rufa Daudebardia rufa Daudebardia rufa Daudebardia rufa Discus perspectivus Discus perspectivus Discus perspectivus 1 2 1 1 ) Lucie Juřičková , Michal Horsák , Jitka Horáčková and Vojen Ložek Discus ruderatus Discus ruderatus Discus ruderatus Discus ruderatus Ena montana Ena montana Ena montana Ena montana forest Eucobresia nivalis Eucobresia nivalis Eucobresia nivalis Faustina faustina Faustina faustina Faustina faustina Faustina faustina Faustina rossmaessleri Faustina
    [Show full text]
  • 293 – Les Noms Scientifiques Français Des Mollusques Continentaux De
    LES NOMS SCIENTIFIQUES FRANÇAIS DES MOLLUSQUES CONTINENTAUX DE FRANCE : processus d’ÉtABLISSEMENT d’une LISTE DE RÉFÉRENCE Benoît FONTAINE 1, Jean-Michel BICHAIN 2, Xavier CUCHERAT 3, Olivier GAR G OMINY 4 & Vincent PRIÉ 5 SUMMARY. — French scientific names of continental molluscs of France: process for establishing a list of reference. — In the biodiversity crisis context and with the increasing general awareness on this issue, conservation of small and poorly-known species is hampered by the fact they only have latine names. In order to communicate for biodiversity conservation, having French names is an advantage which is lacking in terrestrial and freshwater molluscs from France. To remedy this problem, we propose a list of French scientific names for this group, i.e. all species and subspecies known from France. We have listed existing names in legal documents, in usage and in the 18th and 19th centuries scientific literature. The resulting list being incomplete, we had to create new French names, following a series of recommendations adapted from similar works dealing with other taxonomic groups. We conclude by dealing with the issue of the legitimacy and validity of such names. The list of French scientific names is given as an appendix and is downloadable from internet. RÉSUMÉ. — Dans le contexte de la crise de la biodiversité et de la prise de conscience par le grand public des enjeux environnementaux, la conservation des espèces petites et méconnues est handicapée par le fait que ces espèces ne peuvent être désignées que par leur nom latin. Dans une optique de communication pour la préservation de la biodiversité, disposer de nom français est un atout qui fait défaut pour les mol- lusques terrestres et d’eau douce de France.
    [Show full text]
  • International Code of Zoological Nomenclature Adopted by the XV
    fetsS WW w»È¥STOPiifliîM «SSII »c»»W»tAaVŒHiWJ ^®{f,!s,)'ffi!îS kîvî*X-v!»J#Ï*>%!•»» Hmtljil «jiRfij mrmu :»;!N\>VS'. W]'■;;} ''.;'-'l|]■■ iï:'ï;llI vl'-'iv;-' H Sifcfe-•*: v:v:;::vv;:';:vv V>|lV.\VO.kvS'vk\ \>y.js. ini&K3«MM©ifnfi* >sv îv.vtvîlPi?>^\sîv-\s\Kv;>^v#i'S®S?:1V:is ';v':::SS!'S 'V.\'\kiv :';$llffe$ fW'É vwln/fr^&V- Sj|;«Siî:8KKîvfihffWtf Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise), without the prior written consent of the publisher and copyright holder. Published by The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature 1999 c/o The Natural History Museum - Cromwell Road - London SW7 5BD - UK © International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature 1999 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature INTERNATIONAL CODE OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Fourth Edition adopted by the International Union ofBiological Sciences The provisions of this Code supersede those of the previous editions with effect from 1 January 2000 'ICZ^Cj ISBN 0 85301 006 4 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries The author of this Code is the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature Editorial Committee W.D.L.
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Carpathian Red List of Forest Habitats
    CARPATHIAN RED LIST OF FOREST HABITATS AND SPECIES CARPATHIAN LIST OF INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES (DRAFT) PUBLISHED BY THE STATE NATURE CONSERVANCY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC 2014 zzbornik_cervenebornik_cervene zzoznamy.inddoznamy.indd 1 227.8.20147.8.2014 222:36:052:36:05 © Štátna ochrana prírody Slovenskej republiky, 2014 Editor: Ján Kadlečík Available from: Štátna ochrana prírody SR Tajovského 28B 974 01 Banská Bystrica Slovakia ISBN 978-80-89310-81-4 Program švajčiarsko-slovenskej spolupráce Swiss-Slovak Cooperation Programme Slovenská republika This publication was elaborated within BioREGIO Carpathians project supported by South East Europe Programme and was fi nanced by a Swiss-Slovak project supported by the Swiss Contribution to the enlarged European Union and Carpathian Wetlands Initiative. zzbornik_cervenebornik_cervene zzoznamy.inddoznamy.indd 2 115.9.20145.9.2014 223:10:123:10:12 Table of contents Draft Red Lists of Threatened Carpathian Habitats and Species and Carpathian List of Invasive Alien Species . 5 Draft Carpathian Red List of Forest Habitats . 20 Red List of Vascular Plants of the Carpathians . 44 Draft Carpathian Red List of Molluscs (Mollusca) . 106 Red List of Spiders (Araneae) of the Carpathian Mts. 118 Draft Red List of Dragonfl ies (Odonata) of the Carpathians . 172 Red List of Grasshoppers, Bush-crickets and Crickets (Orthoptera) of the Carpathian Mountains . 186 Draft Red List of Butterfl ies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of the Carpathian Mts. 200 Draft Carpathian Red List of Fish and Lamprey Species . 203 Draft Carpathian Red List of Threatened Amphibians (Lissamphibia) . 209 Draft Carpathian Red List of Threatened Reptiles (Reptilia) . 214 Draft Carpathian Red List of Birds (Aves). 217 Draft Carpathian Red List of Threatened Mammals (Mammalia) .
    [Show full text]
  • Plicuteria Lubomirski (Œlósarski, 1881)
    Folia Malacol. 21(2): 91–97 http://dx.doi.org/10.12657/folmal.021.010 PLICUTERIA LUBOMIRSKI (ŒLÓSARSKI, 1881) (GASTROPODA: PULMONATA: HYGROMIIDAE), A FORGOTTEN ELEMENT OF THE ROMANIAN MOLLUSC FAUNA, WITH NOTES ON THE CORRECT SPELLING OF ITS NAME 1,* 2 3 4 BARNA PÁLL-GERGELY ,ROLAND FARKAS ,TAMÁS DELI ,FRANCISCO WELTER-SCHULTES 1 Department of Biology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan (e-mail: [email protected]) 2 Aggtelek National Park Directorate, Tengerszem oldal 1, H-3758 Jósvafõ, Hungary (e-mail: [email protected]) 3 Békés Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága, Gyulai u 1., H-5600 Békéscsaba, Hungary (e-mail: [email protected]) 4 Zoologisches Institut, Berliner Strasse 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany (e-mail: [email protected]) * corresponding author ABSTRACT: In this paper two new localities of the hygromiid land snail Plicuteria lubomirski (Œlósarski, 1881) are reported from Romania (Suceava and Harghita Counties). Its presence at the Lacu Roºu (Gyilkos-tó) area rep- resents the southeasternmost occurrence of the species. The only sample of P. lubomirski hitherto reported from Romania (leg. JICKELI in 1888 at Borsec Bai) seems to be lost from museum collections. The northern Carpathian distributional type is suggested for the species. The nomenclatural problem regarding the spelling of the specific name (i.e. lubomirskii or lubomirski) is discussed. The original, but less frequently used spelling (lubomirski) is suggested based on our understanding of the regulations of the ICZN. KEY WORDS: Carpathian species, faunistics, biogeography, Trochulus, anatomy INTRODUCTION Plicuteria lubomirski (Œlósarski, 1881) (often referred Umgebung des Bades Borszék” (=around Borsec Bai). to as Trochulus) is a Carpathian species reported from This record was later mentioned by SOÓS (1943) and Austria (KLEMM 1973, but also see REISCHÜTZ & GROSSU (1983).
    [Show full text]