The lUCN Species Survival Commission
1994 lUCN Red List of Threatened Animals
Compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre
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lUCN The World Conservation Union
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1994 lUCN Red List of Threatened Animals
lUCN WORLD CONSERVATION Tile World Conservation Union species susvival commission monitoring centre
WWF i Suftanate of Oman 1NYZ5 TTieWlLDUFE CONSERVATION SOCIET'' PEOPLE'S TRISr BirdLife 9h: KX ENIUNGMEDSPEaES INTERNATIONAL fdreningen Chicago Zoulog k.J SnuicTy lUCN - The World Conservation Union lUCN - The World Conservation Union brings together States, government agencies and a diverse range of non-governmental organisations in a unique world partnership: some 770 members in all, spread across 123 countries. - As a union, I UCN exists to serve its members to represent their views on the world stage and to provide them with the concepts, strategies and technical support they need to achieve their goals. Through its six Commissions, lUCN draws together over 5000 expert volunteers in project teams and action groups. A central secretariat coordinates the lUCN Programme and leads initiatives on the conservation and sustainable use of the world's biological diversity and the management of habitats and natural resources, as well as providing a range of services. The Union has helped many countries to prepare National Conservation
Strategies, and demonstrates the application of its knowledge through the field projects it supervises. Operations are increasingly decentralised and are carried forward by an expanding network of regional and country offices, located principally in developing countries.
I UCN - The World Conservation Union seeks above all to work with its members to achieve development that is sustainable and that provides a lasting Improvement in the quality of life for people all over the world.
World Conservation Monitoring Centre
The World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCI^C) is a joint venture between the three partners who developed the World Conservation Strategy and its successor, Caring for the Earth: lUCN - The World Conservation Union, UNEP - United Nations Environment
Programme., and WWF - World Wide Fund For Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund). Its mission is to support conservation and sustainable development through the provision of information on the world's biological diversity.
WCMC has developed a global overview database that includes threatened plant and animal species, habitats of conservation concern, critical sites, protected areas of the world, and the utilisation and trade in wildlife species and products. Drawing on this database, WCMC provides an information service to the conservation and development communities, governments and the United Nations agencies, scientific institutions, the business and commercial sector, and the media. WCMC produces a wide variety of specialist outputs and reports based on analyses of its data. It Is also actively involved in building the capabilities of other institutions, particularly In developing countries, for promoting and planning their own biological resources. 1994 lUCN Red List of Threatened Animals
Compiled by the World Conservation l\/lonitoring Centre Cambridge, UK
in association with the lUCN Species Survival Commission and BirdLife International
Edited by Brian Groombridge
Guest Essay by Georgina Mace and
Foreword by George Rabb
lUCN - The World Conservation Union 1993 presentation of the The designations of geographical entities in this boolc, and the on the part of lUCN or material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever of its authorities, WCMc'conceming the legal status of any country, territory, or area or or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
1994 lUCN Red Use of Threatened Animals was made possible by the generous support of: BirdLife International Chicago Zoological Society DEJA, Inc. National Wildlife Federation Svenska Naturskyddsforeningen (Swedish Society for the Conservation of Nature) NYZS The Wildlife Conservation Society People's Trust for Endangered Species Peter Scott lUCN/SSC Action Plan Fund (Sultanate of Oman) World Conservation Monitoring Centre World Wide Fund for Nature
Published by: lUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK lUCN The World Conservation Union WORLD CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE
Copyright: (1993) International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
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Citation: Groombridge B. (Ed.)(1993). 1994 lUCN Red List of Threatened Animals, lUCN Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Ivi + 286pp.
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The text of this book is printed on Fineblade Cartridge 90gsm low-chlorine paper CONTENTS
FOREWORD vu
INTRODUCTION
F*urpose viii Structisre of the 1994 Red List viii Sources of status information and opinion ix The extent of status assessment x Sources of taxonomic information x Taxonomy and conservation xii Threatened animals: commentary xiv Acknowledgements xix References xx
EXPLANATORY NOTES
Notes on the Usts and tables xxiv lUCN threatened species categories xxix
TABLES
Table 1 . Threatened species: totals for higher taxa by status category xxxi
Table 2. Threatened species: country totals by taxonomic group xxxv
Table 3. Threatened species: coimtry totals by status category xl
Table 4. Threatened species: summary by group and status category xiv
Table 5. Threatened species: totals by group in 1990 and 1994 xiv
Table 6. Extinct species: country totals by group xlvi
GUEST ESSAY
The status of proposals to redefine the lUCN threatened species categories xlviii
THE 1994 lUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED ANIMALS
List 1: Threatened species 1
List 2: Extinct species 189
List 3: Threatened genera (etc) 211
List 4: Threatened and extinct subspecies 215
List 5: Commercially Threatened 237
INDEX 241 Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2010 with funding from UNEP-WCIVIC, Cambridge
http://www.archive.org/details/1994iucnredlisto94groo FOREWORD
Periodically, the Red List forces us to take stock of where we are in our knowledge of the conservation status of species. Our knowledge has changed in expression through the years, as lUCN's small book The Road to Extinction'. pubUshed in 1987 testifies. For some while, members of lUCN's Species Survival Commission have been considering the redefinition of the categories of threatened status of species in order to make them more reaUstic measures. The essay by Georgina Mace that follows is an up-to-date report on this process. We anticipate that the next Red List will reflect the adoption of new and redefined categories by lUCN. In the meantime we look to cooperation from all parties as systematic re-examination of the status of taxonomic groups and surveys of regional and national biotas proceed. To inform conservation actions we will need ever better specification of the population and distributional status of species the world over from people in touch with the real situations of these species.
In closing her essay, Dr Mace calls attention to other dimensions, both biological and human, that should be taken into account as we determine the best responses to the threats of extinction. One need is to link a quantitative grid of population and distribution criteria such as outlined in her essay to an assessment of the relative importance of a species. The evolutionary and ecological values of a species should be factored into our prioritization of conservation action. Weighting and decision making systems such as that developed by Williams, Vane-Wright, and Humphries, lend themselves to this purpose." The integration of such systems will, however, require cooperation by systematists and ecologists with conservation biologists to a degree not previously envisaged.
Given that we can foresee a three-dimensional assessment of conservation status from a biological
standpoint, it remains to factor in the human dimensions. From simple human population impact relationships on a species or its ecosystem to complexities of constunptive and non-consumptive uses of species, we need conservationists to foster collaboration by demographers, economists, and sociologists. The human domain in which issues of extinction generally will be settled is political, at local, national, and international levels. There a balance has to be struck among ethical, financial, socioeconomic, and biological considerations. We need the most cogent information to bring to the decisions in this realm,
and we need it organized to best effect. To these ends, the conservation community must encourage the rapid development of systems for not only better categorizing the conservation status of species, but also for deteimining logical priorities for conservation action more comprehensively than we have in the past.
In signing off this foreword, it is a pleasure to acknowledge and commend the diUgence of WCMC staff,
in particular Dr Brian Groombridge, in compiling this new Red List. They have made i' a much more informative catalogue than previous editions, incorporating tabular formats developed for Global Biodiversity (WCMC. 1992)\ and have extended themselves in trying to minimize nomenclatorial
confusions and choose appropriate taxonomies. I commend it to all concerned with the status of faimas worldwide, for the List makes obvious that all of us should be concemed by its magnitude and meaning for the existence of our fellow creatures.
George B. Rabb Chairman, Species Survival Commission lUCN - The World Conservation Union
' Rtter, R., and Fitter. M. (Eds.). 1987. The Road to Extinction. lUCN. Gland.
^ Williams, P.H., Vane-Wright, R.I., and Humphries, CJ. (in press). Measuring biodiversity for choosing conservation areas. In, J. LaSalle and I.D. Gauld, (Eds.). Hymenoptera and Biodiversity. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
' World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1992. Global Biodiversity: Status of the Earth's Living Resources. Chapman and Hall, London.
VU INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE
The lUCN Red List of Threatened Animals includes lists of those species and subspecies known or suspected to be threatened with extinction, and those known or believed to have become extinct in the wild. The Red List complements the lUCN and lUCN/ICBP Red Data Books and the lUCN-SSC Action Plans, which contain more detailed information; it is published periodically, usually at two-year intervals.
The Red List is compiled and maintained for lUCN by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) with the advice of the lUCN-SSC Specialist Groups and the assistance, with regard to birds, of BirdLife International (formerly ICBP).
The present edition differs greatly from its predecessors. The contents have been rearranged, the size and layout have been redesigned to make the book easier to use, and more distribution information is given, usually including a full list of range states. We have endeavoured to update or correct iirformation on nomenclature and distribution, to change categories as appropriate, and to add species that have been recognised as globally threatened since the last edition (a few species previously listed but now not considered threatened have been removed). For the first time in the Red List a more complete list of species known or believed to have become extinct in the wild since around 1600 AD is provided.
STRUCTURE OF THE 1994 RED LIST
The Usts are arranged taxonomicaily. For each threatened species, the scientific name, lUCN status category and countries of occurrence are given (for widespread and strictly marine species a general description of the range is provided instead of a Ust of countries). For many species common names are indicated, usually in English but sometimes in other languages.
Previous editions of the Red List contained a single list. In order to improve clarity in the present edition we have divided the material as follows:
List 1: THREATENED SPECIES, comprising the central catalogue of threatened species, including species suspected to be threatened (category K);
List 2: EXTINCT SPECIES, including those species categorised by lUCN as Ex or Ex? together with other species that have become exunct since around 1600 AD but have not previously been categorised in the Red List;
List 3: THREATENED GENERA (etc), comprising entries for genera and other higher taxa used in previous editions that were not resolved to species level;
List 4: THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES, including all threatened subspecies whatever their category and extinct subspecies;
List 5: COMMERCIALLY THREATENED species.
The reader is referred to the Explanatory Notes below for fimher discussion of the content of these Usts. and of the tables derived from them.
Our intention in making this rearrangemem has been to provide the most sound basis possible for the next edition of the Red List, in which use of the new lUCN system of categorisation is envisaged. At the time of wntmg (late 1993) this is nearing its final formulation (see the Guest Essay for fimher discussion)
vm SOURCES OF STATUS INFORMATION AND OPINION
The threatened species lists are based on information provided by numerous scientists and naturalists working in the field. The core of the present Red List consists of species known or suspected to be threatened, as identified over many years during production by lUCN, WCMC and BirdLife International of earlier Red Data Books and Red Lists. In this revised edition of the Red List we have incorporated information from two main sources:
• the lUCN-SSC taxonomic and regional Specialist Groups;
• national Red Data Books or equivalent Ustings.
The Specialist Groups were notified of this revision process in February 1993 and the majority of groups responded, either with recommendations for no change, or with extensive new hstings and re- categorisations. Compilation was completed in early October 1993.
We have added many threatened species from national Red Data Books available to us whenever we were able to determine that the species in question is endemic to that country, or virtually endemic, and so by definition globally threatened at the species level. Most such additions have been among the reptiles, amphibians or fishes; few invertebrates have been added from these sources because it has rarely been possible in the time available to determine which are single country endemics. No subspecies have been entered from national sources.
BirdLife International have, as in previous editions, been responsible for the basic list of bird species considered threatened, and for their categorisation. We have in a few cases modified the nomenclatiu-e of genera and species to accord with Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993). A new global assessment and listing of threatened birds is in an advanced stage of preparation by Birdlife International, and rather than attempt a partial and provisional revision of the bird secuon of this present Red List, which would soon be outdated by the new bird list, it has jointly been decided to retain substantially the same species treated in Birds to
Watch (the 1988 ICBP world list of threatened birds). These species were subsequently given an lUCN category in the 1990 lUCN Red List. This 1990 publication, revised to take account of Threatened Birds of the Americas (Collar et al., 1992), has provided the basis for the present list. We have therefore not added any threatened and endemic bird species from national sources, or changed any categories, even in the many instances where this would have been possible. There are a few minor differences between the present list and Birds to Watch in addition to those consequent upon publication of Threatened Birds of the Americas (see Explanatory Notes: List 1).
The national Red Data Books and other nauonal sources from which species have been extracted are listed in the References below. We have reviewed a large number of such sources but not all; several that have been reviewed contain no species that we were able to identify as nationally endemic; these soinces are not listed. Most national Red Data Books or similar works have used lUCN status categories and, where this is so, we have entered the same category. Where other systems have been used, we have used the equivalent lUCN category where the category given was defined unambiguously; otherwise, we have used the 'Insufficiently Known' (K) category, unless sufficient background documentation was provided to allow us to assign a category independently. We have not added species from national lists which provide no category or documentation unless supporting information was available from another source.
The use of muhiple soiu-ces of information entails the risk of taxonomic inconsistency; we have tried to verify the nomenclature and distribution given in national soinces, but it remains possible that a few species may have been listed twice under different names, or taxa may have been listed at an inappropriate rank.
Our task during this revision has been primarily to gather and collate mformation, and to produce the listings. We have not attempted a comprehensive review of the existing list beyond revisions suggested by .
reviewing proposals from the Specialist Specialist Groups, nor have we been responsible for critically than the general conditions noted above). Groups, or the listings given in national Red Data Books (other revised lUCN status categories This kind of thorough review will of necessity be undertaken when the new come into use.
Specialist Group or were not We have unilaterally added a few species which were not proposed by a Quang bovid Pseiidoryx derived from a national Red Data Book. An example is the recently-described Vu population size and nghetinhensis (Vu Van Dung et at., 1993), which, in view of its very small estimated very restricted known range, we have listed as Endangered.
In a very few cases we have unilaterally changed existing or proposed category designations, or removed species previously listed, where the existing criteria for a particular category, or for Usting at all. were beyond dispute not satisfied. This has usually been on the basis of new evidence or opinion. In the absence of such evidence, we have left categories unchanged even where they might not withstand challenge. In one or two marginal cases, rather than risk removing a species prematurely, we have revised the existing category to indicate a lesser degree of threat, or less certainty (to Insufficiently Known).
THE EXTENT OF STATUS ASSESSMENT
The Red List is a global catalogue of those species that have been assessed in some degree and which meet, or are suspected to meet, the current criteria for threatened status. It is not comprehensive, because not all species have been collected and described, and the conservation status of all described species has not been evaluated.
The proportion of each phylum or class that has received such assessment differs greatly between groups.
Virtually all bird species have been subject to at least provisional assessment. Probably a little more than half of mammal species have been considered, although a large number of insectivores, rodents and micro- bats remain unassessed. Our best estimates suggest that around 20% of reptiles, 12% of amphibians, probably less than 10% of fishes, and an insignificant proportion of invertebrate animals have been assessed (although many species in certain invertebrate groups, such as dragonflies, butterflies and molluscs have been considered). Informal estimates of the proportion of species assessed, and the proportion threatened, in vertebrate higher taxa are shown graphically in Figtu'e 1
It has not consistently been past practice in compiling Red Data Books or Red Lists to attempt to include each and every species that could be assigned to the categories Insufficiently Known or Rare. Such species will require attention in future if the goal is to increase the nimiber of higher taxa that have been thoroughly assessed. One very large subset of these species is comprised of those known only from their type locality (in many instances, the type material was collected many decades ago). For example, of the 4,014 nominal species of amphibian listed in Frost (1985), around 7(X) are reportedly known only from the type locality. Each one of these is at least Insufficiently Known or Rare, on present information, and should be categorised as Indeterminate (ie. possibly Endangered) if habitat change has been extensive in the vicinity of the type locality. There will be no exact equivalent of the current Rare category in the proposed new category system, and 'type locality only' species are likely to be classed as Insufficiently Known until better data are available (this does not denote threatened status in the new system).
SOURCES OF TAXONOMIC INFORMATION
The conflicting interests of promoting stability, following the latest or best systemadc opinion, and the preferences of particular SSC Specialist Groups, have resulted in some compromises.
The following paragraphs note the main taxonomic sources used. We have whenever possible used recent global checklists of species for both nomenclature and sequence of taxa. There is a good deal of merit in following the practice of the world list of amphibians edited by Frost (1985), where orders, families, genera .
Mammals Birds Reptiles
— Chelonia mydas. which many conservationists had adopted, to be inappropriate. Crocodilians follow King and Burke (1992). Names in common use, including by Specialist Groups or in national sources, have been employed for other groups of reptiles: there is as yet no standard world species checklist for lizards, amphisbaenians or snakes.
Amphibians Nomenclature and sequence consistently follow Frost (1985).
Fishes The names and sequence of orders and families, and the species content of families follows Eschmeyer (1990). Genera and species are alphabetical within families. Names in common use, including by Specialist Groups or in national sources, have been employed at the species level: there is as yet no published standard world species checklist for fishes. We have changed some family names given in contributions from the SSC Freshwater Fish Specialist Group in order to conform with the taxonomy of Eschmeyer. In particular, the Australasian Rainbowfish are given subfamily rank by Eschmeyer (Atherinidae: Melanotaeniinae) but family rank (Melanotaenidae) by local ichthyologists. Similarly, we have followed Eschmeyer in treating the Pseudomugilidae of Australasian sources, and the Austroglanidae used by Southem African sources, as subfamilies of Atherinidae and Bagridae, respectively.
Invertebrates Parker (1982) has in general been followed for nomenclature at family level and above. Molluscs, which follow Vaughan (1989) for genera and above, are the primary exception. In one or two cases a contributor has recorrunended against use of a name in Parker (1982); for example, in view of current shifts in systematic opinion no family name is given for the terrestrial nemertean worms. A variety of sources, mostly listed in the references below, or cited therein, have been used for insects and other invertebrate groups.
TAXONOMY AND CONSERVATION
The interaction of taxonomy and conservation raises many issues, including the problem of identifying the units of conservation concem, and the divergence between the need for stability of nomenclature and the pursuit of systematic excellence.
In general, a threatened species tends to be given higher priority than a threatened subspecies, largely on the assumption (founded on the biological species concept) that a more distinct element of biodiversity is at risk. It is entirely legitimate, on both theoretical and pragmatic grounds, for the species to be the basic currency in global conservation action and biodiversity assessment. We have deliberately focused attention on threatened species in this Red List. Nevertheless, some difficulties must be recognised. Firstly, although the species is concepnially a real and fundamental unit in the biological hierarchy, there is no universal and operational definition of what constimtes 'a species'. The properties deemed sufficient to justify full species status vary among taxonomists working on the same group of animals. They also of necessity vary between groups (because they possess different features that can be identified as taxonomic characters), so that a species in a family of large mammals is not the precise equivalent of a species in a family of beeUes. A second difficulty is that there is an opportunity for taxonomy to take on a strategic element, and for more populations to be recognised as species than might otherwise be the case.
These factors give rise to the basic truism that the delineation of species boundaries and the taxonomic rank of populations will have a fundamental impact on the conduct and efficiency of conservation actions. Similarly, they ensure that for the foreseeable funne there will be a large margin of error associated with staustical treatment of biodiversity measures and listings of threatened and extinct species. This should be recalled when considering the various tabulations provided in this book.
Conservationists, particularly those involved in conservauon legislation and control of illegal trade, require
xu stability of nomenclature to help avoid 320 misunderstandings, both unintentional and 300 otherwise. This need underlies the ED New species descriptions 280 widespread move toward use of 'standard Net gain or loss of species 260 taxonomy' by CITES (Convention on owing to other taxonomic changes International Trade in Endangered Species 240 of Wild Fauna and Flora). One risk of this 220 approach is that it become difficult to take 200 account quickly enough of new systematic evidence and opinion. Taxonomists 180 generate nomenclature and classifications 160 based on current systematic philosophy, 140 hypotheses, and research tools, which a> E 120 ensures a degree of instability. Comparison 3 of the first and second editions of the 100
familiar Mammal Species of the World is 80 of interest (the former volimie was adopted 60 by CITES as the standard taxonomy of 40 mammals). 20
total MiQ^HM A of 4,170 species were listed in the first edition of Mammal Species the of 1 I I I -20 -1 I I L. World (Honacki et ai, 1982) and 4,629 in i-5f .Sf i<> <<> ^* the second (Wilson and Reeder, 1993); a # J' J^ net increase of 459 species. Only in the
Clearly, changes in opinion on species boundaries such that populations formerly given subspecies rank (or perhaps not recognised as formal taxa) come to be treated as full species, have had a major impact on our world view of mammalian diversity and will in turn have repercussions for the users of this taxonomy, including the conservation commimity.
Some level of taxonomic change is both inevitable and desirable, if new methods and new studies are to
xni be pursued, but taxonomists sometimes appear oblivious to the needs of users of taxonomies. As just one example, sources in Wilson and Reeder (1993) note that the dormouse genus Glis Brisson 1762 is invalid and the earliest valid replacement is Myoxus Gray 1821. Adoption of this name, not used for decades, requires changing the family name from Gliridae to Myoxidae, and denies mammalogists Glis gll.s. a name both familiar and euphonious. The pragmatic taxonomist would not have agonised over the validity or otherwise of eighteenth century names, but kept his own counsel, or petitioned the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to conserve the familiar name under Article 79 of the Code.
The case of the second Sphenodon (Tuatara), discussed by Daugherty et al (1990) exemplifies some practical consequences of changes in taxonomic rank of populations. This genus is of exceptional zoological interest as the only survivor of the Order Rhychocephalia, otherwise known by a wide diversity of fossil forms mainly of Triassic age. Since 1904 all extant Tuatara populations had been recognised as comprising the single species Sphenodon punctatus, restricted to offshore islands of New Zealand, although in neglected nineteenth centiuy literature one additional extant species and one recently extinct were recognised. Recent analysis of allozymes and morphology reported by Daugherty et al demonstrated that the form originally described at species level but traditionally put in the synonymy of S. puiiclatus is indeed sufficiently distinct to require full species status as Sphenodon guntheri. The practical consequences are that while the Tuatara was perceived as monotypic, the 'species' appeared relatively abundant, although localised and at risk. Some 25% of island populations are known have become extinct during the past century, and S. guntheri could very easily have disappeared with Uttle or no notice being taken. Now guntheri is recognised as the second Tuatara species it immediately takes on a very high priority for conservation, particularly because it is restricted to 1.7 ha of scrub on North Brother Island, its single world locality.
Given the general goal of maintaining biological diversity, it is in theory desirable to identify and promote the wise management of all genetically distinct populations; the existing scheme of biological taxonomy seems not in practice the best tool for identifying and cataloguing such populations, and was surely never intended to be. While a subspecific name can often serve as a useful label, and may reflect substantial genetic differences between geographically isolated populations on islands or moimtain tops, where there is no correlated geographic isolation it may be a poor indicator of the magnitude of intraspecific genetic differentiation. Subspecific taxa seem too often based on small samples, arbitrary division of clinal variation, and superficial characters of pelage colour, squamation and suchlike (discussed for reptiles by Thorpe, 1980, 1984), to be universally a useful surrogate for assessment of the extent of geographic isolation and use of more direct markers of genetic differentiation.
THREATENED ANIMALS: COMMENTARY
Statistical data derived from the 1994 Red List are presented in Tables 1-6. Some preliminary remarks on these are provided below; the intention is to note some feaUires of interest while fiirther analysis of these and related data is pending.
The tables include threatened full species only, together with the extinct ftill species treated in Table 6. Subspecies and commercially threatened (CT) species are excluded. The species assigned to genera in List have usually 3 also been taken into account, but this has not been possible in all cases.
It is vital to keep in mind that these data are shaped by many factors. Some groups of species have been assessed more completely than others; some countries have carried out national assessments and produced national Red Data Books. These species and these countries will be represented in the lists more fully or more accurately than others. Further, there is significant variation in the way status categories have been inteipreted and applied, and uncertainty over species boundaries and the taxonomic level of populations. However, although these data are not globally comprehensive, and have some margin of error arising fi-om misclassificaUon of enuties into taxa or status categories, they are the best and most complete set of data available.
XIV \<>' A^^^fM^4^^yo" o(0 o (D Q. (A T3 (D 6*f^*wv><^^^<>^A^ ;a(S»'^.»' 200 800 150 - 600 100 400 - 200 ^*5^'^;^>^«^" 5^<'<^•'<^'<^<•^-'^^^ '-v;"-*' .^^'^ .• ^^' Figure 3. Bar graphs to show the 12 countries with the highest number of threatened sf)ecies in each major taxonomic group. Note that this includes species suspected to be threatened (K) as well as those known to be threatened (E, V, R and I). The asterisk * in the mammal graph denotes three countries with an equal score (Argentina, Laos, Thailand). Order of animals in the Red Table 1 summarises the number of species in each threat category for each List. Virtually all animals are invertebrates, and most threatened animals are invertebrates, but the total number of invertebrates listed as threatened (2,754) is a scarcely perceptible proportion of the estimated global species richness of invertebrates. This last has been estimated conservatively at around ten million species, of which perhaps one-tenth have been described (Hammond, in WCMC, 1992). This relatively very low representation of invenebrates seems probably to be more a reflection of the low level of information on the range and status of such animals, than an indication of a generally low risk of extinction, but this must be property assessed on a group by group basis. Almost all the invertebrate species listed are molluscs or insects, in about equal proportion. Around half the insects are beetles, nearly half are butterflies and moths, most of the remainder are damsel- and dragonflies. Many of these animals can be monitored in the field without insuperable difficulty; molluscs because of the hard shells of most species, and the insects because many are relatively conspicuous diurnal winged forms. Among the vertebrates, fishes and birds have similar numbers of species listed as threatened (977 and 971 respectively); these totals comprise about 4% of fish species but 10% of birds. This disparity is certainly due to a difference in the extent to which these two groups have been assessed. Many more fishes appear in this edition of the Red List than previously because more ichthyofaimas have been evaluated. One clear lesson to have emerged from this compilation is that wherever surveys are made, more fishes are found to be threatened, usually by introduced non-native fish species or habitat modification. A total of 741 mammal species are considered threatened; this represents almost 16% of the 4,629 species now recognised. This is the highest proportion of the total species content for any of the higher taxa considered. Mammals and birds have a similar number of Endangered category species, 177 and 188 respectively, representing 3.8% and 1.9% of all the species in each group. Reptiles, amphibians, fishes and invertebrates have 47, 32, 158 and 582 Endangered species, representing 0.7%, 0.7%, 0.6% and at the very most 0.05% of species in each group. Two very small mammal Orders have all extant species listed as threatened: the two elephants and four sirenians. Most Perissodactyla, 12 of 18 species, are threatened. In terms of number alone, seven Orders have more than 50 threatened species listed. These are, in descending sequence: Rodentia 118, Primates 113, Camivora 99, Artiodactyla 81, Cetacea 77. Insectivora 73 and Chiroptera 72. If Insufficiently Known taxa are excluded, there are five Orders with more than 50 species listed: Primates 105, Rodentia 87, Artiodactyla 75, Chiroptera 64 and Camivora 63. It is interesting to note that the top three Orders are also those that have undergone most taxonomic splitting (Figure 2). If the five values are calculated as a percentage of described species in each Order, the sequence is: Primates 45%, Artiodactyla 34%, Camivora 23%, Chiroptera 6.9% and Rodentia 4.3%. Primates, with 43, have by far the highest number of Endangered species among mammal Orders; Artiodactyla are second with 31, about twice as many as any of the remaining Orders. It remains to be seen whether continuing conservation assessment of other mammal groups, which generate less popular concem, will shift the balance of these figures, or whether they are an accurate measure of relative extinction risk. Tables 2 and 3 give country-based data on threatened animals. Figure 3 shows countries widi the highest number of threatened (E, V, R, I) and possibly-threatened (K) species combined in each higher taxonomic group. It is difficult objectively to disentangle the factors that contribute to these rankings. Certainly the extent to which countries have canried out national faunal surveys and conservation assessments is a major determinant, as is the extent to which lUCN-SSC Specialist Groups have been active. Species richness, land area and the magnitude of faunal depletion are other key factors. Indonesia, Brazil, China and India are among the five countries with the most threatened mammals and birds. They are all also large, ecologically diverse and species-rich countries, and hold a large number of species in the better-assessed groups. Australia, USA and South Africa also figure prominently in Figure 3; these are similarly large and species-rich, and their faunas have been subject to detailed study and assessment. However, while the relationships involved are complex, there is no reason to suspect that the ranking of countries in this compilation is not a reasonable working indication of the overall geopolitical location of species at risk of extinction. Table 5 summarises the number of species in each major taxonomic group Usted as threatened in the 1990 and 1994 Red Lists. All groups except birds have many more species listed in 1994 than in 1990: approximately 1500 more species overall are listed in the present edition. This can not be interpreted directly as an overall increase in the risk of extinction. Among reptiles, amphibians, fishes and invertebrates, virtually all the increase can be attributed either to recent assessment of groups not or incompletely evaluated before, or to the inclusion in this edition of species from national Red Data Books and lists. Much the same appears true for mammals. For example, many more cetaceans and bats are listed following publication, respectively, of a Red Data Book and an Action Plan for these groups (Klinowska, 1991; Mickleburgh et al., 1992). In several instances, and virtually only among mammals, species previously evaluated and not considered threatened have been moved to one of the threatened status categories; this may reflect the collection of new data, a deterioration in status, or inconsistency in the application of categories. Only the total for birds is lower in 1994 than in 1990. This reduction is mainly because a nimiber of birds are no longer considered threatened sensu lUCN following reassessment during preparation of the Threatened Birds of the Americas Red Data Book (Collar et al., 1992); changes to the taxonomic rank of a few populations have reduced the total of those listed at species level. Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Fishes Invertebrates ^1 Island species ^1 Others Figure 4. Pie charts to show approximate numbers of threatened species restricted to islands as opposed to 'others' - those occurring on continents or continents plus islands. Madagascar, Japan (main group), Bornec, Sumatra and Java have not been counted as islands for the purposes of this estimation. Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Fishes Invertebrates Terrestrial Aquatic: freshwater Aquatic: marine | | Figure 5. Pie charts to show approximate numbers of threatened species present in terrestrial or aquatic habitats. Aquatic species include cetaceans and a few other mammals, walerbirds, seabirds, sea turtles and water snakes, most amphibians, invertebrates with an aquatic stage in the life cycle, and of course all fishes. The aquatic species are divided into freshwater and marine. xvu A high, but not the greater, proportion of threatened species are restricted to islands; see Figure 4 (islands, for the purposes of this very broad overview, exclude Madagascar, Borneo, Japan, Siunatra but include most others). A high proportion of threatened species are aquatic; see Figure 5. These comprise both fully aquatic forms and those, including most of the amphibians and many invertebrates, with an obligatory aquatic stage in the life cycle. Few of the aquatic forms listed are marine species; cetaceans comprise the majority of these. There is good reason to believe that historical records of extinctions since around 1600 AD are heavily biased geographically and taxonomically. The data that are available indicate that around 75% of recorded extinctions in this period have occurred on islands; almost all bird and mollusc extinctions have been recorded on islands. Very few species extinctions have been recorded in continental tropical forest habitats, where mass extinction events have been predicted to be imderway. The patchy and similarly biased time- series data that can be assembled indicate that island extinctions in this period began some 200 years earlier than continental extinctions, and that rates in both areas have increased rapidly from around the middle of the last century to the middle of the present century. Extended discussion of extinct species and rates of extinction is provided in WCMC (1992: chapter 16). XVlll ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The assistance of many people has been essential during the compilation of this document. We thank in particular the many SSC Specialist Group chairpersons and other members, and the many other field scientists who have provided data and opinions for this revision, usually adding to an already heavy workload. We hope not to have overlooked anyone in the list below, and trust that those who have made especially valuable contributions will not object to our alphabetical sequence. Particular thanks are due to Georgina Mace for agreeing to prepare the Guest Essay for this edition, an essay that will ensure that a wide audience gains insight into the new status categories and the considerations that went into their revision. The successful execution of this project was dependent on the timely liaison carried out by Simon Stuart (Head, Species Survival Programme), for which we are also grateful. D. Agosti, R. Albuquerque de Matos, G.R. Allen, R. Alonso, C. Andrews, G. Archibald, J.M. Ayres, G. Bauer, C. Bibby, K. Bjomdal, A. Bogan, P. Bouchet, J. Bratton, M. Brooks, W.C. Brown, A.A. Burbidge, E. Cameron, R. Cameron, J.A. Campbell, R.R. Campbell, H. Campos, R. Chung, D. Clarke, H.G. Cogger, A.F. Coimbra-Filho, N. Collar, K. Corbett, D. Corke, J. Cortes, R. Cowie, A.J. Crivelli, R. Crombie, I. Das, M. Day, S. Dowell, R. East, S.K. Eltringham, F. Encamacidn, A.A. Eudey, S.F. Ferrari, C. FitzGibbon, G. Fonseca, G. Foster, P. Foster-Turley, P.J. Garson, A. Gascoigne, R. Gerald, J. Gerlach, J.R. Ginsberg, A.R. Glatston, J. van Goethem, V. Goryachev, M. Green, O. Griffiths, S. Hedges, H. Hoeck, S. Hochwald, P. Horwitz, A.M. Hutson, M. Ibanez, P. Jackson, A. Jeffs, M.D. Jenkins, M.W. Klemens, V. Kessner, Mohd Khan bin Momin Khan, R.T. Klocek, Kunio Kikuchi, T.B. Larsen, M. Lazaridou-Dimitriadou, H. Marsh, S. Matola, D.E. McAUister, R. McDowall, S.L. Mendes, S.P. Mickleburgh, G. Mills, R.A. Mittermeier, J. Moore, N.W. Moore, T.R. New, M. Nicoll, J.F. Gates, J. 0kland, K.A. 0kland, W.L.R. Oliver, M.E. Oliveira, T.J. O'Shea, C. Padua, C. Peres, I.V. Pinto, W. Ponder, V.I. IMkhodko, Z. I^icek, A.I. Queiroz, P.J.H. Reijnders, J. Robinson, J.P. Ross, B. Roth, J. Ruetschi, H. Ruhberg, A.B. Rylands, M.J. Samways, I.B. Santos, A. Savage, P. Schembri, M. Seddon, D. Shackleton, M. Shea, G. Sherley, P.S. Skelton, S. Slack-Smith, A.T. Smith, B.D. Smith, B.J. Smith, M. Speight, J. Stanisic, J. Steffek, H. Stephenson, C. Stevanovitch, Mi.J. Stiassny, R. Sukumar, S. Tonge, H. Walden, T. Waller, S.M. Wells, 0. Wiig, J.E. Williams, R. Wirth, D. Woodruff, Kazuhiro Yamase, Chen Yiyu, D. Zevin. WCMC Credits Research and compilation: Neil Cox, Brian Groombridge, Tim Inskipp, Martin Jenkins, Chris Magin, Helen Smith. Data processing and camera-ready preparation by Helen Corrigan. Data entry and word-processing by Esther Byford, Lorraine Collins, Helen Corrigan and Julie Reay. Graphics by Helen Smith. Andrea Cole, Mary Cordiner, Daniella Pitts and Lindsay Simpson provided varied assistance. Project development by Tim Johnson, assisted by Crawford Allan. The database from which this list is produced is constantly being updated, with changes arising as new studies are undertaken or as groups not previously assessed are examined. It is inevitable in a publication of this natiu-e that readers will find entries that require correction or updating. We would be most grateful if any relevant information could be sent to the address below. Requests for sub-sets of data (geopolitical or taxonomic) for educational or conservation applications may be directed to Information Services at the address below. Brian Groombridge, PhD Species Unit World Conservation Monitoring Centre 219 Huntingdon Road Telephone: -h44 223 277314 Cambridge CB3 ODL Fax: +44 223 277136 United Kingdom e-mail: [email protected] REFERENCES lUCN and lUCN/ICBP global Red Data Books, Action Plans' and lists Collar. N.J. and Andrew, P. 1988. Birds to Watch. The ICBP World Checklist of Threatened Birds. ICBP Technical Publication No. 8. International Council for Bird Preservation. Collar, N.J., Gonzaga, L.P., Krabbe. N., Madroflo Nieto, A., Naranjo, L.G., Parker, T.A. and Wege, D.C. 1992. Threatened Birds of the Americas. The ICBPIIUCN Red Data Book. 3rd edition, part 2. International Council for Bird Preservation (now BirdLife International), Cambridge, UK. Collins, N.M. and Morris, M.G. 1985. Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World. The lUCN Red Data Book. lUCN, Gland and Cambridge. Duncan, P. (ed). 1992. Zebras. Asses, and Horses: an Action Plan for the conservation of Wild Equids. lUCN, Gland. Groombridge, B. 1982. The lUCN Amphibia-Reptilia Red Data Book. Part I , Testudines, Crocodylia, Rhynchocephalia. lUCN, Gland. Honegger, R. 1975/1979. Red Data Book. Vol. 3 - Amphibia and Reptilia. Second Edition. lUCN, Gland. Klinowska, M. 1991. Dolphins. Porpoises and Whales of the World. The lUCN Red Data Book. lUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Mickleburgh, S.P., Hutson, A.M. and Racey, P. A. (eds). 1992. Old World Fruit Bats: an Action Plan for their conservation. lUCN, Gland. Miller, R.R. 1977. Red Data Book. Vol. 4 - Pisces. Second Edition. lUCN, Morges. New, T.R. (ed). 1993. Conservation Biology of Lycaenidae (Butterflies). Occasional Paper of the lUCN Species Survival Commission No. 8. lUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Thomback, J. and Jenkins, M. 1982. The lUCN Mammal Red Data Book. Part 1 . The Americas and Australasia. lUCN, Gland. Weils, S.M., Pyle, R.M. and Collins, N.M. 1983. Tlie lUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book. lUCN, Gland. National Red Data Books- and lists Anon. 1991. Draft Red List of Threatened Animals of Turkey. Prime Ministry Undersecretariat for Enviromnent. Ankara, (unpublished). Anon. 1991. Livro Vermelho dos Vertebrados de Portugal. Servi90 Nacional de Parques. Reservas e Conservagao da Natureza. Minist6rio do Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturals. Lisbon. Anon. 1991. Red Data Book of Japan. 2 volumes: vertebrates, invertebrates. Japanese Wildlife Research Centre, (in Japanese) Anon. (Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment). 1992. Red Data Book of Vietnam. Volume 1. Animals. Science and Technics Publishing House, Hanoi, (in Viemamese). Anon. 1992. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior. Bell, B.D. 1986. The Conservation Status of New Zealand Wildlife. New Zealand Wildlife Service, Wellington. Occasional Publication No. 12. Bemardes, A.T., Machado, A.B.M. and Rylands, A.B. 1990. Fauna Brasileira Ameagada de Extinqao. Belo Horizonte: Fundagao da Diversidade Biol6gica. Blanco, J.C. & Gonzalez, J.L. (eds). 1992. Libro Rojo de los Vertebrados de Espana. Ministerio de Agricultura Pesca y Allmentacion. Branch, W.R. (ed.) 1988. South African Red Data Book - Reptiles and Amphibians. South African National Scientific Programmes Report 151. Gamen, S. 1992. The Action Plan for Australian Birds. Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Endangered Species Program, Project Number 121. Canberra. Glade, A.A. (ed). 1988. Red List of Chilean Terrestrial Vertebrates. Chilean Forest Service (CONAF), Santiago. Honvitz, P. 1990. The Conservation Status of Australian Freshwater Crustacea. Report no. 14, Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Canberra. Karandin6s, M. (ed) 1992. The Red Data Boole of Threatened Vertebrates of Greece. Athens: Hellenic Zoological Society & Hellenic Ornithological Society. Kennedy, M. (ed). 1992. Australian Marsupials and Monotremes: an Action Plan for their conservation. lUCN, Gland. Maruyama, T. & Hiratsuka, J. 1992. Vanishing Fishes of Japan. Osaka: Freshwater Fish Protection Association of Japan, 1-10. Nabhitibhata, Jarujin. 1989. Species diversity of Thai herpetofauna. In: Biodiversity in Thailand. Science Society of Bangkok, pp. 169-204. (in Thai) (not seen; data from Woodruff [1990] and /;( litt. 1993). Severinghaus, L.L. and Liu, V.T. 1990. The Endangered Plants and Animals of Taiwan. Council of Agriculture and National Parks Association, Taiwan. Skelton, P.H. 1987. South African Red Data Book - Fishes. South African National Scientific Programmes Report 137. Wagner, R. & Jackson, P. 1993. The Action Plan for Australian Freshwater Fishes. Canberra: Australian Nature Conservation Agency, Endangered Species Program, Project Number 147. Canberra. Woodruff, D.S. 1990. Review of: Endangered Animals of Thailand. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society 38:163-177. (Appendix: List of the Threatened Vertebrate Animals of Thailand, pp. 168-177). Global taxononiic sources Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Namral History) and Cornell University Press. Eschmeyer, W. N. 1990. Catalog of the Genera of Recent Fishes. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences. 697pp. Frost, D.R. 1985. Amphibian Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographical Reference. Allen Press Inc. and the Association of Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. I-V, 1-732. Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Allen Press Inc. and the Association of Systematics Collections, Kansas. Iverson, J.B. 1992. A Checklist with Distribution Maps of the Turtles of the World. Second edition. Published by the author, Richmond, Indiana. Morony, J.J., Bock. W.J. and Farrand, J. 1975. Reference list of the Birds of the World Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natiu-al History, New York Parker, S.B. 1982. Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. McGraw-Hill, New York. Sibley, C.G. and Monroe, B.L. 1990. Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. Yale University Press, New Haven. Sibley, C.G. and Monroe, B.L. 1993. A Supplement to Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. Yale University Press, New Haven. Tsuda, S. 1991. A Distributional List of World Odonata. Published by the author, Osaka. Vaughan, K.C. 1989 (editors Abbott, R.T. and Boss, K.J). A Classification of the Living Mollusca. American Malacologists, Inc., Florida. Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds). 1993. Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington and London. Other sources: status, taxonomy, distribution^ Anon. (Societas Europaea Herpetologica - Conservation Committee). 1990. Threatened reptiles in Europe requiring special conservation measures. Unpublished report to the Council of Europe. T-PVS (90) 57. Anon. (Societas Europaea Herpetologica - Conservation Committee). 1991. Threatened amphibians in Europe requiring special habitat protection measures. Unpublished report to the Council of Europe. T- PVS (91) 72. XXI Anon. (Societas Europaea Herpetologica - Conservation Committee). 1992. Data sheets of species of amphibians and reptiles for possible amendment of Appendix II. Unpublished report to the Council of Europe. T-PVS (92) 75. Allen, G.R. 1991. Field Guide to the Freshwater Fishes of New Guinea. Publication No. 9 of the Christensen Research Institute. Blanc, M., Gaudet, J. L., Banarescu, P. and Hureau, J. C. 1971. European Inland Water Fish: A Multilingual Catalogue. London: F.A.O. & Fishing News Books. Campbell, J.A. and Frost, D. 1993. Anguid Lizards of the genus Ahronia: revisionary notes, description of four new species, a phylogenetic analysis and key. Bulletin of American Natural History. 216:1-121. Collins, N.M. and Wells, S.M. 1987. Invertebrates in need of special protection in Europe. Council of Europe Nature and Environment Series No. 35. Strasbourg. Corbet, G.B., & Hill, I.E. 1992. The Mammals of the Indomalayan Region: a systematic review. London: British Museum (Natural History). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 488pp. Daugherty, C.H., Cree, A, Hay, J.M. and Thompson, M.B. 1990. Neglected taxonomy and continuing extinctions of tuatara (Sphenodon). Nature. 347:177-179. Heath, J. 1981. Threatened Rhopalocera (Butterflies) in Europe. Council of Europe 'Nature and Environment Series' No. 23. Strasbourg. Hedges, S.B. 1993. Global amphibian declines: a perspective from the Caribbean. Biodiversity and Conservation. 2:290-303. Kottelat, M. and Xin-Luo, C. 1988. Revision of Yunnanilus with descriptions of a minature species flock and six new species from China (Cypriniformes: Homalopteridae). Environmental Biology of Fishes. 23(1-2), 65-93. Kuru, M. 1980. Tiirkiye Tatlisu Baliklari Katalogu. Hacettepe tJniversitesi Fen Fakiiltesi Yayinlari, Yardimci Kitaplar, Dizisi: 1 Lee, D. S., Platania, S. P. & Burgess, G. H. 1983. Atlas of North American Freshwater Fishes 1983 Supplement. (Freshwater fishes of the Greater Antilles). Occasional Papers of the North Carolina Biological Survey. Contribution No. 1983-6. Peters, J.A. and Donoso-Barros, R. (revised by P.E. Vanzolini). 1986. Catalogue of the Neotropical Squamata. Part II. Lizards and Amphisbaenians. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington D.C. Reyes, L. M. & Estrada, J. L. 1992. Estado Actual Del Mejoramiento Genetico Y Recomendaciones Para La Conservacian De Los Recursos Geneticos En Colombia. In:Halffter, G. (ed) La Diversidad Biologica de Iberoamerica. Mexico: Instituto de Ecologi'a, A. C. 203-236. Schlitter, D.A. 1985. Preluninary List - African Rodents of Special Concern. Unpublished Report to lUCN. Schwartz, A. and Henderson, R.W. 1991. Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies: Descriptions. Distributions, and Natural History. University of Florida Press, Gainesville. Simonetta, A. M. & Magnoni, M. L. 1986. Status and Conservation Problems of Somali Lower Vertebrates. Rivista di Agricoltura Subtropicale e Tropicale, 80(3). 405-432. Stiassny, M. L. J. 1990. Notes on the Anatomy and Relationships of the Bedotiid Fishes of Madagascar, with a Taxonomic Revision of the Genus Rheocles (Atherinomorpha: Bedotiidae). American Museum Novitates New York: American Museum of Natural History. 2979. Stiassny, M. L. J. 1993. Cichlids are Different!. Tropical Fish Hobbyist. March 1993. Stiassny, M. L. J. & Reinthal, P. N. 1991. The Freshwater Fishes of Madagascar: A Study of an Endangered Fauna with recommendations for a Conservation Strategy. Conservation Biology 5(2): 231- 243 Thorpe, R.S. 1980. Microevolution and taxonomy of European reptiles with particular reference to the grass snake Nairi.x natri.x and the wall lizards Podarcis sicula and P. melisellensis . Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 14: 215-233. Thorpe, R.S. 1984. Geographic variation in the Western grass snake (Natri.x natrix helvetica) in relation to hypothesized phylogeny and conventional subspecies. Journal of Zoology. London. 203: 345-355. Tzeng, C. S. Distribution 1986. of the Freshwater Fishes of Taiwan. Journal of the Taiwan Museum 39 (2) 127-146 Vu Van Dung, Pham Mong Giao, Nguyen Ngoc Chinh, Do Tuoc, Arctander, P. and MacKinnon, J. 1993. A new species of living bovid from Viemam. Nature 363: 443-445. Wijesinghe, L.C.A. de S., Gunatilleke, I.A.U.N., Jayawardana, S.D.G., Kotagama, S.W. and GunatUleke. C.V.S. 1989. Biological Conservation in Sri Lanka (A national status report). Natural Resources, Energy and Science Authority of Sri Lanka, Colombo. Witte, F., Goldschmidt, T., Wanink, J., van Oijen, M., Goudswaard, K., Witte-Maas, E. and Bouton, N. 1992. The destruction of an endemic species flock: quantitative data on the decline of the hapiochromine cichlids of Lake Victoria. Environmental Biology of Fishes 34: 1-28. World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1992. Global Biodiversity: Status of the Earth's Living Resources. Chapman and Hall, London. ' the Action Plans listed include only published documents not used in the 1990 Red List; it excludes the draft Cat Action Plan, used in provisional form for the present Red List, and excludes those used in draft form for the 1990 Red List which have since been published. ^ this is not a bibliography of country Red Data Books; it only includes sources from which single-country endemic species have been extracted for the 1994 lUCN Red List. ^ excluding those cited in the 1990 Red List and not consulted for this revision. XXUl EXPLANATORY NOTES NOTES ON THE LISTS AND TABLES Each entry includes: a single letter (E, V, I, K) or two (Ex, Ex?, CT) indicating the lUCN status category, the scientific name, and geopolitical distribution. Many entries also include a common name. Some marine species have a general distribution rather than a list of countries. The following annotated examples should aid interpretation of the taxon entries. E' Eulemur mongoz' (Lemur mongozY Mongoose Lemur^ Comoros*: Mwali', Nzwani; Madagascar' I Pterodroma hasitata Black-capped Petrel Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti. *' Caribbean and western North Atlantic R Syrmaticiis reevsii Reeve's Pheasant China [Czechoslovakia']'" ' lUCN status category " Scientific name. ' Alternative scientific name (synonym). " Common name (usually English). * First country of occurrence. ' Island (or other area) within first country. Second country of occurrence (countries separated by semi-colon). ' Within birds only, an asterisk separates breeding range (left) from non-breeding range (right); vagrant records are excluded. ' Recent political events are reflected as accurately as possible but there are some entries for the former Czechoslovakia and USSR that have not been resolved in ternis of new boundaries, and many entries for the fonmer Yugoslavia retain the name of the old federation. '° Square brackets indicate introduced populations; populations that have been reintroduced within their former range are denoted by appropriate text. List 1. Threatened species This list includes those populations recognised at the species level by the taxonomic sources used that have been assessed and assigned to one of the cunrent (non-revised) lUCN status categories. These categories are named and defmed below. Only species regarded as globally threatened are included. This has the regrettable but unavoidable consequence that no attention is drawn to purely local or national problems. For example, there is great concern in India about the Grizzled Giant Squirrel Ratufa macroura; the population, restricted to the southern states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala, has been estimated at only 300 animals. However, the species also occurs in Sri Lanka, where it widespread at a variety of altitudes and in different habitats, and is not xxiv listed as threatened in the country (Wijesinghe et al.. 1989). Because it is not globally threatened it is not listed in the present Red List. This is just one example among very many. All species have been assigned to a single category except those from Threatened Birds of the Americas (Collar :/ al, 1992) that were given a dual category in that book (the reader is referred to the introduction of that volume for discussion). Very many species are given a mixed R/K category in the provisional draft of the Action Plan for Australian Reptiles made available to us, but given a policy of not using mixed categories and a recommendation not to include all potential K species from the draft, we have omitted them from this Ust. Confusion and possible inconsistency exists over the position of 'Insufficiently Known' (K) taxa. Some texts include this category with others which collectively denote threatened status, other texts exclude it from that group. Insufficiently Known species are commonly regarded as threatened species even though while insufficient data are available to make a firm determination they remain only suspected of being threatened, and so by definition have not actually been identified as threatened species. We feel it would have been very useful clearly to distinguish such taxa from species known to be threatened, but have retained 'K" species in the main listing, largely in deference to common usage, which tends to class 'K' species with those more certainly threatened (R, I, V and E categories). As noted above. Insufficiently Known species are in the draft new category system explicitly not to be imderstood as threatened species. The few 'T' designations given in past editions, indicating that different populations of the species in question had been assigned different status categories, have all been modified by us to reflect a provisional category for the species as a whole. As noted above, it has jointly been decided by the SSC and BirdLife International that the bird listing will remain substantially the same as in the 1990 Red List (which gave categories to species listed in Birds to Watch (Collar and Andrew, 1988). Tlie list has been revised to take accoimt of Threatened Birds of the Americas (Collar et al. 1992), which entailed the removal of many species and the addition of others. There are a few other differences between the present list and the 1990 Red List. One bird species (Dasyornis brachypterus) inadvertently omitted from the 1990 list has been included, with the status category given in The Action Plan for Australian Birds (Gamett, 1992). In two cases, populations previously treated as subspecies of species themselves categorised as 'Rare' (R) (PhalacrocorcLx carunculatus, Polyplectron malacense) have been elevated to species rank in Sibley and Monroe (1992) and are here provisionally listed as 'R'. Similarly, a few taxa formerly treated at species level are given subspecific rank in Sibley and Monroe, and this is followed herein. This has had two effects on the present lists. Where other conspecifics were previously listed in the 1990 Red List there is now an appropriate revised entry in the main threatened species list (eg. Gallinula nesiotis, for the Tristan da Cunha form nesiotis. regarded as extinct, plus the Gough Island form comeri. previously listed as Rare). Where conspecifics were not listed previously there is now an entry in the subspecies list (eg. Pterodroma hasitata caribbaea for the probably extina Jamaica Petrel, treated as E/Ex at species level P. caribbaea in Collar et al. 1992). List 2. Extinct and probably extinct species This list includes species that have been assigned to the lUCN status category Extinct (Ex) in previous editions of the Red List and in Red Data Books. This category includes species that have not definitely been located in the wild during the past 50 years. Many species have not been seen within this period, but nor have they been looked for, and there has been no attempt to list all such species here. A subset of this category (Ex?) includes species that have been seen within the past 50 years but are believed with near certainty to be extinct. Similar species that are only possibly extinct should according to the current definitions be listed as Endangered. We have also included here species that are known or believed to have become extinct since 1600 AD or thereabouts (WCMC, 1992) and which have never appeared in previous Red Lists nor been given a status XXV category. To distinguish these they remain without a category in the list. For many of these latter species (and some of those with a category) the date shown in parentheses indicates variously the last collection, the last observation in the wild, or the time of extinction. There are 23 bird taxa which have been given the joint category 'E/Ex' by BirdLife International. Those that are treated at species level by Sibley and Monroe (1990) (not the Magdalena Tinamou or Jamaica Petrel [see notes to List 1 above]) are listed in the main threatened species list even though at least seven of the 21 species are almost certainly extinct. None is included in the Extinct species list. The full species are counted as Endangered in the tables. In almost all cases there is no positive evidence of extinction, only an accumulation of negative evidence; several species once thought recently extinct have been rediscovered and doubtless others will be in future. On the other hand, there are good grounds for believing that many species have become extinct imnoiiced and sometimes undescribed. Note that changes in species level taxonomy have a significant effect on this list; a few extinct populations formerly treated as full species are now treated as conspecific with extant populations, and so do not appear below (the reverse is also possible). List 3. Entries for genera and other higher taxa This list includes entries for genera or higher taxa, entire or in part, that appeared in the 1990 Red List or earlier publications and that have not been resolved to the single species level. Some previous group entries have been so resolved and now appear in the main threatened species list. The category assigned to the Lake Victoria cichlid fishes has been changed from Endangered (E) to Indeterminate (I) in the absence of adequately detailed species-specific population data for the lake as a whole (Indeterminate is an inclusive category covering inadequately known taxa that may have recently become extinct, or which are seriously declining or which may simply be Rare; see status category definitions below). There is no doubt that a very marked decline in cichlid abundance has occurred in Lake Victoria (Witte et al., 1992) linked to the introduction of a large predator (Nile Perch Lates sp.) and probably to over-fishing, but it is not possible to determine which individual species are actually Endangered. Where possible, the relevant niunber of species within the groups Usted here are included in the tabulations. List 4. Threatened and extinct subspecies Previous editions of the Red List mixed full species and subspecies in a single list. This led to some minor confusion. Threatened populations at subspecies rank are by most standards (and all else being equal) of lesser priority than threatened species, assuming reasonable taxonomic consistency between taxa being compared. It is also evident that subspecies descriptions are not infrequently based on minor superficial features; in several cases subspecies names in common use have been demonstrated to accord only poorly with genetic differentiation assessed by biochemical and other tools. These several considerations have led us to list subspecies separately from species. In the subspecies list we have made no attempt to add subspecies other than those suggested by contributors. We have tried to ensure that, if appropriate, an entry exists in the full species list whenever all described subspecies have been proposed as threatened. The list therefore consists largely of taxa previously listed, and while some nomenclature has been revised, some outdated names and other inconsistencies are likely to remain. Subspecies have been excluded from all tables. List 5. Commercially Threatened species This contains species categorised as Commercially Threatened (CT). These species should not be regarded as threatened with extinction in the same sense that those in the main species list categorised as Endangered, Vulnerable, Indeterminate or Rare are believed to be. The CT category means that the species were considered to be threatened as a sustainable commercial resource; pending further evaluation of the full implications of listing such species we have thought it advisable to distinguish them clearly from other listed species. All species (with the exception of the Pigtail Macaque, proposed in 1993 for listing as V or CT) were previously Usted as Commercially Threatened in the 1990 Red List or earlier publications and have not been critically evaluated since. We have not attempted to update nomenclature or resolve marine distribution at coimtry level. Commercially Threatened species have been excluded from all tables. Distribution information Distribution is generally given in terms of coimtry names; it is geopolitical not purely geographic. Unless geographically very remote from each other, islands and other territories are included with the parent country; the Hawaiian Islands have been recorded separately. Many distribution entries include within- country information. This is usually when a species occurs on a few islands of an island state; occasionally when otherwise restricted, a mountain or river system is named. Although we have given general distribution information for all marine species, including cetaceans, we have not given country distribution records for cetaceans other than the freshwater and estuarine or coastal species with a relatively restricted range. In most other cases, country records for cetaceans reflect the distribution of research or whaling activity more fully than the presumed world distribution of the species. We have attempted to give complete coimtry records for other marine animals. All country records are included in the summary tabulations above. Countries where a species is known to have become extinct in recent decades are not included. In several cases, a country name is followed by the annotation: (ex?). This indicates a significant possibility that the species is extinct in that country; this ancilliary information should not be confused with the lUCN status category. Geopolitical events during recent years have led to some inconsistency and possible errors. In the absence at the time of writing of internationally recognised boundaries and names within the former Yugoslavia, we have continued to use that name in the distribution information and in the country tabulations. Of the component republics of the former federation of Yugoslavia, only Slovenia has been distinguished herein, although there are likely to be some species occurring there for which only Yugoslavia appears in the distribution section. For most species within the boundaries of tiie former USSR, we have been able to determine with reasonable confidence which new state they are present in. Some unresolved USSR entries remain in the invertebrate section. Similarly, there are a few entries for the former Czechoslovakia in cases where we have been unable to determine whether a particular species occurs in the Czech Republic or Slovakia, or both. Notes on tables All the tables cover taxa of species rank only; subspecies are excluded. The tables cover species that have been assigned to one of the standard lUCN-SSC status categories; the Commercially Threatened taxa (CT) set out in List 5 are excluded. Tables 2, 3 and 6 for simplicity use the same major geopolitical units as in the distribution entries in the species lists. This results in loss of geographical resolution of some biological interest; in particular it should be noted that island territories of mainland countries are in most cases included with their parent countries. For example, the Canary Islands, which feature prominently in the mollusc lists, are included with Spain in the tables. However, the distribution entries in the species lists will indicate "Spain: Canary Islands", so the relevant information can be retrieved. The same applies to Madeira, the Azores, and several xxvii other islands. Tristan da Ctjnha is included with St Helena. The Hawaiian Islands have a separate entry. "?" In the distribution entries in the lists below, unconfirmed occurrence of a species is indicated by after the relevant country. All such unconiinned occurrences are counted in the tables. Note that a few species, mainly cosmopolitan marine forms, have distribution indicated in a generalised format, not country names; these are not included in the country-based tables (Tables 2 and 3). This applies to most cetaceans, three elasmobranch fishes, and very few invertebrates. It also applies to a larger number of species included in the genera recorded in List 3 (entries for genera and Lake Victoria cichlid fishes) for which country-specific data are lacking. We have retained the figiu-e of 250 haplochromine and 2 tilapiine cichlid fishes in Lake Victoria cited in the 1990 Red List, although recent estimates suggest more than 300 haplochromine species are present, of which aroimd 2(X) may be critically threatened. All these species (except in two genera for which we have no count of species number) are included in the taxonomic stmimary tables (Tables 1, 4 and 5). In all relevant tables we have treated the 21 E/Ex and the 78 V/R bird species given mixed categories as categories E and V, respectively. lUCN THREATENED SPECIES CATEGORIES EXTINCT (Ex) Species not definitely located in the wild during the past 50 years (criterion as used by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Faima and Flora). N.B. On a few occasions, the category Ex? has been assigned; this denotes that it is virtually certain that the taxon has recently become extinct. ENDANGERED (E) Taxa in danger of extinction and whose survival is unlikely if the causal factors continue operating. Included are taxa whose niunbers have been reduced to a critical level or whose habitats have been so drastically reduced that they are deemed to be in immediate danger of extinction. Also included are taxa that may be extinct but have definitely been seen in the wild in the past 50 years. VULNERABLE (V) Taxa beUeved likely to move into the 'Endangered' category in the near futiu-e if the causal factors continue operating. Included are taxa of which most or all the populations are decreasing because of over-exploitation, extensive destruction of habitat or other environmental disturbance; taxa with populations that have been seriously depleted and whose ultimate seouity has not yet been assured; and taxa with populations that are still abimdant but are under threat from severe adverse factors throughout their range. N.B. In practice, 'Endangered' and 'Vulnerable' categories may include, temporarily, taxa whose populations are beginning to recover as a result of remedial action, but whose recovery is insufficient to justify their transfer to another category. RARE (R) Taxa with small world populations that are not at present 'Endangered' or 'Vulnerable', but are at risk. These taxa are usually localised within restricted geographical areas or habitats or are thinly scattered over a more extensive range. INDETERMINATE (I) Taxa known to be 'Endangered', 'Vulnerable' or 'Rare' but where there is not enough information to say which of the three categories is appropriate. INSUFFICIENTLY KNOWN (K) Taxa that are suspected but not definitely known to belong to any of the above categories, because of lack of information. xxix THREATENED (T) Threatened is a general term to denote species which are 'Endangered', 'Vuhierable', 'Rare', 'Indeterminate', or 'Insufficiently Known' and should not be confused with the use of the same term by the U.S. Office of Endangered Species. In previous volumes it is has been used to identify taxa comprised of several sub-taxa which have differing status categories. COMMERCIALLY THREATENED (CT) Taxa not currently threatened with extinction, but most or all of whose populations are threatened as a sustainable commercial resource, or will become so, imless their exploitation is regulated. This category applies only to taxa whose populations are assumed to be relatively large. N.B. In practice, this category has only been used for marine species of commercial importance that are being overfished in several parts of their ranges. XXX Ifable 1. Threatened species: totals for higher taxa by status category E V H I SUBTOTAL' TOTAL Class: MAMMALIA Table 1. Threatened spedes: totals for higher taxa by status category (continued) « 'iiifV> t —V ^'-^i^Af K TOTAi" Class: CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI PETROMYZONTIFORMES Table 1. Threatened species: totals for higher taxa by status category (continued) '"' * ''* ' E V H I SUBTOTAL' K TOTAL Class: POLYCHAETA ;Table 1. Threatened species: totals for higher taxa by status category (continued) ^%;Ja'^'^»"S"»T<"*''' *^ ^^^'^ ZORAPTERA Table 2. Threatened species: country totals by taxonomic group j/»rf^^. MAMMAIS BIROS BEPTIUES AMPHIBIANS FISHES INVERT^;. AFRICA Algeria 14 Angola Ascension Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo cote d'lvoire Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gatxjn Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya' Lesotho' Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mayofte Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Reunion Saint Helena Sao Tom6 and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa' Sudan Swaziland Tanzania' Togo Tunisia Uganda' Western Sahara Zaire Zambia Zimtiabwe Table 2. Threatened species: country totals by taxonomic group (continued) rjmmiBMNS'1 AMTARCTICA Falkland Islands French Southern and Antarctic Territories ASIA Afghanistan 12 Armenia Azertjaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan British Indian Ocean Ten'itory Brunei Camt)odia China Cyprus Georgia Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Korea DPR. Korea Republic Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Papua New Guinea Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan Ukraine United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Viet Nam Yemen Table 2. Threatened species: country totals by taxonomic group (continued) iFISHeS II former USSR EUROPE Albania 3 Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic former Czechoslovakia Denmari< Estonia Finland France Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom former Yugoslavia NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA Table 2. Threatened species: country totals by taxonomic group (continued) mPtmifiMS wmuBS mmm Greenland Table 2. Threatened s|wcies: country totals tiy taxonomic group (continued) REPTILES jimmfyw& ptSHe& iMm, ^S^HiiiiMf ^ msem Colombia 30 Ecuador French Guiana Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela 1 Table 3. Threatened species: country totals by status category i stierorAL' TOTAt AFRICA Algeria 9 8 5 3 25 4 Angola 5 12 9 7 33 Ascension 1 1 2 Benin 3 6 2 11 Botswana 2 4 6 1 13 Burkina Faso 2 5 1 8 Burundi 1 6 3 2 12 Cameroon 9 27 19 4 59 Cape Verde 3 1 1 5 Central African Republic 2 7 3 12 Ctiad 6 8 1 1 16 Comoros 4 3 6 1 14 Congo 3 11 4 18 C6te d'lvoire 8 16 4 2 30 Djibouti 3 3 2 8 Egypt 4 12 5 10 31 Equatorial Guinea 4 12 3 2 21 Eritrea 3 3 Ettiiopia 1 10 11 4 36 Gabon 5 10 3 1 19 Gambia 4 4 Gliana 5 13 7 25 Guinea 5 14 2 21 Guinea-Bissau 2 6 1 1 10 Kenya' 9 13 9 4+ 35«^ Lesotho^ 1 1 + 8 1 11 + Liberia 6 15 2 3 26 Libya 3 7 3 1 14 Madagascar 21 20 34 18 93 Malawi 3 4 5 1 13 Mali 4 9 2 1 16 Mauritania 6 7 2 1 16 Mauritius 18 6 7 5 36 Mayotte 2 1 3 Morocco 6 13 5 2 26 Mozambique 7 6 13 3 29 Namibia 5 8 12 1 26 Niger 4 5 2 1 12 Nigeria 9 16 9 34 Rwanda 2 10 8 1 21 Reunion 9 11 2 3 25 Saint Helena 3 1 6 1 11 Sao Tom6 and Principe 2 2 3 7 14 Senegal 5 12 1 18 Seychelles 8 11 1 20 Sierra Leone 5 14 3 2 24 Somalia 5 8 3 2 18 South Africa^ 20 121+ 123 34 298+ Sudan 7 10 6 3 26 Swaziland 2 2 6 1 11 Tanzania' 8 18 21 2+ 49+ Togo 4 7 2 13 Tunisia 5 6 4 1 16 Uganda' 1 13 10 3+ 27+ Western Sahara 4 3 2 9 Zaire 5 17 23 5 50 Zambia 2 6 5 2 15 Zimbabwe 2 4 8 1 15 Table 3. Threatened species: country totals by status category (continued) ANTARCTICA Falkland Islands French South'n Antarctic Tenr.l ASIA Afghanistan (continued) ^Table 3. Threatened species: country totals by status category former USSR Table 3. Threatened species: country totals by status category (continued) ' ' ^^^^' e V R I SUBTOTAL TOTAL Greenland Table 3. Threatened species: country totals by status category (continued) R I SUBTOTAt* Colombia Table 4. Threatened species: summary by group and status category MAMMALS Table 6. Extinct species: country totals by group MAMMALS BIRDS rept8.es amphibiams pish^ tNveins' AFRICA Algeria 1 Cape Verde Kenya Madagascar Mauritius Mayone Reunion Saint Helena Seychelles Soutti Africa Tanzania Togo ANTARCTICA Falkland Islands ASIA China India Indonesia Israel Japan Myanmar Nepal Papua New Guinea Philippines Russia Thailand Viet Nam EUROPE Austria Denmarl^ France Germany Iceland Italy Portugal Spain United Kingdom Yugoslavia NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA Bahamas Barbados Canada Cayman Islands Cuba Dominican Republic Greenland Guadeloupe Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Table 6. Extinct species: country totals by group (continued) MAMMALS BIRDS REPTILES AMPHIBIANS FBHK INVERTS Martinique GUEST ESSAY The status of proposals to redefine the lUCN threatened species categories Georgina M. Mace Introduction The threatened species categories now used in Red Data Books and Red Lists have been in place, with some modification, for ahnost 30 years (see Scott, Burton & Fitter 1987). Since their inception they have become recognised internationally, and they are now used in a whole range of publications and listings, not only those produced by lUCN. Their value is that they provide an easily comprehended method for highlighting those species at risk of extinction, in order to focus attention on conservation measures designed to protect them. Nowadays, with the increasing recognition that the resources available for conservation are finite and limited, the categories have become appUed more frequently to setting priorities for conservation action. It is this change in emphasis that has provoked recent moves to redefine the categories. The application of threatened species categories To play an effective role in conservation planning the categories need to have a number of characteristics. They need to be equally applicable across broad taxonomic groups whose basic biology and Ufe histories differ in fundamental ways. They also need to be applicable to taxonomic levels below that of species, and to regional or national subsets. Because the amount of information about species varies widely from almost nothing (in the vast majority of cases) to full life history and distribution data (in a very few) the system used for placing taxa into categories also needs to make best use of data that are available, but should not preclude listing when information is sparse. Finally, and most importantly, the system should be based around an evaluation of how likely the taxon in question is to go extinct. In this context, the current system has some drawbacks. The definitions are merely stated in terms of ".. in danger of extinction..". Without any reference to a time frame, or to the likelihood of extinction within this time frame, the definition can be interpreted in different ways by different authorities. This can result in the same species being classified quite differently, or in different taxa or different regional floras and faunas being judged by quite different standards. If conservation action is to be based upon them, threatened species categories will require an approach that is better validated. A more objective system that can be challenged and judged against an accepted set of rules is needed. A second drawback of the current system is that a number of different kinds of variables are embedded in the definitions, which complicates their application to setting priorities. Thus while Endangered and Vulnerable measure the likelihood of extinction. Rare is defined in terms of the kind of distribution a species has. Species can be rare in a number of different ways: some have always had very restricted distributions (eg. some endemic island forms), others have been reduced from a formeriy wide range; some are always found in small but scattered populations, others are widely distributed but limited to very specific habitat types (see Rabinowitz et al. 1986). The relationship between these different forms of rarity and extinction risk is not simple or well understood. Insufficiently Known is a category that simply describes the quality and quantity of information about a particular species and thus has no direct relationship to the severity of threat. Other categories that appear in some publications also measure different characteristics. For example. Commercially Threatened is a statement primarily about the cause of the extinction risk. Many other threatened species classification schemes exist, focusing on particular regional or taxonomic groups, but most use definitions that are broadly similar in nature to the lUCN ones (Munton 1987). The publication of Red Data Books and Lists has other implications. Diamond (1987), among others, has xlviii discussed how this immediately puts a limit on the number of taxa that are recognised as being under threat of extinction because only described species can be listed, and once a list exists conservationists and survey expeditions focus especially on those species. Little attention is paid to taxa that are not listed, either because they have not been described or are not listed as threatened, and their plight worsens. In addition, once a taxonomic or regional list is produced, there is an implicit message that all described taxa in that group or region have been evaluated. This is often far from the case. Even among the vertebrates only a prof)ortion of all the described species have been evaluated by lUCN. The birds have been fully reviewed; but only a proportion of other taxa have (see Introduction above and WCMC, 1992). Despite these difficulties, threatened species categories are widely used and recognised, especially at an international level. If the existing level of credibility given to them is to continue, they need to be more soimdly based and more consistently applied. New Proposals In 1990. the lUCN/SSC began a process to redefine the categories of threat used in Red Data Books. Russ Lande and I (Mace and Lande, 1991) proposed a new basis for the categories where the definitions were given explicitly and solely in terms of the estimated probability of extinction. The definitions we proposed were for three threat categories which we named Critical, Endangered and Vulnerable, which had decreasing probabilities of extinction over increasing time frames: CRITICAL: 50% probability of extinction within 5 years or 2 generations, whichever is the longer. ENDANGERED: 20% probability of extinction within 20 years or 10 generations, whichever is the longer. VULNERABLE: 10% probability of extinction in 100 years We chose to vary both time scale and extinction probability for a variety of reasons. First, a shorter time scale for the most threatened forais would focus attention on the immediacy of the problem and hopefully stimulate appropriately prompt action. But such short time scales would not be appropriate for the less threatened forms which might then seem to have very low extinction probabilities. The longest time scale for the lowest level of threat was set at 100 years which seems to be generally agreed as about die longest period for effective foresight and planning of hiunan activities while a 5 or 10% chance of extinction within this period is about the highest level that conservation biologists have recommended (eg. see Shaffer, 1981). We recognised that these definitions would be inadequate to classify species because there are no simple rules to translate from basic ecological information to extinction risk. We therefore also suggested a set of quantitative criteria which might be used operationally. The criteria that we proposed were based around population size, population structiu'e and sub-structure, and observed or projected rates of decline. Although only a proposal, the Mace-Lande criteria (as they have become known) have been applied to a large number of species over the last couple of years, mainly through the Conservation and Assessment Management Plans (CAMPs) undertaken by the lUCN/SSC Captive Breeding Specialist Group and various taxon specialist groups of the SSC (Seal et al., 1993). This has provided invaluable material for assessing the proposal. A number of positive and negative aspects have emerged. On the positive side it is clear that with the informed input of specialists in the CAMP workshops, it is possible to classify the majority of species using the quantitative criteria. In the latest summary tables compiled by CBSG, 3130 out of 3559 (88%) of vertebrates species were classified as Safe or in one of the three new threat categories (Seal et the al., 1993). With the comprehensive review procedure that is characteristic of CAMPs proportion of described species that are Usted as threatened increases substantially from previous levels. Of die 3130 vertebrate taxa classified by CAMPs, 1345 (43%) are listed as threatened. This is much higher than the levels previously seen in lUCN Red Lists. There are some factors that may in part explain this increase. which are of First, CAMPs have tended to focus on higher order taxa that contain many species xlix conservation concern; a higher proportion of threatened forms might therefore be expected in this subset. Second, by necessity, many CAMP classifications are made on the basis of very little information, and group dynamics in workshop sessions are likely to lead to the more conservative estimates being accepted. Thus there may be a tendency for over-listing in this context, especially in the lower risk categories. Finally, CAMPs have routinely classified many sub-species which may, through restricted range and number, be more threatened than are species. However, a systematic examination of the data suggests that the increase is not simply an artefact of sub-species listing (Mace, in press). Although widely used for vertebrates it soon became clear that there were difficulties in applying the Mace- Lande criteria to other taxa. Some of the terminology used was especially inappropriate for plants and invenebrates. With this background data available, the process for developing new categories continued in 1992 and 1993. lUCN proposed criteria During the suirmier of 1992 a number of discussion papers were prepared presenting alternative methods for classifying species according to severity of threat. Among these was an investigation of the potential for using distribution and habitat data, and an alternative method based around management. These and some other papers provided the framework for a workshop held in November 1992, at which about 30 people representing a wide diversity of interests met to discuss the different proposals. In general, the technical workshop approved the general kinds of definitions that we had earlier proposed, but felt that additional kinds of information needed to be incorporated in the criteria. In order to formulate criteria for major taxonomic groups, four working groups were set up with responsibility for higher vertebrates, lower vertebrates, plants and invertebrates. Using the background papers as a starting point, they developed criteria appropriate for each major taxonomic grouping. At the end of the technical woikshop there were four sets of criteria, all based around the categories Critical, Endangered, Vulnerable and a new lower risk category called Susceptible. The criteria drafted for plants included both population and distribution-based criteria, those for lower vertebrates and invertebrates were based aroimd the number and status of known and suitable locations and populations, and the higher vertebrate criteria were largely population-based. A drafting group was then formed to assimilate all these criteria into a single coherent proposal. The drafting group included at least one person from each of the taxonomic working groups, and for practical reasons most were based in the UK. The group produced an interim report in March 1993 which was subsequently published in Species (Mace et al., 1992). This proposal was presented as a draft for discussion and evaluation and is reproduced in summary form here for general information (see Figures 6 and 7). Since its distribution a large number of comments have been received and a number of species have been classified. As this Red List goes to press, the precise proposal is still under active development and refmement. We expect that there will be some modifications to the criteria, to the notes for guidance and to the definitions of terms used, all of which form an integral part of the proposal. The formulation presented here should therefore be taken as a general description cnly, and should not be applied without reference to the full document (Mace et al., 1992); the final version of the system will be available in early 1994. One of the more controversial asperts of the working group's report was the decision to merge all the criteria from the different taxonomic working groups into a single consolidated set. This decision is worth explaining in detail. The reason that different criteria are needed for different major taxa is that there are broad life history differences between them. Thus, for example, population size can rarely be measured for a number of invertebrate groups, and even if it could be it may not provide a good predictor of extinction risk, which for many invertebrate species is more likely to be a function of a limited habitat availability. In general therefore, it is appropriate to have different criteria for different groups. However, there is not a complete coirespondence between major taxonomic grouping and life history. For example, some plants and invertebrates have life histories more similar to higher vertebrates and some lower vertebrates have life histories more characteristic of plants. With the taxonomically split criteria it seemed likely that those species that were untypical for their group would be judged by inappropriate criteria. An alternative strategy, to group the criteria by broad kinds of life history patterns, was felt to be unworkable because of the difficulties of making judgements about which set of criteria to judge any particular species by. In fact, on closer inspection, the criteria provided by each of the major taxon working groups could be seen to be generally quite similar. With little substantial change it was found that it was possible to include almost all of these criteria in a single hst, and this seemed to be the most conservative solution to the problem. Using this approach, a species has only to qualify imder any one criterion to be listed, and the fact that other criteria are not met, or even that they are wildly inappropriate, does not matter. For example, the fact that the home range size of a single large carnivorous mammal may exceed the qualifying range area for a threat category does not invalidate the range size criterion. The large carnivorous mammals are much more appropriately judged by their population size and status, so that what matters in terms of validating the criteria is whether any one is met, not whether all are appropriate. Once the draft criteria were published, a period of about 6 months was available for comments to be submitted from all interested parties, and for trial classifications to be made using the criteria. There are still more comments coming in as this book goes to press but several major points have already emerged. The lUCN review One evident concem is over the extent to which the proposed system reUes on the ability of the person undertaking the evaluation to make appropriate estimations, inferences and projections about the status of the taxon in question. The system is quantitative so that all taxa are judged against a common standard, but we recognise that sufficient data of high quality rarely exist. Therefore it will be necessary to use available information to make explicit judgements. For example, known or estimated areas for current distributions along with characteristic population densities for similar species can be used to judge whether or not the taxon is likely to have a population size falling below the numbers specified in the criteria A or B for any category, and future decline rates calculated from estimated rates of habitat loss can be used to see whether the taxon will qualify under D for any category. This kind of reasoning does not come easily to many field biologists, but as the CAMP workshops have shown, it can be done for a majority of species once the context and methodology is understood. It is however an essential component of the system we have proposed, and it is clear that we need to give more guidance on how this should be done. We are also concerned to ensure that explicit reasoning should always accompany classifications. A second issue relates to the many species that are now substantially reduced in numbers from historical levels, but which are now held relatively stable at moderate population sizes by continuing management. Depending on their current status, these species will sometimes not be listed because the category is a statement of current status and extinction risk, not a relative measure of current status compared to some previous level. We are looking at ways of highlighting these species, while recognising that effective management has limited the extent to which they are now threatened. Other systems will be needed to highlight those species that particular management authorities believe should be in greater numbers or distributed over wider areas. A third issue concerns the general applicability of the range size values under criterion C which is now under special study for different taxa as well as for aquatic species. Conclusions Some of the consequences and side-benefits that we expect to result from application of the proposed system are as follows: 1. Because the new categories are based aroimd explicit definitions, the reasons for listing will be evident. Thus classifications will be accompanied by an indication of which criteria and sub- criteria (Figure 7) were operative. This will enable judgements to be understood, and if necessary challenged and refined. 2. With appropriate input, and informed use of estimation, inference and projection, it will be possible to classify the great majority of taxa into one of the new categories. The new set of categories should be more applicable to conservation planning as they are more explicit about what is being measured and what actions are therefore appropriate. Where there is really very little data, taxa can be classified as Insufficiently known. This is now not a threatened category but a separate status assessment indicating those species for which additional information is needed. Another category, again measuring a different status variable, is Not Evaluated. This is allocated to species that have not been evaluated at all against the categories. With effective use of all these categories it should be possible to arrive at useful and reliable data on many species, and summary data for particular taxa and regions should give a better idea of the status of species generally. 3. On the basis of the validations carried out so far, the proponion of threatened species in major taxa is likely to rise, although to what extent is not yet clear. The correspondence between species classified as highly threatened under the proposed and existing systems is high, but there are differences among the Vulnerable taxa. Some taxa previously listed as threatened will no longer qualify and vice versa. 4. A major benefit will be that data on fundamental species biology (population size and structure, geographical range area and decline rates) will become available. These data exist in a variety of forms and locations for many species, but are rarely collated into a useful form. The application of the new categories will result in these data being collected, stored and maintained over time, thus enabling monitoring of the status of many species. This is a fundamental pre-requisite for effective species conservation. The new categories measure the severity of threat being faced by particular taxa. But this is only one aspect of setting priorities. In practice, priority assessment needs to include an assessment of logistical, political and fmancial factors, as well as incorporating other aspects of biodiversity. The taxonomic distinctiveness of the species and the number of other species that will benefit from its protection are both imponant biological components. There is a need to develop rational methods to incorporate all this information in decision-making processes. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Nigel Collar and Kevin Gaston made helpful comments on an earlier draft of this essay. Along with the other members of the drafting group (Justin Cooke, Josh Gmsberg, Nigel Leader-Williams, Mike Maunder and E.J. Mihier-Gulland) they have provided a great deal towards the development of the proposals. The process has been guided throughout by Simon Stuart. I am grateful to the Pew Scholars Program in Conservation and the Environment for fmancial support. Georgina M. Mace, PhD Institute of Zoology Zoological Society of London Regent's Park, London NWl 4RY, UK. GUEST ESSAY: REFERENCES Diamond, J.M. 1987. Extant unless proven extinct? Or exunct unless proven extant? Conservation Bioloev l(l):77-79. Mace, G.M. 1994. An investigaUon into methods for categorising the conservation status of species. In Large scale ecology and conservation biology (in press). Mace G.M.. Collar, N., Cooke, J., Gaston, K, Ginsberg. G., Leader-Williams, N., Maunder M Mihier-Gulland. E.J. 1992. The development of new criteria for listing species on the lUCN Red List' Species, 19(Dec.):16-22. lii Mace, G.M., & Lande, R. 1991. Assessing extinction threats: toward a re-evaluation of lUCN threatened species categories. Conservation Biology, 5(2):148-157. Munton, P. 1987. Concepts of threat to the survival of species used in Red Data Books and similar compilations. In R. Fitter. & M. Fitter (Ed.), The Road to Extinction (pp. 71-111). lUCN, Gland. Rabinowitz, D., Cairns, S., & Dillon, T. 1986. Seven forms of rarity and their frequency in the flora of the British Isles. In M.E. Soule (Ed.), Conservation Biology: the Science of Scarcity and Diversity (pp. 182-204). Sinauer Assoc, Inc., Sunderland, Mass. Scott, P., Burton, J.A., & Fitter, R. 1987. Red Data Books: the historical background. In R. Fitter, & M. Fitter (Eds.), The Road to Extinction (pp. 1-6). lUCN, Gland. Seal, U.S., Ellis, S.A., Foose, T.J., & Byers, A.P. 1993. Conservation assessment and management plans (CAMPs) and global captive action plans (GCAPs). 4(2):5-10. Shaffer, M.L. 1981. Minimum population sizes for species conservation. BioScience. 31:131-134. World Conservation Monitoring Cenu-e. 1992. Global Biodiversity: Status of the Earth's Living Resources. Chapman & Hall, London. liii Figure 6. NEW DRAFT DEFINITIONS FOR THREATENED SPECIES CATEGORIES EXTINCT A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. A taxon is presumed extinct when exhaustive siuveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times, throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon's life cycle and life form. EXTINCT IN THE WILD A taxon is Extinct in the wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity, or as a natiu"alised population (or populations) outside the historical range. CRITICAL A taxon is Critical when it is facing an extremely high probability of extinction in the wild in the immediate future. A taxon is defined as Critical by any of the quantitative criteria (A-E) (see Figure 7). ENDANGERED A taxon is Endangered when it is not Critical but is facing a very high probability of extinction in the wild in the near future. A taxon is defined as Endangered by any of the quantitaUve criteria (A-E) (see Figure 7). VULNERABLE A taxon is Vulnerable when it is not Critical or Endangered but is facing a high probability of extinction in the wild in the medium-term futiu-e. A taxon is defined as Vulnerable by any of the quantitative criteria (A-E) (see Figure 7). SUSCEPTIBLE A taxon is Susceptible when it does not qualify for any of the categories above, but is of concern because its range area is restricted (typically less than 100 km', and/or it is found at few locations, which render it prone to the effects of human activities. SAFE/LOW RISK A taxon is Safe/Low Risk when it has been evaluated and found not to qualify for any of the threatened categories above. Uv c aa o z •p c c in § is VI § I •e. o o ri "n in >, ts CN C/0 o U < H u Z u au oOS H U H <: Q OUi z H O t-^ \- List 1 THREATENED SPECIES Mammals Class MAMMALIA V Macrotis lagotis Order MONOTREMATA BUby Australia Family TACHYGLOSSIDAE E Perameles bougainville E Zaglossus bruijni Western Barred Bandicoot Long-beaked Echidna Australia: Bemier Island, Done Island Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea V Perameles gunnii Order DASYUROMORPfflA Eastern Barred Bandicoot Australia Family MYRMECOBIIDAE Family PERORYCTIDAE E Myrmecobius fasciatus Numbat R Echymipera clara Australia Clara Bandicoot Indonesia: Irian Jaya Family DASYURIDAE K Echymipera echinista E Dasycercus byrnei Fly River Bandicoot Kowari Papua New Guinea Australia E Peroryctes broadbenti V Dasycercus cristicauda Giant Bandicoot Mulgaia Papua New Guinea Australia I Rhynchomeles prattorum E Dasyurus geoffroU Ceram Bandicoot Chuditch Indonesia: Ceram Australia Order DIPROTODONTIA E Parantechinus apicalis (Antechinus apicalis) Family VOMBATIDAE Dibbler Lasiorhinus Australia E krefftii Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat E Phascogale calura Australia Red-tailed Phascogale Family Australia PHALANGERIDAE V Phalanger lullulae R Sminthopsis aitkeni Woodlark Island Cuscus Kangaroo Island £>unnart Papua Guinea: Woodlark Island Australia New Phalanger matanim R Sminthopsis butleri V Telefomin Cuscus Carpentarian Dunnart Papua Guinea Australia New Phalanger rothschildi E Sminthopsis douglasi V Obi Cuscus Julia Creek Dunnart Indonesia: Pulau Obi Besar Australia R Phalanger vestitus V Sminthopsis psammophila Stein's Cuscus Sandhill Dunnart Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Australia R Spilocuscus kraemeri Order PERAMELEMORPfflA (may be a subspecies of S. maculatus) Family FERAMF.I.TDAE Manus Island Spotted Cuscus Papua New Guinea: Manus Island E Isoodon auratus Golden Bandicoot R Spilocuscus papuensis Australia Waigeo Spotted Cuscus Indonesia: Irian Jaya (Waigeo Island) THREATENED SPECIES V Spilocuscus rufoniger E Lagorchesles hirsutus (Plialanger rufoniger) Mala Black-spotted Cusciis Australia Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea E Lagostrophus fasciatus Family POTOROIDAE Banded Hare-wallaby Australia: Bemier Island, Done Island, Dirk E Bettongia lesueur Hartog Island Boodie Australia: Bemier Island. Dome Island, Barrow R Macropus parma Island Parma Wallaby Australia E Bettongia penicillata [New Zealand: Kawau Island) WoyUe Australia E Onychogalea fraenata Bridled Nailtail Wallaby E Bettongia tropica Australia (may be included in B, penicillata) Northern Bettong V Petrogale lateralis Australia Black-footed Rock-wallaby Australia E Potorous longipes Long-footed Potoroo V Petrogale penicillata Australia Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby Australia Family MACROPODIDAE E Petrogale persepkone V Dendrolagus dorianus Prosperine Rock-wallaby Doria's Tree-kangaroo Australia Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea V Thylogale bruinii E Dendrolagus goodfellowi Southern Bush Wallaby GoodfeUow's Tree-kangaroo Indonesia: Irian Jaya, Aru Islands: Papua New Papua New Guinea Guinea V Dendrolagus inustus E Thylogale calabyi Grizzled Tree-kangaroo Alpine Wallaby Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea V Dendrolagus matschiei Family BURRAMYIDAE Matschie's Tree-kangaroo Papua New Guinea E Burramys parvus Mountain Pygmy-possum E Dendrolagus scottae Australia Scott's Tree-kangaroo Papua New Guinea Family PSEUDOCHEIRIDAE V Dendrolagus spadix K Pseudocheirus caroli Lowland Tree-kangaroo Weyland Ringtail Papua New Guinea Indonesia: Irian Jaya V Dendrolagus ursinus V Pseudocheirus occidentalis White-throated Tree-kangaroo (P. peregrtnus occidentalis) Indonesia: Irian Jaya Western Ringtail Australia V Dorcopsis atrata Black Dorcopsis Wallaby K Pseudocheirus schlegeli Papua New Guinea: Goodenough Island Arfak Ringtail Indonesia: V Dorcopsulus macleayi Irian Jaya {Dorcopsis macleayi) Macleay's Dorcopsis Papua New Guinea Mammals Family PETAURIDAE Order INSECTIVORA V Dactylopsila megalura Family SOLENODONTIDAE Great-tailed Troik E Solenodon cubanus Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Cuban Solenodon E Dactylopsila tatei Cuba Fergusson Island Striped Possum E Solenodon paradoxus Papua New Guinea: Fergusson Island Haitian Solenodon E Gymnobelideus leadheateri Dominican Republic; Haiti Leadbeater's Possum Family Australia TENRECIDAE K Geogale aurita V Petaurus abidi Large-eared Tenrec Northern Glider Papua New Guinea Madagascar I Limnogale mergulus E Petaurus gracilis Aquatic Tenrec Mahogany Glider Madagascar Australia K Microgale brevicaudata Order XENARTHRA (includes M. occidentalis) Family BRADYPODIDAE Short-tailed Shrew-teimec Madagascar E Bradypus torquatus Maned Sloth K Microgale gracilis Brazil GracUe Shrew-tenrec Madagascar Family DASYPODIDAE K Microgale longicaudata K Chlamyphorus retusus (includes M. majori) (Biirmeisteria retusa) Lesser Long-tailed Shrew-tenrec Greater Pichi Ciego Madagascar Argentina; Bolivia; Paraguay K Microgale parvula K Chlamyphorus truncatus Pygmy Shrew-tenrec Lesser Pichi Ciego Madagascar Argentina K Microgale pulla V Priodontes maximus (may be synonymous with M. parvula) {P. giganteus) Dusky Shrew-tenrec Giant Armadillo Madagascar Argentina; Bolivia; BrazU; Colombia; French Guiana; Guyana; Paraguay; Peru; Suriname; K Microgale thomasi Venezuela Thomas's Shrew-tenrec Madagascar E Tolypeutes tricinctus Brazilian Three-banded AnnadUlo E Micropotamogale lamottei Brazil Nimba Otter-shrew Cote dTvoire; Guinea; Liberia Family MYRMECOPHAGIDAE I Micropotamogale ruwenzorii V Myrmecophaga tridactyla Ruwenzori Otter-shrew (M. jubala) Uganda; 2^aire Giant Anteater Argentina; Belize (ex?); Bolivia; Brazil; Family CHRYSOCHLORIDAE Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador?; French I Amblysomus gunningi Guiana; Guyana; Honduras; Nicaragua; Gunning's Golden Mole Panama; Paraguay; Peru; Suriname: Uruguay; South Africa Venezuela THREATENED SPECIES I Amblysomus iris Family SORICIDAE Zulu Golden Mole K Congosorex polli South Africa (Myosorex polli) I Amblysomus juliaiute Zaire Juliana's Golden Mole K Crocidura ansellorum South Africa Zambia R Calcochloris obtusirostris K Crocidura baileyi (Chlorotatpa obtusirostris) Ethiopia Yellow Golden Mole Mozambique; South Africa; Zimbabwe K Crocidura congobelgica Zaire R Chlorotalpa duthieae Duthie's Golden Mole K Crocidura crenata South Africa Crabon I Chlorotalpa sclateri K Crocidura eisentrauti Sclater's Golden Mole Cameroon South Africa K Crocidura glassi I Chlorotalpa tytonis Ethiopia Somali Golden Mole K Crocidura grassei Somalia Cameroon; Central African Republic; Gabon I Chrysochloris visagiei K Crocidura kivuana Visagie's Golden Mole Tsiiie. South Africa K Crocidura lanosa R Chrysospalax trevelyani Rwanda; Zaire Giant Golden Mole South Africa K Crocidura latona Zaire V Chrysospalax villosus Rough-haired Golden Mole K Crocidura longipes South Africa Nigeria I Cryptochloris wintoni K Crocidura lucina De Winton's Golden Mole Ethiopia South Africa K Crocidura ludia I Cryptochloris zyli (C. doUchura ludia) Van Zyl's Golden Mole Zaire South Africa K Crocidura manengubae R Eremitalpa granti Cameroon Grant's Golden Mole K Crocidura maquassiensis Namibia; South Africa Makwassie Musk Shrew Family ERINACEIDAE South Africa; Zimbabwe R A teleric frontalis K Crocidura monax (Erinaceus frontalis) Kenya; Tanzania: Zaire South African Hedgehog K Crocidura nimbae Angola; Botswana; Lesotho; Namibia; South Cote d'lvoire; Guinea; Liberia Africa; Zimbabwe R Crocidura orii V Podogymnura truei Orii's Shrew Mindanao Gymnure Japan: Sado Philippines; Mindanao K Crocidura phaeura Ethiopia Mammals K Crocidura polia K Suncus remyi (C. dolichura polia) Gabon Dwarf Shrew Zaire Gabon K Crocidura raineyi K Sylvisorex howelli (C. litna raineyi) Tanzania Kenya K Sylvisorex ollula K Crocidura selina Cameroon; Gabon; Nigeria; Zaire lima selina) (C. K Sylvisorex vulcanorum Uganda Burundi; Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire K Crocidura stenocephala FamUy TALPIDAE (C. littoralis stenocephala) V Desmana moschata Russian Desman Crocidura tansaniana K Belarus; Estonia; Kazakhstan; Latvia; Tanzania Lithuania; Russia; Turkmenistan; Ukraine Crocidura telfordi K V Galemys pyrenaicus Tanzania Pyrenean Desman K Crocidura thalia Andorra?; France; Portugal; Spain Etluopia R Mogera tokudae K Crocidura thomensis Sado Mole (C. poensis thomensis) Japan: Sado Sao Tom6 and Principe: Sao Tom6 Order CfflROPTERA K Crocidura usambarae Family PTEROPODIDAE Tanzania E Acerodon jubatus K Crocidura wimmeri Golden-capped Fruit Bat Cameroon; Cote d'lvoire; Gabon; Liberia Philippines R Crocidura dmmermanni I Aethalops alecto Greece: Crete Pygmy Fruit Bat R Sorex sadonis Brunei; Malaysia; Indonesia Sado Shrew R Alionycteris paucidentata Japan: Sado Philippines: Mindanao K Myosorex eisentrauti E Aproteles bulmerae Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea Bulmer's Fruit Bat K Myosorex geala Papia New Guinea Tanzania R Dobsonia minor K Myosorex longicaudatus Lesser Naked-backed Fruit Bat Long-tailed Forest Shrew Indonesia: Irian Jaya, Sulawesi; Papua New South Africa Guinea K Myosorex schalleri I Dobsonia peronii Zaire Western Naked-backed Fruit Bat Indonesia K Paracrocidura graueri Zaire R Dyacopterus spadiceus Dyak Fruit Bat K Paracrocidura maxima Brunei; Indonesia: Sumatra; Malaysia; Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire Philippines: Luzon, Mindanao I Ruwenzorisorex suncoides R Epomophorus angolensis {Sylvisorex suncoides) Angolan Epauletted Fruit Bat Burundi; Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire Angola; Namibia THREATENED SPECIES R EpomophoTus grandis Plerotes anchietae (Micropleropiis grandis) d'Anchieta's Fruit Bat Lesser Angolan Epauletted Fruit Bat Angola; Zaire; Zambia Angola; Congo Pteralopex acrodonta V Epomops buettikoferi Hji Buettikofer's Epauletted Fruit Bat Pteralopex anceps Ghana; Guinea; Liberia; Cote d'lvoire; Papua New Guinea: Bougainville; Solomon Nigeria; Sierra Leone Islands Haplonycteris fischeri V Pteralopex atrata Fischer's Pygmy Fruit Bat Cusp-toothed Fruit Bat Philippines Solomon Islands Latidens salimalii R Pteralopex pulchra India Solomon Islands: Guadalcanal Megaerops kusnotoi R Pteropus anetianus Javan Tail-less Fruit Bat White Flying-fox Indonesia: Java Vanuatu R Micropteropus intermedius Pteropus dasymallus Hayman's Epauletted Fruit Bat Ryukyu Flying-fox Angola; Zaire Japan: Ryukyu Islands; Taiwan V Myonycteris hrachycephala Pteropus insularis Sao Tomd Collared Fruit Bat Chunk Flying-fox Sao Tom6 and Principe: Sao Tom6 Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk V Myonycteris relicta Pteropus leucopterus East African Collared Fruit Bat Philippines Kenya; Tanzania Pteropus livingstonei R Neopteryx frosti Comoro Black Hying-fox Small-toodied Fruit Bat Comoros: Mwali (Moh^Ii) and Nzwani Indonesia: Sulawesi (Anjouan) I Notopteris macdotutldii Pteropus mahaganus Long-tailed Fruit Bat Lesser Flying-fox Fiji; New Caledonia; Vanuatu Papua New Guinea: Bougainville; Solomon R Nyctimene aello Islands: Santa Isabel Broad-striped Tube-nosed Fruit Bat Pteropus mariannus Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Marianas Flying-fox I Nyctimene cyclotis Federated States of Micronesia; Guam; Japan: Round-eared Tube-nosed Fruit Bat Ryukyu Islands; Northern Mariana Islands; Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Palau R Nyctimene draconilla Pteropus molossinus Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Pohnpei Flying-fox Federated States of Micronesia: Chunk, E Nyctimene rabori Pohnpei Philippines Tube-nosed Fruit Bat Philippines: Negros Pteropus niger Greater Mascarene Flying-fox I Otopleropus cartilagonodus Mauritius Philippines: Luzon Pteropus ornatus R Paranyctimene raptor New Caledonia Lesser Tube-nosed Fruit Bat Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Mammals Pteropus phaeocephalus Family MEGADERMATIDAE (probably a subspecies of P. insularis) V Macroderma gigas Mortlock Islands Flying-fox Ghost Bat Federated States of Micronesia: Qiuuk Australia Pteropus pselaphon Family RHINOLOPHIDAE Japan: Kazan-retto (Volcano Islands), Ogasawara-shoto (Bonin Islands) R Hipposideros papua Geelvinck Bay Leaf-nosed Bat Pteropus pumilus Indonesia: Biak, Irian Jaya, northern Moluccas Little Golden-mantled Flying-fox Indonesia: Miangas; Philippines Hipposideros ridleyi Ridley's Leaf-nosed Bat Pteropus rodricensis Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabak Rodrigues Hying-fox Singapore Mauritius: Rodrigues K Rhinonicteris aurantia Pteropus samoensis Orange Leaf-nosed Bat Samoa Flying-fox Australia American Samoa; Fiji; Western Samoa Family PHYLLOSTOMIDAE R Pteropus speciosus Indonesia: Laut Kecil, Masalembu Besar, K Leptonycteris curasoae Philippines (includes L. ycrhabuenae = L sanborni) Aruba; Colombia; Netherlands Antilles: R Pteropus vetulus Bonaire, Curacao; El Salvador, Guatemala; New Caledonia Mexico; USA; Venezuela E Pteropus voeltTkowi V Leptonycteris nivalis Pemba Flying-fox Big Long-nosed Bat Tanzania: Pemba Guatemala; Mexico; USA R Syconycteris hobbit K Phyllonycteris aphylla Moss-forest Blossom Bat Jamaican Flower Bat Papua New Guinea Jamaica Family CRASEONYCTERIDAE K Phyllonycteris poeyi R Craseonycteris thonglongyai Cuban Flower Bat Kitti's Hog-nosed Bat Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti Thailand Family MYZOPODIDAE Family EMBALLONURIDAE V Myzopoda aurila E Coleura seychellensis Sucker-footed Bat Seychelles Sheath-tailed Bat Madagascar Seychelles Family VESPERTTLIONDDAE K Emballonura furax K Glischropus javanus Greater Sheath-tailed Bat Javan Thick-thumbed Bat Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Indonesia: Java K Emballonura raffrayana V Myotis capaccinii Raffray's Sheath-tailed Bat Long-fingered Bat Indonesia: Irian Jaya, Kai Islands. Seram. Algeria; Austria; Bulgaria: France; Greece; Sulawesi; Papua New Guinea; Solomon Islands Iraq; Iran; Israel; Italy; Jordan; Lebanon; V Emballonura semicaudata Malta; Morocco; Slovenia; Spain: including American Samoa (ex?); Fiji; Guam; Northern Balearic Islands; Turkey; Uzbekistan; Mariana Islands; Palau; Samoa (ex?); Vanuatu Yugoslavia THREATENED SPECIES V Myotis dasycneme R Phaner furcifer Pond Bat Fork-marked Lemur Austria; Belarus; Belgium; China; Czech Madagascar Denmark; Estonia; France; Germany; Republic; Family LEMURIDAE Hungary; Kazakhstan; Latvia; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Netherlands; Poland; Russia; E Eulemur coronatus coronatus; often included in Slovakia; Sweden; Switzerland; Ukraine (Eidemur mongoz L^mur) E Myotis grisescens Crowned Lemur Grey Bat Madagascar USA V Eulemur macaco Myoris myotis V {Lemur macaco) Greater Mouse-eared Bat Black Lemur Albania; Austria; Azores; Belarus; Belgium; Madagascar Bulgaria; Cyprus; Czech Republic; France; E Eulemur mongoz Germany; Greece; Hungary; Israel; Italy; (.Lemur mongoz) Jordan; Lebanon; Liechtenstein; Luxembourg; Mongoose Lemur Malta; Netherlands; Poland; Portugal; Comoros: Mwali (Moh61i) and Nzwani Romania; Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain; (Anjouan); Madagascar Switzerland; Syria; Turkey; Ukraine; United Kingdom (ex?); Yugoslavia V Eulemur rubriventer {Lemur rubriventer) V Myotis sodalis Red-bellied Lemur Indiana Bat USA Madagascar E Hapalemur aureus I Plecotus lownsendii Golden Bamboo Lemur Townsend's Big-eared Bat Madagascar Canada; Mexico; USA E Hapalemur simus Family MYSTACINIDAE Broad-nosed Gentle Lemur V Mystacina tuberculata Madagascar New Zealand Lesser Shoit-tailed Bat V Lemur catta New Zealand Ring-tailed Lemur Family MOLOSSIDAE Madagascar K Otomops formosus E Varecia variegata Javan Mastiff Bat Ruffed Lemur Indonesia; Java Madagascar V Otomops wroughloni Family MEGALADAPIDAE Wroughton's Free-tailed Bat V Lepilemur dorsalis India {L. mustelinus dorsalis) Order PRIMATES Grey-backed Sportive Lemur Madagascar Family CHEIROGALEIDAE R Lepilemur edwardsi E Allocebus trichotis (L. mustelinus edwardsi) (Chcirogaleiis tricholis) Milne-Edwards' Sportive Lemur Hairy-eared Dwarf Lemur Madagascar Madagascar R Lepilemur leucopus V MicTocebus coquereli (L. mustelinus leucopus) (Mirza coquereli) White-footed Sportive Lemur Coquerel's Mouse-lemur Madagascar Madagascar 10 Mammals R Lepilemur microdon Family GALAGONIDAE (L. mustelinus microdon) V Galago matschiei Light-necked Sportive Lemur (G inustus. sometimes referred to Euoticus) Madagascar Eastern Needle-clawed Galago R Lepilemur mustelinus Rwanda?; Uganda; Zaire Greater Sportive Lemur K Galagoides thomasi Madagascar (p. demidoff thomasi, often included in Galago) R Lepilemur ruficaudatus Thomas's Galago (L. mustelinus nficaudalus) Angola?; Cameroon; Kenya?; Malawi?; Red-tailed Sportive Lemur Nigeria?; Tanzania?; Uganda; Zaire Madagascar V Galagoides zanzibaricus V Lepilemur septentrionalis (G. senegalensis zanzibaricus, often included in (L. mustelinus septentrionalis) Galago) Nortliem Sportive Lemiu' Zanzibar Galago Madagascar Kenya; Malawi; Mozambique; Somalia; Tanzania: including Zanzibar, Zimbabwe Family INDRIDAE Family TARSIIDAE V Avahi laniger (Lichanotus laniger) I Tarsius dianae Woolly Lemur Indonesia: Sulawesi Madagascar I Tarsius pumilus E Indri indri (T. spectrum pumilus) Indri Lesser Spectral Tarsier Madagascar Indonesia: Sulawesi E Propithecus diadema K Tarsius spectrum Diademed Sifaka Spectral Tarsier Madagascar Indonesia: Peleng, Sangir. Savu, Seleyar, Sulawesi E Propithecus tattersalli Golden-crowned Sifaka Family CALLITRICHIDAE Madagascar R Callimico goeldii V Propithecus verreauxi Goeldi's Marmoset Veireaux's Sifaka Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador?; Peru Madagascar E Callithrix aurita Family DAUBENTONIIDAE (C. jacchus aurita) Buffy-tufted-ear Marmoset E Daubentonia madagascariensis Brazil Aye-aye Madagascar V Callithrix chrysoleuca Family LORIDAE (C. humeralifer chrysoleuca) Golden-white Tassel-ear Marmoset V Arctocebus calabarensis Brazil Golden Potto E Callithrix flaviceps Angola; Cameroon; Central African Republic?; (C. jacchus flaviceps) Congo; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Nigeria; Buffy-headed Marmoset Zaire? BrazU V Nycticebus pygmaeus V Callithrix geoffroyi Pygmy Loris (C. jacchus geoffroyi) Cambodia?; China; Laos; Viet Nam Geoffroy's Tufted-ear Marmoset Brazil 11 THREATENED SPECIES Callithrix intermedia Aotus brumbacki (C. argeiuata intermedia. C. humeralifer Brumback's Night Monkey intermedia) Colombia Aripuana Marmoset Aotus miconax Brazil (A. trivirgatus miconax) Callithrix kuhli Andean Night Monkey (may be included in C. jacclms) Peru Wied's Marmoset Ateles belzebuih Brazil Long-haired Spider Monkey Callithrix nigriceps Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru; Venezuela (C. argeniata nigriceps) Ateles fusciceps Black-headed Marmoset Brown-headed Spider Monkey Brazil Colombia; Ecuador; Panama Leontopithecus caissara Ateles geoffroyi (L. rosalia caissara, may be a fonn of L. Geoffroy's Spider Monkey [rosalia] chrysopygus) Belize; Colombia?; Costa Rica; El Salvador; Black-faced Lion Tamarin Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico; Nicaragua; BrazU Panama Leontopithecus chrysomelas Ateles paniscus (L. rosalia citrysomelas) (includes A. cliamek) Golden-headed Lion Tamarin Black Spider Monkey Brazil BoUvia; Brazil; French Guiana; Guyana; Peru; Leontopithecus chrysopygus Suriname (L. rosalia chrysopygus) Brachyteles arachnoides Golden-rumped Lion Tamarin Muriqui Brazil Brazil Leontopithecus rosalia Cacajao calvus (L. rosalia rosalia) (includes C. riibicundus) Golden Lion Tamarin BaldUakari Brazil Brazil; Peru Saguinus leucopus Cacajao melanocephalus White-footed Tamarin Black Uakari Colombia Brazil; Colombia; Venezuela Saguinus oedipus Callicebus oenanthe Cotton-top Tamarin Andean Titi Monkey Colombia Peru K Saguinus tripartitus Callicebus olallae Golden-mantled Saddle-back Tamarin Beni Titi Monkey Ecuador, Peru Bolivia Family CEBIDAE Callicebus personatus V Alouatta fusca Masked Titi (A. giiariba, includes A. beniensis) Brazil Brown Howler Cebus kaapori Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil (C. apella kaapori) K Alouatta pigra Ka'apor Capuchin Monkey (A. villosa) BrazU Guatemalan Howler Chiropotes albinasus Belize; Guatemala; Mexico White-nosed Bearded Saki BrazU 12 Mammals E Lagothrix flavicauda E Cercopithecus sclateri (L. Iiendeei) White-throated Guenon Yellow-tailed Woolly Monkey Nigeria Ecuador?; Peru E Cercopithecus solatus V Lagothrix lagothricha Sun-tailed Guenon Common Woolly Monkey Gabon Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia: Ecuador. Peru V Colobus polykomos V Pithecia aequatorialis Western Black-and-white Colobus Equatorial Saki Cote d'lvoiiie; Gambia; Guinea; Guinea Ecuador. Peru Bissau; Liberia; Senegal; Sierra Leone. E Saimiri oerstedii V Colobus satatms Central American Squirrel Monkey Black Colobus Costa Rica; Panama Cameroon; Congo; Equatorial Guinea: including Bioko; Gabon V Saimiri vanzolinii (S. boliviensis vanzolinii) V Colobus vellerosus Blackish Squirrel Monkey (Colobiis polykomos vellerosiis) Brazil Geoffroy's Black-and-white Colobus Benin; Cote d'lvoire; Ghana; Nigeria; Togo Family CERCOPrraECTOAE K Macaca arctoides K AUenopithecus nigroviridis Stump-tailed Macaque (Cercopilhecus nigroviridis) Bangladesh; Cambodia; China; India; Laos; Allen's Swamp Monkey Malaysia; Myamnar; Thailand; Viet Nam Angola?; Congo; Zaire V Macaca cyclopis V Cercopithecus diana (A/, mulatla cyclopis) (includes C. roloway) Taiwan Macaque Diana Guenon Taiwan Cote d'lvoire; Ghana; Guinea; Liberia; Sierra [Japan] Leone; Togo V Macaca fuscata K Cercopithecus dryas Japanese Macaque (C. salongo) Japan Salongo Guenon Zaire V Macaca ttmura (M. nigra maura) E Cercopithecus erythrogaster Moor Macaque Red-beUied Guenon Indonesia: Sulawesi Benin?; Nigeria; Togo I Macaca nigra V Cercopithecus erythrotis Celebes Black Macaque Russet-eared Guenon Indonesia: Sulawesi Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea: Bioko E Macaca silenus V Cercopithecus hamlyni Lion-tailed Macaque Owl-faced Guenon India Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire V Macaca sylvanus V Cercopithecus Ihoesti Barbary Macaque (includes C. thomasi) Algeria; Morocco L'Hoest's Monkey [Gibraltar] Bunmdi; Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire K Macaca thibetana E Cercopithecus preussi Tibetan Macaque (C. Ihoesti preussi) China Preuss's Guenon Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea: Bioko 13 THREATENED SPECIES Mandrillus leucophaeus E Trachypithecus francoisi (Papio leucophaeus) (Presbytis francoisi. Semnopithccus francoisi) Drill Francois' Leaf Monkey Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea: Bioko; Gabon?; China; Laos; Viet Nam Nigeria R Trachypithecus geei Mandrillus sphinx (possibly a subspecies of T. pilealus. sometimes (Papio sphinx) referred to Presbytis or Semnopithccus) Mandrill Golden Leaf Monkey Cameroon; Congo; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon Bhutan; India Nasalis concolor I Trachypithecus johnii (Simias concolor) (Presbytis johnii, Semnopithccus johnii) Pig-tailed Snub-nosed Monkey Nilgiri Leaf Monkey Indonesia: Mentawai Islands India Nasalis larvatus Family HYLOBATIDAE Proboscis Monkey E Hylobates concolor Brunei; Indonesia: Kalimantan; Malaysia: (includes H leucogenys) Sabah, Sarawak Black (jibbon Presbytis comata Cambodia; China; Laos; Viet Nam (P. aygula) E Hylobates hoolock Grizzled Leaf Monkey Hoolock Gibbon Indonesia: Java Bangladesh; China; India; Laos?; Myanmar Presbytis potenziani E Hylobates klossii Mentawai Leaf Monkey Mentawai Cnbbon Indonesia: Mentawai Islands Indonesia: Mentawai Islands Procolobus verus E Hylobates moloch (Colobus verus) (H. lar moloch) Olive Colobus Silvery Gibbon Benin?; Cote d'lvoire; Ghana; Guinea; Liberia; Indonesia: Java Nigeria; Sierra Leone; Togo? E Hylobates pileatus Pygathrix avunculus (H. lar pileatus) (Rhinopithecus avunculus) Pileated Gibbon Tonkin Snub-nosed Monkey Cambodia; Laos; Thailand Viet Nam Family HOMINIDAE Pygathrix brelichi {P. roxellana brelichi. sometimes lefened to V Gorilla gorilla Rhinopitliecus) Gorilla Guizhou Snub-nosed Monkey Angola; Burundi (ex?); Cameroon; Central China African Republic; Congo; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Pygathrix nemaeus Nigeria; Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire Douc Monkey V Pan paniscus Cambodia; China: Hainan; Laos; Viet Nam Dwarf Chimpanzee Congo?; Pygathrix roxellana Zaire {Rhinopithecus roxellana) V Pan troglodytes Golden Snub-nosed Monkey Chimpanzee China; India?: Arunachal Pradesh. Manipur Angola; Burundi; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Theropilhecus gelada Congo; Cote d'lvoire; Equatorial Gelada Baboon Guinea; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau Ethiopia (ex?); Liberia; Mali; Nigeria; Rwanda (ex?); Senegal; Sierra Leone; Sudan; Tanzania; Uganda; Zaire [Reintroduced in Gambia] 14 Mammals E Pongo pygmaeus K Dusicyon vetulus Orang-utan (Pseudalopex vetulus) Brunei?; Indonesia: Kalimantan Sumatra; Hoary Zorro Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak Brazil Order CARNIVORA K Fennecus zerda (Vulpes zerda) Family CANIDAE Feimec Fox V Canis lupus Algeria; Burkina Faso?; Chad; Egypt; Israel; Grey Wolf Kuwait; Libya; Mauritania; Morocco; Niger; Afghanistan; Albania; Armenia: Azerbaijan; Oman; Sudan; Tunisia; Western Sahara Bangladesh (ex?); Belarus; Bhutan; Bulgaria; E Lycaon pictus Canada; China; Czech Republic?; Estonia; WUdDog Egypt; Finland; Greece; Greenland; India; Iran; Algeria (ex?); Angola; Benin (ex?); Botswana; Iraq; Israel; Italy; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Korea Burkina Faso; Burundi (ex?); Cameroon; D.P.R; Korea Republic?; Kuwait; Kyrgyzstan; Central African Republic; Chad; Congo (ex?); Latvia; Lebanon; Libya; Lithuania; Mexico; Cote dTvoire; Ethiopia; Gabon (ex?); Ghana Moldova; Mongolia; Myanmar (ex?); Nepal; (ex?); Guinea; Kenya; Malawi; Mali (ex?); Norway; Oman; Pakistan; Poland; Portugal; Maiuitania?; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Romania; Russia; Saudi Arabia; Slovakia; Nigeria; Rwanda (ex?); Senegal; Sierra Leone; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Syria; Tajikistan; Somalia; South Africa; Sudan; Swaziland; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Ukraine; USA; Tanzania; Togo (ex?); Uganda (ex?); Zaire Uzbekistan; Viet Nam; Yemen; Yugoslavia (ex?); Zambia; Zimbabwe E Canis rufus V Speothos venaticus niger) (C. Bush Dog Red Wolf USA Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador, French Guiana; Guyana; Panama; Paraguay; E Canis simensis Peru; Suriname; Venezuela Ethiopian Wolf R Urocyon littoralis Ethiopia (probably conspecific with U. cinereoargentatus) V Chrysocyon brachyurus Island Grey Fox Maned Wolf USA: islands offCalifomia Argentina; Bolivia; BrazU; Paraguay; Peru I Vulpes bengalensis V Cuon alpinus Bengal Fox Asiatic Wild Dog Bangladesh; India; Nepal; Pakistan Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia; China; India; K Vulpes cana Indonesia: Java. Sumatra; Kazakhstan?; Korea Blanford's Fox DP.R?; Korea Republic?; Kyrgyzstan?; Laos; Afghanistan; Iran; Israel; Oman; Pakistan; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Mongolia; Turkmenistan Myanmar, Nepal; Russia; Sri Lanka (ex?); Tajikistan?; Thailand; Uzbekistan?; Viet Nam K Vulpes corsac Corsac Fox V Dusicyon griseus Afghanistan; (Thina; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; (Pseudalopex griseus, includes D. fulvipes) Mongolia; Russia; Turkmenistan Grey Zorro. Argentine Grey Fox Argentina; Chile; Falkland Islands; Peru K Vulpes pallida Pale Fox K Dusicyon microtis Burkina Faso; Cameroon; Chad; Guinea; {Atelocynus microtis) Libya; Mali; Niger, Nigeria; Senegal; Sudan Small-eared Dog Bolivia?; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador, Peru K Vulpes rueppelli Rueppell's Fox K Dusicyon sechurae Afghanistan; Algeria; Cliad; Egypt; Ethiopia; {Pseudalopex sechurae) Iraq; Iran; Libya; Morocco; Niger; Saudi Sechuran Zorro Arabia; Somalia; Sudan; Yemen Ecuador, Peru 15 THREATENED SPECIES Family FELIDAE V Neofelis nebulosa Clouded Leopard V Acinonyx jubatus Bangladesh (ex?); Bhutan; Brunei; Cambodia?; Cheetah China; India; Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra; Afghanistan (ex?); Algeria (ex?); Angola; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia. Sabah, Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Cameroon; Sarawak; Myanmar, Nepal; Taiwan; Thailand; Chad; Ethiopia; Iran; Jordan (ex?); Kenya; Viet Nam Libya; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Morocco (ex?); Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; I Oncifelis colocolo Pakistan (ex?); Saudi Arabia (ex?); Senegal; (Felis colocolo) Somalia; South Africa; Sudan; Swaziland; Pampas Cat. Chilean Pampas Cat Tanzania; Turkmenistan; Uganda; Western Argentma; Bolivia; Brazil; Chile; Ecuador; Sahara (ex?); Zaire; Zambia; Zimbabwe Paraguay; Peru; Uruguay K Catopuma badia I Oncifelis guigna (Felis badia) (Felis guigna) Bay Cat Kodkod. Chilean Cat Brunei; Indonesia: Kalimantan; Malaysia: Argentina; Chile Sabah, Sarawak K Oreailurus jacobita I Catopuma temmincki (Felis jacobita) (Felis temmincki) Andean Cat Asiatic (jolden Cat Argentina; Bolivia; Chile; Peru Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia; China; India: K Otocolobus manul Indonesia: Sumatra; Laos; Malaysia (Felis manul) Peninsular Malaysia; Myanmar, Nepal: Pallas 's Cat Thailand; Viet Nam Afghanistan; Armenia; China; India; Iran; K Felis bieti Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Mongolia; Pakistan; Chinese Desert Cat Russia; Tajikistan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan China E Panthera tigris K Felis margarila Tiger Sand Cat Afghanistan (ex?); Bangladesh; Bhutan; Algeria; Egypt; Iran; Israel; Jordan; Cambodia; China; India; Indonesia: Java, Kazakhstan; Morocco; Niger, Oman; Pakistan; Sumatra; Kazakhstan; Korea D.P.R (ex?); Qatar, Saudi Arabia; Senegal; Turkmenistan; Kyrgyzstan; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Uzbekistan; Yemen Malaysia; Myanmar, Nepal; Russia; Tajikistan; Thailand; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Viet Nam K Leopardus tigrinus (Felis ligrina) K Pardofelis marmorata Little Spotted Cat (Felis marmorata) Argentina; Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica; Marbled Cat Ecuador, French Guiana; Guyana; Nicaragua?; Bangladesh?; Bhutan?; Bnmei; Cambodia; Paraguay?; Peru?; Suriname; Venezuela China; India; Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia. Sabah. K Leopardus wiedii Sarawak; Myanmar, Nepal; Thailand; (Felis wiedii) Viet Nam Margay Argentina; Belize; Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; K Prionailurus planiceps Costa Rica; Ecuador. El Salvador. French (Felis planiceps) Guiana?; Guatemala; Guyana; Honduras; Flat-headed Cat Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama; Paraguay; Peru; Brunei; Indonesia: Kalimantan. Sumatra; Suriname; Uruguay; Venezuela Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia. Sabah, E Lynx pardinus Sarawak; Thailand (L. lynx pardinus, sometimes included in Felis) K Prionailurus rubiginosa Spanish Lynx (Felis rubiginosa) Portugal; Spain Rusty-spotted Cat India; Sri Lanka 16 Mammals K Prionailurus viverrinus Family MUSTELIDAE (Felis viverrinus, F. viverrina) K Aonyx cinerea Fishing Cat Oriental Small-clawed Otter Bangladesti; Bhutan; Cambodia; China; India; Bangladesh; Bhutan; Brunei; Cambodia; Indonesia: Bali, Java. Sumatra; Laos; China; India; Indonesia: Java. Kalimantan, Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Nepal; Sumatra; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Pakistan; Sri Lanka; Taiwan; Thailand; Viet Nam Sabah. Sarawak Myanmar; Nepal; Philippines: Palawan; Singapore; Sri Lanka; Thailand; K Profelis aurata Viet Nam (Felis aurata) V Gulo gulo African Golden Cat Wolverine Angola; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cameroon; Canada; Estonia; Fmland; Mongolia; Norway; Central African Republic; Congo; Cote Russia; Sweden; USA dlvoire; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Gambia; Ghana; Guinea?; Kenya; Liberia; Niger?; V Lutra felina Rwanda; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Togo?; {Lonlra felina) Uganda; Zaire Marine Otter Argentma; Chile; Peru E Vncia uncia {Panthera uncia) K Lutra perspicillata Snow Leopard Smooth-coated Otter Afghanistan; Bhutan; China; India; Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia; China; India; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Mongolia; Nepal; Indonesia: Java. Kalimantan. Sumatra; Iraq; Pakistan; Russia; Tajikistan; Uzbekistan Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia. Sabah. Sarawak; Myanmar, Nepal; Pakistan; Thailand; Family HERPESTEDAE Viet Nam K Bdeogale jacksoni V Lutra provocax Jackson's Mongoose Soudiem River Otter Kenya; Uganda Argentina; Chile I Galidictis fasciata K Lutra sumatrana Broad-striped Mongoose Hairy-nosed Otter Madagascar Brunei; Cambodia; Indonesia: Bangka. R Galidictis grandidieri Kalimantan. Sumatra; Laos?; Malaysia: (G. grandidiensis) Peninsular Malaysia. Sabah. Sarawak; Giant -striped Mongoose Singapore; Thailand; Viet Nam Madagascar V Martes gwatkinsii E Liberiictis kuhni (M. flavigula gwatkinsii) Liberian Mongoose Nilgiri Marten Liberia; Cote d'lvoire; Guinea India V Mungotictis decemlineata K Melogale everetti Narrow-striped Mongoose Kinabalu Ferret-badger Madagascar Malaysia: Sabah K Salanoia concolor I Mustela africana Brown-tailed Mongoose Tropical Weasel Madagascar Brazil; Colombia?; Ecuador, Peru Family HYAENIDAE Mustela felipei Colombian Weasel V Hyaena brunnea Colombia; Ecuador Brown Hyaena Angola; Botswana; Mozambique; Namibia; South Africa; Zimbabwe 17 THREATENED SPEQES Mustela lutreola E Monachus schauinslandii European Mink Hawaiian Monk Seal Belarus; Estonia; Finland (ex?); France; USA: Hawaiian Islands Georgia; Latvia; Lithuania; Poland (ex?); V Phoca caspica Romania; Russia; Spain Caspian Seal K Mustela lutreolina (Caspian Sea) Indonesian Mountain Weasel Azerbaijan; Iran; Kazakhstan; Russia; Indonesia: Java, Sumatra Turkmenistan Mustela nigripes Family PROCYONIDAE Black-footed Feiret K Bassaricyon beddardi [Reintroduced in USA] Brazil?; Guyana; Venezuela? K Mustela strigidorsa I Bassaricyon gabbii Back-striped Weasel Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador; Nicaragua; Bhutan; China; India; Laos; Myanmar, Panama Thailand; Viet Nam I Bassaricyon lasius K Mydaus marchei Casta Rica Palawan Stink Badger Philippines: Palawan. Calamian Islands I Bassaricyon pauli Panama V Pteronura brasiliensis Giant Otter V Bassariscus sumichrasti Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador, Belize; Costa Rica; El Salvador; Guatemala; French Guiana; Guyana; Paraguay; Peru; Honduras?; Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama Suriname; Uruguay (ex?); Venezuela I Nasua nelsoni Family OTARDDAE (N. narica nelsoni) Cozumel Island Coati V Arctocephalus philippii Mexico: Cozumel Island Juan Fernandez Fur Seal Chile: Juan Fernandez Archipelago K Nasuella olivacea Colombia; Ecuador; Venezuela V Arctocephalus townsendi Guadalupe Fiu- Seal Procyon insularis Mexico; USA (P. lolor insularis) Mexico: V Eumetopias jubatus Ties Marias Is (Maria Madre, Maria Magdalena) Steller's Sea Lion Canada; Japan?; Russia; USA Procyon maynardi (P. lolor maynardi) R Neophoca cinerea Bahamas: Australian Sea Lion Nassau Australia Procyon minor (P. lotor V Phocarctos hookeri minor) Guadeloupe Hooker's Sea Lion New Zealand: Aukland Islands K Procyon pygmaeus Family PHOODAE (P. lotor pygmaeus) Cozumel Island Raccoon E Monachus monachus Mexico: Cozumel Island Mediterranean Monk Seal Family URSIDAE Albania; Algeria; Bulgaria; Cyprus (ex?); Greece; Italy: Sardinia (ex?); Lebanon (ex?); E Ailuropoda melanoleuca Libya; Mauritania; Morocco; Portugal: Giant Panda Madeira, Etesertas Islands; Spain: Canary China Islands (ex?), Chafarinas Islands; Syria (ex?); V Ailurus Tunisia: La Galite (ex?); Turkey; Western fulgens Sahara; Yugoslavia Lesser Panda Bhutan; China; India; Laos; Myanmar, Nepal 18 Mammals V Helarctos malayanus V Fossa fossa (Ursus malayaniis) (F. fossana) Sun Bear Malagasy Civet Bmnei; Cambodia; China; India: Indonesia: Madagascar Kalimantan. Sumatra; Laos; Malaysia: K Genetta abyssinica Peninsular Malaysia. Sabah. Sarawak; Abyssinian Genet Myanmar, Thailand; Viet Nam Djibouti; Ethiopia; Somalia V Melursus ursinus E Genetta cristata (Ursus ursinus) (G. servalina cristata) Sloth Bear Crested Genet Bangladesh; Bhutan?; India; Nepal; Sri Lanka Cameroon: Nigeria V Selenarctos thibetanus K Genetta johnstoni {Ursus thibetanus) Johnston's Genet Asiatic Black Bear Cote d'lvoire: Liberia; Guinea Afghanistan: Bangladesh: Bhutan; Cambodia: China; India; Iran; Japan; Korea DP.R; Korea R Macrogalidia musschenbroekii Republic; Laos; Malaysia?: Peninsular Sulawesi Palm Civet Malaysia; Mongolia; Myanmar. Nepal; Indonesia: Sulawesi Pakistan; Russia; Taiwan; Thailand; Viet Nam K Mangos gambianus V Tremarctos ornatus Gambian Mongoose Spectacled Bear Cote d'lvoire: Gambia; Ghana; Niger, Nigeria; Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador, Senegal; Sierra Leone; Togo Panama: Peru: Venezuela V Paradoxurus jerdoni V Ursus maritimus Jerdon's Palm Civet (Thatarctos maritimus) India Polar Bear Order CETACEA Canada; Greenland; Norway: Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands; Russia; USA Family BALAENIDAE Family VTVERRIDAE V Balaena mysticetus Bowhead Whale I Chrotogale owstoni Owston's Palm Civet (Arctic Ocean. Beaufort. Barents and Chukchi Seas; North Atlantic - China; Laos: Viet Nam arctic waters: North Pacific - arctic waters, Japan. Okhotsk and K Cryptoprocta ferox Bering Seas) Fossa Madagascar V Eubalaena auslralis (E. glacialis australis; sometimes included in E Cynogale bennettii Balaena) (includes C. lowei) Southern Right Whale Otter-civet (Circumpolar in Southern Hemisphere from ca Brunei; Indonesia: Kalimantan. Sumatra; 20°S to SO-S) Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah. E Eubalaena glacialis Sarawak; Singapore?: Thailand; Viet Nam {Balaena glacialis) I Diplogale hosei Northern Right Whale Hose's Civet Pahn (Northern temperate and sub-polar waters: Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak North Atlantic from Florida to Greenland and V Eupleres goudotii from Spain to Svalbard: North Pacific from China (includes E. major) Sea to Sea of Okhotsk and from Falanouc CaUfomia to Bering Sea. including Hawaiian Madagascar Islands) 19 THREATENED SPECIES FamUy BALAENOPTEREDAE I Cephalorhynchus hectori White-headed Dolphin. Hector's Dolphin K Balaenoptera acutorostrata (Coastal waters of New Zealand) Minke Whale New Zealand (Widespread in all oceans but rarer in the tropics; extends into polar pack ice; recorded K Delphinus delphis from Baltic and Black Seas) (includes Delphinus tropicalis) Common Dolphin V Balaenoptera borealis (Recorded from all warm temperate and Sei Whale tropical waters, including the Mediterranean (Widespread in most oceans and seas, and Black Seas) favouring temperate oceanic waters) K Feresa attenuata K Balaenoptera edeni (F. occulta) Bryde's Whale Pygmy Killer Whale (Circum-equatorial in tropical and warm (Recorded sporadically from warm temperate temperate waters between ca 40°N and 40°S) and tropical waters, including North and South E Balaenoptera musculus Atlantic. Indian Ocean and North Pacific) Blue Whale K Globicephala macrorhynchus (Occurs in all major oceans, especially cold (G. sicboldii) and temperate waters) Shoit-fumed PUot Whale V Balaenoptera physalus (Warm temperate and tropical waters, Fin Whale including Atlantic. Pacific and Indian Oceans) (Occurs in all major oceans, extending to pack K Globicephala melas ice zones but rare in warmest waters at (Globicepliala melaena: includes G. edwardii) latitudes less than about 20°) Long-fumed Pilot Whale V Megaptera novaeangliae (Occurs in two separate populations, the Humpback Whale southern being circumpolar in cool temperate (Found in all major oceans from Arctic to waters of Atlantic. Pacific and Indian Oceans Antarctic, but absent from pack ice zones) north of the Antarctic Convergence; the North Atlantic population extending from USA and Family NEOBALAENIDAE the Mediterranean to the Barents Sea. K Caperea marginata Apparently absent from North Pacific) Pygmy Right Whale K Grampus griseus (Temperate waters of the Southern Hemisphere Risso's Dolphin between ca 31°S and 52°S) (Worldwide distribution in tropical and warm Family DELPHINIDAE temperate waters) K Cephalorhynchus commersonii K Lagenodelphis hosei Commerson's Dolphin Eraser's Dolphin (Coastal temperate waters off southern South (Circum-equatorial in oceanic tropical waters) America and some South Atlantic and southern K Lagenorhynchus acutus Indian Ocean islands) Atlantic White-sided Dolphin Argentina; dile; Falkland Islands; French (Northern North Atlantic, mcluding North and Southern and Antarctic Territories: Kerguelen Baltic Seas; vagrants further south) Islands K Cephalorhynchus eutropia K Lagenorhynchus albirostris Black Dolphin White-beaked Dolphin (Cold, mshore waters of Chile, between 33°S (North Atlantic and western Arctic from the and 55°S) USA and Spain to Svalbard. including the ChUe Baltic. Davis Strait and Barents Sea) K Cephalorhynchus heavisidii K Lagenorhynchus australis Heaviside's Dolphin Peale's Dolphin (Cold, inshore waters of Benguela current. (Cold, coastal waters of southern South South Atlantic) America) Angola?; Namibia; Soudi Africa Argentina; Chile; Falkland Islands 20 Mammals K Lagenorhynchus cruciger K Solatia fluviatilis Hourglass Dolphin (includes S. brasiliensis. S. guianensis) (Circumpolar in Antarctic and sub-Antarctic. Tucuxi recorded from high southern latitudes to the (All major rivers in the Amazon system, edge of the pack ice) extending to Central America) Bolivia?; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador, French K Lagenorhynchus obliquidens Guiana; Guyana; Panama; Peru; Suriname; Pacific White-sided Dolphin Trinidad and Tobago; Venezuela (Temperate waters of the North Pacific) K Sousa chinensis K Lagenorhynchus obscurus (includes S. borneensis. S. Icntiginosa, S. (includes L supercitiosus) piumbea) Dusky Dolphin Indo-Pacific Hump-backed Dolphin (Temperate and cold temperate circumpolar (Coastal and inshore waters of the Indian and waters near land masses in the Southern western Pacific Occean, including Red Sea and Hemisphere) Arabian Gulf to South-east Asia and soudi Argentina; Chile; Falkland Islands; French China coast; occurs m estuaries and Southern and Antarctic Territories: Kerguelen occasionally lower reaches of rivers) Islands; New Zealand: Campbell and Auckland Australia; Bahrain; Bangladesh; Brunei; Islands; Peru; South Africa Cambodia; China; Djibouti; Egypt; Ethiopia; K Lissodelphis borealis Hong Kong; India; Indonesia; Iran; Iraq; Northern Right Whale Dolphin Israel; Kenya; Kuwait; Madagascar; Malaysia: (Temperate waters of the North Pacific) Sarawak; Mozambique; Myanmar. Oman; Pakistan; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; K Lissodelphis peronii Qatar. Saudi Arabia; Somalia; South Africa; Southern Right Whale Dolphm Sri Lanka; Sudan; Taiwan; Tanzania; Thailand; (Circumpolar in temperate waters of the United Arab Emirates; Viet Nam; Yemen Southern Hemisphere, extending to 19°S off Chile and to Indonesia) K Sousa teuszii Atlantic Hump-backed Dolphin K Orcaella brevirostris (West coast of Africa, from Angola to Irrawaddy Dolphin Mauritania; enters rivers) (Coastal waters from Bay of Bengal to Angola?; Benin; Cameroon; Congo?; Cote South-east Asia and Australia, including major dlvoire; Equatorial Guinea?; Gabon?; Gambia; rivers - Ganges, Brahmaputra and Irrawaddy) Ghana; Guinea; Gumea-Bissau; Liberia; Australia; Bangladesh; Brunei?; Cambodia; Mauritania; Nigeria; Senegal; Sierra Leone; India; Indonesia: Java, Kalimantan. Sumatra; Togo; Zaire? Laos?; Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak; Myanmar, Papua New Guinea; Philippines?; Singapore?; K Stenella attenuata Thailand; Viet Nam Pantropical Spotted Dolphin (Widespread in warm deep waters) K Orcinus orca (includes 0. glacialis) K Stenella clymene Killer Whale Helmet Dolphin, Clymene Dolphin (Reported from all sea areas, especially in (Tropical and subtropical waters of North cooler regions; extending weU into the pack Atlantic) ice zone) K Stenella coeruleoalba K Peponocephala electro (includes S. styx) Melon-headed Whale Striped Dolphin (Widespread scattered records from warm (Widespread in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate and tropical seas) temperate waters) K Pseudorca crassidens K Stenella frontalis False Killer Whale (S. plagiodon, S. attenuata frontalis) (Widespread, mainly in warm waters but Atlantic Spotted Dolphin strandings as far north as the Baltic) (Tropical, subtropical and warm temperate Atlantic) 21 THREATENED SPEOES Kuwait; Malaysia: Sabah. Sarawak Myanman K Stenella longirostris Oman; Pakistan; Philippines; Qatar, Saudi microps. roseiventris) (includes S. S. Arabia; Singapore?; South Africa?; Sri Lanka; Long-snouted Dolphin. Spinner Dolphin Taiwan; Thailand; United Arab Emirates; (Circum-equatorial in tropical and subtropical Viet Nam waters, occasionally in warm temperate waters) K Phocoena phocoena Steno bredanensis K (includes P. vomerina) Rough-toothed Dolphin Common Porpoise. Harbour Porpoise (Widespread in tropical and warm temperate (Coastal waters of North Pacific. North ocean areas, including Red. Caribbean, Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, from Japan and Mediterranean and North Seas) California to Chukchi Sea, and from Baffin K Tursiops truncatus Island to west Africa, including Baltic, (includes T. adunciis, T. gilli. T. nuuami) Mediterranean and Black Seas) Bottlenose Dolphin Belgium; Bulgaria; Canada; Cape Verde; (Known from all temperate and tropical marine China?; Denmark; Faeroe Islands; Finland; areas) France; (jennany; CJeorgia; Greenland; Iceland; Ireland; Japan; Korea DP.R.; Korea Republic; Family MONODONTIDAE Mauritania; Mexico; Morocco; Netherlands; K Delphinapterus leucas Norway; Poland; Portugal: including Azores; White Whale, Beluga Romania; Russia; Senegal; Spain; Sweden; (Circumpolar in Arctic and sub-Arctic with Tunisia; Turkey; Ukraine; United Kingdom; scattered records to France and Japan: often in USA estuaries) E Phocoena sinus Canada; Greenland; Norway; including Vaquita Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands; Russia; USA (Northern half of Gulf of California) (excludes vagrants) Mexico K Monodon monoceros K Phocoena spinipinnis Narwhal Burmeister's Porpoise (Circumpolar and virtually confined to limits (Coastal South America) of Arctic pack ice; vagrants as far south as the Argentina; Brazil; (Thile; Peru; Uruguay United Kingdom) Canada; Greenland; Iceland; Norway: K Phocaenoides dalli including Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands; DaU's Porpoise Russia; USA (North Pacific from Japan and Mexico to (excludes vagrants) Bering Sea) Canada; Japan; Korea D.P.R; Korea Republic; Family PHOCOENIDAE Mexico; Russia; USA K Ausfralophocaena dioptrica Family PHYSETERIDAE (Phocoena dioptrica) Spectacled Porpoise K Kogia breviceps (Coastal waters of southern South America and Pygmy Sperm Whale Southern Ocean islands) (Recorded from nearly all temperate, Argentina; Australia: Macquarie Island; Chile; subtropical and tropical waters) Falkland Islands: including South (Jeorgia; K Kogia simus French Southern and Antarctic Territories: Dwarf Sperm Whale Kergeulen Islands; New Zealand: Auckland (Recorded from nearly all temperate, Islands; Uruguay subtropical and tropical waters) K Neophocaena phocaenoides K Physeter catodon Finless Porpoise (P. macracephalus) (Coastal and freshwater Indo-Pacific firom Sperm Whale China and Japan to the Gulf of Arabia, (Found in all major oceans, from Arctic to including South-East Asian archipelago) Antarctic, including semi land-locked seas Bahrain; Bangladesh; Brunei?; Cambodia such as Mediterranean) China; Hong Kong?; India; Indonesia; Iran Iraq; Japan; Korea D.P.R; Korea RepubUc 22 Mammals Family PLATANISTIDAE K Mesoplodon bidens V Inia geoffrensis Sowerby's Beaked Whale Boto, Amazon River Dolphin (Cold temperate waters of the North Atlantic, (Found in all major rivers of the Orinoco and mostly around British Isles) Amazon systems) K Mesoplodon bowdoini Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador, Guyana?; Splaytooth Beaked Whale, Andrews' Beaked Peru; Venezuela Whale E Lipotes vexillifer (Temperate South Pacific and southern Indian Baiji, Yangtse River Dolphin Ocean) (Only found in the Chiangjiang River of K Mesoplodon carlhubbsi China, may occasionally enter other rivers (M. bowdoini carlhubbsi) during times of flood) Arch-beaked Whale. Hubbs" Beaked Whale China (Cold temperate North Pacific) V Platanista gangetica K Mesoplodon densirostris Ganges River Dolphin BlainviUe's Beaked Whale (Ganges and Brahmaputra river systems) (Circum-equatorial; temperate and tropical Bangladesh; Bhutan; India; Nepal waters) E Platanista minor K Mesoplodon europaeus Gervais' (P. indi, P. gangetica minor) Beaked Whale Indus River Dolphin (North Atlantic, where population probably (Indus River) concentrated in south-west) Pakistan K Mesoplodon ginkgodens Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whale K Pontoporia blainvillei (Warm temperate and tropical Pacific and La Plata River Dolphin Indian Oceans) (La Plata estuary and adjacent rivers and coasts) K Mesoplodon grayi Argentina; Brazil; Uruguay Gray's Beaked Whale (Circumpolar in Southern Hemisphere, south Family ZIPHllDAE of 30°S, but mainly around New Zealand) K Berardius arnuxii K Mesoplodon hectori Amoux's Beaked Whale Hector's Beaked Whale (Cool temperate sub-Antarctic and Antarctic (Temperate latitudes of Southern Hemisphere waters) and temperate eastern North Pacific) K Berardius bairdii K Mesoplodon layardii Baird's Beaked Whale Layard's Beaked Whale, Strap-toothed Whale (Apparently confined waters of North to deep (Circumpolar distribution in Southern Pacific) Hemisphere between ca 30°S and Antarctic K Hyperoodon ampullatus convergence) (//. rostratus) K Mesoplodon mirus Northern Bottlenose Whale True's Beaked Whale (Deep waters of the northern North Atlantic) (North Atlantic and temperate waters in K Hyperoodon planifrons Southern Hemisphere) Southern Bottlenose Whale K Mesoplodon peruvianus (Entire Southern Ocean north to ca 30°S) Lesser Beaked Whale K Indopacetus pacificus (Eastern South Pacific and eastern North {Mesoplodon pacificus) Pacific: cold temperate to tropical waters) Indo-Pacific Beaked Whale K Mesoplodon stejnegeri (Probable Indo-Pacific distribution, known Stejneger's Beaked Whale only from 2 skulls found on beaches in (Cold temperate waters of the North Pacific) Australia and Somalia and a possible sighting in the Seychelles) 23 THREATENED SPECIES K Tasmacetus shepherdi Order PROBOSCIDEA Shepherd's Beaked Whale Family ELEPHANTIDAE (Cooler waters of the Southern Hemisphere between 33°S and SCS) E Elephas maximus Indian Elephant K Ziphius cavirostris Bangladesh; Bhutan; Brunei; Cambodia; Cuvier's Beaked Whale China; India; Indonesia: Kalimantan. Sumatra; (Widespread in all major oceans, but rarely Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia. Sabah; found in polar regions) Myanmar, Nepal; Sri Lanka; Thailand; Order SIRENIA Viet Nam Family DUGONGIDAE V Loxodonta africana African Elephant V Dugong dugon Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Dugong Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; (Shallow tropical and subtropical coastal and Congo; Cote d'lvoire; Equatorial Guinea; inland waters of the Indian and western Pacific Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Kenya; Oceans from east Africa and the Red Sea to Liberia; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Vanuatu) Mozambique; Namibia; Niger, Nigeria; Australia; Bahrain; Bangladesh; Brunei?; Rwanda; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Somalia; Cambodia; China; Comoros?; Djibouti; Egypt; South Africa; Sudan; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda; Ethiopia; Federated States of Micronesia: Yap; Zaire; Zambia; Zimbabwe Guam; India; Indonesia; Iran; Iraq; Israel; Japan: Ryukyu Islands; Jordan; Kenya; Order PERISSODACTYLA Kuwait; Madagascar; Malaysia: Peninsular Family EQUIDAE Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak; Mauritius; Mozambique; Myanmar, New Caledonia; E Equus africanus Oman; Pakistan; Palau; Papua New Guinea; (sometimes given the same name as the domestic Philippines; Saudi Arabia; Singapore; Solomon donkey or ass E. asinus) Islands; Somalia; South Africa; Sri Lanka; African Wild Ass Sudan; Taiwan; Tanzania; Thailand; United Ethiopia; Somalia Arab Emirates; Vanuatu; Viet Nam; Yemen (Fiee-living animals of uncertain pedigree occur elsewhere in Family TRICHECHIDAE northern Africa) Equus grevyi V Trichechus inunguis E Amazonian Manatee (jfrevy's Zebra Ethiopia; Kenya (Major rivers of the Amazon drainage basin) Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador, Peru; Venezuela V Equus hemionus V Trichechus manatus Asian Wild Ass (Kulan, Khur. Onager, Caribbean Manatee Dziggetai) (Tropical and subtropical coastal waters and China; India; Iran; Kazakhstan; Mongolia; rivers of the Caribbean and Atlantic regions of Turkmenistan the Americas) [Reintroduced in: Israel; Uzbekistan] Bahamas; Belize; Brazil; Colombia; Costa V Equus zebra Rica; Cuba; Dominican RepubUc; French Mountain Zebra Guiana; Chiatemala; Guyana; Haiti; Honduras; Angola; Namibia; South Africa Jamaica; Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama; Puerto Rico; Suriname; Trinidad and Tobago; USA; Family TAPIRIDAE Venezuela V Tapirus bairdii V Trichechus senegalensis Central American Tapir African Manatee Belize; Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador, (River systems of West Africa) Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico (ex?); Angola; Benin (ex?); Cameroon; Chad; Congo; Nicaragua; Panama Cote d'lvoire; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Gambia; Ghana; Guinea?; Guinea-Bissau?; Liberia; Mali; Mauritania; Niger; Nigeria; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Togo; Zaire 24 Mammals E Tapirus indicus E Sus cebifrons Malayan Tapir {Sus barbatus cebifrons) Indonesia: Sumatra; Laos; Malaysia: Visayan Warty Pig Peninsular Malaysia; Myanmar; Thailand; Philippines: Cebu and Negros Islands Viet Nam E Sus salvanius E Tapirus pinchaque Pygmy Hog (T. roulini) Bhutan (ex?); India; Nepal (ex?) Mountain Tapir V Sus verrucosus Colombia; Ecuador; Peru; Venezuela Javan Warty Pig Family RHINOCEROTIDAE Indonesia: Bawean Island, Java V Ceralotherium simum Family TAYASSUIDAE White Rhinoceros E Catagonus wagneri South Africa; Zaire Chacoan Peccary [Reintroduced in: Botswana; Kenya; Namibia; Argentina; Bolivia; Paraguay Swaziland; Zambia (ex?); Zimbabwe] Family HIPPOPOTAMIDAE E Dicerorhinus sumatrensis (Didermoceriis sumatreiisis) V Hexaprotodon liberiensis Sumatran Rhinoceros (Choeropsis liberiensis) Cambodia (ex?); India (ex?); Indonesia: Pygmy Hippopotamus Kaliman tan Sumatra; Laos (ex?); Malaysia: Cote dlvoire; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau?; Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah. Sarawak; Liberia; Sierra Leone Myanmar, Thailand; Viet Nam Family CAMELIDAE E Diceros bicornis V Camelus bactrianus Black Rhinoceros (C. ferus) Angola; Botswana; Cameroon; Central African Wild Bactrian Camel Republic (ex?); Chad (ex?); Congo (ex?); China; Mongolia Ethiopia (ex?); Kenya; Malawi (ex?); Mozambique; Namibia; Nigeria (ex?); Rwanda; V Vicugna vicugna South Africa; Sudan (ex?); Swaziland; Vicufla Tanzania; Zambia; Zimbabwe Argentina; Bolivia; Chile; Peru, E Rhinoceros sondaicus Family MOSCHIDAE Javan Rhinoceros E Moschus moschiferus Cambodia; Indonesia: Java; Laos; Myanmar (M. sibiricus, includes M. anhueiensis) (ex?); Thailand (ex?); Viet Nam Siberian Musk Deer E Rhinoceros unicornis China; Korea D.P.R; Korea Republic; Great Indian Rhinoceros Mongolia; Russia Bhutan; India; Nepal Family CERVIDAE Order HYRACOIDEA E Axis calamianensis Family PROCAVIIDAE (Axis porcinus calamianensis. sometimes included in Cervus) I Dendrohyrax validus Calamian Hog Deer Eastern Tree Hyrax Philippmes: Calamian Islands Kenya; Tanzania: including Pemba Island, Zanzibar E Axis kuhlii (Axis porcinus kuhli. sometimes included ia Order ARTIODACTYLA Cervus) Family SUIDAE Kuhl's Hog Deer, Bawean Deer Indonesia: Bawean Island V Babyrousa babyrussa Babirusa V Blastocerus dichotomus Marsh Deer Indonesia: Bum. Sula Islands, Sulawesi, Argentina; Bolivia; Togian Islands Brazil; Paraguay; Peru 25 THREATENED SPECIES V Cervus albirostris K Ozotoceros bezoarticus Thorold's Deer Pampas Deer China Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Paraguay; Uruguay E Cervus alfredi I Pudu mephistophiles (C. unicolor alfredi) Northern Pudu Visayan Spotted Deer Colombia; Ecuador; Peru Philippines: Visayan Islands K Pudu puda E Cervus duvauceli Southern Pudu Swamp Deer Argentina; Crhile India; Nepal Family BOVIDAE V Cervus eldii E Addax nasomaculatus Thamin Addax Cambodia; China (ex?); India; Laos; Algeria (ex?); Chad; Egypt (ex?); Libya (ex?); Myanmar, Thailand; Viet Nam Mali; Mauritania; Niger, Sudan (ex?) R Cervus mariannus V Ammodorcas clarkei Philippine Brown Deer Dibatag Philippines Ethiopia; Somalia E Dama mesopotamica I Ammotragus lervia (Dama dama mesopotamica. sometimes included Aoudad in Cervus) Algeria; Chad; Libya; Mali; Mauritania (ex?); Persian Fallow Deer Morocco (ex?); Niger, Sudan; Tunisia (ex?) Iran; Iraq (ex?) [USA] E Elaphurus davidianus V Antilope cervicapra P6re David's Deer Blackbuck [Captive populations only. leintroduction in India, Nepal, Pakistan progress in China] [Argentina; USA] V Hippocamelus antisensis V Bison bonasus North Andean Huemul (B. bison bonasus) Argentina; Bolivia; Chile; Peru European Bison E Hippocamelus bisulcus [Reintroduced in: Belarus; Lithuania; Moldova; South Andean Huemul Poland; Romania; Russia; Ukraine] Argentina; Chile V Bos gaurus V Hydropoies inermis (alternatively given the same name as the Chinese Water Deer domestic Gayal or Mithan 6. frontalis) China; Korea DPJi; Korea Republic Gaur [France; United Kingdom] Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia; China; India; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; I Mamma chunyi Myanmar, Nepal; Thailand; Viet Nam Chunyi Bolivia; Peru V Bosjavanicus (fi. banteng) V Muntiacus crinifrons Banteng Black Muntjac Bangladesh (ex?); Cambodia?; Indonesia: Bali. China Java. Kalimantan; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular E Muntiacus feae Malaysia (ex?). Sabah; Myanmar, Thailand; Fea's Muntjac Viet Nam China; Myanmar. Thailand E Bos mutus I Muntiacus gongskanensis (alternatively given the same name as the Gongshan Muntjac domestic Yak B. grunniens) China; Myanmar? WUdYak Afghanistan?; Bhutan?; China; India; Nepal 26 Mammals Bos sauveli V Capricornis swinhoei {Novibos sauveli) (Naemorhedus swinhoei) Kouprey Formosan Serow Cambodia; Laos: Thailand (ex?); Viet Nam Taiwan Bubalus arnee V Cephalophus adersi (alternatively given the same name as the Aders' Duiker domestic buffalo B. bubalus) Kenya; Tanzania: Zanzibar WUd Water Buffalo ^ Cephalophus jentinki Bhutan; India; Nepal; Thailand Jentink's Duiker (Free-living animals of uncertain pedigree Cote d'lvoire; Liberia; Sierra Leone occur in adjacent countries) V Cepahlophus ogilbyi Bubalus depressicornis Ogilby's Duiker (Aiioa depressicornis) Cameroon; Congo?; Cote d'lvoire; Equatorial Lowland Anoa Guinea: Bioko: Gabon; Ghana; Guinea?; Indonesia: Sulawesi Liberia; Nigeria; Sierra Leone Bubalus mindorensis ^ Cephalophus ^padix (Anoa mindorensis) Abbott's Duiker Tamaraw Tanzania Philippines: Mindoro V Cephalophus zebra Bubalus quarlesi Zebra Duiker (Anoa quarlesi) Cote d'lvoire; Liberia; Sierra Leone Mountain Anoa Indonesia: Sulawesi, Buton V Connochaetes gnou Black Wildebeest Capra caucasica Lesotho; South Africa; Swaziland (C. ibex caucasica) Kuban. West Caucasian Tur E Damaliscus hunteri Georgia; Russia Hirola Kenya; Somalia R Capra cylindricornis Daghestan Tur, East Caucasian Tur K Dorcalragus megalotis Azerbaijan?; Georgia; Russia Beira Antelope Djibouti?; Eithiopia; Somalia Capra falconeri Markhor V Gazella bennetti Afghanistan; India; Pakistan; Tajikistan; Chinkara Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan Afghanistan?; India; Iran; Pakistan Capra nubiana E Gazella cuvieri (C. ibex nubiana) Cuvier's Gazelle Nubian Ibex Algeria; Morocco; Tunisia Egypt; Ethiopia; Israel; Jordan; Oman; Saudi g Gazella dama Arabia; Sudan; Yemen Dama Gazelle Capra walia Algeria (ex?); Burkina Faso; Chad; Mali; (C. ibex walia) Niger, Sudan Walia Ibex y Gazella dorcas Ethiopia Dorcas Gazelle Capricornis sumatraensis Algeria; Burkina Faso; Chad; Djibouti; Egypt: (Naemorhedus sumatraensis) Eritrea; Ethiopia; Israel; Jordan?; Libya; Mali: Mainland Serow Mauritania; Morocco; Niger, Nigeria; Saudi Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia; China; India; Arabia?; Senegal; Somalia; Sudan; Tunisia; Indonesia: Sumatra; Laos; Malaysia; Myanmar, Western Sahara Nepal; Thailand; Viet Nam 27 THREATENED SPEQES V Gazella gazella E Oryx leucoryx Mountain Gazelle Arabian Oryx Israel; Jordan; Lebanon?; Oman; Saudi Arabia; [Reintroduced in Oman] Syria?; Yemen K Procapra przewalskii E Gazella leptoceros Przewalski's Gazelle Slender-homed Gazelle China Algeria; Chad; Egypt; Libya; Mali; E Pseudois schaeferi Mauritania?; Niger, Sudan; Tunisia; Western (P. nayaur schaeferi) Sahara? Dwarf Blue Sheep V Gazella rufifrons China Red-fronted Gazelle E Pseudoryx nghetinhensis Burkina Paso; Cameroon; Central African Vu Quang Ox Republic; Chad; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Gambia?; Laos?; Viet Nam Ghana?; Mali; Mauritania; Niger, Nigeria; Senegal; Sudan; Togo V Tetracerus quadricomis Four-homed Antelope V Gazella soemmeningii India: Nepal Soemmerring's Gazelle E Tragelaphus buxtoni Djibouti; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Kenya; Somalia; Mountain Nyala Sudan Ethiopia V Gazella spekei V Tragelaphus derbianus Spekes Gazelle (Taurotragus derbianus) Ethiopia; Somalia Giant Eland K Hemitragus jemlahicus Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad?; Himalayan Tahr Guinea?: Guinea Bissau; Mali?; Nigeria?; China; India; Nepal Senegal: Sudan: Uganda?; Zaire V Hemitragus hylocrius Order RODENTIA Nilgiri Tahr India Family SCIURIDAE V Hemitragus jayakari E Cynomys mexicanus Arabian Tahr Mexican Prairie Dog Oman; United Arab Emirates?: Abu Dhabi Mexico V Kohus leche V Cynomys parvidens Lechwe Utah Prairie Dog Angola; Botswana; Namibia; Zaire; Zambia USA [South Africa] K Epixerus ebii V Kobus megaceros Cote d'lvoire; Ghana; Liberia; Sierra Leone Nile Lechwe V Futtisciurus carruthersi Ethiopia; Sudan CaiTuther's Mountain Squirrel K Madoqua piacentinii Burundi: Rwanda: Uganda; Zaire? Silver Dikdik V Marmota menzbieri Somalia Menzbier's Marmot I Naemorhedus caudatus Kazakhstan; Tajikistan: Turkmenistan; Long-tailed Goral Uzbekistan China; Korea DPJi; Korea Republic; Laos: E Marmota vancouverensis Russia; Thailand Vancouver Island Marmot E Oryx dammah Canada: Vancouver Island (O. lao) V Myosciurus pumilio Scimitar-homed Oryx African Pygmy Chad Squirrel Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea: Bioko; Gabon; Nigeria 28 Mammals R Paraxerus vexillarius I Batomys grand Tanzania Luzon Forest Rat Philippines: Luzon R Pteromys momonga Small Japanese Flying-squirrel V Beamys hindei Japan Lesser Hamster-rat Kenya; Tanzania K Syntheosciurus brochus Mountain Squirrel V Beamys major Costa Rica; Panama (B. hindei major) Greater Hamster-rat Family GEOMYIDAE Malawi; Tanzania; Zambia I Zygogeomys trichopus R Chrotomys gonzalesi Michoacan Pocket Gopher Mt Isarog Striped Rat Mexico Philippines: Luzon Family HETEROMYIDAE K Crateromys australis R Dipodomys elator Dinagat Island Cloud Rat Texas Kangaroo-rat Philippines: Dinagat Island USA R Crateromys schadenbergi E Dipodomys gravipes Giant Bushy-tailed Cloud Rat San Quintin Kangaroo Rat Philippines: Luzon Mexico K Crateromys sp. I Dipodomys ingens Panay Bushy-tailed Cloud Rat Giant Kangaroo Rat Philippines: Panay USA R Delanymys brooksi E Dipodomys stephensi Delany's Mouse Stephens' Kangaroo Rat Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire USA R Dendromus kahuziensis V Perognathus alticola Zaire (Perognaihus parvus alticola) R Dendroprionomys rousseloti White-eared Pocket Mouse USA Congo V Diplothrix legatus Family DIPODIDAE Ryukyu Long-tailed Giant Rat V Allactaga tetradactyla Japan: Nasei-shoto Egypt; Libya K Eliurus minor Family MURIDAE Madagascar I Abrawayaomys ruschi K Gerbillus acticola Brazil Somalia R Aethomys silindensis K Gerbillus maghrebi Selinda Veld Rat (Dipodillus maghrebi) Mozambique?; Zimbabwe Morocco K Ammodillus imbellis K Gerbillus mauritaniae Ethiopia; Somalia Mauritania K Anonymomys mindorensis K Gerbillus muriculus Mindoro Climbing Rat (G nanus muriculus) Philippines: Mindoro Sudan R Archboldomys iuzonensis K Gerbillus nancillus Mt Isarog Shrew-mouse Sudan Philippines: Luzon K Gerbillus rosalinda Sudan 29 THREATENED SPEOES R Gymnuromys roberti K Microdillus peeli Madagascar Somalia R Hylomyscus baeri R Microtus breweri Cote d'lvoire; Ghana (M. pennsylvanicus breweri) Beach Vole K Hylomyscus fumosus USA: Muskeget Island Cameroon; Central African Republic; Gabon V Muriculus imberbis K Hylomyscus parvus Ethiopia Cameroon; Congo: Gabon K Myomys ruppi K Hypogeomys antimena (Praomys ruppi) Madagascar Ethiopia E Juscelinomys candango E Neotoma anthonyi Brazil Anthony's Woodrat I Kunsia tomentosus Mexico: Todos Santos Island Bolivia; Brazil E Neotoma bunkeri K Leggadina lakedov/nensis (N. tepida bunkeri) Lakeland Downs Mouse Bunker's Woodrat Australia Mexico R Lemniscomys mittendorfi E Neotoma martinensis {L. striatus mittendorfi) San Martin Island Woodrat Cameroon Mexico: San Martin Island R Leporillus conditor K Notomys aquilo Greater Stick-nest Rat (includes N. carpentarius) Australia: Franklin Island Northern Hopping-mouse Australia K Lophuromys cinereus Zaire V Notomys fuscus Dusky R Lophuromys medicaudatus Hopping-mouse Australia Rwanda; Zaire R Lophuromys melanonyx V Pelomys hopkinsi Kenya; Etliiopia Rwanda; Uganda R Lophuromys rahmi V Pelomys isseli Uganda: Rwanda; Zaire Bugala. Bunyama, Kome Islands (Lake Victoria) K Macrotarsomys ingens Madagascar E Phaenomys ferrugineus Brazil K Macruromys elegans R Phaulomys Western Small-toothed Rat andersoni (P. imaizumii. Indonesia: Irian Jaya P. niigatae. sometimes referred to Eothenomys or CIcthrionomys) K Malacomys verschureni Wakayama Red-backed Vole Zaire Japan: Honshu Mastomys K pernanus R Phloeomys cumingi Kenya; Rwanda; Tanzania Soudiem Giant Slender-tailed Cloud Rat R Megadendromus nikolausi Philippines Ethiopia R Praomys hartwigi K Melomys albidens Cameroon; Nigeria White-toothed Melomys R Prionomys batesi Indonesia: Irian Jaya Dollman's Tree Mouse Cameroon: Central African Republic 30 Mammals R Pseudomys fumeus R Xenuromys barbatus Smoky Mouse Rock-dwelling Rat Australia Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea R Pseudomys occidentalis R Xeromys myoides Western Mouse False Water-rat Australia Australia R Pseudomys oralis R Zelotomys woosnami Hastings River Mouse Botswana; Namibia; South Africa Australia E Zyzomys pedunculatus I Pseudomys pilligaensis Central Rock-rat PUliga Mouse Australia Australia Family ANOMALUREDAE R Pseudomys praeconis K Zenkerella insignis Shark Bay Mouse Flightless Scaly-tailed Squirrel Australia Cameroon; Central African Republic; V Pseudomys shortridgei Equatorial Guinea; Gabon Heath Rat Family CTENODACTYUDAE Australia K Felovia vae R Rattus giluwensis Felou Gundi Giluwe Rat Mali; Mauritania; Senegal Papua New Guinea Family MYOXIDAE K Rattus tawitawiensis Tawitawi Island Rat R Glirulus japonicus Philippines: Tawitawi Island Japanese Dormouse Japan E Reilhrodonlomys raviventris Saltmarsh Harvest Mouse Family BATHYERGIDAE USA V Bathyergus janetta E Rhagomys rufescens Namibia; South Africa Brazil K Cryptomys zechi R Rhynchomys isarogensis Ghana; Togo Mt Isarog Shrew -rat Family ERETHIZONTIDAE Philippines: Luzon V Chaetomys subspinosus E Solomys ponceleti Thin-spined Porcupine Poncelet's Giant Rat BrazU Papua New Guinea: Bougainville Family CHINCHILLIDAE R Steatomys jacksoni Ghana; Nigeria I Chinchilla brevicaudata Shoit-tailed Chinchilla K Thamnomys venustus Argentma; Bolivia; Chile; Peru (ex?) Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire I Chinchilla lanigera V Tokudaia muenninki Long-tailed Chinchilla (T. osimensis muenninki) Argentina?; Chile Japan: Nansei-shoto (Okinawa) Family DINOMYIDAE V Tokudaia osimensis Japan: Nansei-shoto (Amami-oshima) E Dinomys branickii Pacarana I Wilfredomys oenax Bolivia; BrazU; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru; Brazil; Uruguay Venezuela 31 THREATENED SPECIES Family OCTODONTIDAE R Plagiodontia aedium (includes P- hylaeum) V Octomys banerae Hispaniolan Hutia (Tympanoclomys barrerae) Dominican Republic; Haiti Red Vizcacha Rat Argentina Order LAGOMORPHA Family CAPROMYIDAE Family OCHOTONIDAE E Capromys angelcabrerai K Ochotona forresti (Mesocapromys angelcabrerai) Forrest's Pika Cabrera's Hulia Bhutan. China. India. Myamnar Cuba: Cay Ana Maria I Ochotona gaoligongensis E Capromys auritus Gaoligong Pika (Mesocapromys auritus) China Large-eared Hutia I Ochotona iliensis Cuba: Cay Fragoso IliPika E Capromys garridoi China (Mysateles garridoi) V Ochotona koslowi Garrido's Hutia Kozlov's Pika Cuba: Cananeos Archipelago China I Capromys gundlachi I Ochotona muliensis {Mysateles gundlachi) Mull Pika Chapman's PrehensUe-tailed Hutia China Cuba: Isle de Juventud R Capromys melanurus I Ochotona nuhrica Nubra Pika (Mysateles melanurus) China India. Nepal Bushy-tailed Hutia Cuba V Ochotona pusilla Steppe Pika. Litde Pika I Capromys meridionalis Russia (Mysateles meridionalis) Isla de la Juventud Tree Hutia I Ochotona thomasi Cuba: Isle de Juventud Thomas' Pika E Capromys nanus China (Mesocapromys nanus) Family LEPORIDAE Dwarf Hutia Cuba V Brachylagus idahoensis Pygmy Rabbit E Capromys sanfelipensis USA (Mesocapromys sanfelipensis) Little Earth Hutia E Bunolagus monticularis Cuba Riverine Rabbit South Africa Geocapromys brownii E Caprolagus hispidus (includes G. ihoracatus. sometimes included in Capromys) Hispid Hare Jamaican Hutia Bangladesh; India; Nepal Jamaica I Lepus callotis Geocapromys ingrahami White-sided Jackrabbit (Capromys ingrahami) Mexico, USA Bahamian Hutia E Lepus flavigularis Bahamas: Plana Keys Tehuantepec Jackrabbit Mexico 32 Mammals K Lepus hainanus E Sylvilagus graysoni (L. pequensis haiitanus) Tres Marias Rabbit Hainan Hare Mexico: Tres Marias Islands China E Sylvilagus insonus R Lepus insularis Omilteme Rabbit Black Jackrabbit Mexico Mexico I Sylvilagus mansuetus K Lepus othus (Sylvilagus bachmani mansuetus) (Lepus limidus othus) San Jose Brush Rabbit Alaskan Hare Mexico USA: Alaska Order MACROSCELIDEA E Nesolagus netscheri Family Sumatran Rabbit MACROSCELIDIDAE Indonesia: Sumatra V Rhynchocyon chrysopygus Golden-rumped Elephant-shrew E Pentalagus furnessi Kenya Amami Rabbit Japan R Rhynchocyon petersi E Romerolagus diad Black-and-mfous Elephant-shrew Volcano Rabbit Kenya; Tanzania: including Pemba Island. Mexico Zanzibar K Sylvilagus dicei (5. brasiliensis dicei) Dice's Cottontail Costa Rica; Panama 33 Birds Class AVES K Tachybaptus pelzelnii Order APTERYGIFORMES Madagascar Grebe Madagascar Family APTERYGIDAE E Tachybaptus rufolavatus V Apteryx owenii Alaotra Grebe Little Spotted Kiwi Madagascar New Zealand Order PROCELLARHFORMES Order TINAMIFORMES Family DIOMEDEIDAE Family TINAMIDAE E Diomcdca albatrus I Crypturellus kerriae Short-tailed Albatross Choco Tinamou Japan: Izu Islands. * North Pacific inc. China; Colombia; Panama USA: Hawaiian Islands; Russia; Taiwan ^Ex Nothoprocta kalinowskii E Diomedea amsterdamensis Kalinowski's Tinamou Amsterdam Island Albatross Peru French Southern and Antarctic Territories: Amsterdam Island V Nothoprocta taczanowskii Taczanowski's Tinamou Family PROCELLARHDAE Peru E Procellaria parkinsoni I Nothura minor Black Petrel Lesser Nothura New Zealand. * South Pacific north to Costa Brazil Rica; Ecuador, Peru I Taoniscus nanus V Procellaria westlandica Dwarf Tinamou Westland Petrel Argentina (ex?); Brazil New Zealand. * Australia K Tinamus osgoodi E Pterodroma aterrima Black Tinamou (Pseiulobutweria aterrima) Colombia; Peru Mascarene Petrel Order SPHENISCIFORMES Reunion E Pterodroma axillaris Family SPHENISCIDAE Chatham Islands Petrel V Megadyptes antipodes New Zealand: Chatham Islands Yellow-eyed Penguin I Pterodroma becki New Zealand: Auckland Islands. Campbell (Pterodroma roslrala becki) Island, South Island. Stewart Island Beck's Petrel K Spheniscus demersus Papua New Guinea (ex?)?; Solomon Islands Jackass Penguin (ex?)? Namibia; South Africa. Angola; E Pterodroma cahow Mozambique Bermuda Petrel Order PODICIPEDIFORMES Bermuda Family PODICIPEDIDAE R Pterodroma cookii Cook's Petrel E/Ex Podiceps andinus New Zealand. seas off South America; Colombian Grebe Chile; Peru Colombia Pterodroma defilippiana E Podiceps taczanowskii Defdippe's Petrel Pima Grebe Chile: Desventuradas Islands; Juan Femindez Peru Islands 35 THREATENED SPECIES Pterodroma feae K Oceanodroma tristrami Cape Vende Petrel Tristram's Storm-Petrel Cape Verde; Portugal: Madeira. * Tropical and USA: Hawaiian Islands: Japan: Izu Islands. subtropical Atlantic Kazan-retto (Volcano Islands) Pterodroma hasitata Family PELECANOIDIDAE Black-capped Petrel V Pelecanoides garnotii Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti. * Caribbean Peruvian Diving-Petrel and western North Atlantic Chile; Peru Pterodroma madeira Order PELECANIFORMES Madeira Petrel Portugal: Madeira Family PELECANIDAE Pterodroma magentae V Pelecanus crispus Magenta Petrel Dalmatian Pelican New Zealand: Chatham Islands. * South Albania; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Bulgaria; Pacific China; Greece; Iran; Kazakhstan; Mongolia; Romania: Russia; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Pterodroma macgillivrayi Ukraine; Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia. * (Psendobulweria macgillivrayi) Afghanistan; Bangladesh; Egypt; Hong Kong; MacGUlivray's Petrel India; Iraq; Lebanon; Pakistan; Syria Fiji: Gau Island Pterodroma phaeopygia I Pelecanus philippensis Spot-billed Pelican (P. p. phaeopygia) India; Sri Lanka. * Bangladesh; Cambodia; Galapagos Petrel China; Indonesia: Java, Sumatra; Laos; Ecuador: Galapagos Islands. * Chile: Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Myanmar, Colombia: Malpelo Island; Costa Rica; Nepal; Thailand; Viet Ecuador, French Polynesia: Clipperton Island; Nam Mexico; Panama; Peru Family SULIDAE Pterodroma pycrofti E Papasula abbotti Pycroft's Petrel (Sula abbotti) New Zealand Abbott's Booby Pterodroma sandwichensis Christmas Island; Costa Rica?: Cocos * (P. pliaeopygia sandwichensis) (Keeling) Islands. Indonesia: Java Hawaiian Petrel Family PHALACR0C0RAC3DAE USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii, Kauai?, R Lanai, Maui, Molokai). * French Polynesia?: Phalacrocorax carunculatus Rough-faced Marquesas Islands; Kiribati: Line Islands Shag New Zealand: Cook Strait Puffinus auricularis Townsend's Shearwater R Phalacrocorax chalconotus Mexico: Revillagigedos Islands Bronze Shag (P. carunculatus chalconotus) V/R Puffinus creatopus New Zealand: South Island, Stewart Island Pink-footed Shearwater Chile: Isla Mocha, Juan Femindez Islands. * R Phalacrocorax harrisi Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Costa Rica; Ecuador; (Naniioplerum harrisi) Peru; USA FUghtless Cormorant Ecuador: Galapagos Islands: Femandina. I Puffinus heinrothi Isabela Heinroth's Shearwater Papua New Guinea: Bougainville, New Britain Phalacrocorax onslowi (P. carunculatus onslowi) FamUy HYDROBATIDAE Chatham Islands Shag E/Ex Oceanodroma macrodactyla New Zealand: Chadiam Islands Guadalupe Storm-Petrel Mexico: Guadalupe Island 36 Birds K Phalacrocorax pygmeus Family BALAENIdPITIDAE (Halielor pygmeus) K Balaeniceps rex Pygmy Cormorant Shoebill Albania; Azerbaijan; Bulgaria; Greece; Burundi?; Central African Republic; Ethiopia; Hungary: Iran; Iraq; Italy; Kazakhstan; Rwanda; Sudan; Tanzania; Uganda; Zaire; Moldova; Romania; Russia; Tajikistan; Zambia Turkey; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia. * Afghanistan; Austria; Georgia; Family aCONHDAE Israel E Ciconia boyciana Family FREGATIDAE Oriental Stork China; Russia. Japan; Korea D.P.R.; Korea V Fregata andrewsi Republic Christmas Island Frigatebird Christmas Island. * Indonesia: Bali. Java, I Ciconia slormi Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia. Storm's Stork Sabah, Sarawak Singapore; Thailand; Viet Indonesia: Kalimantan. Sumatra?; Malaysia: Nam Sabah. Sarawak; Thailand. * Brunei; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia R Fregata aquila Ascension Frigatebird E Leptoptilos dubius Ascension: Saint Helena. * tropical Atlantic Greater Adjutant Cambodia (ex?); India; Laos (ex?); Myanmar Order CICONHFORMES (ex?); Viet Nam (ex?). * Nepal; Thailand Family ARDEIDAE V Leptoptilos javanicus K Ardea humbloti Lesser Adjutant Madagascar Heron Bangladesh; Cambodia?; China; India; Comoros?; Madagascar. * Comoros; Mayotte Indonesia: Bali. Kalimantan. Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia. Sabah, E Ardea insignis Sarawak; Laos?; Myanmar. Nepal; Sri Lanka: (Ardea impertalis) Thailand; Viet Nam. * Bhutan; Brunei; White-bellied Heron Singapore Bangladesh; Bhutan: India; Myanmar V Mycteria cinerea V Egretta eulophotes Milky Stork Chinese Egret Cambodia: Indonesia: Java, Sumatra. Sulawesi; China; Hong Kong?; Korea D.P.R.: Korea Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Viet Nam Republic. * Brunei; Japan; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia. Sabah. Sarawak; Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE Philippines: Basilan, Batan. Bohol. Cebu, R Geronticus calvus Luzon, Mindoro, Palawan. Panay. Samar, Bald Ibis Russia; Singapore; Taiwan Lesotho; South Africa; Swaziland I Egretta vinaceigula E Geronticus eremita Slaty Egret Waldrapp Botswana; Namibia; Zambia? Morocco. * Ethiopia; Syria; Yemen V Gorsachius goisagi E Nipponia nippon Japanese Night-Heron Crested Ibis Japan. * China; Philippines: Taiwan China E Gorsachius magnificus E Platalea minor White-eared Night -Heron Black-faced SpoonbUl China - Hainan China; Korea D.P.R. * Cambodia; China; Hong Kong; Japan; Taiwan; Viet Nam 37 THREATENED SPEaES I Pseudibis davisoni V Branta sandvicensis White-shouldered Ibis Nene Cambodia?: China; Indonesia: Kalimantan; USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii, Maui) Laos?; Myanmar?: Viet Nam. * Malaysia: V Cairina scutulata Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak White-winged Duck R Pseudibis gigantea Bangladesh: Cambodia?; India; Indonesia: Giant Ibis Sumatra; Laos; Myaimiar. Thailand; Viet Nam Cambodia (ex?); Laos V Dendrocygna arborea Order ANSERIFORMES West Indian Whistling-Duck Antigua and Barbuda; Bahamas: British Virgin Family ANATIDAE Islands: Cayman Islands: Cuba: Dominican K Aix galericulata Republic; Haiti: Jamaica; Puerto Rico; Turks Mandarin Duck and Caicos Islands; Virgin Islands of the China: Japan: Korea D.P.R.; Korea Republic: United States Russia. * Taiwan V Marmaronetta angustirostris [Austria: Belgium: Netherlands; United Marbled Teal Kingdom] Afghanistan; Algeria; Armenia; Azerbaijan; V Anas aucklandica China?; Egypt?; Georgia: Iran; Iraq: Israel: Brown Teal Kazakhstan: Morocco: Pakistan?; Russia; New Zealand Senegal: Spain; Tajikistan; Tunis ia (ex?); Turkey; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan. * Chad; V Anas bernieri Egypt; India; Mali; Morocco; Pakistan: Turkey Bemier's Teal Madagascar E Mergus octosetaceus Brazilian Merganser V Anasformosa Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay Baikal Teal Russia. * China; Japan; Korea D.P.R.: Korea I Mergus squamatus Republic Scaly-sided Merganser Chma; Korea DPJi.; Russia R Anas wyvilliana Hawaiian Duck V Oxyura leucocephala USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) White-headed Duck [Hawaiian Islands: Hawaii, Oahu] Afghanistan: Algeria; France: Corsica (ex?); Iran; Kazakhstan: Romania: R Anser erythropus Russia; Spain; Tunisia: Turkey; Turkmenistan; * Lesser White-fronted Goose Uzbekistan. Albania: Bulgaria; China ; Cyprus; Egypt; Finland; Norway; Sweden: Russia. * Albania; Greece; India; Iraq; Italy: Morocco: Pakistan; Bulgaria: China; Greece; Hungary; India; Iran; Syria; Tajikistan Iraq: Japan: Latvia: Pakistan: Romania: Turkey; Turkmenistan; Yugoslavia K Stictonetta naevosa Freckled Duck V Aythya baeri Baer's Pochard Australia China; Korea DPJi.?; Russia, * Bangladesh; E Tadorna cristata Hong Kong: India; Japan; Myanmar, Nepal; Crested Shelduck Korea Republic: Thailand: Viet Nam China?; Korea D.P.R.?: Russia. * China?: Korea E Aythya innotata Republic Madagascar Pochard Order FALCONIFORMES Madagascar Family CATHARTIDAE K Branta ruficollis Red-breasted Goose E Gymnogyps californianus * California Russia. Bulgaria: Greece; Hungary; Iran; Condor Iraq: Kazakhstan: Romania: Turkey: [Remtroduced to USA] Turkmenistan 38 Birds Family ACCIPITRIDAE K Erythrotriorchis radiatus (Accipiter radiants) R Accipiter hrachyurus Red Goshawk Britain Sparrowhawk New Australia Papua New Guinea: New Britain Eutriorchis astur V/R Accipiter gundlachi Madagascar Serpent-Eagle Gundlach's Hawk Madagascar Cuba Gyps coprotheres R Accipiter imitator Cape Griffon Imitator Sparrowhawk Botswana: Lesotho; Mozambique; Namibia; Papua New Guinea: Bougainville; Solomon South Africa. * Swaziland Islands: Oioiseul. Santa Isabel Haliaeetus albiciUa R Accipiter nanus White-tailed Eagle Small Sparrowhawk Albania (ex?); Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Indonesia: Sulawesi Belarus; Bulgaria; China; Czechoslovakia; V Aegypius monachus Demnark; Estonia; Finland; Georgia; Germany; Cinereous Vulture Greece; Greenland; Hungary; Iceland; Iran; Afghanistan; Albania (ex?); Armenia; Israel; Japan; Kazakhstan; Latvia; Lithuania; Azerbaijan; Bulgaria?; China; Cyprus?; Moldova; Mongolia; Nepal; Norway; Poland; Georgia; Greece; Iran; Kazakhstan; Romania; Russia; Sweden; Turkey; Kyrgyzstan; Mongolia; Pakistan; Portugal; Turkmenistan; Ukraine; Yugoslavia. * Russia; Spain: including Balearic Islands: Afghanistan; France; Faeroe Islands; India; MaUorca; Syria?; Tajikistan; Turkey; Israel; Japan; Korea D.P.R.; Korea Republic; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia. * Nepal; Pakistan; Taiwan; Tajikistan; USA; Bangladesh?; Bhutan?; Egypt; Hong Kong; Uzbekistan India; Italy; Korea DJ.R.; Korea Republic; [Reintroduced to United Kingdom] Morocco; Myaimiar, Nepal; Oman; Saudi Haliaeetus leucoryphus Arabia; Thailand Pallas's Sea-Eagle E Aquila adalberti Bangladesh; Bhutan; China; India; Kazakhstan; Adalbert's Eagle Mongolia; Myanmar, Nepal; Pakistan; Russia?; Portugal; Spain Tajikistan; Uzbekistan. * Afghanistan R Aquila heliaca Haliaeetus pelagicus Imperial Eagle SteUer's Sea-Eagle Albania?; Azerbaijan; Bulgaria; China; Cyprus: Russia. * Japan; Korea D.PJl.?; Korea Czechoslovakia; Georgia; Greece; Hungary; Republic Iran; Kazakhstan; Moldova; Romania; Russia; Haliaeetus vociferoides Turkey; Turkmenistan; Ukraine; Uzbekistan; Madagascar Fish-Eagle Yugoslavia. * Afghanistan; Bangladesh; Madagascar Djibouti; Egypt; Ethiopia; Hong Kong; India; Iraq; Israel; Jordan; Kuwait; Laos; Lebanon; V Harpyhaliaetus coronatus Nepal; Oman; Pakistan; Saudi Arabia; Sudan; Crowned Eagle United Arab Emirates; Viet Nam; Yemen Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Paraguay; Uruguay R Buteo galapagoensis V Harpyopsis novaeguineae Galapagos Hawk New Guinea Eagle Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea I Buteo ridgwayi I Henicopernis infuscatus Ridgway's Hawk Black Honey-buzzard Dominican Republic; Haiti Papua New Guinea: New Britain R Buteo solitarius V/R Leucoptemis lacemulata Hawaiian Hawk White-necked Hawk USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) Brazil 39 THREATENED SPECIES Burundi; Central African Republic; Chad: E Leucopternis occidentalis Congo; Coted'Ivoire: Cyprus; Djibouti; Egypt: Grey-backed Hawk Ethiopia; Ghana; Guinea-Bissau?; India; Iraq; Ecuador, Peru Kenya; Kuwait; Laos; Lebanon; Lesotho; K Milvus milvus Malawi: Maldives; Mali: Malta: Mauritania; Red Kite Mozambique: Myanmar. Namibia: Nepal; Algeria (ex?); Armenia?: Austria; Belarus; Niger, Nigeria: Oman; Pakistan: Poland; Qatar, Belgium; Cape Verde; Czechoslovakia; Rwanda; Senegal; Sierra Leone?: South Africa: Denmark; France; Georgia; Germany; Sudan; Tanzania: Togo?: Turkey; Uganda: Hungary; Iran; Italy; Latvia?; Lithuania; United Arab Emirates; Western Sahara?; Luxembourg; Moldova; Morocco; Netherlands; Yemen; Zaire; Zambia: Zimbabwe Poland; Portugal; Romania; Russia; Spain; E Falco punctalus Sweden; Switzerland; Tunisia (ex?); Ukraine; Mauritius Kestrel United Kingdom; Yugoslavia. * Austria; Mauritius Bulgaria; Gibraltar. Greece; Liechtenstein; Turkey K Micrastur buckleyi Buckley's Forest-Falcon E Pilhecophaga jefferyi Brazil: Colombia?: Ecuador. Peru Great Philippine Eagle Philippines: Leyte. Luzon, Mindanao, Samar V Micrastur plumbeus Plumbeous Forest-Falcon R Spilornis elgini Colombia; Ecuador Andaman Serpent-Eagle India: Andaman Islands Order GALLIFORMES R Spilornis kinabaluensis Family MEGAPODIIDAE Mountain Serpent-Eagle R Aepypodius bruijnii Brunei: Indonesia: Kalimantan; Malaysia: Bruijn's Brush-turkey Sabah, Sarawak Indonesia: Waigeo Island V Spizaetus bartelsi Javan Hawk-Eagle K Leipoa ocellata Malleefowl Indonesia: Java Australia R Spizaetus nanus Wallace's Hawk-Eagle V Macrocephalon maleo Brunei; Indonesia: Kalimantan. Sumatra; Maleo Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia. Sabah, Indonesia: Lembeh. Sulawesi Sarawak; Myaimiar. Thailand V Megapodius bernsteinii Family FALCONIDAE Sula Scrubfowl Indonesia: Banggai (ex?). Sula K Falco hypoleucos Grey Falcon R Megapodius laperouse Australia Micronesian Scrubfowl Northern Marianas: Palau R Falco naumanni Lesser Kestrel R Megapodius nicobariensis Afghanistan; Albania?; Algeria; Armenia Nicobar Scrubfowl Austria; Azerbaijan; Bulgaria; China India: North Nicobar Islands Czechoslovakia?: France ; Georgia; Gibraltar; V Megapodius pritchardii Greece; Hungary; Iran; Iraq?; Israel; Italy Niuafo'ou Scrubfowl Jordan; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Lebanon? Tonga: Niuafo'ou Libya; Moldova; Mongolia; Morocco; Poland? Portugal; Romania: Russia; Saudi Arabia R Megapodius wallacei Spain; Switzerland?; Syria; Tajikistan; Tunisia; Moluccan Scrubfowl Turkey; Turkmenistan; Ukraine; Uzbekistan: Indonesia: Ambon, Bacan. Buru, Halmahera, Yugoslavia. * Angola: Bahram: Bangladesh Haruku, Misool, Seram. Temate Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; 40 Birds Family CRACDDAE Arborophila ardens Hainan Partridge Crax alberti E China Blue-knobbed Curassow Colombia Arborophila cambodiana Chestnut-headed Partridge Crax blumenbachii R Cambodia; Thailand Red-billed Curassow Brazil Arborophila charltonii Chestnut-necklaced Partridge I Crax globulosa Indonesia: Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular Wattled Curassow Malaysia, Sabah; Thailand; Viet Nam Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador, Peru Arborophila davidi E Mitu mitu Orange-necked Partridge Alagoas Curassow Viet Nam Brazil Arborophila gingica V/R Oreophasis derbianus White-necklaced Partridge Homed Guan China Guatemala; Mexico Arborophila ru/lpectus E Pauxi pauxi Sichuan Partridge Helmeted Curassow China Colombia; Venezuela Catreus wallichii V/R Pauxi unicornis Cheer Pheasant Homed Curassow India; Nepal; Pakistan Peru; Bolivia Crossoptilon crossoptilon E Penelope albipennis White Eared -Pheasant White-winged Guan China Pem Crossoptilon mantchuricum V/R Penelope barbata Brown Eared-Pheasant Bearded Guan China Ecuador, Pern Dendrortyx barbatus V/R Penelope ochrogaster Bearded Wood-Partridge Chestnut-bellied Guan Mexico Brazil Francolinus camerunensis R Penelope perspicax Cameroon FrancoUn Cauca Guan Cameroon Colombia Francolinus gularis V/R Pipile jacutinga Swamp Francolin Black-fronted Piping-Guan Bangladesh; India; Nepal Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay Francolinus nahani E Pipile pipile Nahan's FrancoUn Trinidad Piping-Guan Uganda; Zaire Trinidad and Tobago: Trinidad Francolinus ochropectus Family PHASIANIDAE Ochre-breasted Francolin K Afropavo congensis Djibouti Congo Peafowl Zaire Francolinus swierstrai Swierstra's Francolin E Agelastes meleagrides Angola White-breasted Guineafowl Cote dlvoire; Ghana (ex?); Liberia; Sierra Lophophorus Ihuysii Leone Chinese Monal China 41 THREATENED SPECIES Lophophorus sclateri Polyplectron malacense Sclater's Moral Malayan Peacock-Pheasant China; India; Myanmar Malaysia: Penimular Malaysia; Myanmar. Thailand Lophura bulweri Bulwer's Pheasant Polyplectron schleiermacheri Brunei; Indonesia: Kalimantan; Malaysia: (P. malacense schleiermacheri) Sabah. Sarawak Bomean Peacock-Pheasant Indonesia: Kalimantan; Malaysia: Sabah, R Lophura diardi Sarawak Siamese Fireback Cambodia; Laos; Thailand; Viet Nam R Rheinardia ocellata (includes R. nigrescens) V Lophura edwardsi Crested Argus Edwards's Pheasant Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Viet Viet Nam Nam I Lophura hatinhensis E Syrmaticus ellioti Vietnamese Pheasant Elliot's Pheasant Viet Nam China V Lophura ignita R Syrmaticus humiae Crested Fireback Hume's Pheasant Brunei; Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra; China; India; Myanmar: Thailand Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak; Myanmar, Thailand V Syrmaticus mikado Mikado Pheasant V Lophura imperialis Taiwan Imperial Pheasant Laos?; Viet Nam R Syrmaticus reevesii Reeves's Pheasant V Lophura inornata China Salvadori's Pheasant [Czechoslovakia] Indonesia: Sumatra K Tetrao mlokosiewiczi V Lophura swinhott Caucasian Swinhoe's Pheasant Grouse Taiwan Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia; Iran; Russia; Turkey V/R Odontophorus strophium Gorgeted Wood-Quail R Tragopan blythii Colombia Blyth's Tragopan Bhutan; China; India; Myarmiar V Pavo muticus Green Peafowl E Tragopan caboti Cabot's Tragopan Bangladesh (ex?); Cambodia; China; India; China Indonesia: Java; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Myanmar; Thailand; Viet Nam E Tragopan melanocephalus R Perdicula manipurensis Western Tragopan Manipur Bush-Quail China; India; Nepal?; Pakistan Bangladesh; India Order GRUIFORMES V Polyplectron emphanum Family MESirORNITHIDAE Palawan Peacock-Pheasant Philippines: Palawan K Mesitornis unicolor Brown Roatelo R Polyplectron germaini Madagascar Germain's Peacock-Pheasant Laos?; Viet Nam R Mesitornis variegata White-breasted Roatelo Madagascar 42 Birds R Manias benschi Family RALLIDAE Monias K Amaurornis olivieri Madagascar Sakalava Rail Family TURNICIDAE Madagascar I Turnix everelti I Aramidopsis plaleni Sumba Buttonquail Snoring Rail Indonesia: Sumba Indonesia: Sulawesi K Turnix melanogaster R Atlantisia rogersi Black-breasted Buttonquail Inaccessible Rail Australia Saint Helena: Inaccessible Island K Turnix olivii R Coturnicops exquisitus Buff-breasted Buttonquail Swinhoe's Rail Australia China: Russia. * Japan; Korea D.P.R.; Korea Republic I Turnix worcesteri Worcester's Buttonquail I Coturnicops nobitus Philippines: Luzon Speckled RaU Argentina; Brazil; Colombia; Guyana; Family PEDIONOMIDAE Paraguay; Uruguay; Venezuela K Pedionomus torquatus R Crex crex Plains-wanderer Com Crake Australia Afghanistan; Albania; Armenia?; Austria; Family GRUIDAE Azerbaijan (ex?); Belarus; Belgium; Bulgaria; China; Czechoslovakia; Denmark; Estonia; E Grus americana Finland: France; Georgia; Germany; Greece; Whooping Crane Hungary; Iran; Ireland; Italy; Kazakhstan; Canada. * USA Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; K Grus carunculatus Luxembourg; Moldova; Netherlands; Norway; (Bugeranus carunculatus) Poland; Romania; Russia; Spain; Sweden; Wattled Crane Switzerland; Tajikistan; Turkey?; Ukraine; Angola; Botswana; Ethiopia; Malawi; United Kingdom; Yugoslavia. * Afghanistan; Mozambique; Namibia; South Africa; Algeria: Azerbaijan; Botswana; Egypt; Tanzania; Zaire; Zambia; Zimbabwe Ethiopia; Ghana; Iraq: Israel; Kenya; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania: Morocco; Mozambique; V Grus japonensis Namibia; Nigeria; Portugal; Saudi Arabia; Red-crowned Crane South Africa: Sudan; Swaziland; Tanzania; China; Japan; Russia; Mongolia. * Korea Tunisia; Turkmenistan; Uganda: United D.P.R.; Korea RepubUc Kingdom: Channel Islands (Guernsey. Jersey); V Grus leucogeranus Uzbekistan; Zaire; Zambia; Zimbabwe Siberian Crane I Cyanolimnas cerverai China; Mongolia?; Russia. * Afghanistan; Zapata Rail India; Iran; Pakistan Cuba V Grus monacha K Fulica cornuta Hooded Crane Homed Coot Russia. * Japan; Korea D.PH.; Korea Argentina; Bolivia; Chile Republic; Taiwan I Gallinula nesiotis V Grus nigricollis Tristan Moorhen Black-necked Crane Saint Helena: Tristan da Ciinha. Gough Island China; India. * Bhutan; Myanmar, Viet Nam I Gallinula silvestris V Grus vipio San Cristobal Moorhen White-naped Crane Solomon Islands: San Cristobal China; Mongolia; Russia. * Japan; Korea D.PJi.; Korea RepubUc 43 THREATENED SPEQES I Gallirallus lafresnayanus E/Ex Rallus antarcticus (Xricholimiias lafresnayanus) Austral Rail New Caledonian Rail Argentina; Chile Caledonia (ex?) New V/R Rallus semiplumbeus V Gallirallus okinawae Bogota Rail (Rattus okinawae) Colombia; Ecuador? Okinawa Rail E Rallus wetmorei Japan: Okinawa Plain-flanked Rail V Gallirallus owstoni Venezuela (Rallus owstoni) I Sarothrura ayresi Guam Rail White-winged Flufftail Guam Ethiopia (ex?); Soudi Africa E Gallirallus sylvestris I Sarothrura watersi (Tricholimnas sylvestris) Waters's Flufftail Lord Howe Rail Madagascar Australia: Lord Howe Island Family HELIORNITHIDAE I Gymnocrex rosenbergii Bald-faced Rail V Heliopais personata Indonesia; Peleng, Sulawesi Masked Finfoot Bangladesh; Cambodia?; India; Myanmar, I Habroptila wallacii Thailand?; Viet Nam. * Cambodia?; Indonesia: Invisible Rail Java. Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Indonesia: Halmahera Thailand; Viet Nam V Laterallus levraudi Family RHYNOCHETIDAE Rusty-flanked Crake Venezuela E Rhynochetos jubatus Kagu E Laterallus tuerosi New Caledonia {L. jamaicensis tuerosi) Junin Rail Family OTIDIDAE Peru V Ardeotis nigriceps V/R Laterallus xenopterus Indian Bustard Rufous-faced Crake India; Pakistan. * Pakistan? Brazil; Paraguay V Chlamydotis undulata I Lewinia mirificus Houbara Bustard (Dryolimnas mirificus, Rallus mirificus) Afghanistan?; Algeria; China; Egypt; Iran; Brown-banded Rail Iraq; Israel; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Philippines: Luzon Libya; Mauritania; Mongolia; Morocco; Oman; Pakistan; Russia; Saudi Arabia; Spain: Canary E Nesoclopeus poecilopterus Islands; Sudan; Syria; Tajikistan; Tunisia; Bar-winged Rail Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Western Sahara; Fiji: Viti Levu, Ovalau Yemen. * Afghanistan; Bahrain; India; Kuwait; E Porphyria mantelli Qatar, United Arab Emirates (Notornis mantelli) E Eupodotis Takahe bengalensis (Houbaropsis bengalensis) New Zealand: South Island Bengal Florican R Porzana atra Bhutan?; Cambodia?; India; Nepal; Viet Nam (Nesophylax ater) E Eupodotis indica Henderson Island Crake (Syplieotides indica) Pitcaim Islands: Henderson Island Lesser Florican I Porzana spiloptera India; Nepal. * Bangladesh?; Nepal; Pakistan Dot-winged Crake Argentina; Uruguay 44 Birds Otis tarda R Vanellus gregarius Great Bustard iChetlusia gregaria) Austria; China; Czechoslovakia: Germany; Sociable Lapwing Hungary; Iran; Kazakhstan: Kyrgyzstan: Kazakhstan; Russia. * Ethiopia; India; Iran; Moldova: Mongolia: Morocco; Portugal; Iraq; Israel; Kyrgyzstan; Oman; Pakistan; Romania; Russia; Spain; Syria?; Tajikistan; Saudi Arabia; Sudan; Tajikistan; Turkey; Turkey; Ukraine: Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia. * Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Yemen Afghanistan?; Azerbaijan; Bulgaria; Iraq; I Vanellus macropterus Syria; Turkmenistan: Yugoslavia Javanese Lapwing Tetrax letrax Indonesia: Java (ex?) Little Bustard Family SCOLOPACIDAE Albania?; Algeria; China: France; Iran; Iraq?; Italy; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Morocco; K Calidris paramelanotos Portugal; Russia; Spain; Turkey; Ukraine: Cox's Sandpiper Uzbekistan. * Azerbaijan?: Egypt: Georgia: not known, possibly Russia Israel; Libya; Pakistan; Romania: Tajikistan; R Coenocorypha nucklandica Tunisia: Turkmenistan; Yugoslavia (includes C. pitsitla) Order CHARADRHFORMES Subantarctic Snipe New Zealand: Antipodes Island, Auckland Fanuly RECURVIROSTRIDAE Islands. Chatham Islands. Snares Island E Himantopus novaezelandiae I Eurynorhynchus pygmeus Black StUt Spoonbill Sandpiper New Zealand: South Island. * New Zealand: Russia. * Bangladesh; China; Hong Kong: North Island India; Japan; Korea DJ.R.; Korea Republic; Family GLAREOLIDAE Singapore I Rhinoptilus bitorquatus I Gallinago nemoricola (Cursoriiis bitorquatus) Wood Snipe Jerdon's Courser Bhutan; China: India: Nepal. * Pakistan India R Limnodromus semipalmatus Family CHARADRUDAE Asian Dowitcher China; Mongolia; Russia. * Australia; V/R Charadrius melodus Bangladesh; Brunei: Cambodia; Hong Kong: Piping Plover India: Indonesia: Java. Kalimantan, Sumatra: Canada; USA. * Bahamas; Barbados; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Bermuda: British Virgin Islands; Cuba; Sarawak; Myanmar, Philippines: Cebu, Luzon, Dominican Republic; Haiti; Mexico; Puerto Olango. Simunul; Singapore; Thailand: Viet Rico; Virgin Islands of the United States Nam E Charadrius novaeseelandiae E/Ex Numenius borealis (Thinornis novaeseelandiae) Eskimo Curlew Shore Plover Canada; USA?: Alaska. * Brazil; French New Zealand: Chatham Islands (Rangatira Guiana; Guyana; Paraguay; Suriname Island) V/R Numenius tahitiensis K Charadrius ruhricollis Bristle-thighed Curlew Hooded Plover USA: Alaska. * American Samoa: Fiji; French Australia Polynesia: Marquesas Islands, Tuamotu R Charadrius sanctaehelenae Archipelago; Tonga; USA: Hawaiian Islands; Saint Helena Plover Marshall Islands; Western Samoa Saint Helena K Numenius tenuirostris R Charadrius thoracicus Slender-billed Curlew Black-banded Plover Russia. * Greece; Hungary; Italy; Morocco; Madagascar Romania: Tunisia; Turkey; Yugoslavia 45 THREATENED SPEQES V Prosobonia cancellatus V Sterna virgata Tuamotu Sandpiper Kerguelen Tem French Polynesia: Tuamoto Archipelago French Southern and Antarctic Territories: Crozet Islands, Kerguelen Islands; South I Scolopax celehensis Africa: Prince Edward Island Sulawesi Woodcock Indonesia: Sulawesi Family ALCIDAE I Scolopax rochussenii V Synthliboramphus wumizusume Moluccan Woodcock Japanese Murrelet Indonesia: Bacan, Halmahera?, Obi, Temate? Japan: including Izu Islands. * Korea DJ.R.; Korea Republic; Russia I Tringa guttifer Nordmann's Greenshank Order COLUMBIFORMES Russia. * Bangladesli; Cambodia?; China; Family Japan; Korea D.PJi.; Korea Republic; Laos?; COLUMBIDAE Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Myanmar, R Caloenas nicobarica Philippines: Cebu. Luzon; Thailand Nicobar Pigeon Family LARIDAE Cambodia; India: Andaman and Nicobar Islands: South Sentinal; Indonesia; Malaysia: V Chlidonias albostriatus Peninsular Malaysia. Sabah. Sarawak (Sterna albostriata) Myanmar, Palau; Papua New Guinea; Black-fronted Tern Philippines; Solomon Islands; Thailand; Viet New Zealand: South Island Nam Larus K atlanticus E/Ex Claravis godefrida Olrog's Gull Purple-winged Groimd-Dove Argentina. * Brazil; Uruguay Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay R Larus audouinii V Columba argentina Audouin's Gull Silvery Wood -Pigeon Algeria; Cyprus; France: Corsica; Greece; Indonesia: Anamba Islands (ex?), Kalimantan Italy; Sardinia: Morocco; Spain; Tunisia; (ex?). Karimata Islands (ex?). Lingga Turkey. * Gibraltar; Libya; Western Sahara Archipelago (ex?), Mentawai Islands (ex?), K Larus leucophthalmus Natuna Islands (ex?), Riau Archipelago (ex?), White-eyed GuU Simeulue (ex?). Simjatra Egypt; Ethiopia; Saudi Arabia; Somalia; R Columba bollii Sudan; Yemen Bolle's Pigeon R Larus relictus Spain; Canary Islands Relict GuU V Columba caribaea China; Kazakhstan; Mongolia; Russia. * Korea Ring-tailed Pigeon Republic Jamaica R Larus saundersi V Columba elphinstonii Saunders's Gull Nilgiri Wood-Pigeon China. * Hong Kong; Japan; Korea DJJi.?; India Korea Republic?; Taiwan; Viet Nam I Columba inornata R Sterna balaenarum Plain Pigeon Damara Tern Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti; Jamaica; Angola?; Namibia; South Africa. * Angola; Puerto Rico Cameroon; Gabon; Ghana; Nigeria; Zaire? R Columba junoniae I Sterna bernsteini Laurel Pigeon Chinese Crested Tem Spain: Canary Islands China? E Columba mayeri (Nesoenas mayeri) Pink Pigeon Mauritius 46 Birds V Columba oenops Ducula whartoni Peruvian Pigeon Christmas Island Imperial-Pigeon Peru Christmas Island R Columba oliviae Gallicolumba erythroptera Somali Pigeon Polynesian Ground-Dove Somalia French Polynesia: Tuamoto Archipelago I Columba pallidiceps Gallicolumba hoedtii Yellow-legged Pigeon Wetar Ground-Dove Papua New Guinea: Bismarck Archipelago; Indonesia: Timor, Wetar Solomon Islands (ex?) Gallicolumba keayi R Columba punicea Negros Bleeding-heart Pale-capped Pigeon Philippines: Negros China; India; Laos; Myanmar, Thailand; Viet Gallicolumba menagei Nam Sulu Bleeding-heart V Columba thomensis Philippines: Sulu Archipelago, Tawitawi Maroon Pigeon Gallicolumba platenae Sao Tom6 and Principe: Sao Tom6 Mindoro Bleeding-heart V Columba torringtoni Philippines: Mindoro Ceylon Wood-Pigeon Gallicolumba rubescens Sri Lanka Marquesan Ground-Dove R Columba trocaz Erench Polynesia: Hatutu, Fatuhuku Trocaz Pigeon Gallicolumba salamonis Portugal: Madeira Thick-billed Ground-Dove E Columbina cyanopis Solomon Islands: Malaita. San Cristobal Blue-eyed Ground-Dove Gallicolumba santaecrucis BrazU Santa Cruz Ground-Dove V Didunculus strigirostris Solomon Islands: Tinakula, Utupua; Vanuatu: Toodi-billed Pigeon Espiritu Santo Western Samoa: Savaii, Upolu R Goura cristata V Drepanoptila holosericea Western Crowned-Pigeon Cloven-feathered Dove Indonesia: Batanta. Irian Jaya. Misool, New Caledonia Salawati. Waigeo V Ducula aurorae Goura scheepmakeri Polynesian Imperial-Pigeon Southern Crowned-Pigeon French Polynesia: Tahiti. Makatea Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea E Ducula galeata Goura victoria Marquesan Imperial-Pigeon Victoria Crowned-Pigeon French Polynesia: Nukuhiva Indonesia: Biak, Irian Jaya, Yapen; Papua New Guinea V Ducula goliath New Caledonian Imperial-Pigeon V/R Leptotila conoveri New Caledonia Tolima Dove Colombia R Ducula mindorensis Mindoro Imperial-Pigeon Leptotila ochraceiventris Philippines: Mindoro Ochre-bellied Dove Ecuador, Peru R Ducula pickeringii Grey Imperial-Pigeon Leptotila wellsi Indonesia: Miangas, Talaud; Malaysia: Sabah; Grenada Dove Philippines Grenada 47 THREATENED SPECIES I Ptilinopus arcanus R Eos reticulata Negros Fniit-Dove Blue-streaked Lory Philippines: Negros Indonesia: Babar, Tanimbar [Indonesia: Damar. Kai Islands] R Ptilinopus dohertyi Red-naped Fniit-Dove R Lorius domicella Indonesia: Sumba Purple-naped Lory Indonesia; Ambon. Seram I Ptilinopus granulifrons [Indonesia: Bum] Carunculated Fruit-Dove Indonesia: Obi R Vini kuhlii Kuhl's Lorikeet R Ptilinopus huttoni French Polynesia: Rimitara. Tubuai? Rapa Fruit-Dove [Kiribati: Kiritimati. Tabuaeran. Teraina] French Polynesia: Tubuai Islands (Rapa) R Vini peruviana V Ptilinopus roseicapilla Tahitian Lorikeet Marianas Fruit-Dove Cook Islands: [Aitutaki]?; French Polynesia: Guam; Northern Marianas Society Islands. Tuamotu Archipelago I Starnoenas cyanocephala R Vini stepheni Blue-headed Quail-Dove Stephen's Lorikeet Cuba Pitcaira Islands: Henderson Island V Treron capellei R Vini ultramarina Large Green-Pigeon Ultramarine Lorikeet Brunei; Indonesia: Java, Kalimantan. Sumatra; French Polynesia: Nukuhiva. Uapou Malaysia: Peninsular. Sabah. Sarawak [French Polynesia: Uahuka] Myanmar, Thailand Family CACATUIDAE V Treron psittacea Timor Green-Pigeon E Cacatua alba Indonesia: Roti, Semau, Timor White Cockatoo Indonesia: Bacan, V Treron teysmannii Halmahera. Obi. Temate, Tidore Sumba Green-Pigeon Indonesia: Sumba E Cacatua goffini Tanimbar Cockatoo E Zenaida graysoni Socorro Dove Indonesia: Tanimbar Islands [Indonesia: Kai Islands (Tual)] Mexico: Revillagigedos Islands E Order PSITTACIFORMES Cacatua haematuropygia PhUippme Cockatoo Family LORIIDAE Philippines I Charmosyna diadema E Cacatua moluccensis New Caledonian Lorikeet Salmon-crested Cockatoo New Caledonia (ex?) Indonesia: Haruku. Seram, Sapama [Indonesia: Ambon; Smgapore] I Charmosyna toxopei Blue-fronted Lorikeet V Cacatua sulphurea Indonesia: Bum Yellow-crested Cockatoo Indonesia: Alor. R Eos cyanogenia Besar. Butung. Flores. Kalao. Kalaotoa. Kayunadi. Black-winged Lory Komodo. Lombok, Madu, Muna. Sulawesi. Sumbawa. Indonesia: Biak, Manim, Meos Num. Numfor Padar, Pantar. Penida. Rinca. Salembu. Seman. Sumba. R Eos histrio Tanahjampea. Timor. Tukanbesi Red-and-blue Lory [Hong Kong; Smgapore] Indonesia: Miangas. Ruang. Sangihe. Siau, Talaud 48 Birds Fanuly PSnTACIDAE E Anodorhynchus leari Indigo Macaw Agapornis nigrigenis R Brazil Black-cheeked Lovebird Botswana; Namibia?; Zambia; Zimbabwe (ex?) E Ara glaucogularis {A. caninde misapplied) Amazona arausiaca R Blue-throated Macaw Red-necked Parrot Argentina?; Bolivia; Paraguay? Dominica V Ara rubrogenys K Amazona barbadensis Red-fronted Macaw Yellow-shouldered Parrot Bolivia Aruba (ex?); Netherlands Antilles: Bonaire; Venezuela V Araringa auricapilla Golden-capped Pai'akeet E Amazona brasiliensis Brazil Red-tailed Parrot Brazil V Araringa euops Cuban Parakeet R Amazona guildingii Cuba Saint Vincent Parrot Saint Vincent V Araringa guarouba (Guaruba guarouba) E Amazona imperialis Golden Parakeet Imperial Parrot Brazil Dominica V/R Bolborhynch us ferrugineifrons V Amazona oratrix Rufous-fronted Parakeet Yellow-headed Parrot Colombia Belize; (juatemala?; Mexico [Puerto Rico] E Cyanopsitta spixii Little Blue Macaw V/R Amazona pretrei Brazil Red-spectacled Parrot Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay?; Uruguay R Cyanoramphus unicolor Antipodes Parakeet V/R Amazona rhodocorytha New Zealand: Antipodes Islands Red -browed Parrot BrazU V Forpus xanthops Yellow-faced Parrotlet R Amazona versicolor Peru Saint Lucia Parrot Saint Lucia V/R Hapalopsittaca amazonina Rusty-faced Parrot V/R Amazona vinacea Colombia; Venezuela Vinaceous Pairot Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay E Hapalopsittaca fuertesi (H. amazonina fuertesi) V Amazona viridigenalis Indigo-winged Parrot Red-crowned Parrot Colombia Mexico [Puerto Rico; USA] E Hapalopsittaca pyrrhops (H. amazonina pyrrhops) E Amazona vittata Red-faced Parrot Puerto Rican Parrot Ecuador. Peru Puerto Rico V/R Leptosittaca branickii E/Ex Anodorhynchus glaucus Golden-plumed Parakeet Glaucous Macaw Colombia; Ecuador; Peru Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay V Loriculus catamene V/R Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus Sangihe Hanging-Parrot Hyacinth Macaw Indonesia: Sangihe Bolivia; Brazil; Paraguay 49 THREATENED SPECIES R Neophema chrysogaster V/R Pyrrhura calliptera Orange-bellied Parrot Brown-breasted Parakeet Australia: Tasmania. * Australia Colombia R Neophema splendida R Pyrrhura cruentata Scarlet-chested Parrot Blue-diroated Parakeet Australia Brazil E Ognorhynchus icterotis V/R Pyrrhura orcesi Yellow-eared Parrot El Ore Parakeet Colombia; Ecuador Ecuador I Pezoporus occidentalis V Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha (Geopsittacus occidentalis) Thick-billed Parrot Night Parrot Mexico Australia (ex?) [USA] E Pezoporus wallicus V Rhynchopsitta terrisi Ground Parrot Maroon-fronted Parrot Australia Mexico K Polytelis alexandrae E Strigops habroptilus Alexandra's Parrot Kakapo Australia New Zealand: South Island, Stewart Island R Prioniturus luconensis V/R Touit melanonotus Green Racquet-tail Brown-backed Parrotlet Philippines: Luzon, Marinduque Brazil I Prioniturus mada K Touit sticloptera Bum Racquet-tail Spot-winged Parrotlet Indonesia: Bum Colombia; Ecuador; Pem R Psephotus chrysopterygius V/R Touit surda Golden-shouldered Parrot Golden-tailed Parrotlet Australia Brazil K Psephotus dissimilis V/R Triclaria malachitacea Hooded Parrot Blue-bellied Parrot Australia Argentina; Brazil E Psephotus pulcherrimus Order CUCULIFORMES Paradise Parrot Australia (ex?) Family MUSOPHAGIDAE I Psittacula caniceps E Tauraco bannermani Nicobar Parakeet Bannerman's Turaco India: Nicobar Islands Cameroon E Psittacula echo R Tauraco ruspolii Mauritius Parakeet Ruspoli's Turaco Mauritius Ethiopia I Psittacula intermedia Family CUCUUDAE Intermediate Parakeet K Carpococcyx radiceus India? Sunda Ground-Cuckoo R Psittaculirostris salvadorii Bmnei; Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra; Salvadori's Fig-Parrot Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak Indonesia: Irian Jaya E Centropus chlororhynchus K Pyrrhura albipectus Green-billed Coucal White-necked Parakeet Sri Lanka Ecuador 50 Birds V Centropus nigrorufus R Glaucidium albertinum Sunda Coucal Albertine Owlet Indonesia: Java, Sumatra? Rwanda; Zaire R Centropus rectunguis R Ketupa blakistoni Short-toed Coucal (Biiho blakistoni) Brunei; Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra; Blakiston's Fish-Owl Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia. Sabah, China; Japan: Hokkaido; Russia Sarawak R Otus angelinae I Centropus steerii Javan Scops-Owl Black-hooded Coucal Indonesia: Java Philippines: Mindoro R Otus hartlaubi I Chrysococcyx rufomerus Sao Tom6 Scops-Owl Green-cheeked Bronze- Cuckoo Sao Tomd and Principe: Sao Tom6. Principe? Indonesia: Damar, Romang E Otus ireneae I Hyetornis rufigularis Sokoke Scops -Owl Rufous-breasted Cuckoo Kenya; Tanz^a? Dominican Republic; Haiti R Otus mindorensis V Neomorphus radiolosus Mindoro Scops-Owl Banded Ground-Cuckoo Philippines: Mindoro Colombia; Ecuador R Otus pauliani V Phaenicophaeus pyrrhocephalus Comoro Scops-Owl Red-faced Malkoha Comoros: Grand Comoro Sri Lanka I Otus sagittatus Order STRIGIFORMES White-fronted Scops-Owl Indonesia: Sumatra?; Malaysia: Peninsular Family TYTONIDAE Malaysia; Myanmar; Thailand I Phodilus prigoginei R Scotopelia ussheri Congo Bay-Owl Rufous Fishing-Owl Burundi?; Zaire Cote d'lvoiie; Ghana; Guinea; Liberia; Sierra K Tyto aurantia Leone Masked-Owl Bismarck K Xenoglaux loweryi Papua New Guinea: New Britain Long-whiskered Owlet I ryto inexspectata Peru Masked -Owl Minahassa Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES Indonesia: Sulawesi Family PODARGIDAE I Tyto nigrobrunnea Taliabu Masked-Owl K Batrachostomus harterd Indonesia: Taliabu Duht Frogmouth Indonesia: Kalimantan; Malaysia: Sarawak I Tyto sororcula Lesser Masked-Owl Family CAPRIMULGIDAE Indonesia: Bum, Tanimbar Islands E Caprimulgus candicans I Tyto soumagnei White-winged Nightjar Madagascar Red Owl Brazil; Paraguay? Madagascar (ex?) I Caprimulgus centralasicus Family STRIGIDAE Vaurie's Nightjar China I Athene blewitti Forest Owlet I Caprimulgus maculosus India (ex?) Cayenne Nightjar French Guiana 51 THREATENED SPECIES R Caprimulgus noctitherus E Acestrura bombus Puerto Rican Nightjar Little Woodstar Puerto Rico Ecuador. Peru I Caprimulgus pulchellus I Aglaeactis aliciae Salvadori's Niglitjar Purple-backed Sunbeam Indonesia: Java. Sumatra Peru K Eleothreptus anomalus V Amazilia boucardi Sickle-winged Nightjar Mangrove Hummingbird Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay Costa Rica I EuToslopodus diabolicus V Amazilia castaneivenlris Satanic Eared-Nightjar Chestnut-beUied Hummingbird Indonesia: Sulawesi Colombia E/Ex Siphonorhis americanus V Amazilia distans Jamaican Poorwill Tachira Emerald Jamaica Venezuela Order APODIFORMES E Amazilia luciae Honduran Emerald Family APODIDAE Honduras I Apus acuticauda V/R Campylopterus ensipennis Dark-rumped Swift White-taUed Sabrewing India Trinidad and Tobago: Tobago; Venezuela R Collocalia elaphra V/R Coeligena prunellei Seychelles Swiftlet Black Inca Seychelles Colombia V Collocalia leucophaeus E/Ex Eriocnemis godini (Aerodramus leucophaeus) Turquoise-throated Puffleg Tahiti Swiftlet Colombia; Ecuador French Polynesia: Tahiti R Eriocnemis mirabilis R Collocalia sawtelli Colourful Puffleg (Aerodramus sawtelli) Colombia Atiu Swiftlet Cook Islands: Atiu E Eriocnemis nigrivestis Black-breasted Puffleg I Cypseloides lemosi Ecuador White-chested Swift Colombia; Ecuador? K Eulidia yarrellii Chilean Woodstar I Hydrochous gigas Chile; Peru WaterfaU Swift Indonesia: Java. Kalimantan?, Sumatra; V Eupherusa cyanophrys Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah?, Blue-capped Hummingbird Sarawak? Mexico I Schoutedenapus schoutedeni V Eupherusa poliocerca Schouteden's Swift White-tailed Hummingbird 2^ire Mexico Family TROCHILIDAE V/R Haplophaedia lugens Hoary Puffleg E Acestrura berlepschi Colombia; Esmeraldas Woodstar Ecuador Ecuador K Heliangelus regalis Royal Sunangel Peru 52 Birds V/R Hylonympha macrocerca Order CORACEFORMES ScissQT-tailed Hummingbird Family ALCEDINIDAE Venezuela I Actenoides bougainvillei I Lepidopyga lilliae {Halcyon bougainvillei) Sapphire-bellied Hummingbird Moustached Kingfisher Colombia Papua New Guinea: Bougainville; Solomon V Loddigesia mirabilis Islands: Guadalcanal (ex?) Marvelous Spatuletail V Actenoides hombroni Peru (Halcyon hombroni) E Lophornis brachylopha Blue-capped Kingfisher Short-crested Coquette Philippines: Mindanao Mexico I Alcedo hercules R Metallura baroni Blyth's Kingfisher Violet-throated Metaltail Bangladesh; Bhutan; China; Laos; India; Ecuador Myanmar, Nepal?; Viet Nam R Metallura odomae V Tanysiplera riedelii Neblina Metaltail Biak Paradise-Kingfisher Peru Indonesia I Popelairia letitiae V Todirhamphus australasia Coppery Thomtail (Halcyon australasia) Bolivia? Cinnamon-banded Kingfisher Indonesia: Lombok, Sumba, Timor, Wetar and V/R Ramphodon dohrnii small islands east to Tanimbar (Glaucis dohrnii) Hook-billed Hermit R Todirhamphus gambieri Brazil (Halcyon gambieri) Tuamotu Kingfisher V Selasphorus ardens French Polynesia: Tuamotu Archipelago (Niau) Glow-throated Hummingbird Panama V Todirhamphus godeffroyi (Halcyon V/R Sephanoides fernandensis godeffroyi) Marquesan Kingfisher Juan Fernandez Fiiecrown French Polynesia: Marquesas Islands (Hivaoa, ChUe: Juan Fernandez Islands Tahuata) V Taphrolesbia griseiventris R Todirhamphus ruficollaris Grey-beUied Comet (Halcyon ruficollaris. H. mangaia) Peru Mangaia Kingfisher I Thalurania ridgwayi Cook Islands: Mangaia Mexican Woodnymph Mexico Family MOMOTIDAE K Electron carinatum Order TROGONIFORMES Keel-billed Motmot Family TROGONIDAE Belize; Costa Rica; Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico; Nicaragua I Euptilotis neoxenus Eared Trogon Family BRACHYPTERACIIDAE Mexico; USA R Atelornis crossleyi Rufous-headed Ground-Roller Madagascar 53 THREATENED SPECIES R Brachypteracias leptosomus FamUy CAPITONIDAE Short-legged Ground-Roller V/R Capito hypoleucus Madagascar White-mantled Barbet R Brachypteracias squamigera Colombia Scaly Ground-Roller R Megalaima javensis Madagascar Black-banded Barbet R Uratelornis chimaera Indonesia: Java Long-tailed Ground-Roller I Pogoniulus makawai Madagascar White-chested Tinkerbird Family BUCEROTDDAE Zambia R Aceros corrugatus FamUy INDICATORIDAE Wrinkled HombiU K Melignomon eisenlrauti Brunei; Indonesia: Batu Islands, Kalimantan YeUow-footed Honeyguide Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia. Cameroon; Cote d'lvoire?; Ghana; Guinea?; Sabah, Sarawak; Thailand Liberia V Aceros everetti Family RAMPHASTIDAE (Rhyticeros everetti) Sumba HombiU K Aulacorhynchus huallagae Indonesia: Sumba YeUow-browed Toucanet Peru R Aceros narcondami Narcondam HombiU FamUy PICIDAE India: Narcondam E/Ex Campephilus imperialis R Aceros nipalensis Imperial Woodpecker Rufous-necked HombiU Mexico Bangladesh; Bhutan; China; Laos; India; E/Ex Campephilus principalis Myanmar, Nepal (ex?); Thailand; Viet Nam Ivory-biUed Woodpecker I Aceros subruficollis Cuba; USA Plain-pouched HombiU I Colaples fernandinae India; Indonesia: Sumatra; Myanmar; Thailand Femandina's FUcker R Anthracoceros monlani Cuba Sulu HombiU V/R Dryocopus galeatus PhiUppmes: Jolo, Tawitawi Helmeted Woodpecker I Buceros vigil Argentina; BrazU; Paraguay (Rhinoplax vigil) E Helmeted HombUl Picoides borealis Red-cockaded Woodpecker Bmnei; Indonesia: Kalimantan. Sumatra; USA Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah. Sarawak; Myanmar. Thailand I Picus rabieri Order PICIFORMES Red-collared Woodpecker China; Laos; Viet Nam Family GALBULIDAE E Sapheopipo noguchii K Galbula pastazae Okinawa Woodpecker Coppery-chested Jacamar Japan: Okinawa BrazU?; Colombia; Ecuador Order PASSERIFORMES E Jacamaralcyon tridactyla Three-toed Jacamar FamUy EURYLAIMIDAE BrazU R Pseudocalyptomena graueri Grauer's BroadbiU Uganda; Zaire 54 Birds Family DENDROCOLAPTIDAE I Synallaxis courseni Apurimac Spinetail V Xiphocolaptes falcirostris Peru (includes X. franciscamis) Moustached Woodcreeper V/R Synallaxis infuscata Brazil Pinto's Spinetail BrazU Family FURNARIIDAE V Synallaxis kollari K Aphrastura masafuerae Hoary-throated Spinetail Mas Afuera Rayadito Brazil Chile: Juan Fernandez Islands E Synallaxis tithys K Asthenes anthoides Blackish-headed Spinetail Austral Canastero Ecuador, Peru Argentina; Chile V Synallaxis zimmeri I Asthenes berlepschi Russet-beUied Spinetail Berlepsch's Canastero Peru Bolivia V/R Thripophaga berlepschi I Asthenes luizae Russet-mantled Softtail Cip6 Canastero Peru Brazil V Thripophaga cherriei E Automolus ruficollis Orinoco Softtail Rufous -necked Foliage-gleaner Venezuela Ecuador, Peru V/R Thripophaga macroura V Cinclodes palliatus Striated Softtail White-bellied Cinclodes Brazil Peru Family FORMICARHDAE I Hylocryptus erythrocephalus (Automolus erythrocephalus) V/R Biatas nigropectus Henna-hooded Foliage-gleaner White-bearded Antshrike Ecuador; Peru Argentina; Brazil E Leptasthenura xenothorax V Cercomacra carhonaria White-browed Tit-Spinetail Rio Branco Antbird Peru Brazil K Megaxenops parnaguae E Clytoctantes alixii Great Xenops Recurve-bUled Bushbird Brazil Colombia; Venezuela E Philydor novaesi I Clytoctantes atrogularis Alagoas Foliage-gleaner Rondonia Bushbird Brazil Brazil V/R Premnoplex tatei V/R Dysithamnus occidentalis (Margarornis tatei) Bicolored Antvireo White-throated Barbtail Colombia; Ecuador Venezuela V/R Dysithamnus plumbeus E Simoxenops striatus {Thamnomanes plumbeus) Bolivian Recurvebill Plumbeous Antvireo Bolivia Brazil K Synallaxis cherriei V Formicarius rufifrons Chestnut-throated SpinetaU Rufous -fironted Antthrush Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador; Perj Peru 55 THREATENED SPECIES E Formicivora erythronolos Pithys castanea Black-hooded Antwren White-masked Antbiid Brazil Peru V Formicivora iheringi Pyriglena atra Narrow-billed Antwren Fringe-backed Fire-eye Brazil BrazU E Formicivora littoralis Rhopornis ardesiaca Restinga Antwren Slender Antbird BrazU BrazU E/Ex Grallaria alleni Terenura sharpei Moustached Antpitta YeUow-rumped Antwren Colombia BoUvia; Peru E Grallaria chthonia Terenura sicki Tachira Antpitta Alagoas Antwren Venezuela BrazU K Grallaria gigantea K Xenornis setifrons Giant Antpitta Speckled Antshrike Colombia; Ecuador Colombia; Panama E/Ex Grallaria milleri FamUy RHINOCRYPTIDAE Brown-banded Antpitta Colombia I Merulaxis stresemanni Stresemanns Bristiefront I Grallaria rufocinerea BrazU Bicolored Antpitta Colombia R Scytalopus novacapitalis Brasilia Tapaculo V/R Grallaricula cucullata BrazU Hooded Antpitta Colombia; Venezuela E Scytalopus psychopompus Chestnut-sided Tapaculo E Herpsilochmus parkeri Brazil Ash-throated Antwren Peru FamUy COTINGIDAE E/Ex V Herpsilochmus pectoralis Calyptura cristata Pectoral Antwren Kinglet Calyptura Brazil BrazU E Myrmeciza griseiceps V Carpodectes aiitoniae Grey-headed Antbiid YeUow-bUled Cotinga Ecuador, Peru Costa Rica: Panama V/R Myrmeciza ruficauda V/R Carpornis melanocephalus Scalloped Antbird Black-headed Beiryeater BrazU BrazU I Myrmotherula fluminensis V/R Cephalopterus glabricollis Rio de Janeiro Antwren Bare-necked UmbreUabiid BrazU Costa Rica; Panama V/R Myrmotherula grisea R Cotinga maculata Ashy Antwren Banded Cotinga Bolivia BrazU E Myrmotherula snowi V/R lodopleura pipra Alagoas Antwren Buff-throated P^lIpletuft BrazU BrazU 56 Birds V/R Lipaugus lanioides R Hemitriccus furcatus Cinnamon-vented Piha iCeratotriccus furcatus) Brazil Fork-tailed Tody-Tyrant Brazil E Pachyramphus spodiurus Slaty Becard I Hemitriccus kaempferi Ecuador, Peru (Idioplilon kaempferi) Kaempfer's Tody-Tyrant R Tijuca condita Brazil Grey-winged Cotinga Brazil V/R Hemitriccus mirandae Buff-breasted Tody-Tyrant R Xipholena atropurpurea Brazil White-winged Cotinga Brazil E Phylloscartes ceciliae Alagoas Tyrannulet K Zaratornis stresemanni BrazU (Ampelion stresemanni) White-cheeked Cotinga I Phylloscartes lanyoni Peni Antioquia Bristle-Tyrant Colombia Family PIPRIDAE V/R Phylloscartes paulistus I Pipra vilasboasi S5o Paulo Tyrannulet Golden-crowned Manakin Argentina?; Brazil; Paraguay Brazil V Phylloscartes roquettei V/R Piprites pileatus Minas (jerais Tyrannulet Black-capped Piprites Brazil Argentina; Brazil V/R Platyrinchus leucoryphus Family TYRANNIDAE Russet-winged Spadebill V/R Agriornis andicola Argentina?; Brazil; Paraguay {A. albicauda) V/R Pseudocolopteryx dinellianus White-tailed Shrike-Tyrant DineUi's Doradito Argentina; Bolivia; Chile; Ecuador; Peru Argentina; Bolivia; Paraguay Alectrurus risora I Todirostrum setiex (Yetapa risora) Buff-cheeked Tody-Flycatcher Strange-tailed Tyrant Brazil Argentina; Brazil (ex?); Paraguay; Uruguay (ex?) I Tyrannus cubcnsis Giant Kingbird Allairetes alpinus Cuba; Turks and Caicos Islands Ash-breasted Tit-Tyrant Bolivia; Peru Family PHYTOTOMIDAE Attila torridus E Phytotoma raimondii Ochraceous Attila Peruvian Plantcutter Colombia; Ecuador; Peru Peru V/R Lathrotriccus griseipectus Family PITTTDAE {EmpidoiuLx griseipectus) I Pitta anerythra Grey-breasted Flycatcher Black-faced Pitta Ecuador, Peru Papua New Guinea: Bougainville (ex?); Euscarthmus rufomarginatus Solomon Islands: Santa Isabel (ex?) Rufous-sided Pygmy-Tyrant R Pitta elliotii Bolivia; Brazil; Suriname Bar-bellied Pitta Hemitriccus cinnamomeipectus Cambodia; Laos; Thailand; Viet Nam Cinnamon-breasted Tody-Tyrant Peru 57 THREATENED SPECIES E Pitta gurneyi I Heteromirafra sidamoensis Gumey's Pitta Sidamo Lark Myanmar (ex?); Thailand Ethiopia I Pitta kochi K Mirafra ashi Whiskered Pitta Ash's Lark Philippines: Luzon Somalia R Pitta nympha K Mirafra degodiensis Fairy Pitta Degodi Lark China; Japan; Korea Republic: Cheju Do and Ethiopia nearby islands; Taiwan. * Indonesia: Family HIRUNDINIDAE Kalimantan; Malaysia: Sarawak; Viet Nam R Hirundo megaensis E Pitta schneideri White-tailed Swallow Schneider's Pitta Ethiopia Indonesia: Sumatra K Hirundo perdita R Pitta steerii Red Sea Swallow Azure-breasted Pitta Sudan? Philippines: Bohol, Leyte, Mindanao. Samar I Pseudochelidon sirintarae I Pitta superba White-eyed River-Martin Superb Pitta Thailand Papua New Guinea: Manus Family MOTACILLIDAE Family XENICIDAE K Anthus chloris E Xenicus longipes Yellow-breasted Pipit Bush Wren Lesotho; South Africa New Zealand (ex?) I Anthus nattereri Family PfflLEPimDAE Ochre-breasted Pipit I Neodrepanis hypoxanthus Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay Yellow beUied Asity V Anthus Madagascar sokokensis Sokoke Pipit Family ATRICHORNTTHIDAE Kenya; Tanzania (ex?) E Atrichornis clamosus Family CAMPEPHAGIDAE Noisy Scrub-bird V Campephaga lobata Australia Ghana Cuckooshrike Atrichornis R rufescens Cote d'lvoire; Ghana; Liberia; Sierra Leone Rufous Scrub-bird R Coracina Australia coerulescens Blackish Cuckooshrike Family ALAUDIDAE PhiUppines: Luzon I Spizocorys fringillaris R Coracina sula Botha's Lark Sula Cicadabird South Africa Indonesia: Sula Islands E Alauda razae V Coracina newtoni Raso Lark Reunion Cuckooshrike Cape Verde: Raso Island R6union I Heteromirafra archeri R Coracina ostenta Archer's Lark White-winged Cuckooshrike Somalia Philippines: Guimaras. Negros. Panay I Heteromirctfra ruddi R Coracina schistacea Rudd's Lark Slaty Cuckooshrike Lesodio; South Africa; Swaziland Indonesia: Banggai. Peleng, Sula 58 Birds V Coracina typica I Prionops gabela Mauritius Cuckooshrike Angola Helmetshrike Mauritius Angola Family PYCNONOTIDAE I Telophorus kupeensis {Malaconotus Icupeensis) V Chlorocichla prigoginei Serle's Bushshrike Prigogine's Greenbul Cameroon 2;aire Family VANGIDAE V Criniger olivaceus Yellow-bearded Bulbul R Xenopirostris damii Cote d'lvoire; Ghana; Guinea; Liberia; Van Dam's Vanga Senegal; Sierra Leone Madagascar I Ixos siquijorensis R Xenopirostris polleni (Hypsipetes siquijorensis) Pollen's Vanga Streak-breasted Bulbul Madagascar Philippines: Romblon. Siquijor, Tablas Family CINCLIDAE R Phyllastrephus apperti K Cinclus schuld Appert's Greenbul Rufous-throated Dipper Madagascar Argentina: Bolivia R Phyllastrephus cinereiceps Family TROGLODYTIDAE Grey-crowned Greenbul Madagascar V/R Hylorchilus sumichrasti (Calhcrpes sumichrasti) K Phyllastrephus leucolepis Slender-billed Wren Liberian Greenbul Mexico Liberia R Cistothorus apolinari R Phyllastrephus tenebrosus ApoUnar's Wren Dusky Greenbul Colombia Madagascar V/R Ferminia cerverai I Pycnonotus nieuwenhuisii Zapata Wren Blue-wattled Bulbul Cuba Indonesia: Kalimantan. Sumatra I Thryothorus nicefori Family LANIIDAE Niceforo's Wren K Laniarius liberatus Colombia Bulo Burti Boubou Family MIMIDAE Somalia E Mimodes graysoni I Lanius newtoni Socorro Mockingbird Newton's Fiscal Shrike Mexico: Socorro Sao Tom6 and Principe: Sao Tom6 (ex?) E Nesomimus trifasciatus R Malaconotus alius Charles Mockingbird Uluguru Bushshrike Ecuador: CJalapagos Islands: Champion, Tanzania Gardner I Malaconotus monteiri E Ramphocinclus brachyurus Monteiro's Bushshrike White-breasted Thrasher Angola; Cameroon (ex?); Kenya Martinique; Saint Lucia R Malaconotus gladiator Family MUSCICAPIDAE Green-breasted Bushshrike Cameroon; Nigeria? V Acrocephalus familiaris (includes A. kingi) Millerbird USA: Hawaiian Islands (Nihoa) 59 THREATENED SPECIES K Acrocephalus paludicola R Arcanator orostruthus Aquatic Warbler (Modulatrix orostruthus) Austria: Belarus; Germany: Hungary: Latvia: Dapple-throat Lithuania: Moldova: Poland: Russia: Ukraine. Mozambique: Tanzania * France: Iran: Italy: Latvia: Mali: Morocco: K Batis minima Netherlands: Portugal: Senegal: Spain; Verreaux's Batis Switzerland: United Kingdom Cameroon: Gabon E Acrocephalus rehsei E Bebrornis rodericanus Nauru Reed-Warbler (Acrocephalus rodericanus) Nauru Rodriguesz Brush-Warbler R Acrocephalus sorghophilus Mauritius: Rodrigues Streaked Reed-Warbler R Bebrornis sechellensis China. * Philippines {Acrocephalus sechellensis) V Alcippe variegaticeps Seychelles Brush-Warbler Gold-fronted Fulvetta Seychelles: Cousin China I Brachypteryx hyperythra E Alethe choloensis Rusty-bellied Shortwing Cholo Alethe China: India Malawi: Mozambique K Bradypterus grandis I Amaurocichla bocagii Ja River Scrub-Warbler Socage 's Longbill Cameroon: Gabon Sao Tom6 and Principe: Sao Tom£ V Bradypterus graueri K Amytornis barbatus Grauer's Scnib-Warbler Grey Grasswren Burundi: Rwanda: Uganda; Zaire Australia R Bradypterus major K Amytornis dorolheae Long-billed Bush-Warbler Carpentarian Grasswren China; India: Pakistan Australia K Chaetornis striatus I Amytornis goyderi Bristled Grassbird Eyrean Grasswren Bangladesh: India; Nepal: Pakistan Australia R Chloropeta gracilirostris K Amytornis textilis Thin-billed Rycatcher-Warbler Thick-bUled Grasswren Burundi: Kenya: Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire: Australia Zambia R Apalis argentea V Chrysomma altirostre Kungwe Apalis (Moupinia allirostris) Burundi: Rwanda: Tanzania: Zaire Jerdon's Babbler India; Myanmar (ex?); Nepal; Pakistan K Apalis chariessa White-winged Apalis I Cisticola haesitatus Kenya (ex?): Malawi: Mozambique: Tanzania Island Cisticola R Apalis kaboboensis Yemen: Socotra Kabobo Apalis K Cisticola restrictus Zaire Tana River Cisticola K Apalis karamojae Kenya; Somalia? Karamoja Apalis R Clytorhynchus hamlini Tanzania: Uganda RenneU Shrikebill K Aphelocephala pectoralis Solomon Islands: RenneU Chestnut-breasted Whiteface Australia 60 Birds Cochoa azurea R Ficedula timorensis Javan Cochoa Black-banded Flycatcher Indonesia: Java Indonesia: Timor Cochoa beccarii I Garrulax bieti Sumatran Cochoa White-speckled LaughingthriKh Indonesia: Sumatra China Copsychus cebuensis V Garrulax cinereifrons Black Shama Ashy-headed Laughingthrush Philippines: Cebu Sri Lanka Copsychus sechellarum I Garrulax milleti Seychelles Magpie-Robin Black-hooded Laughingthrush Seychelles: Aride. Ircgate Viet Nam Cossypha heinrichi K Garrulax sukatschewi White-headed Robin-Chat Snowy-cheeked Laughingthrush Angola; Zaire China Crocias langbianis I Garrulax yersini Grey-crowned Crocias Collared Laughingthrush Viet Nam Viet Nam Crossleyia xanthophrys R Humblotia flavirostris Yellow-browed Oxylabes Humblot's Flycatcher Madagascar Comoros: Grand Comoro Cyornis herioti K Hypothymis coelesris Blue-breasted Flycatcher Celestial Monarch Philippines: Catanduanes. Luzon Philippines: Basilan. Dinagat. Luzon. Mindanao. Negros. Samar. Sibuyan Cyornis ruckii Rueck's Blue-Flycatcher Hypothymis helenae Indonesia: Sumatra (ex?); Malaysia?: Short-crested Monarch Peninsular Malaysia Philippines: Dinagat. Luzon. Mindanao. North Camiguin, PoUllo Islands. Samar Cyornis sanfordi Matinan Flycatcher Jabouilleia danjoui Indonesia: Sulawesi Shon-tailed Scimitar-Babbler Viet Nam Dasyornis brachypterus Eastern Bristlebird Kupeornis gilberti Australia (Lioptilus gilberli) White-throated Mountain-Babbler Dasyornis longirostris Cameroon; Nigeria Western Bristlebird Australia Liocichla omeiensis Omei Shan Liocichla R Eremomela tumeri China Turner's Eremomela Kenya; Uganda; Zaire Luscinia obscura {Erithacus obscurus) K Ficedula bonthaina Black-throated Blue Robin Lompobattang Flycatcher China Indonesia: Sulawesi Luscinia ruficeps Ficedula harterti (Erithacus ruficeps) Sumba Flycatcher Rufous-headed Robin Indonesia: Sumba China Ficedula henrici Damar Flycatcher Indonesia: Damar 61 THREATENED SPECIES I Macrosphenus pulitzeri R Myiagra atra Pulitzer's Longbill Biak Flycatcher Angola Indonesia: Biak, Numfor I Malacocincla perspicillata E Myiagra freycineti (Trichasloma perspicillatum) Guam Flycatcher Black-browed Babbler Guam Indonesia: Kalimantan V Myiophonus blighi I Malacocincla vanderbilti Ceylon Whistling-Thrush (Trichasloma vanderbilti) Sri Lanka Vanderbilt's Babbler K Napothera rabori Indonesia: Sumatra Rabor's Wren-Babbler K Malurus corotmtus Philippines: Luzon Purple-crowned Fairy-wren E Nesillas aldabrana Australia Aldabra Bush-warbler R Megalurus albolimbatus Seychelles: Aldabra (ex?) Marsh Grassbird I Newtonia fanovanae China: Japan; Mongolia? Red-tailed Newtonia K Megalurus pryeri Madagascar Marsh Grassbird. Japanese Marsh Warbler R Orthotomus moreaui China; Japan; Mongolia? (Apalis moreaui) I Melaenornis annamarulae Long-billed Tailorbird West African Black-Rycatcher Mozambique; Tanzania Cote d'lvoire; Liberia R Pachycephala meyeri R Metabolus rugensis Vogelkop Whistler Chunk Monarch Indonesia: Irian Jaya Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk K Pachycephala rufogularis I Monarcha boanensis Red-lored Whistler Black-chinned Monarch Australia Indonesia: Boano R Paradoxornis davidianus R Monarcha brehmii Short-tailed Parrotbill Biak Monarch China: Laos; Myanmar, Thailand; Viet Nam. Indonesia: Biak I Paradoxornis flavirostris I Monarcha everetti Black-breasted ParrotbUI White-tipped Monarch Bangladesh; India; Myanmar. Nepal (ex?) Indonesia: Tanahjampea K Paradoxornis przewalskii R Muscicapa lendu Rusty-throated Parrotbill Chapin's Alseonax China Kenya; Uganda; Zaire R Paradoxornis ruficeps E Myadesles lanaiensis Rufous-headed Parrotbill Olomao Bangladesh; Bhutan; China; India; Laos; USA: Hawaiian Islands (Molokai) Myanmar, Viet Nam E Myadestes myadestinus R Paradoxornis zappeyi Kamao Grey-hooded Parrotbill USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) China E Myadestes palmeri K Pellonieum palustre Puaiohi Marsh Babbler USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) Bangladesh; India 62 Birds E PetToica traversi v Rhinomyias albigularis Chatham Robin White-throated Jungle-Flycatcher [Reintroduced to Mangere and Rangatira, Philippines: Guimaras, Negros Chatham Islands. New Zealand] y, Rhinomyias brunneata I Phylloscopus amoenus Brown-chested Jungle-Flycatcher Sombre Leaf-Warbler China; India: Nicobar Islands. * Malaysia?: Solomon Islands: Kulambangra Peninsular Malaysia: Thailand V Picathartes gymnocephalus R Rhinomyias colonus White-necked Rockfowl Heima-tailed Jungle-Flycatcher Cote d'lvoire; Ghana; Guinea; Liberia; Sierra Indonesia: Mangole. Peleng. Sanana, Sulawesi Leone r Rhipidura malaitae R Picathartes areas Malaita Fantail Grey-necked Rockfowl Solomon Islands: Malaita (ex?) Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea: Bioko, „ Rhyacornis bicolor continental?; Gabon; Nigeria Luzon Water-Redstart E Platysteira laticincla Philippines: Luzon Banded Wattle-eye P Saxicola dacotiae Cameroon Canary Islands Chat V Pomarea dinudiata Spain: Canary Islands (Fuerteventura. Rarotonga Monarch Alegranza?. Montafla Clara?) Cook Islands: Rarotonga „ Saxicola gutturalis R Pomarea iphis White-bellied Bushchat Iphis Monarch Indonesia: Roti. Semau. Timor French Polynesia: Marquesas Islands (Uahuka) „ Saxicola insignis V Pomarea mendozae White-throated Bushchat Maiquesan Monarch Kazakhstan; Mongolia; Russia. * China?; French Polynesia: Marquesas Islands (Tahuata India; Nepal (ex?), Nuiaihiva (ex?), Mohotani, Uapoa, Saxicola macrorhyncha Hivaoa) White-browed Bushchat E Pomarea nigra India; Pakistan Tahiti Monarch r, Scepomycter winifredae French Polynesia: Tahiti (Bathmocercus winifredae) R Pomarea whitneyi Mrs Moreau's Warbler Fatuhiva Monarch Tanzania French Polynesia: Fatuhiva , Sheppardia gabela R Prinia burnesii (Erithacus gabela) Rufous-vented Prinia Gabela Akalat India; Pakistan Angola K Prinia fluviatilis R Sheppardia gunningi River Prinia (Erithacus gunningi) Cameroon; Chad; Mali; Senegal East Coast Akalat Kenya; Malawi; Mozambique; Tanzania K Pseudocossyphus bensoni (Monticola bensoni) R Sheppardia lowei Benson's Rock-Thrush (DryocicMoides lowei) Madagascar Iringa Akalat Tanzania K Psophodes nigrogularis Western Whipbiid R Sheppardia montana Australia (Dryocichloides montanus) Usambara Akalat Tanzania 63 THREATENED SPEaES I Spelaeornis badeigularis K Tardus haplochrous Rusty-throated Wren-Babbler Unicolored Thrush India Bolivia K Spelaeornis caudatus K Turdus menachensis Rufous-throated Wren-Babbler Yemen Thrush Bhutan; India; Nepal Saudi Arabia; Yemen R Spelaeornis longicaudatus R Turdus swalesi Tawny-breasted Wren-Babbler La Selle Thrush India Dominican Republic; Haiti R Sphenocichla humei R Zoothera everetti Wedge-billed Wren-Babbler Everett's Thrush China; India; Myanmar Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak V Stachyris grammiceps R Zoothera guttata White-breasted Babbler Spotted Ground-Thrush Indonesia: Java Malawi; Mozambique?; South Africa; Sudan; Zaire. * Kenya; Tanzania R Stachyris herberti Sooty Babbler I Zoothera kibalensis Laos (Turdus kibalensis) Kibale Ground-Thrush V Stachyris nigrorum Uganda Negros Striped-Babbler Philippines: Negros, Panay R Zoothera machiki Fawn-breasted Thrush R Stachyris oglei Indonesia: Larat. Snowy-throated Babbler Yamdena India R Zoothera major Amami Thrush R Stachyris rodolphei Deignan's Babbler Japan: Amami-o-shima Thailand R Zoothera oberlaetuieri (Turdus oherlaenderi) V Stachyris speciosa Oberlaender's Hame-templed Babbler Ground-Thrush Uganda; Philippines: Negros, Panay Zaire R Zoothera R Swynnertonia swynnertoni peronii Swynnerton's Robin Orange-banded Thrush Indonesia: Mozambique; Tanzania; Zimbabwe Babar, Damar. Romang. Timor, Wetar R Terpsiphone corvina Seychelles Paradise-Flycatcher R Zoothera schistacea Slaty-backed Thrush Seychelles: Felicite?. La Digue. Praslin Indonesia: Tanimbar Islands I Trichastoma woodi Family (Leonardina woodi) PARIDAE Bagobo Babbler V Parus holsti Philippines: Mindanao YeUow Tit E Trichocichla rufa Taiwan Long-legged Thicketbird V Parus nuchalis Fiji: Viti Levu, Vanua Levu White-naped Tit V Turdoides hindei India Hinde's Pied-Babbler Family SITTIDAE Kenya R Sitta formosa K Tardus feae Beautiful Nuthatch Grey-sided Thrush China; India; Laos; Myanmar. Thailand; Viet China. * India; Myanmar. Thailand Nam 64 Birds R Sitta ledanti R Nectarinia rockefelleri Algerian Nuthatch Rockefeller's Sunbird Algeria Zaire R Sitta magna R Nectarinia rufipennis Giant Nuthatch Rufous-winged Simbird China; Myanmar, Thailand Tanzania I Sitta solangiae R Nectarinia thomensis Yellow-billed Nuthatch (Dreptes thomensis) China; Viet Nam Sao Tom6 Sunbird Sao Tomd and Principe: Sao Tomfi I Sitta victoriae White-browed Nuthatch Family ZOSTEROPIDAE Myanmar R Heleia muelleri V Sitta yunnanensis Spot-breasted White-eye Yunnan Nuthatch Indonesia: Timor China I Madanga ruficoilis Family RHABDORNTTHIDAE Rufous-throated White-eye Indonesia: Bum R Rhabdornis grandis Long-billed Rhabdornis R Rukia longirostra Philippines: Luzon Long-billed White-eye Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Family DICAEIDAE E Rukia ruki R Dicaeum everetti Truk White-eye Brown-backed Flowerpecker Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk (Tol Indonesia: Kalimantan Natuna Islands. Riau Island, Polle?, Onei?, Pata?) Archipelago; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak R Speirops brunneus Fernando Po Spehops I Dicaeum quadricolor Equatorial Guinea: Bioko Four-coloured Flowerpecker Philippines: Cebu R Speirops leucophoeus Principe Speirops K PardalohiS quadragintus Sao Tom6 and Principe: Principe Forty-spotted Pardalote Australia: Tasmania K Woodfordia lacertosa Sanford's White-eye Family NECTARINIIDAE Solomon Islands: Ndeni Island V Aelhopyga duyvenbodei E Zosterops albogularis Elegant Sunbird White-chested White-eye Indonesia: Sangihe. Siau Norfolk Island R Anthreptes pallidigaster R Zosterops anomalus Amani Sunbild Lemon-throated White-eye Kenya; Tanzania Indonesia: Sulawesi R Anthreptes rubritorques V Zosterops chloronothos Banded Sunbird Mauritius OUve White-eye Tanzania Mauritius V Nectarinia buettikoferi R Zosterops flavus Apricot-breasted Sunbird Javan White-eye Indonesia: Sumba Indonesia: Java, Kalimantan; Malaysia: E Nectarinia prigoginei Sarawak Prigogine's Double-collared Sunbird R Zosterops kuehni Zaire Ambon Yellow White-eye Indonesia: Ambon, Seram? 65 THREATENED SPECIES R Zosterops luleirostris R Philemon fuscicapillus Splendid White-eye Dusky Friarbird Solomon Islands: Gizo. Ranongga Indonesia: Bacan, Halmahera, Morotai K Zosterops meeki K Xanthomym phrygia White-throated White-eye Regent Honeyeater Papua New Guinea: Tagula Island Australia E Zosterops modestus Family EMBERIZIDAE Seychelles Grey White-eye I A tlapetes fla viceps Seychelles: Mah6 Olive-headed Brush-Finch R Zosterops mouroniensis Colombia Comoro White-eye E/Ex A tlapetes pallidiceps Comoros: Grand Comoro Pale-headed Brush-Finch K Zosterops sanctaecrucis Ecuador Santa Cruz White-eye, Nendo White-eye V Bangsia aureocincta Solomon Islands: Nendo (Buthraiipts mircocincla) I Zosterops uropygialis Gold-ringed Tanager Golden-bellied White-eye Colombia Indonesia: Kai Islands V/R Bangsia melanochlamys Family MF.I.TPHAGIDAE (Buthraupts melanochlamys) Black-and-gold Tanager V Apalopteron familiare Colombia Bonin Honeyeater Japan: Haha-jima and possibly offshore islands K Buthraupis aureodorsalis (Bangsia aureodorsalis) I Lichmera notabilis Golden-backed Black-chested Honeyeater Mountain-Tanager Peru Indonesia: Wetar V/R Buthraupis R Melidectes princeps wetmorei Masked Mountain-Tanager Long-bearded Melidectes Papua New Guinea Colombia; Ecuador; Peru V/R Calyptophilus I Meliphaga vicina frugivorus Tagula Honeyeater Chat Tanager Dominican Republic; Haiti Papua New Guinea: Tagula Island E Moho bishopi I Camarhynchus heliobates Bishop's Oo Mangrove Finch Ecuador: USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Galapagos Islands: Femandina, Isabela E Moho braccatus Kauai Oo V/R Chlorochrysa nitidissima Multicolored USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) Tanager Colombia I Myzomela kuehni Crimson-hooded Myzomela K Chlorospingus flavovirens Indonesia: Wetar (ex?) Yellow-green Bush-Tanager Colombia; Ecuador V Notiomystis cincta Stitchbird E/Ex Conothraupis mesoleuca Cone-billed New Zealand: Little Barrier Island Tanager Brazil I Philemon brassi Brass's Friarbird I Dacnis berlepschi Indonesia: Irian Jaya Scarlet-breasted Dacnis Colombia; Ecuador 66 Birds V/R Dacnis nigripes E Poospiza garleppi Black-legged Dacnis Cochabamba Mountain-Finch BrazU Bolivia I Diglossa venezuelensis E Poospiza rubecula Venezuelan Flowerpiercer Rufous-breasted Warbling-Finch Venezuela Peru R Emberiza sulphurata V/R Pseudodacnis hartlaubi Yellow Bunting {Dacnis hartlaubi) Japan. * Oiina; Hong Kong; Korea D.P.R.; Turquoise Dacnis-Tanager Korea Republic; Philippines; Taiwan Colombia V Gubernatrix cristata R Rowettia goughensis Yellow Cardinal Gough Finch Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay (ex?); Uruguay Saint Helena: Gough Island V/R Hemispingus goeringi V/R Saltator rufiventris Slaty-backed Hemispiugus Rufous-bellied Saltator Venezuela Argentina; Bolivia V Incaspiza ortizi V/R Sporophila falcirostris Grey-winged Inca-Finch Temmiuck's Seedeater Peru Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay E Junco insularis V/R Sporophila frontalis (J. hyemalis insularis) Buffy-fronted Seedeater Guadalupe Junco Argentina?; Brazil; Paraguay Mexico: Guadalupe Island K Sporophila hypochroma BJEk Nemosia rourei Grey-and-chestnut Seedeater Cherry-throated Tanager Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Paraguay Brazil E/Ex Sporophila insulata R Nesospiza acunhae Tumaco Seedeater Nightingale Finch Colombia: Tumaco Island Saint Helena: Inaccessible Island, Nightingale E/Ex Sporophila melanops Island. Middle Island. Stoltenhoff Island. Hooded Seedeater Tristan da Cunha Biazil R Nesospiza wilkinsi I Sporophila nigrorufa Wilkins's Finch Black-and-tawny Seedeater Saint Helena: Tristan da Cunha, Inaccessible Bolivia; Brazil Island. Nightingale Island K Sporophila palustris V/R Oreothraupis arremonops Marsh Seedeater Tanager Finch Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay; Uruguay Colombia; Ecuador E Sporophila zelichi Poospiza alticola V/R Narosky's Seedeater Plain-tailed Warbling-Finch Argentina Peru V/R Tangara cabanisi V/R baeri Poospiza Azure-rumped Tanager Tucuman Mountain-Finch Guatemala; Mexico Argentina V/R Tangara fastuosa I Poospiza cinerea Seven-colored Tanager Cinereous Warbling-Finch Brazil Brazil K Tangara meyerdeschauenseei Green-capped Tanager Peru 67 THREATENED SPECffiS V/R Tangara peruviana Family DREPA^fIDIDAE Black-backed Tanager E Hemignathus lucidus Brazil Nukupuu K Tangara phillipsi USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii, Kauai (ex?). Sira Tanager Maui) Peru E Hemignathus wilsoni V/R Torreornis inexpectata (H. mimroi) Zapata Sparrow Akiapolaau Cuba USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) V Wetmorelhraupis sterrhopteron E Hemignathus ohscurus Orange-throated Tanager Akialoa Ecuador. Peru USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) V Xenospingus concolor E Loxioides bailleui Slender-billed Finch Palila Chile; Peru USA Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) V/R Xenospiza baileyi R Loxops coccineus (Ammodramus baileyi) Akepa Sierra Madre Sparrow USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii. Kauai. Maui. Mexico Molokai) Family PARULIDAE R Melamprosops phaeosoma Poo-uli I Basileuterus griseiceps USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Grey-headed Warbler Venezuela R Oreomystis bairdi Kauai Creeper I Conirostrum tamaragense USA: Hawaiian Tamarugo ConebiU Islands (Kauai) Chile; Peru V Palmeria dolei Akohekohe V/R Dendroica chrysoparia USA: Hawaiian Golden-cheeked Warbler Islands (Maui) USA. * Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico; E Paroreomyza maculata Nicaragua Oahu Creeper USA: Hawaiian Islands E Dendroica kirtlandii (Oahu) Kirtland's Warbler V Pseudonestor xanthophrys * Canada?; USA. Bahamas; Turks and Caicos Maui Parrotbill Islands USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) V Geothlypis speciosa E Psittirostra psittacea Black-polled Yellowthroat Ou Mexico USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii. Kauai) E/Ex Leucopeza semperi R Telespiza cantans Semper's Warbler Laysan Finch Saint Lucia USA: Hawaiian Islands (Laysan) E Myioborus pariae [USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hermes Reef. Pearl)] Yellow-faced Redstart R Telespiza ultima Venezuela Nihoa Finch E/Ex Vermivora bachmanii USA: Hawaiian Islands (Nihoa) Bachman's Warbler [USA: Hawaiian Islands (French Frigate USA. * Cuba? Shoals)] V/R Xenoligea montana White-winged Warbler Dominican Republic; Haiti 68 Birds Family VIREONIDAE V/R Carduelis yarrellii Yellow-faced Siskin E Vireo atricapillus Brazil; Venezuela Black-capped Vireo Mexico; USA R Fringilla leydea Teydefmch I Vireo caribaeus Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife. Gran Canaria) Saint Andrew Vireo Colombia: San Andres Island I Neospiza concolor Sao Tom6 Canary Family ICTERIDAE Sao Tom6 and Itticipe: Sao Tom6 (ex?) V Agelaius flavus R Serinus ankoberensis (Xanlhopsar flavus) Ankober Serin Saffron (S. defilippii) K Estrilda nigriloris Pampas Meadowlark Black-faced Waxbill Argentina; BrazU?; Uruguay. * Brazil?; Zaire Uruguay K Estrilda poliopareia Family FRINGILLIDAE Fawn-breasted Waxbill Nigeria E Carduelis cucullata Red Siskin Family PLOCEIDAE Colombia; Venezuela E Foudia flavicans [Puerto Rico] Yellow Fody R Carduelis johannis Mauritius: Rodrigues (Acantliis johannis) E Foudia rubra Warsangli Liimet Mauritius Fody Somalia Mauritius V Carduelis siemiraddcii R Foudia sechellarum Saffron Siskin Seychelles Fody Ecuador, Peru? Seychelles: Cousin, Cousine, Fregate 69 THREATENED SPECIES Malimbus ballmanni R Basilornis galeatus BaUmann's Malimbe Helmeted Myna C6(e d'lvoire?; Liberia; Sierra Leone Indonesia: Banggai Islands. Sula Islands Malimbus flavipes K Cinnyricinclus femoralis (Ploceiis flavipes) Abbott's Starling Yellow-legged Malimbe Kenya; Tanzania Zaire E Leucopsar rothschildi Malimbus ibadanensis Bali Myna Ibadan Malimbe Indonesia: Bali Nigeria R Streptocitta alhertinae Ploceus aureonucha Bare-eyed Myna Golden-naped Weaver Indonesia: Sula Islands Zaire Family ORIOLIDAE Ploceus bannermani R Oriolus isabellae Bannerman's Weaver Isabela Oriole Cameroon; Nigeria? Philippines: Mindanao. Luzon Ploceus batesi I Oriolus mellianus Bates's Weaver Silver Oriole Cameroon China. * Thailand Ploceus golandi Family DICRURIDAE Clarke's Weaver Kenya R Dicrurus fuscipennis Comoro Drongo Ploceus megarhynchus Comoros: Grand Comoro Yellow Weaver India R Dicrurus waldenii Mayotte Drongo Ploceus nicolli Mayotte Usambara Weaver Tanzania Fanuly CALLAEEDAE K Ploceus nigrimentum E Callaeas cinerea Black K Ploceus ruweti R Philesturnus carunculatus Ruwet's Masked-Weaver (Creadion carunculatus) Zaire Saddleback New Zealand K Ploceus subpersonatus Loango Weaver Family PTILONORHYNCHIDAE Angola; Gabon; Zaire K Amblyornis flavifrons K Ploceus victoriae Golden-fronted Bowerbird Victoria Masked-Weaver Indonesia: Irian Jaya Uganda R Sericulus bakeri Family STURNIDAE Fire-maned Bowerbird E Aplonis cinerascens Papua New Guinea Rarotonga Starling Family PARADISAEIDAE Cook Islands: Rarotonga V Astrapia mayeri R Aplonis santovestris Ribbon-tailed Astrapia Mountain Starling Papua New Guinea Vanuatu: Espirito Santo 70 Birds R Epimachus fastuosus Corvus unicolor Black Sicklebiil Banggai Crow Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Indonesia: Banggai R Paradigalla carunculaia Crypsirina cucuUata Long-tailed Paradigalla Hooded Treepie Indonesia: Irian Jaya Myanmar R Paradisaea decora Cyanolyca mirabilis Goldie's Bird-of-paradise White-throated Jay Papua New Guinea: Fergusson, Normanby Mexico R Parotia wahnesi Cyanolyca nana Wahnes's Parotia Dwarf Jay Papua New Guinea Mexico Family CORVIDAE Perisoreus internigrans Sichuan Jay R Corvus florensis China Rores Crow Indonesia: Flores Urocissa oriiata Ceylon Magpie E Corvus hawaiiensis Sri Lanka Hawaiian Crow USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) Zavattariornis stresemanni Stresemann's Bush-Crow E Corvus kubaryi Ethiopia Mariana Crow Guam; Northern Marianas: Rota 71 Reptiles Class REPTILIA K Cuora galbinifrons Order TESTUDINES (Cistoclemmys galbinifrons, includes Cuora hainanensis) FamUy KINOSTERNIDAE Indochinese Box Turtle China: Hainan Island; Viet Nam R Kinoslernon angustipons Narrow-bridged Mud Turtle K Cuora yunnanensis Costa Rica; Nicaragua; Panama (Cyclemys yunnanensis) Yunnan Box Turtle V Kinosternon creaseri China: Yunnan Greaser's Mud Turtle Mexico: Yucatan Peninsula I Geoclemys hamiltonii V Kinosternon depressum (Damonia hamiltonii) Black Pond Turtle (Sternothenis depressus. Sternotherus minor depressus) Bangladesh; India; Nepal?; Pakistan Flattened Musk Turtle V Geoemyda silvatica USA: Black Warrior River system (Heosemys silvatica) R Kinosternon dunni Cochin Forest C.me Turtle India Dunn's Mud Turtle Colombia K Graptemys barbouri Barbour's Map Turtle I Kinosternon oaxacae USA: Apalachicola-Chipola River system Oaxaca Mud Turtle Mexico K Graptemys caglei Family DERMATEMYDIDAE Cagle's Map Turtle USA: Guadelupe-San Antonio River system V Dermatemys mawii I Graptemys flavimaculata Central American River Turtle Yellow-blotched Turtle Belize; Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico Map USA: Pascagoula River system Family CHEL'VDRIDAE K Graptemys oculifera V Macroclemys temminckii Ringed Map Turtle Alligator Snapping Turtle USA: Pearl River system USA K Heosemys depressa Family EMYDmAE Arakan Forest Turtle K Annamemys annamensis Myanmar: Arakan hills Annam Leaf Turtle I Heosemys leytensis Viet Nam Leyte Pond Turtle E Batagur baska Philippines: Leyte, Palawan Batagur K Heosemys spinosa Bangladesh: Cambodia?; India: Indonesia: (Geoemyda spinosa) Sumatra; Malaysia; Myanmar; Singapore?: Spmy Turtle Thailand; Viet Nam? Brunei; Indonesia; Malaysia: Peninsular E Callagur borneoensis Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak; Myanmar?; Painted Terrapin Thailand Brunei?; Indonesia: Kalimantan. Sumatra: I Kachuga kachuga Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak; Red-crowned Roofed Turtle Thailand Bangladesh: India; Nepal R Clemmys muhlenbergii I Kachuga sylhetensis Bog Turtle Assam Roofed Turtle USA Bangladesh; India: Assam 73 THREATENED SPECIES K Kachuga trivittata V Geochelone radiata Burmese Roofed Turtle Radiated Tortoise Myaninar Madagascar [Mauritius: Reunion] I Melanochelys tricarinata (Geoemyda or Nicoria tricarinata) E Geochelone yniphora Three-keeled Land Tortoise Madagascar Tortoise Bangladesh: India: Nepal? Madagascar: near Baly Bay K Morenia ocellata V Gopherus agassizii Burmese Eyed Turtle (Goplierus polyphemus agassizii. Scaptochetys or Myanmar Xerobates agassizii) Desert Tortoise K Orlitia borneensis Mexico: USA Malaysian Giant Turtle Indonesia: Kalimantan. Sumatra: Malaysia: I Gopherus berlandieri Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak {Gopherus polyphemus berlandieri. Scaptochetys or Xerobates berlandieri) R Pseudemys alabamensis Texas Tortoise Alabama Red-bellied Turtle Mexico; USA USA: Mobile Bay area E Gopherus flavomarginatus K Rhinoclemmys rubida Bolson Tortoise Mexican Spotted Wood Turtle Mexico Mexico V Gopherus polyphemus V Terrapene coahuila Gopher Tortoise Aquatic Box Turtle USA Mexico: Cuatro Cienegas basin K Homopus bergeri K Terrapene nelsoni Berger's Cape Tortoise Spotted Box Turtle Namibia Mexico K Indotestudo elongata K Trachemys decorate (.Geochelone elongata) (Tracliemys stejnegeri decorata) Elongated Tortoise Hispaniolan Slider Bangladesh: Cambodia; China: Guangxi: India: Dominican Republic; Haiti Laos: Malaysia: Myanmar, Nepal: Thailand: Family TESTUDINIDAE Viet Nam V Geochelone chilensis R Indotestudo forstenii (Chelonoides chilensis. includes Geochelone (includes Geochelone iravancorica and donosobarrosi, Geochelone petersi) Geochelone forstenii) Argentme Tortoise Travancore Tortoise Argentina; Paraguay India: Indonesia: Halmahera. Sulawesi V Geochelone elephantopus K Malacochersus tornieri (G. nigra) Pancake Tortoise Galapagos Giant Tortoise Kenya; Tanzania Ecuador: Galapagos Islands V Manouria emys R Geochelone gigantea (Geochelone emys. includes Testiido nutapundi) (Aldabrachelys elephantina. Dipsochelys Asian Giant Tortoise elephantina) Bangladesh; Cambodia?; China?; India; Aldabra Giant Tortoise Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatra: Lacs?; Seychelles: Aldabra Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah?, [several introduced populations in region] Sarawak; Myanmar, Thailand; Viet Nam? K Geochelone platynota Burmese Starred Tortoise Myanmar 74 Reptiles K Manouria impressa Chelonia mydas {Gcochelone impressa) (includes C agassizii) Impressed Tortoise Green Turtle Cambodia?; China?: Hainan: Laos?: Malaysia; (Nesting recorded on beaches of tropical and Peninsular Malaysia: Myamnar. Thailand; Viet subtropical seas [Atlantic. Caribbean. Indian. Nam Mediterranean. Pacific]: wandering individuals recorded in temperate waters. Most numerous V Psammobates geometricus in Australia and Indonesia, large nesting (Tesludo geometrica) populations also in Costa Rica and at several Geometric Tortoise sites around the Indian Ocean.) Soudi Africa American Samoa: Angola; Anguilla; Antigua I Pyxis arachnoides and Barbuda: Ascension: Australia; Bahamas?; Spider Tortoise Bangladesh: Belize: Benin?; Brazil; British Madagascar Indian Ocean Territory: British Virgin Islands; Cambodia?; Cameroon?; Cape Verde?; Chile?: I Pyxis planicauda China; Colombia; Comoros; Congo?: Cook (Acinixys planicauda. Testudo planicauda) Islands: Costa Rica: Cote d'lvoire?: Cuba Madagascar Flat-shelled Tortoise Cyprus: Djibouti?: Dominica: Dominican Madagascar: Andranomena forest Republic: Ecuador, Egypt: El Salvador: V Testudo hermanni Equatorial Guinea: Bioko; Ethiopia; Federated Albania; Bulgaria; France: Greece; Italy; States of Micronesia: Fiji; French Guiana; Romania; Spain: Balearic Islands: Turkey; French Polynesia: Gabon?; Ecuador: Galapagos Yugoslavia Islands: Ghana?; Grenada: Guadeloupe?; [Malta: Spain: mainland] Guam; Guatemala; Guinea?; Guinea-Bissau?: Guyana; Haiti; Honduras?; India: Indonesia; V Testudo kleinmanni Iran: Israel (ex?); Jamaica; Japan; Kenya; Egyptian Tortoise Kiribati: Kuwait: Liberia?; Line Islands: north; Egypt; Israel; Libya Madagascar, Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, R Testudo margitmta Sabah. Sarawak; Maldives; Marshall Islands: Marginated Tortoise Martinique; Mauritania; Mauritius: Saint Albania; Greece Brandon: Mayotte; Mexico: Montserrat?; [Italy] Mozambique: Myanmar, Netherlands Antilles; New Caledonia; Nicaragua: Nigeria?; Nine: FamUy CHELONITDAE Northern Marianas; Oman; Pakistan; Palau; V Caretta caretta Panama; Papua New Guinea; Peru; Philippmes; Loggerhead Puerto Rico; Qatar?; Reunion: Europa, (Nesting recorded on beaches of tropical, Glorieuses. Juan de Nova. Tromelin; Sao subtropical and temperate seas [Atlantic, Tom6 and Principe: Saudi Arabia; Senegal: Caribbean. Indian Mediterranean, Pacific]. Seychelles: Sierra Leone: Solomon Islands: Wandering individuals recorded in temperate Somalia; Sri Lanka; Saint Kitts-Nevis: Saint and arctic waters.) Lucia; Saint Vincent; Sudan?; Suriname; Angola?: Australia; Bahamas; Bangladesh; Taiwan?; Tanzania; Thailand: Togo?; Tokelau; Belize; Brazil; British Virgin Islands; Cape Tonga; Trinidad and Tobago; Tiu'key; Turks Verde?; Cayman Islands: Colombia; Costa and Caicos Islands; Tuvalu; United Arab Rica: Cuba; Cyprus: Dominican Republic: Emirates; USA: including Hawaiian Islands: Egypt: Greece: Grenada; Guadeloupe; Virgin Islands of the United States; Vanuatu: Guatemala: Haiti; Honduras: India?: Indonesia; Venezuela; Viet Nam; Western Sahara?: Israel: Italy; Jamaica; Japan; Libya; Western Samoa?; Yemen; Zaire? Madagascar, Mexico; Montserrat; Morocco; Mozambique: Myanmar?; Namibia; New Caledonia; Nicaragua; Oman; Panama; Papua New Guinea?; Paracel Islands; Philippines: Puerto Rico: Senegal; South Africa; Sri Lanka: Saint Lucia: Tiu'key; Turks and Caicos Islands; USA; Venezuela 75 THREATENED SPECIES E Eretmochelys imbricate E Lepidochelys olivacea Hawksbill Turtle Olive Ridley (Nesting recorded on beaches of tropical and (Nesting recorded on beaches of tropical and subtropical seas [Atlantic. Caribbean, Indian. subtropical seas [Atlantic. Indian. Pacific]. Pacific]. Wandering individuals occasionally Major mass nesting occurs in India. Costa Rica recorded in temperate waters.) and Mexico.) American Samoa; AnguUla; Antigua and Angola; Australia; Bangladesh; Brazil; Costa Barbuda; Aruba; Australia; Baliamas; Rica; El Salvador, French Guiana; Guatemala; Bangladesh; Barbados; Belize; Brazil; British Guyana; Honduras; India; Indonesia; Kenya; Indian Ocean Territory; British Virgin Islands; Madagascar, Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia. Cambodia; Cameroon?; Cape Verde?; China?; Sarawak; Mexico; Mozambique; Myanmar, Colombia; Comoros; Cook Islands; Costa Nicaragua; Oman; Pakistan; Panama; Papua Rica; Cote d'lvoire?; Cuba; Djibouti?; New Guinea; Peru; Senegal; South Africa; Sri Dominica; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; Lanka; Suriname; Tanzania; Thailand; Trinidad Egypt; El Salvador?; Equatorial Guinea: and Tobago; Venezuela Bioko; Ethiopia; Federated States of V Natator depressus Micronesia; Fiji; French Guiana; French Flatback Polynesia?; Gabon?; Ghana?; Grenada; (Nests in Australia; recorded at sea in Guadeloupe; Guam; Guatemala; Guinea?; Indonesia and Papua New Guinea) Guinea-Bissau?; Guyana; Haiti; Honduras: Australia; Indonesia; Papua New Guinea India; Indonesia; Iran; Jamaica; Japan; Kenya; Kiribati?; Kuwait?; Madagascar; Malaysia: Family DERMOCHELYIDAE Peninsular Malaysia. Sabah. Sarawak; E Dermochelys coriacea Maldives; Marshall Islands; Martinique; Leatherback Mauritania?; Mayotte; Mexico; Montserrat; (Nesting recorded on beaches of tropical and Mozambique; Myanmar, Netherlands Antilles; subtropical seas [Atlantic. Indian. Pacific]. New Caledonia?; Nicaragua; Nigeria?; Notable nesting in Mexico, Irian Jaya. Northern Marianas?; Oman; Palau; Panama; Malaysia and French Guiana. Foraging Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Puerto Rico; populations regularly occur in cool temperate Qatar, Reunion: Des Glorieuses; Sao Tom6 and waters.) Principe?; Saudi Arabia; Senegal?; Seychelles; Angola; Anguilla; Antigua and Barbuda; Sierra Leone; Solomon Islands; Somalia; Sri Australia; Brazil; British Virgin Islands; Lanka; Saint Kitts-Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint Colombia?; Costa Rica; Cote d'lvoire; Cuba; Vincent; Sudan; Suriname; Taiwan?; Tanzania; Dominica; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; El Thailand; Tokelau; Tonga?; Trinidad and Salvador, Fiji; French Guiana; Ghana; Tobago; Turks and Caicos Islands; Tuvalu?; Grenada; Guadeloupe; Guatemala; Guyana; United Arab Emirates?; USA: including Honduras; India; Indonesia; Israel (ex?); Hawaiian Islands; US Pacific Islands?; Vu-gin Liberia; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia; Islands of the United States; Vanuatu; Martmique; Mexico; Montserrat; Mozambique; Venezuela; Viet Nam?; Western Sahara?; Myanmar, Western Samoa; Yemen Netherlands Antilles; Nicaragua; Panama; Papua New Guinea; Peru?; Puerto E Lepidochelys kempii Rico; Senegal; Solomon Islands; South Africa; Kemp's Ridley Sri Lanka; Saint Kitts-Nevis; Saint Lucia; (Virtually all nesting occurs at Rancho Nuevo Saint Vincent; Suriname; Thailand; Togo; on the Gulf coast of Mexico [Tamaulipas Trinidad and Tobago; USA; Vii^m Islands of State]. Single or sparse nesting elsewhere in the United States; Venezuela?; Zaire Mexico. Colombia and USA. At sea. most Family CARETTOCHEL"iTDAE frequently recorded in the Gulf of Mexico, also regular in Atlantic waters, particularly K Carettochelys insculpta the along coast of North America, and very Pig-nosed Turtle occasionally in the Mediterranean.) Australia; Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New [USA: attempts are being made to establish a Guinea nesting colony at Padre Island]. Mexico; USA 76 Reptiles Family TRIONYCHIDAE V Emydura signata Bellinger River Emydura R Aspideretes nigricans Australia {Trionyx nigricans) Black Soft-shell Turtle I Phrynops dahli Bangladesh: Nasirabad near Chittagong Dahl's Toad-headed Turtle Colombia: Sincelejo Family PELOMEDUSIDAE I Phrynops hogei I Erymnochelys madagascariensis Hoge's Sideneck Turtle (Podocnemis madagascariensis, Diimerilia Brazil madagascariensis) Madagascar Sideneck Turtle K Phrynops rufipes Madagascar Red-footed Sideneck Turtle Brazil; Colombia; Peru? K Pelusios seychellensis Seychelles Mud Turtle K Phrynops zuliae Seychelles (Batrachemys zuliae) Zulia Toad-headed Turtle K Podocnemis erythrocephala Venezuela (Podocnemis cayennensis) Red-headed Sideneck E Pseudemydura umbrina Brazil: Colombia; Venezuela Western Swamp Turtle Australia: near Perth E Podocnemis expansa South American River Turtle V Rheodytes leukops Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador; Guyana; Fitzroy Turtle Peru: Trinidad and Tobago: Venezuela Australia I Podocnemis lewyana Order CROCODYLIA Magdalena River Turtle Family Colombia: Rio Magdalena basin ALLIGATORIDAE K Podocnemis sextuberculata E Alligator sinensis Chinese Alligator Six-tubercled Amazon River Turtle China: Yangtze River Brazil; Colombia; Peru system V Melanosuchus niger V Podocnemis unifilis Black Yellow-headed Sideneck Caiman Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Ecuador, Bolivia; Brazil: Colombia; Ecuador, French French Guiana; Guyana; Paraguay; Peru; Guiana; Guyana; Peru; Suriname; Venezuela Venezuela Family CHF.I.TDAE Family CROCODYLIDAE K Acanthochelys macrocephala V Crocodylus acutus (Platemys macrocephala) American Crocodile Belize?; Colombia; Costa Rica: Cuba; Big-headed Pantanal Swamp Turtle Dominican Republic; Ecuador, El Salvador, Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Paraguay Guatemala; Haiti; Honduras: Jamaica; Mexico; R Acanthochelys pallidipectoris Nicaragua; Panama; Peru; USA: Florida; (Platemys pallidipectoris) Venezuela Chaco Sideneck Turtle V Crocodylus cataphractus Argentioa; Bolivia?; Paraguay African Slender-snouted Crocodile K Acanthochelys spixii Angola: Cabmda; Benin; Burkina Faso: (Platemys spLtii) Cameroon; Central African Repubhc; Chad; Spix's Sideneck Turtle Congo; Cote dlvoire; Equatorial Guinea: Argentma; Brazil; Paraguay?; Uruguay Gabon; Gambia (ex?); Ghana: Guinea: Guinea-Bissau (ex?); Liberia; Mali: V Elseya sp. Mauritania; Nigeria: Namoi River Elseya Senegal (ex?); Sierra Leone; Tanzania; Togo; Zaire; Zambia Australia 77 THREATENED SPECIES E Crocodylus intermedius V Christinus guentheri Orinoco Crocodile Australia: Lord Howe Island. Norfolk Island Colombia; Venezuela R Goniosaurus kuroiwae E Crocodylus mindorensis iEul)lepliaris kuroiwae) Mindoro or Philippines Crocodile Kuroiwa's Ground CJecko Philippines Japan: Nansei-shoto V Crocodylus palustris K Heteropholis rudis Mugger Rough (jecko Bangladesh (ex?); India; Iran; Nepal; Pakistan: New Zealand Sri Lanka K Homonota penai V Crocodylus porosus (Garihia pei'iai) Estuarine Crocodile Chile Australia; Bangladesh: Brunei; Cambodia; R Homopholis mulleri India; Indonesia; Malaysia: Peninsular Muller's Velvet Glecko Malaysia, Sabah. Sarawak; Myanmar: South Africa Irrawaddy Delta; Palau: Papua New Guinea; Philippines: Solomon Islands: Sri Lanka: K Hoplodactylus chrysosireticus Thailand (ex?); Vanuatu; Viet Nam Gold-striped (jecko New Zealand E Crocodylus rhombifer Cuban Crocodile K Hoplodactylus duvauceli Cuba Duvaucel's (jecko New Zealand E Crocodylus siamensis Siamese Crocodile I Hoplodactylus kabutarae Brunei?; Cambodia; Indonesia: Kalimantan, Black-eyed Gecko Sulawesi. Sumatra: Laos?; Malaysia: New Zealand Peninsular Malaysia. Sabah?. Sarawak?; I Hoplodactylus rakiurae Myanmar?; Thailand (ex?): Viet Nam Harlequin (jecko E Tomistoma schlegelii New 2Cealand False Gharial V Hoplodactylus stephensi Indonesia: Kalimantan. Sumatra: Malaysia: Stephen's Island Gecko Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak Myanmar?; New Zealand Thailand (ex?) Family GAVIALIDAE V Lepidodactylus listeri Christmas Island E Gavialis gangeticus Gharial V Lygodactylus methueni Methuen's Dwarf Gecko Bangladesh: Bhutan?; India; Nepal; Pakistan Soudi Africa Order RHYNCHOCEPHALIA R Nactus coindemerensis Family SPHENODONTIDAE Mauritius: Guimer's Quoin E Sphenodon guntheri R Nactus serpensinsula Brother's Island Tuatara iCyrtodactylus serpensinsula) New Zealand: North Brother Island Serpent Island (jecko Mauritius: Round Island. R Sphenodon punctatus Seipent Island Cook Strait Tuatara V Nephrurus deteani New Zealand: offshore islands Australia Order SAURIA E Phelsuma guentheri Round Island Day Gecko Family GEKKONIDAE Mauritius: Round Island R Afroedura hawequensis Hawequa Flat Gecko South Africa 78 Reptiles R Phelsuma ocellata Family XANTUSIIDAE Namaqua Day Gecko R Xantusia riversiana Namibia; South Africa (Klauberina riversiana) I Phelsuma standingi Island Night Lizard Standing's Day Gecko USA Madagascar Family AGAMIDAE V Phyllodactylus europaeus V Ceratophora tennentii European Leaf-toed Gekko Tennent's Leaf-nosed Lizard France; Italy; Tunisia Sri Lanka K Phyllodactylus heterurus V Ctenophorus yinnietharra Chile Yinnietharra Rock Dragon K Phyllodactylus melanostictus Australia Scarce Ground Gecko K Gonocephalus abbotti ThaDand Abbott's Crested Lizard R Phyllodactylus microlepidotus Thailand Small-scaled Leaf-toed Gecko V Hydrosaurus pustulatus South Africa Sail-fin Lizard I Phyllodactylus peringueyi Philippines Peringueyi's Leaf-toed Gecko Family CHAMAELEONIDAE South Africa? R Bradypodion nemorale E Sphaerodactylus micropithecus Zululand Dwarf Chamaeleon Monito Gecko South Africa Puerto Rico: Monito Island R Bradypodion setaroi V Underwoodisaurus sphyurus Setaro's Dwarf Chamaeleon Australia South Africa Family PYGOPODIDAE E Bradypodion taeniabronchum E Aprasia aurita Smith's Dwarf Chamaeleon Australia South Africa V Aprasia pseudopulchella R Bradypodion thamnobates Flinders Ranges Worm-Uzard Natal Midland Dwarf Chamaeleon Australia South Africa V Delma impar FamUy IGUANIDAE Striped Legless Lizard R Amblyrhynchus cristatus Australia Galapagos Marine Iguana V Delma labialis Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Striped Tailed Dehna E Anolis roosevelti Australia Culebra Island Giant Anole V Delma torquata Puerto Rico: Isla Culebra (ex?) Collared Delma V Brachyloph usfasciatus Australia Fiji Banded Iguana V Ophidiocephalus taeniatus Fiji; Tonga Bronzeback Snake-lizard [Vanuatu] Australia V Brachylophus vitiensis V Paradelma orientalis Fiji Crested Iguana Brigalow Scaly-foot Fiji Australia R Conolophus pallidus Barrington Land Iguana Ecuador: Galapagos Islands 79 THREATENED SPECIES V Conolophus subcrislatus R Liolaemus donosi Galapagos Land Iguaoa Chile Ecuador: Galapagos Islands V Liolaemus fuscus R Cyclura carinala Argentina; Chile Turks and Caicos Ground Iguana E Liolaemus gravenhorstii Bahamas: Booby Cay; Turks and Caicos Chile Islands R Liolaemus hellmichi E Cyclura collet Chile (Cyclura lophomd) Jamaica Ground Iguana R Liolaemus huacahuasicus Jamaica Argentina: Cumbres Calchaquies mountains I Cyclura cornuta V Liolaemus kuhlmanni (includes Cyclura stejnegeri) Chile Rhinoceros Iguana V Liolaemus lemniscatus Dominican Republic; Haiti; Puerto Rico: Isla Argentina; Chile Mona; USA: Navassa Island (ex?) V Liolaemus leopardinus R Cyclura cyclura Chile (includes Cyclura baelopha, Cyclura figginsi. Cyclura inornata) R Liolaemus lorenzmuelleri Andros Ground or Rock Iguana Chile Bahamas K Liolaemus lutzae V Cyclura nubila Brazil (includes Cyclura caymanensis, Cyclura V Liolaemus nitidus macleayi) Chile Cuban Ground Iguana Cayman Islands; Cuba R Liolaemus paulinae [Puerto Rico: Isla Magueyes] Chile E Cyclura pinguis I Liolaemus rabinoi Anegada Ground Iguana Argentina: Lago Nihuil British Virgm Islands: Anegada Island K Liolaemus walkeri I Cyclura ricordi Chile Hispaniolan Ground Iguana V Liolaemus zapallarensis Dominican RepubUc; Haiti Chile I Cyclura rileyi R Pristidactylus alvaroi Acklin's Groimd Iguana Bahamas Chile R Pristidactylus valeriae E Gambelia silus Chile (Crotaphytus situs, Crotaphytus wislizenii silus) Blunt-nosed or San Joaquin Leopard Lizanl K Tropidurus tarapacensis USA Chile V Iguana delicatissima V Uma inornata Lesser Antillean Iguana, West Indian Iguana Coachella Valley Fringe-toed Lizanl Anguilla; Antigua and Barbuda; Dominica; USA Guadeloupe; Netherlands Antilles: Saint Family LACERTIDAE Eustatius. Saint Maarten; Saint Kitts-Nevis; Martinique K Archaeolacerta monticola Iberian Rock Lizard R Liolaemus constanzae Portugal; Chile Spain E Gallotia simonyi R Liolaemus curis Hierro Chile CJiant Lizard Spain: Canaiy Islands (Hieiro) 80 Reptiles R Lacerta australis Family TEIIDAE Southern Rock Lizard E Ameiva polops South Africa Saint Croix Ground Lizard R Lacerta clarkorum Virgin Islands of die United States: Green Georgia; Turkey Cay, Protestant Key, Puck Island] R Lacerta rupicola V Callopistes maculatus Soutpansberg Rock Lizard Chile South Africa V Cnemidophorus hyperythrus K Lacerta schreiberi Orange-throated Whiptail Portugal: Spain Mexico; USA V Podarcis lilfordi V Cnemidophorus vanzoi LUford's WaU Lizaid Saint Lucia: Maria Islands Spain: Malloica. Menorca Family SCINCIDAE R Podarcis pityusensis R Acanthiops lineatus Ibiza Wall Lizard Woodbush Legless Skink Spain: Formentera, Ibiza South Africa [Spain: Mallorca] V Anomalopus mackayi Family CORDYLIDAE Long-legged Worm-skink V Cordylus cataphractus Australia Armadillo Girdled Lizard R Barkudia insularis South Africa Legless Skink V Cordylus giganteus India Giant Girdled Lizard V Coeranoscincus reticulatus South Africa Three-toed Snake-tooth Skink R Cordylus lawrencei Australia Lawrence's Girdled Lizard E Ctenotus lancelini South Africa Lancelin Island Skink R Cordylus mclachlani Australia: Lancelin Island McLachlan's Girdled Lizard V Ctenotus zastictus South Africa Haraelin Ctenotus R Gerrhosaurus typicus Australia Namaqua Plated Lizard V Cyclodina alani South Africa Robust Skink R Platysaurus relictus New Zealand Soutpansberg Flat Lizard V Cyclodina macgregori South Africa MacGregor's Skink R Pseudocordylus langi New Zealand Lang's Crag Lizard K Cyclodina oliveri Lesotho: South Africa Marbled Skink R Pseudocordylus spinosus New Zealand Spiny Crag Lizard V Cyclodina whitakeri South Africa Whitaker's Skink R Tetradactylus breyeri New Zealand Breyer's Long-tailed Seps V Egernia kintorei Soudi Africa Great Desert Skink Australia 81 THREATENED SPEOES E Eulamprus leuraensis I Phoboscincus bocourti Blue Mountain Water Skink New Caledonia Australia V Pseudemoia lichenigera R Eumeces kishinouyei Lord Howe Island Skink Kishinoue's Giant Skink Australia: Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island Japan: Nansei-shoto R Scelotes guentheri K Isopachys gyldenstolpei Giinther's Dwarf Burrowing Skink Gyldenstolpe's Worm Skink South Africa Thailand R Scelotes kasneri E Leiolopisma bomalonotum Kasner's Dwarf Burrowing Skink Chevron Skink South Africa New Zealand R Scelotes gronovii V Leiolopisma grande Gronovi's Dwarf Burrowing Skink Grand Skink South Africa New Zealand E Tiliqua adelaidensis I Leiolopisma mtcrolepis Pygmy Bluetongue SmaU-scaled Skink Australia New Zealand I Tribolonotus ponceleti I Leiolopisma notosaurus Solomon Islands: Shortland Island Southern Skink R Typhlosaurus lomii New Zealand Lomi's Bund Legless Skink K Leiolopisma otagense South Africa Otago Skink Family ANGUIDAE New Zealand E Abronia montecristoi K Leiolopisma striatum El Salvador Striped Skink New Zealand I Celestus duquesneyi Jamaica R Leiolopisma telfairii Round Island Skink I Celestus fowleri Mauritius: Round Island Jamaica E Lerista allanae I Celestus microblephaiis Allan's Lerista Jamaica Australia E Diploglossus anelpistus V Lerista vittata Dominican Republic Mount Cooper Striped Lerista K Diploglossus carruai Australia Dominican Republic K Lygosoma haroldyoungi I Diploglossus montisserrati Banded Supple Skink Montserrat Thailand K Diploglossus warreni K Lygosoma koratense Dominican Republic Korat Supple Skink Thailand K Gerrhonotus panamintiis Panamint Alligator Lizard V Neoseps reynoldsi USA Sand Skink USA Family HELODERMATIDAE V Niveoscincus palfreymani I Heloderma honidum Pedra Branca Skink Beaded Lizard Australia: Pedra Branca Island Guatemala; Mexico 82 Reptiles V Heloderma suspectum Epicrates subflavus Gila Monster Jamaican Boa Mexico: USA Jamaica Family VARANIDAE V Python molurus Indian Python I Varanus flavescens Bangladesh: Cambodia: China: Hong Kong: Yellow Monitor India: Indonesia: Lacs: Myanmar, Nepal: Bangladesh; India: Nepal: Pakistan Pakistan: Sri Lanka: Thailand: Viet Nam R Varanus komodoensis K Sandnia madagascariensis Komodo Dragon Madagascar Tree Boa Indonesia: Komodo and adjacent islands Madagascar R Varanus olivaceus Family COLUBRIDAE {Varanus grayi) Gray's Monitor R Achalinus werneri Philippines: Luzon Amami Takachiho Snake Japan: Nansei-shoto Order SERPENTES Adelphicos daryi Family TYPHLOPIDAE Guatemala V RamphotypMops exocoeti Alsophis antiguae Christmas Island Blind Snake Antiguan Racer Christmas Island Antigua and Barbuda: Great Bird Island Typhlops monensis R Alsophis ater Blind Snake Mona Black Racer Puerto Rico: Isla Mona Jamaica Family ANnTTDAF Alsophis rijersmai K Anomochilus leonardi Leeward Island Racer Leonard's Pipe Snake Anguilla: Guadeloupe: including Saint Martin; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia Netherlands Antilles: Smt Maarten (ex?) Family BOIDAE Alsophis rufiventris Red-bellied Racer K Acrantophis dumerili Netherlands Antilles: Saba. Saint Eustatius; Dumeril's Boa Saint Kitts-Nevis Madagascar [R6union]? Calamaria pfefferi (synonym of the widespread C. pavimentaial) K Acrantophis madagascariensis Pfeffer's Reed Snake Madagascar Boa Japan Madagascar Chironius vincenti E Aspidites ramsayi Saint Vincent Woma Australia Coluber cypriensis Cyprus E Casarea dussumieri Round Island Keel-scaled Boa Elachistodon westermanni Mauritius: Round Island Indian Egg-eating Snake Bangladesh: India: Nepal I Epicrates angulifer Cuban Tree Boa K Elaphe situla Cuba Leopard Snake Albania; Bulgaria; Greece: Italy: Malta; Epicrates inornatus K Turkey: Ukraine: Yugoslavia Puerto Rican Boa Puerto Rico Homoroselaps dorsalis Striped Harlequin Snake South Africa: Swaziland 83 THREATENED SPECIES Iguanognathus werneri R Thamnophis hammondi Indonesia: Sumatra (Thamnophis couchi hammondi) Two-striped Garter Snake Lamprophis fiskii Mexico; USA Fisk's House Snake South Africa R Thermophis baileyi China: Tibet Lamprophis fuscus Yellow-bellied House Snake R Xenocalamus transvaalensis South Africa Transvaal Quillsnout Snake Mozambique; South Africa Lamprophis swadcus Swazi Rock Snake Family ELAPEDAE South Africa; Swaziland V Austrelaps labialis Liophis cursor Pygmy Copperhead Martinique: Rocher de Diamant Australia Liophis ornatus V Denisonia maculata Saint Lucia: Maria Major Island Ornamental Snake Australia Liophis petfuscus Barbados V Echiopsis atriceps Lake Cronin Snake Matrix megalocephala Australia Large-headed Water Snake Azerbaijan; Georgia; Russia; Turkey V Echiopsis carta Australia Oligodon nikhili India: Pahii Hills V Elapognathus minor Short-nosed Snake Opheodrys herminae Australia {Liopellis herminae) Sakashima Green Snake V Purina dunmalli Japan: Nansei-shoto Dunmall's Snake Australia Opisthotropis kikuzatoi (Liopeltis kikuzatoi) V Hoplocephalus bungaroides Kikuzato's Brook Snake Broad-headed Snake Japan: Nansei-shoto Australia K Opisthotropis spenceri K Naja oxiana Smith's Mountain Keelback Central Asian or Oxus Cobra Thailand Afghanistan; India; Iran; Pakistan; Tajikistan; Turkmenistan; K Parahelicops boonsongi Uzbekistan Boonsong's Keelback I Ogmodon vitianus Thailand Fiji Snake Fiji: Viti Parens iwasakii Levu Iwasaki's SnaU-eater E Simoselaps calonotus Japan: Nansei-shoto Black-striped Snake Philodryas chamissonis Australia Chile Family HYDROPHIIDAE Thamnophis gigas R Laticauda crockeri (Thamnophis couchi gigas) Solomon Islands: Lake Te-Nggana. Rennell Giant Garter Snake Island USA 84 Reptiles Family VIPERIDAE R Vipera darevskii (V. kaznakovi darevskii) R Bids inornata Armenia; Georgia Plain Mountain Adder South Africa R Vipera dinniki (V. kaznakovi dinniki) K Bitis schneideri Georgia; Russia Namaqua Dwarf Adder Namibia; South Africa V Vipera kaznakovi Caucasian Viper I Bothrops insularis Georgia; Russia; Turkey Golden Lancehead Brazil: Queimada Island E Vipera latifii Latifi's Viper R Crolalus unicolor Iran: Lar Valley in Elburz Mts. {Crotalus durissus unicolor) Aruba Island Rattlesnake K Vipera pontica Aruba Georgia?; Turkey R Trimeresurus comutus I Vipera raddei Viet Nam (Vipera xanthina raddei) Armenian Viper R Trimeresurus mangshanensis Armenia; Iran; Turkey China: Mt Mang. Hunan Province E Vipera schweizeri R Vipera albizona (Macrovipera schweizeri, Vipera lebetina (V. xanthina albizona) schweizeri) Turkey Cyclades Blunt-nosed Viper I Vipera bornmuelleri Greece: Kimolos, Milos, Polyaigos. Siphnos (V. xanthina bonunuelleri) I Vipera wagneri Lebanon; Syria Iran; Turkey I Vipera hulgardaghica Turkey 85 Amphibians Class AMPHIBIA R Discoglossus montalentii Order ANURA France: Corsica Family BUFONIDAE Family HELEOPHRYNIDAE Heleophryne R Bufo amatolica E hewitti Amatola Toad Hewitt's Ghost Frog South Africa: Elandsberg Soutli Africa Mountains V Bufo alacamensis E Heleophryne rosei Chile Table Mountain Ghost Frog South Africa: Table Mountain V Bufo chilensis Family Chile HYLIDAE Hyla R Bufo exsul K albolineata Brazil (Bitfo boreas exsul) Black Toad R Hyla andersonii USA Pine Barrens Tree Frog E Bufo koustonensis USA Houston Toad K Hyla izecksohni USA Brazil E Bufo periglenes K Hyla langei Golden Toad BrazU Costa Rica: CoidiUera de Tilaran (ex?) K Hyla secedens V Bufo retiformis Brazil Sonoran Green Toad Mexico; USA I Hyla vasta Dominican Republic; Haiti R Capensibufo rosei Cape Mountain Toad K Litoria aurea South Africa Green and Golden Bell Frog Australia V Nectophrynoides occidentalis Litoria (Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis) V brevipalmata Green-thighed Mt. Nimba Viviparous Toad Frog Australia Cote dTvoire; Guinea; Liberia? Litoria dentata I Pedostihes kempi K Bleating Tree Garo Hill Tree Toad Frog Australia India: Assam, Garo Hilk Litoria castanea I Pedostibes tuberculosus K Malabar Tree Toad Yellow-spotted Tree Frqg India Australia V Peltophryne lemur K Litoria lesueuri Lesueur's Frog Puerto Rican Crested Toad Australia British Virgin Islands; Puerto Rico Family DISCOGLOSSIDAE V Litoria nannotis Torrent Tree Frog E Alytes muletensis Australia (Baleaphryne muletensis) Ferreret E Litoria nyakalensis Spain: Mallorca Nyakala Frog Australia R Discoglossus jeanneae (Discoglossus galganoi jeanneae) V Litoria pearsoniana Spain Pearson's Frog Australia 87 THREATENED SPECIES V Litoria piperata Family LEPTODACT'iTJDAE Peppered Tree Frog R Alsodes barrioi Australia Chile K Litoria raniformis E Alsodes montanus Southern Bell Frog Chile Australia E Alsodes nodosus V Litoria rhencola Chile Creek Frog Australia E Alsodes tumultuosos Chile E Litoria spenceri Spotted Frog V Alsodes vanzolinii Australia Chile K Litoria verreauxii K Atelogimthus grandisonae Whistling Tree Frog Chile Australia I Atelognathus nitoi V Nyctimystes dayi Argentina: Laguna Verde Day's Frog R Atelognathus reverberii Australia Argentina: Somuncurd plateau K Phrynomedusa fimbriata R Atelognathus solitarius Brazil Argentina: Las Bayas stream Family HYPEROLIIDAE K Batrachophrynus macrostomus R Afrixalus aureus Lake Junin (Giant) Frog Golden Dwarf Reed Frog (Lake Junin) Mozambique; South Africa; Swaziland Bolivia; Peru R Hyperolius pickersgilli V Caudiverbera caudiverbera PickersgUl's Reed Frog Chile South Africa I Eleutherodactylus cavemicola R Leptopelis xenodactylus Jamaica Long-toed Tree Frog R Eleutherodactylus fuscus South Africa Jamaica R Tachycnemis seychellensis R Eleutherodactylus jasperi (Megalixaliis seychellensis. Megalixalus Golden Coqui Frog iiifranifus) Puerto Rico Seychelle Islands Tree Frog Seychelle Islands I Eleuth erodactylus junori Family LHOPELMATIDAE Jamaica E Eleutherodactylus R Leiopelma archeyi karlschmidtii Puerto Rico Aichey's Frog New Zealand: North Island (Coromandel I Eleutherodactylus semipalmatus Peninsula) Haiti V Leiopelma hamiltoni R Hamilton's Frog Eleutherodactylus sisyphodemus Jamaica New Zealand: Stephen Island. Maud Island R Eupsophus insularis R Leiopelma hochstetteri Chile Hochstetter's Frog New Zealand: North Island E Eupsophus migueli Chile 88 Amphibians E Insuetophrymus acarpicus V Geocrinia vitellina Chile Yellow-bellied Frog Australia K Leptodactylus marambaiae BrazU K Heleioporus albopunctatus Western Spotted Frog I Paratelmatobius gaigeae Australia Brazil: Serra da Bocaina K Lechriodus fletcheri V Somuncuria somuncurensis Fletcher's Frog {Telmalobius somuncurensis) Australia Somuncura Frog Argentina: Somuncurd plateau K Mixophyes balbus Stuttering Frog E Telmatobius atacamensis Australia Argentina K Mixophyes fasciolatus R Telmatobius halli Great Barred Frog Chile Australia R Telmatobius pefauri E Mixophyes fleayi Chile Fleay's Frog V Telmatobius peruvianus Australia Chile K Mixophyes iteratus R Telmatobius zapahuirensis Southern Barred Frog Chile Australia R Telmatobufo australis V Philoria frosti Chile Baw-baw Frog Australia: Mt. Baw Baw R Telmatobufo bullocki Chile K Pseudophyrne australis Red -crowned Toadlet R Telmatobufo venustus Australia Chile K Pseudophryne bibronii Family MICROHYLIDAE Bibron's Toadlet V Breviceps gibbosus Australia Cape Rain Frog V Pseudophryne corroboree South Africa Corroboree Frog R Breviceps macrops Australia Desert Rain Frog E Rheobatrachus silus Namibia?; South Africa Gastric Brooding Prog K Hyophryne histrio Australia: Conondale and BlackaU Ranges Brazil (ex?) E Rheobatrachus vitellinus I Melanobatrachus incUcus Northern Gastric-brooding Frog Black Microhylid Australia: Eungella National Park (ex?) India: Kerala E Taudactylus acutirostris Family MYOBATRACHIDAE Sharp-nosed Torrent Frog Australia K Adelotus brevis Tusked Frog E Taudactylus diurnus Australia Mount Glorious Torrent Frog Australia E Geocrinia alba White-bellied Frog E Taudactylus eungellensis Australia Eungella Torrent Frog Australia 89 THREATENED SPECIES E Taudactylus liemi R Rana dracomontana Liem's Frog Drakensberg Frog Australia Lesotho; South Africa? K Taudactylus pleione K Rana fasciculispina Pleiones Torrent Frog Spiny-breasted Giant Frog Australia Thailand E Taudactylus rheophilus V Rana holsti Tinkling Frog (Babina holsti) Australia Hoist's Frog Japan: Nansei-shoto K Uperoleia marmorata Marbled Toadlet R Rana holtzi Australia Turkey: Cilician Taurus K Uperoleia orientalis V Rana ishikawae Alexandra Toadlet Ishikawa's Frog Australia Japan: Nansei-shoto Family PIPIDAE K Rana kohchangae Kohchang Frog E Xenopus gilli Thailand Cape Platanna South Africa V Rana latastei Italian Agile Frog Family RANIDAE Italy; Slovenia; Switzerland R Anhydrophryne rattrayi R Rana namiyei Hogsback Frog Namiye's Frog South Africa: Amatola Mountains Japan: Nansei-shoto (Okinawa) R Cacosternum capense Cape Caco V Rana subaspera (.Babina subaspera) South Africa Otton Frog I Cacosternum poyntoni Japan: Nansei-shoto Poynton's Caco K Ratm tasanae South Africa Smith's Wrinkled Frog V Conraua goliath Thailand (Rana goliath. Gigantoraiia goliath) R Rana vertebralis Goliath Frog Water Frog Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea Lesotho; South Africa E Microbatrachella capensis Family Micro Frog RHINODERMATIDAE South Africa V Rhinoderma danvinii Darwin's E Platymantis insulatus Toad Chile Philippines: South Gigante R Platymantis spelaeus E Rhinoderma rufum Chile Philippines: Negros Family K Platymantis vitiensis SOOGLOSSIDAE Fijian Ground Frog R Nesomantis thomasseti Fiji Thomasset's Seychelles Frog K Rana aenea Seychelles: Mah6, Silhouette Doichang Frog R Sooglossus gardineri Thailand Gardiner's Seychelles Frog SeycheUes: Cerf, Mah6 90 Amphibians R Sooglossus sechellensis Batrachoseps simatus Seychelles Frog Kern Canyon Slender Salamander Seychelles: Mah6. Silhouette USA Order CAUDATA Batrachoseps stebbinsi Tehachapi Slender Salamander Family AMBYSTOMATTDAE USA R Ambystoma lermaense Eurycea nana (Ambysloma krmaensis) San Marcos Salamander Lake Lerma Salamander USA Mexico: Lake Lerma Hydromantes brunus R Ambystoma mexicanum Limestone Salamander Axolotl USA Mexico: Lake Xochimilco region Hydromantes shastae Family CRYPTOBRANCHIDAE Shasta Salamander I Andrias davidianus USA {Megalobatrachus davidianus) Phaeognathus hubrichti Chinese Giant Salamander Red Hills Salamander China: tributaries of Yangzi, Yellow and Pearl USA Rivers Plethodon larselli R Andrias japonicus Larch Mountain Salamander (Megalobatrachus japoniciis) USA Japanese Giant Salamander Japan: south-west Honshu, central Kyushu Plethodon neomexicanus Jemez Mountains Salamander Family HYNOBUDAE USA K Batrachuperus mustersi Plethodon nettingi Afghanistan (Plethodon richmondi nettingi) E Hynobius abei Cheat Mountain Salamander Abe's Salamander USA Japan: Honshu Plethodon shenandoah R Hynobius dunni Shenandoah Salamander Oita Salamander USA Japan: Kyushu K Plethodon stormi V Hynobius hidamontanus Siskiyou Mts Salamander Hakuba Salamander USA Japan Speleomantes flavus R Hynobius okiensis (Hydromantes flavus) Oki Salamander Italy: Sardinia Japan: Oki Island Speleomantes genei R Hynobius stejnegeri (Hydromantes genei) Amber-coloured Salamander Sardinian or Brown Cave Salamander Japan: Kyushu Italy: Sardinia E Hynobius takedai Speleomantes imperialis Hokuriku Salamander (Hydromantes imperialis) Japan: Honshu Italy: Sardinia Family PLETHODONTIDAE Speleomantes supramontes (Hydromantes supramontes) E Batrachoseps aridus Italy: Sardinia Desert Slender Salamander USA 91 THREATENED SPECIES E Typhlomolge rathbuni R Mertensiella luschani (Eurycea rathbuni) Lycian Salamander Texas Blind Salamander Greece; Turkey USA K Neurergus crocatus K Typhlotiiton spelaeus Turkey Grotto Salamander USA K Neurergus strauchi Turkey Family PROTEIDAE I Paramesotriton deloustali V Proteus anguinus (Mesotriton deloustali) 01m Vietnamese Salamander Italy; Slovenia; Yugoslavia Viet Nam: near Hanoi [France; Italy] V Salamandra aurorae Family SALAMANDRIDAE (S. atra aurorae) I Chioglossa lusitanica Golden Salamander Gold-striped Salamander Italy: Vald'Assa Portugal; Spain R Salamandra lanzai R Euproctus platycephalus {S. atra lanzai) Sardinian Brook Salamander Large Alpine Salamander Italy: Sardinia France; Italy R Mertensiella caucasica Caucasian Salamander Georgia; Turkey 92 Fishes Class CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI V Acipenser schrencki Order PETROMYZONTIFORMES Amur Sturgeon (Amur River) Family PETROMYZONTIDAE China; Russia V Eudontomyzon hellenicus E Acipenser sturio Gav6helo Common Sturgeon Greece Albania; Algeria; Belgium (ex?); Finland (ex?); France; (jermany (ex?); R Lampetra hubhsi Greece; Iceland Kern Brook Lamprey (ex?); Ireland (ex?); Italy; Morocco; USA Netherlands (ex?); Norway (ex?); Poland (ex?): Portugal; Romania; Russia; Spain (ex?): R Lampetra macrostoma Sweden (ex?); Switzerland?; Turkey; Ukraine: Lake Lamprey United Kingdom; Yugoslavia (ex?) Canada R Huso dauricus K Mordacia lapicida Kaluga Chile (Amur River) K Mordacia praecox China; Russia Non-parasitic Lamprey E Scaphirkynchus albus Australia Pallid Sturgeon USA Class ELASMOBRANCHn E Scaphirkynchus suttkusi Order ORECTOLOBIFORMES Alabama Sturgeon USA: Mobile Bay drainage Family RHINCODONTIDAE Family POLYODONTEDAE I Rhincodon typus Whale Shark V Polyodon spathula (Tropical & warm temperate seas) Paddlefish USA Order LAMNIFORMES V Psephurus gladius Family LAMNIDAE Chinese Paddlefish China K Carcharodon carcharias Great White Shark Order OSTEOGLOSSIFORMES (Sub-tropical & warm temperate seas) Family OSTEOGLOSSIDAE Family CETORHINIDAE K Arapaima gigas K Cetorhinus maximus Pirarucu Basking Shark Brazil; Guyana; Peru (Temperate waters) K Scleropages formosus Class ACTINOPTERYGn Asian Bonytongue Brunei; Cambodia; Indonesia: Bangka. Order ACIPENSERIFORMES Kalimantan, Sumatra; Malaysia: Peninsular Malayasia, Sabah, Sarawak; Philippines; Family ACHPENSERIDAE Singapore; Thailand; Viet Nam V Acipenser brevirostrum R Scleropages leichhardti Shortnose Sturgeon Southern Saratoga Canada; USA Australia V Acipenser fulvescens Family NOTOPTERIDAE Lake Sturgeon Canada; USA R Notopterus blanci Indochina Featherback Cambodia; Thailand 93 THREATENED SPECIES Order CLUPEIFORMES R Barbus calidus Clanwilliam RedUn Family CLUPEIDAE South Africa R Clupeoides papuensis R Barbus capensis Toothed River Herring Clanwilliam Yellowfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea South Africa Family ENGRAULIDAE V Barbus comiza K Thryssa scratchleyi Portugal; Spain Freshwater Anchovy E Barbus erubescens Australia Twee River Redfin Order CYPRINIFORMES South Africa Family CYPRINIDAE E Barbus euboicus Petr6psaro I Acanthorutilus anatolkus Greece Yag Baligi Turkey R Barbus guiraonis Spain I Acanthorutilus crassus Turkey R Barbus haasi Spain E Acanthorutilus handlirschi Ci^ek I Barbus halei Turkey: Lake Egridir Malaysia; Thailand I Acanthorutilus meandricus R Barbus hospes Turkey Namaquab Barb Namibia; South Africa I Acanthorhodeus elongatus China: Yunnan (Dianchi Lake) V Barbus kimberleyensis Largemouth Yellowfish E Acheilognathus longipinnis Namibia; South Africa Itasenpara Bitterling Japan: Honshu Island R Barbus microcephalus Portugal; Spain I Alburnus akili Turkey K Barbus motebensis Marico Barb I Anabarilius polylepis South Africa China: Yunnan (Dianchi Lake) E Barbus prespensis E Anaecypris hispanica Briina Spain; Portugal Greece E Aulopyge hugeli V Barbus serra Dalmatian Barbelgudgeon Sawfin Yugoslavia South Africa I Balantiocheilos melanopterus I Barbus somphongsi Silver Shark Thailand Brunei; Cambodia; Indonesia: Kalimantan. Sumatra: Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia, V Barbus treurensis Sabah. Sarawak; Thailand Treur River Barb South Africa V Barbus andrewi Cape Whitefish E Barbus trevelyani South Africa Border Barb South Africa R Barbus brevipinnis Shortfin Barb E Caecobarbus geertsi South Africa African BUnd Barb Fish Zaire 94 Fishes R Caecocypris basimi I Cyprinus micrislius Iraq China: Yunnan (Dianchi Lake) R Capoeta antalyensis V Danio pathirana Turkey Barred Danio Sri Lanka V Cephalokompsus pachycheilus Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) V Dionda diaboli Devil's River Minnow E Chalcalburnus tarichi Mexico; USA Inciksfali Baligi Turkey: Lalce Van R Dionda dichroma Sardinita de Rio Verde R Chela caeruleostigmata Mexico Thailand E Dionda mandibularis K Chondrostoma lemmingii Sardinita Quijarrona Portugal: Spain Mexico R Chondrostoma lusitanicum V Eremichlhys acros Portugal Desert Dace K Chondrostoma willkommii USA Portugal; Spain R Garra barreimiae V Cyprinella bocagrande Bahrain; Oman Saidinita Bocagrande R Garra dunsirei Mexico Oman V Cyprinella caerulea V Garra phillipsi Blue Shiner USA Philipps' Garra Sri Lanka V Cyprinella callitaenia V Gila alvordensis Bluestripe Shiner USA Alvord Chub USA V Cyprinella formosa V Gila boraxobius Beautiful Shiner Borax Lake Chub Mexico; USA USA V Cyprinella monacha E Gila cypha Turquoise Shiner USA Humpback Chub USA E Cyprinella panarcys V Gila ditaenia Conchos Shiner Charalito Sonorense Mexico Mexico; USA V Cyprinella proserpina E Gila elegans Proserpine Shiner Bonytail Chub Mexico; USA Mexico; USA V Cyprinella santamariae R Gila intermedia Sardinita de Santa Maria Gila Chub Mexico Mexico; USA E Cyprinella xanthicara E Gila modesta Cuatro Cienegas Shiner Charalito Mexico Saltillo Mexico V Cyprinella sp. V Gila nigrescens Sardinita Nazas Mexico Charalito Chihuahua Mexico; USA 95 THREATENED SPECIES V Gila purpurea V Mandibularca resinus Yaqui Chub Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) Mexico; USA V Meda fulgida I Gobio hettilorum Spikedace Derekaya Baligi USA Turkey E Moapa coriacea I Hemigrammocapoeta kenudi Moapa Dace Turkey USA R Hemilremia flammea V Notropis aguirrepequenoi Flame Chub Sardinita del Pilon USA Mexico R Hybognathus amarus R Notropis buccula Rio Grande Minnow Smalleye Shiner USA USA V Hybopsis cahni E Notropis cahabae Slender Chub Cahaba Shiner USA USA V Hybopsis gelida R Notropis hubbsi Sturgeon Chub Bluehead Shiner USA USA V Hybopsis meeki R Notropis imeldae Sicklefin Chub Sardinita de Rio Verde USA Mexico K Iberocypris palaciosi I Notropis jemezanus Spain Rio Grande Shiner USA E lotichthys phlegethontis Least Chub E Notropis mekistocholas USA Cape Fear Shiner USA R Iranocypris typhlops Iran V Notropis melanostomus Blackmouth Shiner E Labeo Jisheri USA Green Labeo Sri Lanka R Notropis moralesi Sardinita de Tepelmene E Labeo seeberi Mexico Calnwilliam Sandfish South Africa R Notropis oxyrhynchus Sharpnose Shiner V Ladigesocypris ghigii USA Ghizini Greece: Rhodes R Notropis perpallidus Colorless Shiner E Lepidomeda albivallis USA White River Spinedace USA E Notropis saladonis Sardinita de Salado V Lepidomeda vittata Mexico Little Colorado Spinedace USA R Notropis semperasper Roughhead Shiner R Leuciscus caroliterlii Portugal?; Spain USA 96 Fishes E NotTopis simus R Pseudobarbus asper Bluntnose Shiner Smallscale Redfin USA South Africa R Notropis snelsoni R Pseudobarbus burchelli Ouachita Mountain Shiner Burchell's Redfin USA South Africa R Notropis welaka E Pseudobarbus burgi Bluenose Shiner Berg River Redfin USA South Africa V Oregonichthys crameri E Pseudobarbus phlegelhon Oregon Chub Fiery Redfin USA South Africa R Oregonichthys kalawatseti E Pseudobarbus quathlambae Umpqua chub Maluti Miimow USA Lesotho V Ospatulus palaemophagus V Pseudobarbus tenuis Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) Slender Redfin Soudi Africa V Ospatulus truncatus Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) V Pseudophoxinus beoticus Paskdviza I Pararhodeus meandri Greece Ot BaUgi Turkey V Pseudophoxinus stymphalicus D&ka R Phenacobius teretulus Greece Kanawha Minnow USA E Ptychocheilus lucius Colorado Squafish I Phoxinellus fahirae USA Incilevrek Baligi Turkey V Puntius amarus Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) E Phoxinus cumberlandensis Mountain Blackside Dace R Puntius asoka USA Asoka Barb Sri Lanka R Phoxinus tennesseensis Tennessee Dace V Puntius baoulan USA Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) E Plagopterus argentissimus V Puntius cataractae Woundfin Philippines USA V Puntius clemensi R Pogonichthys macrolepidotus Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) Sacramento Splittail V Puntius cumingii USA Two Spot Barb K Probarbus jullieni Sri Lanka Dean Temoleh V Puntius disa Cambodia; Laos; Malaysia: Peninsular Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) Malaysia; Thailand; Viet Nam V Puntius flavifuscus R Pseudobarbus afer Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) Eastern Cape Redfin South Africa V Puntius herrei Philippines 97 THREATENED SPECIES V Puntius kalalo I Tylognathus klatti Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) Saz Baligi Turkey V Puntius lanaoensis Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) R Typhlobarbus nudiventris China R Puntius lindong Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) R Typklogarra widdowsoni Iraq V Puntius mamalak Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) E Varicorhinus alticorpus Taiwan V Puntius nigrofasciatus Black Ruby Barb R Vimba melanops Sri Lanka Malamida Greece V Puntius pleuTotaenia Side Striped Barb Family COBmDAE Sri Lanka V Cobitis calderoni R Puntius Strang Portugal; Spain Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) I Cobitis haasi E Puntius srilankensis Spain Sri Lanka V Cobitis paludica V Puntius titteya Portugal; Spain Cherry Barb V Cobitis stephanidisi Sri Lanka Greece V Puntius tras E Lepidocephalichthys jonklaasi Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) Spotted Loach R Puntius tumba Sri Lanka Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) E Leptobotia curta V Rasbora vaterifloris Ayiunodoki Valeria Rower Rasbora Japan Sri Lanka Family BAUTORIDAE R Retictus sotitarius V Acanthocobitis urophthalmus Relict Dace USA Banded Mountain Loach Sri Lanka R Rutilus lemmingii R Nemacheilus troglocataractus Portugal?; Spain Thailand: Tham Sai Yok Noi R Semotilus lumbee R Nemacheilus gejiuensi Sandhills (Thub USA China: Bajianjing. Yunnan Province R Nemacheilus smithi R Sinocyclocheilus anophthalmus Iran: Baq-e-Loveh pool, Zagros Mountains China R Nemacheilus xianggensis V SprateUicypris palata China: Xiangxi. Hunan Province Philippines: Mindanao (Lake Lanao) R Oreonectes anophthalmus E Tanakia tanago China Tokyo Bitterling Japan R Schistura jarutanini Thailand: Amphce Sri Sawat, Kanchanaburi V Tiaroga cobitis Province Loach Minnow USA 98 Fishes R Schistura oedipus R Cycleptus elongatus Thailand: Tham Nam Lang, Mae Hong Son Blue Sucker Province Mexico; USA R Schistura sijuensis E Deltistes luxatus India Lost River Sucker USA R Sundoreonectes tiomanensis Malaysia R Moxosloma ariommumm Bigeye Jumprock R Troglocobitis slarostini USA Turkmenistan: Kugitangtau mountains R Moxosloma atripinne E Yunnanilus nigromaculatus Blackfm Sucker China: Yunnan (Dianchi Lake) USA Family CATOSTOMIDAE R Moxosloma congestum V Catostomus bernardini Gray Redhorse Yaqui Sucker Mexico: USA Mexico; USA R Moxosloma hamiltoni V Catostomus cahita Rustyside Sucker Matalote Cahita USA Mexico V Moxosloma hubbsi R Catostomus conchos Copper Redhorse Matalote Conchos Canada Mexico V Moxosloma sp. R Catostomus leopoldi Bighead Redhorse Matalote del Bavispe USA Mexico E Xyrauchen texanus E Catostomus microps Razorback Sucker Modoc Sucker USA USA Order CHARACIFORMES R Catostomus santaanae Family Santa Ana Sucker CHARACIDAE USA E Catabasis acumiitatus R Catostomus snyderi Brazil Klamath largescale sucker V Cheirodon auslrale USA Chile E Catostomus warnerensis V Cheirodon galusdae Warner Sucker Chile USA V Cheirodon kiliani R Catostomus wigginsi Chile Matalote Opata Mexico V Cheirodon pisciculus Chile E Catostomus sp. bergi Salish Sucker V Gymnocharadnus Naked Characin Canada; USA Argentina E Chasmistes brevirostris Shortnose Sucker Order SILURIFORMES USA Family DIPLOMYSTIDAE E Chasmistes cujus E Diplomystes camposensis Cui-ui Chile USA 99 THREATENED SPECIES E Diplomystes chilensis E Noturus trautmani Tollo de Agua Dulce Scioto Madtom Chile USA E Diplomystes nahuelbutensis E Prietella phreatophila Chile Bagre de Muzquiz Mexico Family ICTALURIDAE V Satan eurystomus R Ictalurus australis Widemouth Blindcat Bagre del Panuco USA Mexico V Trogloglanis pattersoni R Ictalurus lupus Toothless Blindcat Bagre Lobo USA Mexico; USA Family BAGRIDAE R Ictalurus mexicanus E Austroglanis barnardi Bagre de Rio Verde Barnard's Rock-catfish Mexico South Africa R Ictalurus pricei R Austroglanis gilli Bagre de Yaqui Mexico Clanwilliam Rock-catfish South Africa R Ictalurus sp. I Austroglanis sclateri Bagre de Cuatro Cienegas Mexico Rock-catfish South Africa E Noturus baileyi Smoky Madtom E Coreobagrus ichikawai USA Nekogigi Japan V Noturus flavipinnis Yellowfin Madtom I Leiocassis medianalis USA China: Yunnan (Dianchi Lake) R Pardiglanis R Noturus furiosus tarabinii Giant Carolina Madtom Catfish USA Somalia: Jubba River E Pseudobagrus sp. V Noturus gilberti Orangefm Madtom Gibachi USA Japan: Kyushu Island Family V Noturus lachneri SILURIDAE Ouachita Madtom K Silurus mento USA China: Yunnan (Dianchi Lake) V Noturus munitus Family PANGASUDAE Frecklebelly Madtom USA V Pangasianodon gigas Giant Catfish V Noturus placidus Cambodia; China: Yunnan Province; Laos; Neosho Madtom Myanmar, Thailand; Viet Nam USA R Pangasius sanitwongsei E Noturus stanauli Pla Thepa Pygmy Madtom Cambodia; Laos; Thailand; Viet Nam USA Family AMBLYdPITIDAE V Noturus taylori Caddo Madtom I Liobagrus nigricauda USA China: Yunnan (Dianchi Lake) 100 Fishes Fanuly SISORDDAE K Chiloglanis swierstrai Lowveld Rock Catlet I Oreoglanis siamensis Mozambique; South Africa; Zimbabwe Thailand Family PIMELODIDAE Family CLARIIDAE V Rhamdia reddelli E Glorias cavernicola Jml Ciego Cave Catfish Mexico Namibia Family TRICHOMYCTERIDAE R Horaglanis krishnai Cave Catfish V Bullockia maldonadoi India Chile Family HETER0P>fEUS1TDAE I Eremophilus murisii Colombia: Bogoti area V Heteropnuestes microps Sri Lanka E Nematogenys inermis Chile Family ARIIDAE V Trichomyclerus areolatus K Ancharius brevibarbus Chile Madagascar E Trichomyclerus chilloni V Arius taylori Chile Taylor's Catfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea E Trichomyclerus chungarensis Chile K Cinetodus froggatti Small Mouthed Catfish E Trichomyclerus laucaensis Australia ChUe I Tetranesodon conorhynchus E Trichomyclerus rivulatus Lorentz Catfish Chile Indonesia: Irian Jaya Order SALMONIFORMES Family PLOTOSIDAE Family UMBRIDAE R Neosilurus sp. 1 R Novumbra hubbsi Dalhousie Catfish Olympic Mudminnow Australia USA R Neosilurus sp. 2 Family LEPIDCKjALAXIIDAE Cooper Creek Tandan Australia R Lepidogalaxias salamandroides Salmanderfish K Neosilurus sp. 3 Australia False Spine Catfish Australia Family OSMERIDAE V Oloplotosus torobo V Hypomesus transpacificus Kutubu Tandan Delta Smelt Papua New Guinea USA R Tandanus sp. R Osmerus spectrum Belinger River Tandan Pygmy Smelt Australia Canada; USA Family MOCHOKIDAE Family SALANGIDAE V Chiloglanis bifurcus E Neosalanx regani Incomati Rock Catlet Ariakehimeshirauo South Africa Japan: Kyushu Island 101 THREATENED SPECIES FamUy RETROPINNIDAE V Galaxiella pusilla Dwarf Galaxias V Protolroctes maraena Australia: Tasmania Australian Grayling Australia: Tasmania V Neochanna burrowsius Canterbury Mudfish Family GALAXIIDAE New Zealand K Aplochilon marinus R Neochanna diversus Chile Black Mudfish V Brachygalaxias bullocki New Zealand ChUe R Paragalaxias mesotes V Brachygalaxias gothei Arthurs Paragalaxias Chile Australia E Galaxias fontanus Family SALMONIDAE Swan Galaxias R Coregonus artedii Australia: Tasmania Cisco E Galaxias fuscus (Great Lakes) Baired Galaxias Canada; USA Australia E Coregonus canadensis E Galaxias globiceps Atlantic Whitefish ChUe (Great Lakes) V Galaxias gracilis Canada; USA Dwarf Inanga R Coregonus hoyi New Zealand Bloater E Galaxias johnstoni (Great Lakes) Clarence Galaxias Canada; USA Australia: Tasmania V Coregonus kiyi K Galaxias parvus Kiyi Small Pedder Galaxias (Great Lakes) Australia: Tasmania Canada; USA E Galaxias pedderensis E Coregonus nigripinnis Pedder Galaxias Blackfm Cisco Australia: Tasmania (Great Lakes) Canada; USA R Galaxias postvectis Shortjawed Kokopu E Coregonus oxyrhynchus New Zealand Routing Denmark; Estonia; Finland; Germany; Ireland; R Galaxias rostratus Latvia; Lithuania; Norway; Poland; Russia; Murray Jollytail Sweden; United Kingdom Australia E Coregonus reighardi V Galaxias sp. Shortnose Cisco New Zealand: Waipori River (Great Lakes) V Galaxias tanycephalus Canada; USA Saddled Galaxias E Coregonus zenithicus Australia: Tasmania Shortjaw Cisco R Galaxiella nigrostriata (Great Lakes) Black-Striped Minnow Canada; USA Australia E Coregonus sp. 1 Opeongo Whitefish Canada 102 Fishes V Coregonus sp. 2 V Amblyopsis spelaea Squanga Whitefish Northern Cavefish Canada USA E Hucho hucho E Speoplatyrhinus poulsoni Danube Salmon Alabama Cavefish Austria; Czech Republic; France; Germany; USA Italy; Moldavia?; Poland; Romania; Slovakia; Order Switzerland; Ukraine; Yugoslavia OPHIDnFORMES V Onchorhynchus apache Family BYTHITIDAE Apache Trout I Lucifuga spelaeoles USA New Providence Cusk-eel Bahamas: V Onchorhynchus chrysogaster Mermaids Pool. New Providence Mexican Golden Trout Island Mexico E Typhliasina pearsei Ciega Blanca V Onchorhynchus gilae Dama Gila Trout Mexico USA E Typhliasina sp. E Onchorhynchus ishikawai Nueva Dama Ciega Satsukimasu Salmon Mexico Japan: Nagara River. Honshu Island Order CYPRMODONTIFORMES E Onchorhynchus iwame Family APLOCHEILIDAE Iwame Trout Japan E Campellolebias brucei Santa Catarina Sabrefm R Onchorhynchus sp. Brazil Trucha de Yaqui Mexico R Cynolebias boitonei Brasilia Lyrefin I Salmo platycephalus Brazil AlaBalik Turkey V Cynolebias constanciae Brazil E Salmothymus obtusirostris Adriatic Salmcm E Cynolebias marmoratus Yugoslavia Ginger Pearlfish BrazU R Salvelinus anaktuvukensis Angayukaksurak Char I Cynolebias minimus USA Minute Pearlfish Brazil I Salvelinus confluentus BuU Trout E Cynolebias opalescens Canada; USA Opalescent Pearlfish Brazil E Salvelinus japonicus Kirikuchi Char E Cynolebias splendens Japan: Totsukawa River, Honshu Island Splendid Pearlfish Brazil Order PERCOPSIFORMES E Nothobranchius sp. FamUy AMBLYOPSIDAE Caprivi Killifish V Amblyopsis rosae Namibia Ozark Cavefish K Pachypanchax homalonotus USA Madagascar K Pachypanchax sakaramyi Madagascar 103 THREATENED SPECIES R Rivulus marmoratus E Cyprinodon fontinalis Rivulus Perrito de Carbonera USA Mexico R Rivulus robustus V Cyprinodon labiosus Rivulus Almirante Cachorrito Cangrejero Mexico Mexico Family CYPRINODONTIDAE V Cyprinodon macrolepis Laigescale Pupfish I Aphanius anatolias Mexico Dislisazancik Baligi Turkey V Cyprinodon maya Cachorrito Gigante I Aphanius burduricus Mexico Turkey E Cyprinodon meeki I Aphanius chantrei Cachorrito de Mezquital Dislisazancik Baligi Mexico Turkey V Cyprinodon nazas E Aphanius iberus Cachorrito del Aguanaval Spain Mexico R Crenichthys baileyi E Cyprinodon pachycephalus White River Springfish USA Cachorrito Cabezon Mexico V Crenichthys nevadae V Cyprinodon pecosensis Railroad Valley Springfish USA Pecos Pupfish USA E Cualac tessellatus E Cyprinodon Cachorrito de Media Luna radiosus Mexico Owens Pupfish USA V Cyprinodon alvarezi V Cyprinodon simus Perrito de Potosi Mexico Cachorrito Boxeador Mexico R Cyprinodon atrorus R Perrito del Bolson Cyprinodon tularosa Mexico White Sands Pupfish USA V Cyprinodon beltrani Cachorrito Lodero V Cyprinodon verecundus Mexico Cachorrito de Dorsal Larga Mexico R Cyprinodon bifasciatus Perrito de Cuatro Cienegas R Fundulus julisia Mexico Barrens Topminnow USA E Cyprinodon bovinus Leon Springs I^ipfish V Fundulus lima USA Killifish Mexico V Cyprinodon diaboHs Devils Hole Pupfish V Fundulus waccamensis USA Waccamaw Killifish USA E Cyprinodon elegans Comanche Springs Pupfish E Lucania interioris USA Sardinilla Cuatro Cienegas Mexico 104 Fishes V Kosswigichthys asquamatus E Hubbsina turneri Scaleless Killifish Mexico Turkey E Skifjia francesae E Megupsilon aporus Tiro Cachorrito Enano de Potosi Mexico Mexico E Xenoophorus captivus I Micropanchax schoelleri Solo Goodeido Egypt Mexico E Orestias chungarensis Family POECHJIDAE Chile I Gambusia aestiputeus E Orestias cuvieri Colombia: San Ardrds Bolivia V Gambusia alvared E Orestias laucaensis Guayacon de San Gregorio Chile Mexico E Orestias parinacotensis R Gambusia eurystoma Chile Guayacon Bocon Mexico K Pantanodon madagascariensis Madagascar E Gambusia gaigei Big Bend Gambusia E Valencia hispanica USA Valencia Toothcaip Spain V Gambusia heterochir Clear Creek Gambusia E Valencia letourneuxi Zoum^ USA Greece V Gambusia hurtadoi Guayacon Family GOODEDDAE de Hacienda Dolores Mexico E Allotoca maculata I Gambusia krumholzi Opal Goodeid Mexico Mexico V Gambusia longispinis E Ameca splendens Guayacon Goodeid de Cuatro Cienegas Mexico Mexico V Gambusia nobilis E Ataeniobius loweri Pecos Gambusia Striped Goodeid Mexico USA R Gambusia senilis V Characodon audax Guayacon Pinto Bold Characodon Mexico Mexico; USA I Gambusia speciosa E Characodon lateralis USA Rainbow Goodeid Mexico V Poecilia latipunctata Molly del Tamesi E Girardinichthys multiradiatus Mexico Mexico V Poecilia sulphuraria E Girardinichthys viviparus Molly Mexclapique del Teapa Mexico Mexico I Poecilia vetiprovidentiae V Goodea gracilis Mexico Colombia: Isla de Providencia 105 THREATENED SPECIES I Poeciliopsis monacha R Nomoramphus celebensis Mexico Poso Halfbeak Indonesia: Sulawesi (Lake Poso) R Poeciliopsis occidentalis Charalito R Zenarchopterus alleni Mexico; USA Allen's River Garfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya R XiphophoTus clemenciae Espada de Clemencia R Zenacrchopterus robertsi Mexico Robert's River Garfish Papua New Guinea E Xiphophorus couchianus Platy Monterrey Order ATHERINIFORMES Mexico Family ATHERINIDAE E Xiphophorus gordoni Platy Cuatro Cienegas V Austromenidia gracilis Mexico Chile E Xiphophorus meyeri V Basilichthys australis Platy de Muzquiz ChUe Mexico E Basilichthys microlepidotus Order BELONIFORMES Chile K Bedotia geayi Family ADRIANICHTHYIDAE Madagascar E Adrianichthys kruyti K Bedotia longianalis Duck-billed Buntingi Madagascar Indonesia: Sulawesi (take Poso) K Bedotia V Oryzias marmoratus madagascariensis Madagascar Indonesia: Sulawesi R Cairnsichthys V Oryzias matanensis rhomhosomoides Cairns Rainbowfish Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes) Australia V Oryzias nigrimas Black Buntingi V Cauque mauleanum ChUe Indonesia: Sulawesi (Lake Poso) E Oryzias orthognathus R Chilatherina axelrodi Axelrod's Sharp-jawed Buntingi Rainbowfish Indonesia: Indonesia: Sulawesi (Lake Poso) Irian Jaya; Papau New Guinea V Oryzias profundicola R Chilatherina bleheri Bleher's Rainbowfish Indonesia: Sulawesi (MaliU Lakes) Indonesia: Irian Jaya E Xenopoecilus oophorus Egg-carrying Buntingi R Chilatherina bulolo Bulolo Indonesia: Sulawesi (Lake Poso) Rainbowfish Papua New Guinea E Xenopoecilus poptae Popta's Buntingi R Chilatherina sentaniensis Indonesia: Sulawesi (Lake Poso) Sentani Rainbowfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya E Xenopoecilus sarasinorum Indonesia: Sulawesi K Chirostoma bartoni Charal de la Caldera Family HEMIRAMPHIDAE Mexico V Dermogenys megarramphus E Chirostoma regani Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes) Charal del Valle de Mexico V Dermogenys weberi Mexico Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes) 106 Fishes R Craterocephalus amniculus Kiunga ballochi Darling River Hardyhead Glass Blue-Eye Australia Indonesia; Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea R Craterocephalus centralis Melanotaenia ajamaruensis Finke River Hardyhead Ajamaru Lakes Rainbowfish Australia Indonesia: Irian Jaya R Craterocephalus dalhousiensis Melanotaenia angfa Dalhousie Hardyhead Yakati Rainbowfish Australia Indonesia: Irian Jaya V Craterocephalus fluviatillis Melanotaenia arfakensis Murray Hardyhead Arfak Rainbowfish Australia Indonesia: Irian Jaya R Craterocephalus gloveri Melanotaenia boesetnani Glovers Hardyhead Boeseman's Rainbowfish Australia Indonesia: Iriar Jaya R Craterocephalus helenae Melanotaenia catherinae Drysdale Hardyhead Waigeo Rainbowfish Australia Indonesia: Irian Jaya R Craterocephalus kailolae Melanotaenia cororm KaUola's Hardyhead Corona Rainbowfish Papua New Guinea Indonesia: Irian Jaya V Craterocephalus lacustris Melanotaenia exquisita Kutubu Hardyhead Exquisite Rainbowfish Papua New Guinea Australia R Craterocephalus lentiginosus Melanotaenia gracilis Prince Regent Hardyhead Slender Rainbowfish Australia Australia K Craterocephalus marianae Melanotaenia herberiaxelrodi Magela Hardyhead Lake Tebera Rainbowfish Australia Papua New Guinea R Craterocephalus pimatuae Melanotaenia iris Pima Hardyhead Strickland Rainbowfish Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea R Glossolepis incisus Melanotaenia lacustris Red Raiabowfish Lake Kutubu Rainbowfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya Papua New Guinea R Glossolepis maculosus R Melanotaenia maylandi Spotted Rainbowfish Mayland's Rainbowfish Papua New Guinea Indonesia: Irian Jaya R Glossolepis pseudoincisus Melanotaenia misoolensis Tami River Rainbowfish Misool Rainbowfish Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Indonesia: Irian Jaya R Glossolepis ramuensis Melanotaenia monticola Ramu Rainbowfish Mountain Rainbowfish Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea R Glossolepis wanamensis Melanotaenia ogilbyi Lake Wanam Rainbowfish Ogilby's Rainbowfish Papua New Guinea Indonesia: Irian Jaya 107 THREATENED SPECIES Melanotaenia oktediensis I Pseudomugil majusculus Oktedi Rainbowfish Cape Blue-Eye Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea Melanotaenia papuae V Pseudomugil mellis Papuan Rainbowfish Honey Blue-eye Papua New Guinea Australia Melanotaenia parva V Pseudomugil paskai Lake Kuiumoi Rainbowfish Paska's Blue-Eye Indonesia: Irian Jaya Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Melanotaenia pimanensis V Rheocles alaotrensis Pima River Rainbowfish Katrana Papua New Guinea Madagascar Melanotaenia praecox R Rheocles lateralis Dwarf Rainbowfish Madagascar: Nosivolo River Indonesia; Irian Jaya I Rheocles pellegrini Melanotaenia pygmaea Madagascar: near Andapa Pygmy Rainbowfish E Rheocles sikorae Australia Sardine d'eau douce Melanotaenia sexlineata Madagascar: near Anosibe, Manambola River Fly River Rainbowfish E Rheocles wrightae Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Madagascar: near Anosibe, Manambola River Melanotaenia vanheumi K Teramulus kieneri Van Heum's Rainbowfish Madagascar Indonesia: Irian Jaya E Scaturiginichthys Menidia conchorum vermeilipinnis Red-finned Blue-eye Key Silverside USA Australia Family Menidia extensa PHALLOSTETHIDAE Waccamaw Silverside I Phallostethus dunckeri USA Malaysia Poblana alchichica Family TELMATHERINIDAE Charal de Alchichica Mexico V Paralheritm cyanea Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes) Poblana ferdebueni Mexico V Paratherina labiosa Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes) Poblana letholepis V Paratherina Charal de la Preciosa striata Mexico Indonesia: Sulawesi Poblana squamata V Paratherina wolterecki Charal de Quechulac Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes) Mexico V Telmatherina abendanoni Pseudomugil connieae Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes) Popondetta Blue-Eye V Telmatherina bonti Papua New Guinea Indonesia: Sulawesi R Pseudomugil meatus f V Telmatherina celebensis Forktail Blue-Eye Indonesia: Sulawesi Papua New Guinea 108 Fishes R Telmatherina ladigesi R Cottus extensus Celebes Rainbow Bear Lake Sculpin Indonesia: Sulawesi USA Order GASTEROSTEIFORMES V Cottus greenei Shoshone Sculpin Family GASTEROSTEIDAE USA V Gasterosteus sp. 1 R Cottus leiopomus Giant Stickleback Wood River Sculpin Canada USA V Gasterosteus sp. 2 R Cottus princeps Enos Stickleback Klamadi Lake Sculpin Canada USA E Pungitius hellenicus E Cottus pygmaeus Ellinopyg<5steos Pygmy Sculpin Greece USA E Pungitius sp. R Cottus tenuis Musashitomiyo Slender Sculpin Japan: near Kiunagaya city USA Order SYNGNATHIFORMES V Myoxocephalus quadricornis Family SYNGNATHIDAE Fourhom Sculpin Canada V Hippocampus capensis Knysna Seahorse Order PERCIFORMES Soudi Africa Family AMBASSIDAE I MicTophis caudocarinatus R Ambassis agassid Slender Pipefish Agassiz's Perchlet Indonesia: Irian Jaya Australia I Microphis spinachoides K Ambassis elongatus Spinach Pipefish Yellow-Fm Perchlet Papua New Guinea Australia Order SYNBRANCHIFORMES I Parambassis altipinnis Family SYNBRANCHIDAE High-Fumed Glass Perchlet Indonesia: Irian Jaya K Ophistemon candidum R Tetracentrum caudovittatus Blind Cave Eel Kokoda Glass Perchlet Australia Papua New Guinea E Ophistemon infemale Family AnguUa Ciega PERCICHIHYIDAE Mexico V Edelia obscura FamUy MASTACEMBELIDAE Yarra Pygmy Perch Australia E Macrognathus oral Maccullochella Spiny Eel E ikei Eastern Freshwater Cod Sri Lanka Australia Order SCORPAENIFORMES E Maccullochella macquariensis Family COTTIDAE Trout Cod Australia R Cottus asperrimus Rough Sculpin E Maccullochella sp. 1 USA Mary River Cod Australia 109 THREATENED SPECIES E Maccullochella sp. 2 Pingalla midgleyi Clarence River Cod Midgley's Grunter Australia Australia K Macquaria australasica K Scortum hilli Macquarie Perch Leathery Grunter Australia Australia R Nannatherina balstoni Scortum parviceps Balston's Pygmy Perch Small-Headed Grunter Australia Australia V Nannoperca oxleyana K Scortum sp. Oxleyan Pygmy Perch Angalani Grunter Australia Australia V Nannoperca variegata K Syncomistes kimberleyensis Ewen's Pygmy Perch Kimberley Grunter Australia Australia E Percichthys melanops Syncomistes rastellus Chile Drysdale Grunter Australia V Percilia gillissi Chile R Varia jamoerensis Jamur Lake Grunter E Percilia irwini Indonesia: Irian Jaya Chile Family Family TERAPONTIDAE KHULIIDAE K Kuhlia marginata R Hannia greenwayi Spotted Flagtail Greenway's Grunter Australia Australia Family V Hephaestus adamsoni CENTRARCHIDAE Adamson's Grunter R Ambloplites cavifrons Papua New Guinea Roanoke Bass R Hephaestus epirrhinos USA Long-Nose Sooty Grunter R Micropterus notius Australia Suwannee Bass USA I Hephaestus obtusifrons Striped Grunter R Micropterus treculi Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Guadalupe Bass R Hephaestus trimaculatus USA Threespot Grunter Family ELASSOMATIDAE Papua New Guinea R Elassoma boehlkei R Leiopotherapon aheneus Carolina Pygmy Sunfish Fortescus Gnmter USA Australia R Elassoma okatie R Leiopotherapon macrolepis Bluebaned Pygmy Sunfish Large-Scale Grunter USA Australia V Elassoma sp. K Pingalla gilberti Spring Pygmy Sunfish Gilberts Grunter USA Australia 110 Fishes FamUy PERCIDAE Etheostoma moorei Yellowcheek Darter R Ammocrypta asprella USA Crystal Darter USA Etheostoma nianguae Niangua Darter V Ammocrypta pellucida USA Eastern Sand Darter Canada; USA Etheostoma nuchale Watercress Darter R Etheostoma acuticeps USA Sharphead Darter USA Etheostoma okaloosae Okaloosa Darter V Etheostoma aquali USA Coppercheek Darter USA Etheostoma osburni Finescale Saddled Darter E Etheostoma australe USA Dardo de Conchos Mexico Etheostoma pallididorsum Paleback Darter V Etheostoma boschungi USA Slackwater Darter USA Etheostoma pottsi Mexican Darter R Etheostoma cinereum Mexico Ashy Darter USA Etheostoma rubrum Bayou Darter R Etheostoma cragini USA Arkansas Darter USA Etheostoma striatulum Striated Darter V Etheostoma ditrema USA Coldwater Darter USA Etheostoma trisella Trispot Darter E Etheostoma fonticola USA Fountain Darter USA Etheostoma tuscumbia Tuscumbia Darter R Etheostoma grahami USA Rio Grande Darter Mexico; USA Etheostoma wapiti Boulder Darter R Etheostoma kanawhae USA Kanawha Darter USA Etheostoma sp. Dardo de Cuatro Cienegas R Etheostoma luteovinctum Mexico Redband Darter USA Perca schrenki Balkhash Perch R Etheostoma maculatum China?; Kazakhstan; Kirgizia? Spotted Darter USA Percina antesella Amber Darter R Etheostoma mariae USA Pinewoods Darter USA Percina aurolineata Goldline Darter USA 111 THREATENED SPEQES R Percina burtoni Family TOXOTIDAE Blotchside Logperch K Toxotes oligolepis USA Large-Scale Archerfish R Percina cymatotaenia Australia Bluestripe Darter Family QCHLIDAE USA R Chetia brevis E Percina jenkinsi Orange-fringed Largemouth Conasauga Logperch USA South Africa E Cichlasoma bartoni V Percina lenticula Mojarra Caracolera Freckled Darter USA Mexico E Cichlasoma labridens V Percina macrocephakt Mojana Longhead Darter USA Mexico E Cichlasoma minckleyi V Percina nasuta Mojana Caracolera de Cuatro Cienegas Longnose Darter USA Mexico R Cichlasoma pantostictum V Percina pantherina Mojarra Leopard Darter USA Mexico R Cichlasoma steindachneri E Percina rex Mojarra Roanoke Logperch USA Mexico E Cichlasoma sp. V Percina tanasi Mojarra Caracolera Snail Darter de Media Luna USA Mexico Konia R Percina uranidea V dikume Dikume Stargazing Darter USA Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo V Konia eisentrauti E Romanichthys valsanicola Asprete Konye Romania Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo E Zingel asper V Myaka myaka Asper Myaka myaka France Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo R V Zingel streber Oxylapia polli Streber Madagascar: Marolambo Rapids. Nosivolo River Austria; Bulgaria; Czech Republic; Germany; Hungary; Moldavia?; Slovakia; Switzerland; V Paratilapia polleni Ukraine; Yugoslavia Marakely Family SCIAENIDAE Madagascar E Toloaba macdonaldi K Paretroplus dami Totoaba Damba Mexico Madagascar K Paretroplus kieneri Kotsovato Madagascar 112 Fishes K ParetToplus maculatus E Tilapia guinasana Masovoatoaka Otjikoto Tilapia Madagascar Namibia K Paretroplus petiti R Tilapia gutturosa Kotso Cameroon: Lake Bermin Madagascar R Tilapia imbrifema E Ptychochromoides betsileanus Cameroon: Lalce Bermin Trondo Mainty R Tilapia snyderae Madagascar Cameroon: Lake Bermin R Ptychochromoides sp. R Tilapia spongotroktis Madagascar: Nosivolo River Cameroon: Lake Bermin V Pungu maclareni R Tilapia thysi Pungu Cameroon: Lake Bermin CameroMi: Lake Barombi Mbo Family MUGILIDAE V Sarotherodon caroli Fissi R Liza luciae Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo Saint Lucia Mullet Soutli Africa V Sarotherodon linnellii Unga R Myxus capensis Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo Freshwater Mullet South Africa V Sarotherodon lohbergeri Leka Keppe Family CLINIDAE Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo R Clinus spatulatus V Sarotherodon steinbachi Bot River Klipfish Kululu South Africa CamerocHi: Lake Barombi Mbo Family ELEOTRIDAE R Serranochromis meridianus R Bostrichthys aruensis Lowveld Laigemouth Island Gudgeon South Africa Indonesia: Aru Islands V Stomatepia mariae I Bostrichthys zonatus Nsess Barred Gudgeon Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo Indonesia: Irian Jaya V Stomatepia mongo R Eleotris sandwicensis Mongo Oopu Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo USA V Stomatepia pindu R Gobiomorphus alpinus Pindu Tamdale Bully Cameroon: Lake Barombi Mbo New Zealand R Tilapia bakossiorum R Hypseleotris aurea Cameroon: Lake Bermin Golden Gudgeon R Tilapia bemini Australia Cameroon: Lake Bermin R Hypseleotris dayi R Tilapia bythobathes Golden Sleeper Cameroon: Lake Bermin South Africa R Tilapia flava K Hypseleotris ejuncida Cameroon: Lake Bermin Slender Gudgeon Australia 113 THREATENED SPECIES K Hypseleotris kimberleyensis R Mogurttda sp. 5 Bamett River Gudgeon Highlands Gudgeon Australia Papua New Guinea K Hypseleotris regalis R Mogurnda sp. 6 Prince Regent Gudgeon Malas Gudgeon Australia Papua New Guinea R Kimberleyeleotris hutchinsi R Oxyeleotris wisselensis Mitchell Gudgeon Paniai Gudgeon Australia Indonesia: Irian Jaya R Kimberleyeleotris notata V Ratsirakia legendrei Drysdale Gudgeon Madagascar Australia Family GOBIIDAE R Milyeringa Veritas R Awaous stamineus Blind Gudgeon Oopu Nakea Australia USA R Mogurnda adspersa E Chlamydogobius sp. 1 Purple Spotted Gudgeon Elizabeth Springs Goby Australia Australia V Mogurnda furva K Chlamydogobius sp. 2 Black Mogurnda Edgbaston Goby Papua New Guinea Australia R Mogurnda lineata R Chlamydogobius Kokoda Mogurnda sp. 3 Dalhousie Goby Papua New Guinea Australia R Mogurnda orientalis I Croilia mossambica Eastern Mogurnda Burrowing Goby Papua New Guinea South Africa V Mogurnda spilota R Economidichthys Blotched Mogurnda trichonis Nanogovi6s Papua New Guinea Greece V Mogurnda variegata R Eucyclogobius Variegated Mogurnda newberryi Tidewater Papua New Guinea Goby USA V Mogurnda vitta R Glossogobius Striped Mogurnda hoesei Papua New Guinea Hoese's Goby Indonesia: Irian Jaya R Mogurnda sp. 1 V False-Spotted Gudgeon Glossogobius intermedius Australia Indonesia: Sulawesi V Glossogobius R Mogurnda sp. 2 malanensis Flinders Ranges Gudgeon Indonesia: Sulawesi Australia R Glossogobius sp. 1 Mountain R Mogurnda sp. 3 Goby Karamui Gudgeon Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea I Glossogobius sp. 2 Irian R Mogurnda sp. 4 Goby Wau Gudgeon Indonesia: Irian Jaya Papua New Guinea 114 Fishes V Glossogobius sp. 3 I Pandaka pygmaea Robert's Goby Dwarf Pygmy Goby Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Philippines; Malabon River V Glossogobius sp. 4 I Pseudogobiopsis sp. Bluntsnout Goby Red-spotted Goby Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea R Glossogobius sp. 5 R Redigobius dewaali Sentani Goby Checked Goby Indonesia: Irian Jaya Mozambique; South Africa R Glossogobius sp. 6 R Schismatogobius deraniyagalai Fly River Goby Redneck Goby Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea Sri Lanka V Glossogobius sp. 7 R Sicydium stimpsoni Kutubu Goby Oopu NopUi Papua New Guinea USA R Glossogobius sp. 8 R Sicyopterus halei Bighead Goby Red-tailed Goby Papua New Guinea Sri Lanka R Glossogobius sp. 9 R Sicyopus Jonklaasi Ramu Goby Lipstick Goby Papua New Guinea Sri Lanka R Glossogobius sp. 10 R Silhouettea sibayi Mulgrave Goby Sibayi Goby Australia South Africa I Gobius tigerellus V Stupidogobius flavipinnis Tiger Goby Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes) Indonesia; Irian Jaya R Taenioides jacksoni I Knipowitschia goerneri Bearded Goby Greece South Africa V Knipowitschia milleri V Tamanka sarasinorum Greece Sarasin's Goby R Knipowitschia punctatissima Indonesia: Sulawesi (Malili Lakes) Greece E Weberogobius amadi V Knipowitschia thessala Poso Bungu Thessalogovin6s Indonesia: Sulawesi (Lake Poso) Greece Family ANABANTIDAE V Loentipes concolor E Sandelia bainsii Oopu Alamoo USA Eastern Province Rocky South Africa V Mistichthys luzonensis Family BELONTIIDAE Sinarapan Philippines R Belontia signata Combtail V Mugilogobius latifrons Sri Lanka Indonesia; Sulawesi V Malpulutta kretseri V Mugilogobius sp. Ornate Paradisefish Indonesia; Sulawesi Sri Lanka V Padogobius nigricans Greece 115 THREATENED SPECIES Class SARCOPTERYOn Order COELACANTHIFORMES Family LATIMERIIDAE V Latimeria chalumnae Coelacanth Comoros; South Afidca 116 Invertebrates Phylum CNIDARIA R Katechonemertes nightingaleensis Saint Helena: Tristan da Cunha Class ANTHOZOA E Pantinonemertes agricola Order GORGONACEA Bermuda Family PLEXAURIDAE Phylum MOLLUSCA K Eunicella verrucosa Broad Sea Fan Class GASTROPODA (Meditenasean Sea; N.E. Atlantic Ocean) Order ARCHAEOGASTROPODA Order ACTINIARIA Family NERTTIDAE Family EDWARDSHDAE I Neritilia hawaiiensis E Edwardsia ivelli Anchialine Pool Snail Ivell's Sea Anemone USA: Hawaiian Islands United Kingdom V Theodoxus transversalis Nematostella vectensis V Austria; Bulgaria; Germany; Hungary; Starlet Sea Anemone Moldova; Romania; Slovakia; Ukraine; Canada; United Kingdom; USA Yugoslavia? Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES Family HYDROCENflDAE V Georissa biangulata Class TURBELLARIA Guam Order TRICLADIDA V Georissa elegans Guam Family KENKHDAE V Georissa laevigata R Kenkia rhynchida Guam Malheur Cave Planarian USA R Georissa laseroni Australia: New South Wales E Sphalloplana holsingeri V Georissa rufula Holsinger's Groundwater Planarian USA Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei V Monterissa gowerensis E Sphalloplana subtilis Australia: Lord Howe Island Biggets' Groundwater Planarian USA Family HELICINIDAE V Ogasawarana arata Phylum NEMERTEA Japan; Ogasawara V Ogasawarana capsula Class ENOPLA Japan: Ogasawara Order HOPLONEMERTEA V Ogasawarana comes E Antiponemertes allisonae Japan: Ogasawara New Zealand R Ogasawarana diserepans R Argonemertes hillii Japan: Ogasawara Australia R Ogasawarana microtheca R Argonemertes stocki Japan: Ogasawara Australia R Ogasawarana nitida R Geonemertes rodericana Japan: Ogasawara Mauritius: Rodrigues R Ogasawarana ogasawarana Japan: Ogasawara 117 THREATENED SPECIES V Ogasawarana optima Diplommatina pyramis Japan: Ogasawara Palau: Peleliu V Sturanyella carolinarum Diplommatina ringens Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Palau: Peleliu V Sturanyella epicharis Hungerfordia pelewensis Federated States of Micronesia: Chunk Islands Palau: Koror (Lukunor) Palaina albata Order MESOGASTROPODA Palau: Koror Family CYCLOPHORIDAE Palaina dimorpha Palau: Peleliu V Craspedoma costata Spain: Canary Islands (El Hierro. La Gomera) Palaina dohrni Palau: Palau V Craspedoma hespericum Portugal: Azores Palaina doliolum Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei R Craspedoma lyonnetianum Portugal: Madeira Palaina kubaryi Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei R Ditropis whitei Australia: Queensland (Islands off Cape York Palaina moussoni Peninsula) Palau: Ngcheangel Family POTERIIDAE Palaina ovatula Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei V Kondoraphe kiyokoae Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands Palaina patula Palau: Koror. Peleliu V Ostodes braderi Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands Palaina platycheilus Palau: Koror V Paramiella incisa Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands Palaina pupa Palau: Peleliu V Paramiella kondoi Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands Palaina pusilla (Moen. Fefan) Palau: Peleliu Family DIPLOMMATINIDAE Palaina rubella Palau: Koror V Diplommatina alata Palau: Ngemelis Palairm scalarina Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei V Diplommatina aurea Palau: Koror Palaina strigata Palau: Peleliu V Diplommatinaa crassilabris Palau: Koror Palaina striolata Palau V Diplommatina gibboni Palau: Koror Palaina taeniolata Guam V Diplommatina hyalina Guam Palaina wilsoni Palau V Diplommatina inflatula Palau: Peleliu Palaina xiphidium Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei V Diplommatina lamellata Palau: Peleliu Pseudopalaina polymorpha Palau: Peleliu V Diplommatina lutea Palau: Koror 118 Invertebrates: molluscs Family PUPINIDAE Family AQCULIDAE R Hedleya coxeni R Acicula norrisi (Signepupina coxeni) Gibraltar Australia: Queensland R Platyla foliniana R Hedleya macleayi France Australia: Queensland R Renea gormonti R Hedleya pfeifferi France (Signepupina pfeifferi) R Renea paillona Australia: Queensland France V Pupitia brenchleyi Family HYDROBIIDAE Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands (Lukunor) V Alzoniella hartwigschuetti Austria V Pupina complanata Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae. Antrobia breweri Pohnpei; Marshall Islands: Jaluit. Ebon USA V Pupina difficUis Antrobia culvert Palau Tumbling Creek Cavesnail USA R Pupina splendens (SuavocalHa splendens) Apachecoccus arizonae Australia: Queensland (Lizard Islands) Bylas Springsnail USA Family TTARFTDAF Aphaostracon asthenes R Cytora hirsutissima Blue Spring Hydrobe New Zealand USA Family VTVIFARIDAE Aphaostracon monas I Lioplax cyclostomaforims Wekiwa Hydrobe Cylindrical Lioplax USA USA Aphaostracon pycnum E Tulotoma magnifica Dense Hydrobe Tulotoma USA USA Aphaostracon xynoelictus V Viviparus acerosus Fenney Spring Hydrobe Austria; Bulgaria; Germany; Hungary; USA Romania; Slovakia Arganiella exilis Family VALVATIDAE France E Valvata utahensis K Avenionia brevis Utah Valvata France; Belgium; Netherlands; Germany USA V Beddomeia angulata Family POMAIMSIDAE Australia: Tasmania R Pomatias raricosta V Beddomeia averni Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) Australia: Tasmania E Tropidophora articulate V Beddomeia bellii Mauritius: Rodrigues Australia: Tasmania R Tropidophora deburghiae V Beddomeia bowryensis Madagascar Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia briansmithi Australia: Tasmania 119 THREATENED SPECffiS V Beddomeia camensis V Beddomeia ronaldi Australia: Tasmania Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia capensis V Beddomeia salmonis Australia: Tasmania Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia fallax V Beddomeia tasmanica Australia: Tasmania Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia forthensis V Beddomeia topsiae Australia: Tasmania Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia franklandensis V Beddomeia trochiformis Australia: Tasmania Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia fromensis E Beddomeia tumida Australia: Tasmania Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia fultoni V Beddomeia turnerae Australia: Tasmania Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia gibba V Beddomeia waterhouseae Australia: Tasmania Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia hallae V Beddomeia wilmotensis Australia: Tasmania Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia hermansi V Beddomeia wiseae Australia: Tasmania Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia hullii V Beddomeia zeehanensis Australia: Tasmania Australia: Tasmania V Beddomeia inflata E Belgrandiella austriana Australia: Tasmania Austria V Beddomeia kershawi E Belgrandiella fuchsi Australia: Tasmania Austria V Beddomeia kessneri E Belgrandiella komenskyi Australia: Tasmania Czech Republic V Beddomeia krybetes V Belgrandiella lacheineri Australia: Tasmania Austria V Beddomeia launcestonensis E Belgrandiella parreyssi Australia: Tasmania Austria V Beddomeia lodderae V Belgrandiella pupula Australia: Tasmania Austria V Beddomeia mesiboyi I Belgrandiella pyrenaica Australia: Tasmania France V Beddomeia minima E Belgrandiella styriaca Australia: Tasmania Austria V Beddomeia petterdi E Bythinella badensis Australia: Tasmania Germany V Beddomeia phasianella E Bythinella bavarica Australia: Tasmania Germany Beddomeia V protuberata I Bythinella bicarinata Australia: Tasmania France 120 Invertebrates: molluscs I Bythinella carinulata I Cincinnatia mica France Ichetucknee Siltsnail USA E Bythinella compressa Germany I Cincinnatia monroensis Enterprise Siltsnail R Bythinella cylindrica USA Austria I Cincinnatia pana E Bythinella dunkeri Pygmy Siltsnail Belgium; Germany USA I Bythinella pupoides I Cincinnatia ponderosa France; Switzerland Ponderous SiltsnaL' I Bythinella reyniesii USA Andorra; France I Cincinnatia vanhyningi I Bythinella vesontiana Seminole Siltsnail France USA I Bythinella viridis I Cincinnatia wekiwae Belgium; France Wekiwa Siltsnail USA E Bythiospeum acicula Germany I Clappia cahabensis Cahaba Pebblesnail R Bythiospeum alpinum USA Switzerland V Coahuilix hubbsi I Bythiospeum articense Coahuilix de Hubbs Snail France Mexico I Bythiospeum bressanum I Cochliopa texana France Phantom Cavesnail E Bythiospeum cisterciensorum USA Austria V Cochliopina milleri I Bythiospeum diaphanum Miller's Snail France, Switzerland Mexico E Bythiospeum elseri I Coxiella striata Austria Australia: Tasmania I Bythiospeum garneri V Durangonella coahuilae France Durangonella de Coahuila Snail Mexico E Bythiospeum geyeri Austria I Fissuria boui France E Bythiospeum noricum Austria I Fluminicola avernalis Moapa Pebblesnail E Bythiospeum quenstedti USA Germany I Fluminicola columbiana E Bythiospeum reisalpense Columbia Pebblesnail Austria USA E Bythiospeum sandbergeri I Fluminicola merriami Germany Pahranagat Pebblesnail I Cincinnatia helicogyra USA Crystal Siltsnail USA V Fluvidorm anodonta Australia: Queensland 121 THREATENED SPECIES E Fluvidona dunrobinensis V Hemistoma minutissima Australia: Tasmania Australia: Lord Howe Island E Fluvidona dulvertonensis V Hemistoma pusillior Australia: Tasmania Australia: Lord Howe Island V Fluvidona dyeriana E Hemistoma whiteleggei Australia: Tasmania Australia: Lord Howe Island V Fluvidona elongatus I Heterocyclus perroquini Australia: Tasmania New Caledonia V Fluvidona grampianensis I Heterocyclus petiti Australia: Victoria New Caledonia I Fluvidona petterdi I Hydrobia scamandri Australia: New South Wales France E Fluvidona pontvillensis E Jardinella acuminata Australia: Tasmania Australia E Fluvidona simsoniana E Jardinella carnarvonensis Australia: Tasmania Australia I Fluviopupa gracilis E Jardinella colmani Australia: Lord Howe Island Australia I Fluviopupa ramsayi E Jardinella coreena Australia: Lord Howe Island Australia V Fonscochlea accepta E Jardinella corrugata Australia Australia V Fonscochlea aquatica E Jardinella edgbastonensis Australia Australia V Fonscochlea conica E Jardinella eulo Australia Australia V Fonscochlea billakalina E Jardinella exigua Australia Australia V Fonscochlea zeidleri E Jardinella isolata Australia Australia I Fontigens holsingeri E Jardinella jesswiseae Tapered Cavesnail Australia USA E Jardinella pallida I Fontigens turretella Australia Greenbrier Cavesnail USA E Jardinella zeidlerorum Australia E Hauffenia kerschneri Austria I Lepyrium showalteri Flat Pebblesnail K Hauffenia minuta USA France; Switzerland I Litthabitella elliptica V Hemistoma beaumonli Prance Australia: Lord Howe Island E Lobaunia danubialis V Hemistoma flexicolumella Austria Australia: Lord Howe Island V Mexipyrgus carranzae V Hemistoma gemma Mexipyrgus de Carranza Snail Australia: Lord Howe Island Mexico 122 Invertebrates: molluscs V Mexipyrgus churinceanus I Paladilhia pleurotoma Mexipyrgus de Churince Snail France Mexico I Paladilhiopis bourguignati V Mexipyrgus escobedae France Mexipyrgus de Escobeda Snail V Paludinella conica Mexico Guam; Northern Marianas: Saipan V Mexipyrgus lugoi V Paludinella minima Mexipyrgus de Lugo Snail Japan: Ogasawara Mexico V Paludinella semperi V Mexipyrgus mojarralis Marshall Islands: Jaluit; Palau Mexipyrgus de West El Mojarral Snail Mexico V Paludinella vitrea Palau: Peleliu V Mexipyrgus multilineatus Mexipyrgus de East El Mojarral Snail V Paludiscala caramba Mexico Paludiscala de Cro Snail Mexico V Mexithauma quadripaludium Mexithauma de Cienegas Snail V Phrantela annamurrayae Mexico Australia: Tasmania Moitessieria juvenisanguis V Phrantela conica France Australia: Tasmania Moitessieria lineolata V Phrantela kutikina France Australia: Tasmania Moitessieria locardi V Phrantela marginata France Australia: Tasmania Moitessieria puteana V Phrantela pupiformis France Australia: Tasmania Moitessieria rayi V Phrantela richardsoni France Australia: Tasmania Moitessieria rolandiana V Phrantela umbilicata France Australia: Tasmania Moitessieria simoniana I Phreatodrobia imatata France; Spain Mimic Cavesnail USA V Nanocochlea monticola Australia: Tasmania I Plagigeyeria conilis France V Nanocochlea pupoides Australia: Tasmania V Potamopyrgus oscitans Australia: Lord Howe Island V 'Nanocochlea' parva Australia: Tasmania I Pseudamnicola anteisensis France V Neohoratia minuta Switzerland I Pseudamnicola klemmi France V Nymphophilus minckleyi Nymphophilus de Minckley Snail E Pseudamnicola melitensis Mexico Malta I Palacanthilhiopsis vervierii V Pseudotricula eberhardi France Australia: Tasmania R Paladilhia hungarica Hungary 123 THREATENED SPECIES Pyrgulopsis agarhecta Pyrgulopsis metcalfi Ocmulgee Marstonia (Fonlelicella metcalfi) USA Presidio County Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis bacchus Grand Wash Springsnail Pyrgulopsis micrococcus USA Oasis Valley Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis bruneauensis Bnineau Hot Springsnail Pyrgulopsis montezumensis USA Montezuma Well Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis castor Beaver Pond Marstonia Pyrgulopsis tnorrisoni USA Page Sprhigsnail USA Pyrgulopsis chupaderae (Fonlelicella chupaderae) Pyrgulopsis nanus Chupadera Springsnail Distal-gland Springsnail USA USA Pyrgulopsis conicus Pyrgulopsis neomexicana Kingman Springsnail Socorro Snail USA USA Pyrgulopsis cristalis Pyrgulopsis ogmoraphe Crystal Spring Springsnail Royal Marstonia USA USA Pyrgulopsis davisi Pyrgulopsis olivacea {Fonlelicella davisi) Olive Marstonia Davis County Springsnail USA USA Pyrgulopsis ozarkensis Pyrgulopsis erythopoma Ozark Pyrg Ash Meadows Pebblesnail USA USA Pyrgulopsis pachyta Pyrgulopsis fairbanksensis Armored Mantonia Fairbanks Springsnail USA USA Pyrgulopsis pecosensis Pyrgulopsis gilae (Pyrgulopsis fonlelicella) (Fonlelicella gilae) Pecos Springsnail Gila SpringsnaU USA USA Pyrgulopsis pisteri Pyrgulopsis glandulosus Median-gland Nevada Springsnail Verde Rim Springsnail USA USA Pyrgulopsis robusta Pyrgulopsis idahoensis Jackson Lake Springsnail (Fonlelicella idahoensis) USA Idaho Springsnail USA Pyrgulopsis roswellensis (Fonlelicella roswellensis) Pyrgulopsis isolatus Roswell Springsnail Elongate-gland Springsnail USA USA Pyrgulopsis simplex Fossil Springsnail USA 124 Invertebrates: molluscs Pyrgulopsis solus Somatogyrus hinkleyi Brown Springsnail Granite Pebblesnail USA USA Pyrgulopsis thermalis Somatogyrus humerosus (Foiitelicella thermalis) Atlas Pebblesnail New Mexico Hotspring Snail USA USA Somatogyrus nanus Pyrgulopsis thompsoni Dwarf Pebblesnail Huachuca Springsnail USA USA Somatogyrus obtusus Pyrgulopsis trivialis Moom Pebblesnail (Fontelicetla trivialis) USA Three Forks Springsnail USA Somatogyrus parvulus Sparrow Pebblesnail Sadleriana pannonica USA Hungary; Slovakia Somatogyrus pilsbryanus Somatogyrus amnicoloides Tallapoosa Pebblesnail Oachita Pebblesnail USA USA Somatogyrus pygmaeus Somatogyrus aureus Pygmy Pebblesnail Goldend Pebblesnail USA USA Somatogyrus quadrulus Somatogyrus biangulatus Quadrate Pebblesnail Angular Pebblesnail USA USA Somatogyrus sergenti Somatogyrus constrictus Mud Pebblesnail Knotty Pebblesnail USA USA Somatogyrus strengi Somatogyrus coosaensis Rolling Pebblesnail Coosa Pebblesnail USA USA Sorrmtogyrus tenax Somatogyrus crassilabris Savannah Pebblesnail Thick-lipped Pebblesnail USA USA Somatogyrus tennesseensis Somatogyrsus crassus Opaque Pebblesnail Stocky Pebblesnail USA USA Somatogyrus wheeleri Somatogyrus currierianus Channeled Pebblesnail Tennessee Pebblesnail USA USA Stiobia nana Somatogyrus deciphens Sculpin Snail Hidden Pebblesnail USA USA Trochidrobia punicea Somatogyrus excavatus Australia Ovate Pebblesnail USA Trochidrobia smithi Australia Somatogyrus hendersoni Trochidrobia inflata Fluted Pebblesnail USA Australia 125 THREATENED SPECIES Trochidrobia minuta V Victodrobia millerae Australia Australia: Victoria Tryonia adamantiim V Victodrobia victoriensis Diamond Y Springsnail Australia: Victoria USA I Yaquicoccus bernardinus Tryonia alamosae San Bemadino Springsnail Alamosa Springsnail USA USA Family TRUNCATELLIDAE Tryonia angulata V Taheitia alata Sportingoods Tryonia USA Guam V Taheitia lamellicosta Tryonia brunei Guam Brune's Tryonia USA V Taheitia mariannarum Guam Tryonia cheatumi Phantom Tryonia V Taheitia parvula USA Guam Tryonia clalhrata V Truncatella guerinii Grated Tryonia Japan: Ogasawara USA Family ASSIMINEIDAE Tryonia elata I Assiminea infirma Point of Rocks Tryonia USA Badwater Snail USA Tryonia ericae V Assiminea palauensis Minute Tryonia USA Palau I Assiminea pecos Tryonia gilae Pecos Assiminea Gila Tryonia USA USA E Austroassiminea letha Tryonia imitator Mimic Tryonia Australia USA V Heteropoma fulvum Guam Tryonia kosteri Roster's Tryonia V Heteropoma gldbratum USA Guam Tryonia quitobaquitae V Heteropoma pyramis Quitabaquito Tryonia Guam USA V Heteropoma quadrasi Tryonia stocktonensis Guam Gonzales Spring Tryonia USA V Heteropoma tuberculatum Guam Tryonia variegata Amargossa Tryonia V Heteropoma turritum USA Guam Victodrobia burni V Kubaryia pilikia Palau: Australia: Victoria Koror Victodrobia elongata E Omphalotropis albocarinata Australia: Victoria Australia: Norfolk Island 126 Invertebrates: molluscs V Omphalotropis carolinensis V Omphalotropis submaritima Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands Guam (Lukunor) V Omphalotropis suturalis V Omphalotropis cheynei Guam Palau E Omphalotropis suteri V Omphalotropis cookei Australia: Norfolk Island Guam; Northern Marianas: Saipan V Omphalotropis tumidula V Omphalotropis elegans Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Guam V Ponapella pihapiha V Omphalotropis elongatula Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Guam V Quadrasiella clathrata V Omphalotropis erosa Guam Guam V Quadrasiella mucronata V Omphalotropis exquisita Guam Australia: Lord Howe Island V Thaanumella angulosa V Omphalotropis fragilis Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae, V Thaanumella cookei Pohnpei Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei V Omphalotropis gracilis V Wrayanna soluta Guam Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei V Omphalotropis guamensis Family MELANOPSIDAE Guam V Fagotia esperi V Omphalotropis howeinsulae Austria: Belarus; Hungary; Moldova; Slovakia; Australia: Lord Howe Island Ukraine V Omphalotropis innesi Family PLEUROCERIDAE Australia: Lord Howe Island I Anculosa ampla V Omphalotropis laevigata Guam (Leptoxis ampla) Round Rocksnail V Omphalotropis laticosta USA Guam I Anculosa compacta V Omphalotropis latilabris (Leptoxis compacta) Guam Oblong RocksnaU USA V Omphalotropis mutica Palau I Anculopsis crassa (Leptoxis crassa) V Omphalotropis ochthogyra Guam Boulder Snail USA V Omphalotropis picta Guam I Anculosa formosa (Leptoxis formosa) V Omphalotropis pilosa Maiden Rocksnail Guam USA V Omphalotropis quadrasi I Anculosa melanoidus Guam (Leptoxis melanoidus) Black Mudalia V Omphalotropis semicostata Guam USA V Omphalotropis striatipila Palau 127 THREATENED SPECIES Anculosa minor Goniobasis cahawbensis (Leptoxis minor) (Elimia cahawbensis) Knob Mudalia Cahaba F.limia USA USA Anculosa picia Goniobasis capillaris (Leptoxis picta) (Elimia capillaris) Spotted Rocksnail Spindle Elimia USA USA Anculosa plicata Goniobasis cretmtella {Leptoxis plicata) (Elimia crenatella) Plicate Rocksnail Lacy Elimia USA USA Anculosa taeniata Goniobasis fascinans (Leptoxis taeniata) (Elimia fascinans) Painted Rocksnail Banded F.limia USA USA Anculosa virgala Goniobasis gerhardti (Leptoxis virgata) (Elimia gerhardti) Smooth Rocksnail Coldwater Elimia USA USA Goniobasis albanyensis Goniobasis haysiana (Elimia albanyensis) (Elimia haysiana) Black-crest Fliinia Silt F.limia USA USA Goniobasis ampla Goniobasis hydei (Elimia ampla) (Elimia hydei) Ample F.limia Gladiator Elimia USA USA Goniobasis anneltae Goniobasis interrupta (Elimia annettae) (Elimia interrupta) Lily Shoals F.limia Knotty F.limia USA USA Goniobasis annulifera Goniobasis interveniens (Elimia annulifera) (Elimia interveniens) USA Slowwater F.limiq USA Goniobasis bellula (Elimia bellula) Goniobasis nassula Walnut Flimi;^ (Elimia nassula) USA Round-rib F.limia Goniobasis boykiniana USA (Elimia boykiniana) Goniobasis olivula Flaxen F.limia (Elimia olivula) USA Caper F.limia Goniobasis brevis USA (Elimia brevis) Goniobasis showalteri Short-spired F.limia (Elimia showalteri) USA Compact Elimia USA 128 Invertebrates: molluscs Goniobasis vanuxemiarm I Pleurocera curta (Elimia vanuxemiand) Shortspire Homsnail Cobble F.limi;; USA USA I Pleurocera foremani Goniobasis variola Rough Homsnail (Elimia variata) USA Squat Flimia USA I Pleurocera posteri Broken Homsnail lo fluvialis USA Spiny River Snail USA I Pleurocera pyrenella Skirted Homsnail Lithasia armigera USA Armored Rocksnail USA I Pleurocera showalteri Upland Homsnail Lithasia carta USA Knobby Rocksnail USA I Pleurocera walkeri Telescope Homsnail Lithasia duttoniana USA Helmet Rocksnail USA Order BASOMMATOPHORA FamUy Lithasia geniculata ACROLOXIDAE Omate Rocksnail I Acroloxus coloradensis USA Rocky Mountain Capshell Lithasia jayana USA Rugose Rocksnail Family LYMNAEIDAE USA E Erinna carinata Lithasia lima Reunion Warty Rocksnail USA V Myxas glutinosa Austria; Belams; Belgium; Czech Republic; E Lithasia salebrosa Estonia; Hnland; Germany; Kazakhstan; Muddy Rocksnail Latvia; Lithuania; Moldova; Netherlands; USA Norway; Poland; Russia; Sweden; Ukraine; United Lithasia verrucosa Kingdom Varicose Rocksnail I Stagnicola utahensis USA Thickshell Pondsnail Pleurocera alveare USA Rugged Homsnail Family LANCTOAE USA E Lanx sp. Pleurocera annulifera Banbiuy Springs Limpet Ringed HomsnaU USA USA Family GLACDXJRBEDAE Pleurocera brumbyi V Glacidorbis occidentalis Spiral Homsnail USA Australia I Glacidorbis Pleurocera corpulenta pawpela Corpulent Homsnail Australia: Tasmania USA I Glacidorbis pedderi Australia: Tasmania 129 THREATENED SPECIES FamUy PHYSIDAE I Neoplanorhis umhilicatus USA I Physa microstriata (Physella microstriata) Family ANCYLIDAE Fish Lake Physa USA I Ferrissia mcneili Hood Ancylid E Physa natricina USA Snake River Physa Snail USA 1 Rhodacmaea elatior Domed Ancylid I Physa spelunca USA (Physella spelunca) I Rhodacmaea filosa Cave Physa USA Wicker Ancylid USA I Physa utahensis Order STYLOMMATOPHORA (Physella utaliensis) Utah Physa Family ACHATINELLIDAE USA E Achatinella apexfulva I Physa zionis USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (Physella zionis) Wet Rock Physa E Achatinella bellula USA USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Achatinella Family PLANORBIDAE bulimoides E Ancylastrum cumingianus USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Australian Freshwater Limpet E Achatinella byronii Australia: Tasmania USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) I Glyptophysa petiti E Achatinella cestus New Caledonia USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) I Helisoma jacksonense E Achatinella concavospira Jackson Lake Snail USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) USA E Achatinella carta Miratesta E celehensis USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Indonesia: Sulawesi E Achatinella decipiens 1 Planorbella magnifica USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Magnificent Ramshom USA E Achatinella fulgens USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) I Planorbella mulHvolvis Acorn Ramshom E Achatinella fuscobasis USA USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Family NEOPLANORBIDAE E Achatinella leucorrhaphe USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) I Amphigyra alabamensis Shoal Sprite E Achatinella lila USA USA; Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) I Neoplanorhis carinatus E Achatinella lorata USA USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) I Neoplanorhis smithi E Achatinella mustelina USA USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) I Neoplanorhis tantilus E Achatinella phaeozona USA USA; Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) 130 Invertebrates: molluscs E Achatinella pulcherrima V Lamellidea subcylindrica USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Guam; Northern Marianas: Rota E Achatinella pupukanioe E Partulina confusa USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) USA: Hawaiian Islands E Achatinella sowerbyana E Partulina dolei USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) E Achatinella stewartii E Partulina dubia USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Achatinella swiftii E Partulian dwightii USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Molokai) E Achatinella taeniolata V Partulina fusoidea USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) E Achatinella turgida E Partulina kaaeana USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) E Achatinella viridans E Partulina mighelsiana USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Molokai) E Achatinella vulpina E Partulina nattii USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) E Aiiriculella amhusta V Partulina perdix USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) E Aiiriculella castanea E Partulina physa USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) E Auric ulella crassula E Partulina porcellana USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) E Auriculella malleata E Partulina proxima USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Molokai) E Auriculella perpusilla E Partulina redfieldi USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Molokai) E Auriculella pulchra E Partulina semicarinata USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Lanai) E Auriculella tenella E Partulina splendida USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Splendid Partulina USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) I Elasmias kilaiwojimanum Japan: Ogasawara E Partulina talpina USA: Hawaiian Islands V Elasmias quadrasi Guam; Northern Marianas: Saipan, Rota E Partulina tappaniana USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) E Gulickia alexandri USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) E Partulina terebra USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) I Lamellidea biplicata Japan: Ogasawara E Partulina tessellata USA: Hawaiian Islands (Molokai) V Lamellidea microstoma Guam; Northern Marianas: Saipan, Rota E Partulina ustulata USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) R Lamellidea ogasawarana Japan: Ogasawara E Partulina variabilis USA: Hawaiian Islands (Lanai) 131 THREATENED SPECIES E Parlulina virgulata E Tropidoptera heliciformis USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) (Plerodiscus Iwliciformis) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Perdicella carinella USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Family PUPILLIDAE E Perdicella helena E Lauria fanalensis USA: Hawaiian Islands (Molokai) Portugal: Madeira E Perdicella kuhnsi E Leiostyla callathiscus USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Portugal: Madeira E Perdicella ornata I Leiostyla cheiligona USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Portugal: Madeira V Tornatellinops ponapensis E Leiostyla concinna Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Portugal: Madeira FamUy COCHUCOPIDAE E Leiostyla corneocostata Portugal: Madeira K Cochlicopa nitens Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan: Belarus; E Leiostyla degenerata Bulgaria; Denmark; Estonia; Georgia; Portugal: Madeira Germany; Hungary; Kazakhstan; Latvia; E Leiostyla ferraria Lithuania; Moldova; Netherlands; Poland; Portugal: Madeira Romania; Russia; Slovakia; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkmenistan; Ukraine; E Leiostyla filicum Yugoslavia Portugal: Madeira E Cryptazeca monodonta V Leiostyla fusca France; Spain Portugal: Madeira E Cryptazeca subcylindrica I Leiostyla laevigata France Portugal: Madeira I Hypnophila remyi R Leiostyla laurinea France: Cwsica Portugal: Madeira Family AMASTRIDAE E Leiostyla monticola Portugal: Madeira E Amastra cylindrica USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) R Leiostyla relevata Portugal: Madeira E Amastra micans USA; Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) R Leiostyla vincta E Amastra rubens Portugal: Madeira USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) E Pupilla ficulnea Australia: Northern E Amastra spirizona Territory USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) I Pupilla pupula R6imion E Armsia petasus USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Family VALLONHDAE E Laminella sanguinea R Acanthinula spinifera USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Spain: Canary Islands (La Palma) I Leptachatitm lepida E Spelaeodiscus tatricus USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) Slovakia E Leptachatina sp. 1 E Vallonia allamanica USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Germany E Leptachatina sp. 2 USA: Hawaiian Islands 132 Invertebrates: molluscs V Vallonia decUvis V Vertigo geyerii Austria; France; Germany; Poland; Slovakia; Austria; Czech Republic; Deimiark; Finland; Switzerland Germany; Ireland; Latvia; Lithuania; Norway; Poland; Slovakia; Sweden; Switzerland; United K Vallonia enniensis Kingdom Austria; Belgium; Czech Republic; France; Germany; Greece; Himgary; Italy; Poland; I Vertigo hehardi Romania; Russia; Spain: including Balearic USA Islands. Canary Islands; Slovakia; Switzerland; Family ORCULIDAE Ukraine V Orcula austriaca E Vallonia suevica Austria Germany R Orcula fuchsi Family VERTIGINIDAE Austria K Cylindrovertilla kingi V Orcula pseudodolium Australia: New South Wales Austria I GastTocopta boninensis Family CHONDRINIDAE Japan: Ogasawaia I Solatopupa guidoni R Gyliotrachela catherina France: Corsica: Italy: Sardinia Australia; Northern Territory I Solatopupa psarolena V Nesopupa eapensis France; Italy Palau Family BULIMINIDAE V Nesopupa ponapica Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei E Boninena callistoderma Japan: Ogasawara V Nesopupa quadrasi Guam V Boninena hiraseana Japan: Ogasawara V Ptychalaea dedecora Japaa- Ogasawara E Boninena ogasawarae Japan; Ogasawara Pupisoma orcula Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae, R 'Napaeus' alabastrinus Pohnpei Portugal: Azores Sterkia Clementina V Napaeus isletae Insular Birddrop Spain: Canary Islands (Gran Canaria) USA R Napaeus nanodes K Truncatellina atomus Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) I Napaeus pygmaeus Vertigo alahamensis Spain: Canary Islands (La Gomera) USA I Napaeus tagmichensis K Vertigo angustior Spain: C^anary Islands (La Gomera) Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Belarus; I Napaeus tagulichensis Belgium; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Spain: Canary Islands CLa Gomera) Finland; France; Georgia; Germany; Hungary; Ireland; Italy; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; R Napaeus tarnerianus Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Romania; Spain- Canary Islands (Tenerife) Russia; Slovakia; Sweden; Switzerland; Family CLAUSILODAE Ukraine; United Kingdom R Boettgeria obesiuscula Vertigo genesii Portugal: Madeira Finland: Germany; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russia; Sweden; Switzerland; United Kingdom V Charpentieria dyodon Italy; Switzerland 133 THREATENED SPECIES R Lamnifera pauli E Samoana annectens France; Spain French Polynesia: Huahine E Lampedusa imitratix E Samoana attenuala Malta French Polynesia: BoraBora. Moorea, Tahiti, Raiatea E Lampedusa melitensis Malta E Samoana conica American Samoa: Tutuila R Muticaria macrostoma Malta E Samoana diaphana French Polynesia: Moorea Family PARTULIDAE E Samoana fragilis E Eua zebrina Guam American Samoa: Tutuila E Samoana solitaria E Partula arguta French Polynesia: Moorea French Polynesia: Huahine E Samoana thurstoni V Partula calypso American Samoa: Ofu Palau: Peleliu Family ORTHALICIDAE E Partula dentifera French Polynesia: Raiatea V Bothriembryon angasianus Australia: South Australia V Partula emersoni Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei V Bothriembryon brazieri Australia: Western Australia E Partula faba French Polynesia: Raiatea V Bothriembryon glauerti Australia: Western Australia E Partula gibba Fat Guam Partula V Bothriembryon irvineanus Guam; Northern Marianas: Rota Australia: Western Australia V Partula guamensis E Bothriembryon praecelcus Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Australia: Western Australia E Partula hebe V Bothriembryon spenceri French Polynesia: Raiatea Australia: Northern Territory E Partula labrusca V Bothriembryon tasmanicus French Polynesia: Raiatea Australia: Tasmania E Partula langfordi E Bulimulus adelphus Northern Marianas: Aguijan Ecuador: Galapagos Islands V Partula leucothoe E Bulimulus akamatus Palau Ecuador: Galapagos Islands V Partula martensia/m E Bulimulus alethorhytidus Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae Ecuador: Galapagos Islands V Partula radiolata E Bulimulus amastroides Radiolate Partula Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Guam E Bulimulus blombergi Partula rosea E Ecuador; Galapagos Islands French Polynesia: Huahine E Bulimulus calvus Partula V thetis Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Palau: Koror E Bulimulus cavagnaroi E Partula varia Ecuador: Galapagos Islands French Polynesia: Huahine 134 Invertebrates: molluscs Bulimulus darwini E Leuchocharis pancheri Ecuador: Galapagos Islands New Caledonia Bulimulus eos V Orthalicus reses Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Stock Island Tree Snail USA Bulimulus eschariferus Ecuador: Galapagos Islands V Placostylus ambagiosus Pupuharakeke. Flax Snail Bulimulus hirsutus New Zealand Ecuador: Galapagos Islands R Placostylus bollonsi Bulimulus jacobi Pupuharakeke Ecuador: Galapagos Islands New Zealand Bulimulus lycodus V Placostylus hongii Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Pupuharakeke. Flax Snail Bulimulus nesioticus New Zealand Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Family FERUSSACHDAE Bulimulus nux R Amphorella melampoides Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Portugal: Madeira (Port Santo) Bulimulus ochsneri R Amphorella producta Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Portugal: Madeira Bulimulus reibischi I Cecilioides connollyi Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Gibraltar E Bulimulus rugiferus K Cecilioides nyctelia Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Portugal: Madeua Bulimulus saeronius V Cylichnidia ovuliformis Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) Bulimulus sculpturatus R Sculptiferussacia clausiliaeformis Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Spam: Canary Islands (Fuerteventura) Bulimulus sp. 1 Family COELIAXIDAE Ecuador: Galapagos Islands I Pyrgina umbilicata Bulimulus sp. 2 Sao Tom6 and Principe: Sao lomt Ecuador: Galapagos Islands I Thomea newtoni Bulimulus sp. 3 Sao Tom6 and Principe: SSo Toni6 Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Family THYROPHORELUDAE Bulimulus sp. 4 Ecuador: Galapagos Islands I Thyrophorella thomensis Sao Tom6 and Principe: Sao Tome Bulimulus sp. 5 Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Family STREPTAXIDAE Bulimulus tanneri V Gonospira bourguignati Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Rdunion Bulimulus unifasciatus V Gonospira cylindrella Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Rdunion Bulimulus ustulatus E Gonospira deshayesi Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Reunion Bulimulus wolfi E Gonospira duponti Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Mauritius 135 THREATENED SPECIES V Gonospira funicula V Rhytida lamproides Reunion (Tasmaphena lamproides) Australia: Tasmania, Victoria V Gonospira turgidula Reunion R Rhytida oconnori New Zealand E Gonospira uvula Reunion V Victaphanla atramentaria Australia: Victoria V Gulelta plantii South Africa V Victaphanta compacta Australia: Victoria E Imperturbatia violescens Seychelles Family ENDODONTIDAE Family CARYODIDAE V Aaadonta angaurana E Anoglypta launcestonensis Palau: Angaur Granulated Tasmanian Snail V Aaadonta constricta Australia: Tasmania Palau Family MEGOMPHICIDAE V Aaadonta fuscozonata I Ammonitella yatesii Palau Tight Coin V Aaadonta irregularis USA Palau: Peleliu Family RHYTIDIDAE V Aaadonta kinlochi V Delos oualanensis Palau: Angaur Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae V Aaadonta pelewana R Ougapia spaldingi Palau: Koror. Peleliu (Torresiropa spaldingi) V Anguispira picta Australia: Queensland (Cape York & Torres Painted Snake-coiled Forest SnaU Strait Islands) USA R Paryphanta busbyi E Cookeconcha sp. Kauri Snail, Pupurangi USA: Hawaiian Islands New Zealand E Endodonta sp. V Paryphanta gilliesi USA: Hawaiian Islands Gillies" Land Snail New Zealand I Helicodiscus diadema USA V Paryphanta hochstetteri Hochstetter's Land Snail I Helicodiscus hexodon New Zealand USA V Paryphanta lignaria E Hirasea acutissima Woodformed Land Snail Japan: Ogasawara New Zealand E Hirasea chichijimana V Paryphanta rossiana Japan: Ogasawara Ross" Land Snail E Hirasea diplomphalus New Zealand Japan: Ogasawara V Paryphanta traversi E Hirasea insignis Travers' Land Snail Japan: Ogasawara New Zealand E Hirasea operculina R Rhytida clarki Japan: Ogasawara (Wainuia clarki) New Zealand E Thaumatodon hystricelloides Western Samoa: Upolu 136 Invertebrates: molluscs I Theskelomensor creon V Jokojdon tumidulus Australia: Queensland Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei I Theskelomensor Uzardensis V Kubaryiellus kubaryi Australia: Queensland (Lizard Island) Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Family PUNCTIDAE V Ladronellum mariannarum Guam V Pasmaditta jungermanniae Australia: Tasmania V Letomola barrenensis Australia: Bass Strait islands Family CHAROPEDAE R Letomola contortus V Allocharopa erskinensis Australia: New South Wales Australia: Victoria R Ngairea murphyi V Allocharopa okeana Australia: New South Wales Australia: Victoria R Oreokera cumulus Allocharopa tarravillensis V Australia: Queensland Australia: Victoria R Oreokera nimbus E Blschoffena bischoffensis Australia: Queensland Australia: Tasmania V Oreomava cannfluviatilus R Coenocharopa yessabahensls Australia: Victoria Australia: New South Wales V Oreomava otwayensis E Cralopa colliveri Australia: Victoria Australia: Victoria V Palikirus cosmetus R Cralopa kaputarensis Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Australia: New South Wales V Palikirus ponapicus R Dipnelix pertricosa Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Australia: South Australia V Palline micramyla E Discocharopa mimosa Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Australia: Tasmania V Palline notera V Dupucharopa millestriata Palau Australia: Western Australia V Pernagera gatliffi V Geminoropa scindocataracta Australia: Victoria Australia: Victoria R Pillomena aemula R Hedleyoconcha ailaketoae Austraha: Northern Territory Australia: Queensland V Pilsbrycharopa tumida E Helenoconcha relicta Australia: Western Australia Saint Helena V Pilula praetumida V Himeroconcha fusca R6union Guam E Planilaoma luckmanii V Himeroconcha lamlanensis Australia: Tasmania Guam R Rhophodon kempseyensis V Himeroconcha quadrasi Australia: New South Wales Guam V Rhophodon problematica V Himeroconcha rotula Guam Australia: Victoria V Roimontis tolotomensis V Jokajdon callizonus Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei 137 THREATENED SPECIES V Russatus nigrescens I Boninosuccinea punctulispira Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Japan: Ogasawara V Semperdon heptaptychius V Catinella arenaria Guam Belgium; France; Germany; Ireland; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Slovakia; V Semperdon kororensis Sweden; Switzerland; United Kingdom Palau: Koror E Oxyloma kanabense V Semperdon rotanus Kanab Amber Snail Guam; Northern Marianas: Rota USA V Semperdon uncatus V Succinea chittenangoensis Palau Chittenango Ovate Amber Snail V Semperdon xyleborus USA Palau V Succinea philippinica R Setomedea nudicostata Palau Australia: Queensland E Succinea piratarum V Sinployea kusaieana Guam Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae E Succinea quadrasi V Trukcharopa trukana Guam Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands V Succinea sanctaehelenae (Tol, Lukunor) Saint Helena Family DISCIDAE Family EUCONULIDAE R Discus engonata V Palaua babelthuapi Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) Palau: Babeldaob E Discus macclintocki V Palaua margaritacea Iowa Pleistocene Snail USA Palau V Palaua minor K Discus marmorensis Palau Marbled Disc USA V Palaua ngarduaisi Palau: Babeldaob R Discus scutula Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) V Palaua straminea Palau: Angaur Family OREOHEUCIDAE V Palaua wilsoni V Oreohelix jugalis Falau Boulder Pile Moimtain Snail USA E Caldwellia boryi Mauritius R Oreohelix vortex Whorled Mountain Snail V Caldwellia imperfecta USA Mauritius; Rdunion I Oreohelix waltoni E Ctenophila caldwelli Lava Rock Mountain Snail Mauritius USA R Ctenophila salaziensis V Radiocentrum avalonense Reunion Catalina Mountain Snail USA E Ctenophila setiliris Reunion Family SUCCINEIDAE V Ctenophila vorticella I Boninosuccinea ogasawarae Reunion Japan: Ogasawara 138 Invertebrates: molluscs V Dendrolrochus ponapensis V Plegnut caelatura Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Rdunion I Diastole matafaoi V Plegma rodriguezensis American Samoa: Tutuila Mauritius: Rodrigues E Hacrochlamys lineolatus V Ryssota pachystoma Japan: Ogasawara Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands V Harmogenanina argentea V Tengchiena euroxestus Rdunion (JEchonitor euroxestus) Australia: South Australia E Harmogenanina detecta Reunion E Thapsia snelli Mauritius: Rodrigues E Harmogenanina implicata Mauritius E Trochochlamys ogasawarana Japan: Ogasawara R Helixarion australis (Hclicarion australis) Family TROCHOMORPHIDAE Australia: New South Wales. Queensland V Braderia entomostoma R Helixarion leopardina Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands (Helicarion leopardina) (Dublon) Australia: New South Wales V Braderia erasa R Helixarion porrectus Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands {Helicarion porrectus) (Dublon) Australia: New South Wales V Braderia lutaria E Helixarion rubicundus Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands (Helicarion rubicundus) (Dublon) Australia: Tasmania V Braderia minuscula R Helixarion semoni Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands (Fastosarion semoni) (Tol) Australia: Queensland V Braderia obesa R Helixarion submissus Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands (Peloparion submissus) (Tol) Australia: New South Wales V Braderia velata V Kusaiea frivola Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae V Hongolua kondorum V Lamprocystis denticulata Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands Guam; Northern Marianas: Saipa, Rota (Moen. Dublon) V Lamprocystis fastigata V Kondoa kondorum Guam; Northern Marianas: Rota Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands (Dublon) V Lamprocystis hahajimana Japan: Ogasawara E Trochomorpha apia American Samoa: Tutuila V Lamprocystis hornbosteli Northern Marianas: Tinian V Trochomorpha approximata Federated States of Micronesia: Chuuk Islands V Lamprocystis misella (Dublon) Guam V Trochomorpha carolinae E Liardetia boninensis Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Japan: Ogasawara V Trochomorpha conoides V Liardetia tenuisculpta Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae, Pohnpei 139 THREATENED SPECIES V Trochomorpha contigua Family PARMACELLIDAE Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei V Parmacella tenerifensis V Trochomorpha kuesteri Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei Family MTLACHDAE R Trochomorpha melvillensis V Tandonia nigra Australia: Northern Territory Switzerland V Trochomorpha nigritella Family LIMACIDAE Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei K Deroceras fatrense V Videna electra Slovakia Palau: Peleliu V Malacolitnax wiktori V Videna oleacina Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) Palau: Peleliu Family POLYGYRIDAE V Videna pagodula Palau: Peleliu I Ashmunella pasonis Franklin Mountain Woodland Snail V Videna pumila USA Palau: Peleliu I Cryptomastix magnidenta Family VITRINIDAE Mission Creek Oregonian R Insulivitrina machadoi USA Spain: Canary Islands (Gran Canada) I Mesodon archeri R Insulivitrina mascaensis Archer's Toothed Land Snail Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) USA V Insulivitrina reticulata I Mesodon clenchi Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) Clench's Middle-toothed Land Snail USA R Insulivitrina tuberculata Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) I Mesodon jonesianus Jones' Middle-toothed Land Snail R Phenacolimax atlantica Portugal: Azores USA I Mesodon R Vitrea pseudotrolli magazinensis Magazine France; Italy Mountain Middle-toothed Snail USA K Vitrea striata I Spain: Ibiza Polygyra hippocrepis USA Family ZONTITDAE I Polygyra peregrina I Glyphyalinia pecki Strange Many-whorled Land Snail USA USA E Oxychilus agostinhoi E Polygyriscus virginianus Portugal: Azores Virgmia Fringed Mountain Snail K Oxychilus basajauna USA Spain I Stenotrema hubrichti I Paravitrea clappi USA USA I Stenotrema pilsbryi R Retinella stabilei Pilshry's Narrow-apertured Land Snail Italy USA I Triodopsis occidentalis Western Three-toothed Land Snail USA 140 Invertebrates: molluscs E Triodopsis platysayoides R Craterodiscus pricei Flat-spired Three-toothed Snail Australia: Queensland USA E Cristilabrum bubulum V Vespericola karokorum Australia: Western Australia Karok Hesperion USA E Cristilabrum buryillum Australia: Western Australia FamUy CAMAENIDAE E Cristilabrum grossum R Amphidromus cognatus Australia: Western Australia Australia: Northern Territory V Cristilabrum isolatum E Amplirhagada astuta Australia: Western Australia Australia: Western Australia (Koolan Island) V Cristilabrum monodon V Amplirhagada elevata Australia: Western Australia Australia: Western Australia V Cristilabrum primum I Amplirhagada herbertena Australia: Western Australia Australia: Western Australia V Cristilabrum rectum I Amplirhagada montalivetensis Australia: Western Australia Australia: Western Australia (Montalivet V Cristilabrum simplex Island) Australia: Western Australia R Amplirhagada novella E Cristilabrum solitudum Australia: Western Australia Australia: Western Australia E Amplirhagada questroana I Cristilabrum spectaculum Australia: Western Australia Australia: Western Australia R Austrochloritis ascensa R Cupedora broughami Australia: New South Wales Australia: South Australia R Austrochloritis pusilla E Cupedora evandaleana Australia: Queensland Australia: South Australia I Baccalena squamulosa R Cupedora luteofusca Australia: Northern Territory Australia: South Australia V Badistes benneti R Cupedora marcidum (Meridolum benneti) Australia: New South Wales Australia: Queensland E Cupedora nottensis V Badistes corneovirens Australia: South Australia (Meridolum corneovirens) Australia: New South Wales I Cupedora sutilosa Australia: Kangaroo Island R Badistes depressa {Meridolum depressa) E Cupedora tomsetti Australia: New South Wales Australia: Kangaroo Island R Badistes marshalli E Damochlora millepunctata (Meridolum marshalli) Australia: Western Australia Australia: New South Wales V Damochlora spina I Baudinella baudinensis Australia: Western Australia Australia: Western Australia (Baudin Island) E Divellomelon hillieri V Carinotrachia carsoniana Australia: Northern Territory Australia: Western Australia K Glyptorhagada asperrima R Cooperconcha centralis (Eximiorhagada asperrima) Australia: South Australia Australia: South Australia 141 THREATENED SPECIES E Glyptorhagada bordaensis E Mandarina polita Australia: Kangaroo Island Japan: Ogasawara E Glyptorhagada euglypta E Mandarina ponderosa Australia: South Australia Japan: Ogasawara R Glyptorhagada Janaslini E Mandarina suenoae Australia: South Australia Japan: Ogasawara E Glyptorhagada kooringensis R Meliobba shafferyi Australia: South Australia Australia: Queensland R Glyptorhagada silveri R Mesodontrachia desmonda Australia: South Australia Australia: Northern Territory R Glyptorhagada tattawuppana R Mesodontrachia fitzroyana Australia: South Australia Australia: Northern Territory V Granulomelon grandituberculatum V Mouldingia occidentalis Australia: Noithem Territory Australia: Western Australia V Hadra wilsoni E Mouldingia orientalis Australia: Western Australia Australia: Western Australia R Jacksonena delicata R Mussonena campbelli Australia: Queensland Australia: Queensland R Jacksonena rudis V Ningbingia australis Australia: Queensland Australia: Western Australia E Kimboraga exanimus V Ningbingia bulla Australia: Western Australia Australia: Western Australia V Kimboraga koolanensis V Ningbingia dentiens Australia: Western Australia (Koolan Island) Australia: Western Australia V Kimboraga micromphala V Ningbingia laurina Australia: Western Australia AustraUa: Western Australia V Kimboraga yammerana V Ningbingia octava Australia: Western Australia Australia: Western Australia R Lacustrelix minor V Ningbingia res Australia: South Australia Australia: Western Australia R Lacustrelix yerelinana R Noctepuna muensis Australia: Soudi Australia Australia: Queensland E Mandarina anijimana E Occirhenea georgiana Japan: Ogasawara Australia: Western Australia. E Mandarina aureola R Japan: Ogasawara Offachloritis dryanderensis Australia: Queensland V Mandarina chichijimana R Ordtrachia Japan: Ogasawara australis Australia: Northern Territory E Mandarina exoptata Japan: Ogasawara V Ordtrachia elegans Australia: Western Australia V Mandarina hahajimana R Japan: Ogasawara Ordtrachia septentrionalis Australia: Northern Territory V Mandarina hirasei Japan: Ogasawara R Papuexul bidwilli Australia: New South Wales, Queensland V Mandarina mandarina Japan: Ogasawara 142 Invertebrates: molluscs R Papustyla pulcherrima V Torresitrachia thedana Papua New Guinea: Manus Island Australia: Western Australia K Planispira wesselensis V Turgenitubulus aslini (Cristigibba wesselensis) Australia: Western Australia Australia: Northern Territory V Turgenitubulus christenseni R Pleuroxia arcigerens Australia: Western Australia Australia: Northern Territory V Turgenitubulus costus E Pleuroxia hinsbyi Australia: Western Australia Australia: New South Wales V Turgenitubulus depressus R Pleuroxia italowiana Australia: Western Australia Australia: South Australia V Turgenitubulus foramenus R Posorites turneri Australia: Western Australia Australia: Queensland V Turgenitubulus opiranus R Prototrachia sedula Australia: Western Australia Australia: Northern Territory V Turgenitubulus pagodula V Prymnbriareus nimberlinus Australia: Western Australia Australia: Western Australia V Turgenitubulus tanmurrana V Rhagada gibbensis Australia: Western Australia Australia: Western Australia V Vidumelon wattii E Rhagada harti Australia: Northern Territory Australia: Western Australia V Westraltrachia altema I Semotrachia euzyga Australia: Western Australia Australia: Northern Territory V Westraltrachia inopinata V Semotrachia sublevala Australia: Western Australia Australia: Northern Territory V Westraltrachia lievreana R Semotrachia winneckeana Australia: Western Australia Australia: Northern Territory V Westraltrachia porcata V Setobaudinia collingii Australia: Western Australia Australia: Western Australia (Panry Island) V Westraltrachia recta R Setobaudinia victoriana Australia: Western Australia Australia: Northern Territory V Westraltrachia subtila V Sinumelon bednalli Australia: Western Australia Australia: Northern Territory V Westraltrachia turbinata R Sphaerospira macleayi Australia: Western Australia Australia: Queensland (Whitsunday Islands) Family HYGROMIIDAE R Sphaerospira rockhamptonensis V Petasina subtecta Australia: Queensland Austria R Sphaerospira whartoni I Plentusia vendia Australia: Queensland (Holboume Island) Spain E Thersites mitchellae V Trichia biconica Australia: New South Wales Switzerland V Torresitrachia crawfordi R Trichia caelata Australia: Western Australia Switzerland K Torresitrachia funium R Trichia gramnicola Australia: Northern Territory Germany 143 THREATENED SPECIES E Trichia oreinos R Caseolus hartungi Austria Portugal: Madeira FamUy HELICELLIDAE V Caseolus leplostictus Portugal: Madeira I Candidula setubalensis Portugal V Caseolus subcalliferus Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) I Cyrnotheba Corsica France: Corsica R Chilostoma cingulellum Poland; Slovakia V Trochoidea gharlapsi Malta R Chilostoma rossmaessleri Poland; Slovakia R Trochoidea spratti Malta R Codringtonia codringtonii Rock Snail Family HELICIDAE Greece V Actinella actinophora V Cylindrus obtusus Portugal: Madeira Austria V Actinella anaglyptica R Discula bicarinata Portugal: Madeira Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) V Actinella armitageana V Discula bulweri Portugal: Madeira Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) R Actinella carinofausta R Discula cheiranticola Portugal: Madeira Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) E Actinella effugiens R Discula echinulata Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) E Actinella fausta R Discula leacockiana Portugal: Madeira Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) V Actinella giramica V Discula oxytropis Portugal: Madeira Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) R Actinella laciniosa V Discula tabellata Portugal: Madeira Portugal: Madeira V Actinella obserata R Discula tectiformis Portugal: Madeira Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) E Actinella robusta E Discula testudinalis Portugal: Madeira Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) V Canariella leprosa V Discula turricula Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) V Canariella pthonera R Disculella maderensis Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) Portugal: Madeira R Caseolus abjectus V Disculella spirulina Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) Portugal: Madeira V Caseolus calculus R Elona quimperiana Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) France; Spain R Caseolus commixtus R Geomitra moniziana Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) Portugal: Madeira R Caseolus consors E Geomitra tiarella Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) Portugal: Madeira 144 Invertebrates: molluscs K Gittenbergeri turriplana R Spirorbula squalida Portugal Portugal: Madeira I Helix ceratina I Tacheocampylaea raspaili France: Corsica France: Corsica E Helix godetiana V Tacheocampylaea tacheoides Greece: Cyclades Italy V Hemicycla adansoni R Trissexodon constrictus Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) France; Spain R Hemicycla berkeleyi R Tyrrheniella Josephi Spain: Canary Islands Italy V Hemicycla glyceia Family HELMINTHOGLYPTIDAE Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) K Eremarionta immaculata V Hemicycla inutilis White Desrt Snail Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) USA V Hemicycla mascaensis K Eremarionta millepalmarum Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) Thousand Palms Desert Snail USA E Hemicycla modesta Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) K Eremarionta morongoana Morongo Desert Snail E Hemicycla plicaria USA Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) R Helminthoglypta allynsmithi V Hemicycla pouchet Merced Canyon Shoulderband Spain: Canary Islands (Tenerife) USA V Idiomela subplicata I Helminthoglypta callistodertna Portugal: Madeira (Porto Sanio) Kern Shoulderband V Lampadia webbiana USA Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) K Helminthoglypta coelata R Lemniscia calva Mesa Shoulderband Portugal: Madeira USA E Lemniscia galeata K Helminthoglypta mohaveana Portugal: Madeira Victorville Shoulderband USA V Lemniscia michaitdi Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) E Helminthoglypta walkeriana Morro Shoulderband R Leplaxis furva USA Portugal: Madeira K Micrarionta facta V Leptaxis portosancti Santa Barbara Island Snail Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) USA E Leptaxis wollastoni E Micrarionta feralis Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) San Nicolas Island Snail R Pseudocampylaea portosanctana USA Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) K Micrarionta gabbi R Spirorbula latens San Clemente Island Snail Portugal: Madeira USA R Spirorbula obtecta K Micrarionta opuntia Portugal: Madeira Prickly Pear Island Snail USA 145 THREATENED SPECIES R Monadenia circumcarinata V Margaritifera margaritifera Keeled Sideband Austria: Belgium; Czech Republic; Denmark; USA Finland; France; Germany; Iceland; Ireland; Luxembourg; Norway; Poland; Portugal; V Monadenia setosa Russia: Spain; Sweden; United Kingdom Trinity Bristle Snail USA I Margaritifera marrianae Alabama Pearl Shell K Monadenia troglodytes USA Shasta Sideband USA I Margaritifera monodonta {Cumberlandia monodonta) I Sonorella eremita Spectacle Case Sax Xavier Talus Snail USA USA Family UNIONIDAE I Sonorella melcalfi Franklin Mountain Talus Snail I Alasmidonta arcula USA Altamaha Arcmussel USA K Xerarionta intercisa Plain Cactus Snail I Alasmidonta atropurpurea USA Cumberland Elktoe USA K Xerarionta redimita Wreathed Cactus Snail E Alasmidonta heterodon USA Dwarf Wedge Mussel USA K Xerarionta tryoni Bicolor Cactus Snail I Alasmidonta raveneliana USA Appalacian Elktoe USA Family ARIONIDAE I Alismodonta varicosa R Arion obesoductus Brook Floater Austria USA K Arion vejdorskyi I Alasmidonta wrightiana Czech Republic Ochlockonee Arcmussel V Binneya notabilis USA Santa Barbara Shelled Slug USA I Amblema neislerii Fat Threeridge V Geomalacus maculosus USA Ireland; Portugal; Spain I Anodonta californensis California Floater Class BIVALVIA USA Order UNIONOIDA E Arkansia wheeleri Family MARGARITIFERIDAE Ouachita Rock Pocketbook USA E Margaritifera auricularia Belgium; Czech Republic; France; Germany; E Carunculina cylindrellus Italy; Luxembourg; Netherlands; Portugal; (Joxolasma cylindrellus) Spain; United Kingdom Pale LiUiput USA E Margaritifera hembeli Louisiana Pearlshell I Carunculina lividus USA (Toxolasma lividus) Purple LUliput USA 146 Invertebrates: molluscs Carunculina pullus Elliptio nigella (Toxolasma pullus) Winged Spike Savannah Lilliput USA USA Elliptio shepardiana Cyprogenia aberti Altamaha Lance Western Fan-shell USA USA Elliptio spinosa Cyprogenia stegaria Altamaha Spinymussel Fanshell USA USA Elliptio steinstansana Dromus dromas Tar River Spinymucsel Dromedary Pearly Mussel USA USA Elliptio waccamawensis Dysnomia brevidens Waccamaw Spike (Epioblasma brevideiis) USA Cumberlandian Combshell USA Fusconaia cor Shiny Pigtoe Dysnomia capsaeformis USA {Epioblasma capsaeformis) Fusconaia cuneolus Oyster Mussel USA Fine-rayed Pigtoe USA Dysnomia metastriata Fusconaia escambia (Epioblasma metastriata) Narrow Pigtoe Upland Combshell USA USA Fusconaia masoni Dysnomia othcaloogensis Atlantic Pigtoe (Epioblasma othcaloogensis) USA Southern Acomshell USA Hemistena lata Cracking Pearlymussel Dysnomia penita USA (Epioblasma penita) Southern Combshell Lampsilis abrupta USA Pink Mucket USA Dysnomia triquetra (Epioblasma triquetra) Lampsilis altilis Snuffbox Fine-lined Pocketbook USA USA Dysnomia turgidula Lampsilis auslralis (Epioblasma turgidula) Southern Sandshell Turgid-blossom USA USA Lampsilis binominata Elliptio Jayensis Lined Pocketbook Flat Spike USA USA Lampsilis cariosa Elliptio lanceolata Yellow Lampmussel Yellow Lance USA USA Lampsilis fullerkati Elliptio marsupiobesa Waccamaw Fatmucket Cape Fear Spike USA USA 147 THREATENED SPECIES E Lampsilis higginsii E Medionidus parvulus Higgin's Eye Coosa Moccasinshell USA USA V Lampsilis perovalis I Nephronaias sloatianus Orangenacie Mucket (Elliptoideiis sloalianus) USA Purple Bankclimber USA V Lampsilis powellii Arkansas Fatmucket E Obovaria retusa USA Ring Pink USA I Lampsilis rajinesqueana Neosho Mucket I Obovaria rotulata USA Round EbonysheU USA I Lampsilis salinasensis (Disconaias salinaseiisis) E Pegiasfabula Salina Mucket Littlewing Pearlymussel USA USA E Lampsilis streckeri E Pleihobasus cicatricosus Speckled Pceketbook White Wartyback USA USA I Lampsilis subangulata E Plethobasus cooperianus Shinyrayed Pceketbook Orangefoot Pimpleback USA USA E Lampsilis virescens E Pleurobema clava Alabama Lampmussel Clubshell USA USA E Lasmigona decorata E Pleurobema collina Carolina Heelsplitter James River Spinymussel USA USA I Lasmigona holstonia E Pleurobema curtum Tennessee Heelsplitter Black Clubshell USA USA I Lasmigona suhviridis E Pleurobema decisum Green Floater Southern Clubshell USA USA V Leguminaia compressa E Pleurobema furvum (Microcondylaea compressa) Dark Pigtoe Italy; Switzerland; Yugoslavia USA E Lemiox rimosus E Pleurobema georgianum Birdwing Pearlymussel Southern Pigtoe USA USA I Leptodea leptodon E Pleurobema gibberum Scaleshell Cumberland Pigtoe USA USA I Lexingtonia dolabelloides E Pleurobema marshalli Slabside Pearlymussel Flat Pigtoe USA USA V Medionidus acutissimus I Pleurobema oviforme Alabama Moccasinshell Tennessee Clubshell USA USA 148 Invertebrates: molluscs I Pleurobema perovatum Quadrula intermedia Ovate ClubsheU Cumberland Monkeyface USA USA E Pleurobema plenum Quadrula sparsa Rough Pigtoe Appalachian Monkeyface USA USA I Pleurobema pyriforme Quadrula stapes Oval Pigtoe Stiirupshell USA USA I Pleurobema rubellum Quincuncina mitchelli Warrior Pigtoe False Spike USA USA I Pleurobema rubrum Simpsoniconcha ambigua Pyramid Pigtoe (Simpsonaias ambigua) USA Salamander Musxl USA E Pleurobema taitianum Heavy Pigtoe Truncilla cognata USA Mexican Fawnsfoot USA I Pleurobema verum True Pigtoe Unio cartel USA (Nodularia cariei) Rdunion I Potamilus amphlehaenus Texas Heelsplitter Unio crassus USA Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; E Potamilus capax Germany; Hungary; Kazakhstan; Latvia; Fat Pocketbook USA Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Moldova: Netherlands; Poland; Romania; V Potamilus inflatus Russia; Slovakia; Sweden; Switzerland; Alabama Heelsplitter Ukraine USA V Unio elongatulus K Pseudanodonta complanata France; Italy; Spain; Switzerland; Yugoslavia Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech R Unio turtoni Republic; Estonia; Finland; Germany; France: Corsica Hungary; Kazakhstan; Latvia; Lithuania; Moldova; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russia; Villosa choctawensis Sweden; Switzerland; Slovakia; Ukraine; Choctaw Bean United Kingdom USA E Ptychobranchus greenii Villosa fabalis Triangular Kidneyshell Rayed Bean USA USA I Ptychobranchus jonesi Villosa ortmanni Southern Kidneyshell Kentucky Creekshell USA USA I Quadrula cylindrica strigillata Villosa perpurpurea Rough Rabbitsfoot Purple Bean USA USA E Quadrula fragosa Villosa trabalis Winged Mapleleaf Cumberland Bean USA USA 149 THREATENED SPECIES Family HYRIIDAE V Tridacna gigas Giant Clam I Hyridella moretonicus (Indo-Pacific: including South China Sea, (Velesunio moretonicus) Coral Sea) Australia: Tasmania Australia: Queensland, Western; Federated Order VENEROIDA States of Micronesia: Lamotrek Atoll. Wesy Fagu; Fiji (ex?); Indonesia; Japan: Ryukyu Family TRIDACNIDAE Islands (ex?); Kiribati: Gilbert Islands; I Hippopus hippopus Malaysia; Marshall Islands; Myanmar, New Bear Paw Clam Caledonia (ex?); Northern Marianas (ex?); (Indo-Pacific: including Bay of Bengal. South Palau; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; China Sea, East China Sea. Coral Sea) Solomon Islands; Taiwan (ex?); Thailand; American Samoa (ex?); Australia: Queensland. Tuvalu; Vanuatu (ex?) Western; Federated States of Micronesia; Fiji [Guam (ex?); USA: including Hawaiian (ex?); Guam (ex?); India?: Andaman and Islands] Nicobar Islands; Indonesia: Japan: Ogasawara- K Tridacna maxima shoto (Bonin Islands) (ex?). Ryukyu Islands Small Giant Clam (ex?); Kiribati: Gilbert Islands; Malaysia; (Indian Ocean; Pacific Ocean) Marshall Islands; Myanmar; New Caledonia; American Samoa; Australia: including Lord Northern Marianas (ex?); Palau; Philippines: Howe Island; British Indian Ocean Territory: Papua New Guinea: Paracel Islands?; Samoa Chagos Archipelago; China; Cook Islands; (ex?); Singapore; Solomon Islands; Taiwan Egypt; Federated States of Micronesia; Fiji; (ex?); Thailand?; Tonga (ex?); Tuvalu; French Polynesia; Guam; India: Andaman and Vanuatu Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep; Indonesia; I Hippopus porcellanus Japan; Kenya; Kiribati: Cnlbert, Phoenix, Line China Clam Islands; Madagascar, Malaysia; Maldives: (Indo-Pacific: mcluding Flores Sea, South Marshall Islands; Mauritius; Mozambique; China Sea) Myanmar, New Caledonia; Northern Marianas Indonesia; Palau; Philippines: Sulu Palau; Papua New Guinea; PhiUppines: Archipelago, Masbate Island; Soudi China Sea Pitcaim Islands: Henderson Island; Samoa; reefs Saudi Arabia; Seychelles; Singapore; Solomon Islands; South Africa: Sri Lanka; Taiwan; K Tridacna crocea Thailand; Tokelau; Tonga; Tuvalu; Crocus Clam USA Pacific Islands; Vanuatu; Viet Nam (Indo-Pacific: including South China Sea, Coral Sea) I Tridacna squamosa Australia; Guam (ex?); Indonesia; Japan: Scaly Clam, Fluted Clam Ryukyu Islands; Malaysia; Northern Marianas (Indian Ocean: Pacific Ocean) (ex?); Palau: Papua New Guinea; Philippines; American Samoa; Australia; British Indian Singapore; Solomon Islands; Thailand; Ocean Territory: Chagos Archipelago; Egypt; Tuvalu?; Vanuatu?; Viet Nam Federated States of Micronesia; Fiji; French Polynesia: Tuamotu Archipelago; V Tridacna derasa India: Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Lakshadweep; Southern Giant clam Indonesia; Japan (ex?); Kenya; Kiribati: (Indo-Pacific: Coral Sea) (jilbeit Islands; Madagascar, Malaysia; Australia: Queensland; Cocos (Keeling) Maldives; Marshall Islands; Mauritius; Islands?; Fiji; French Polynesia?: Tuamotu Mozambique; Myanmar. New Caledonia; Archipelago; Guam (ex?); Indonesia: Irian Northern Marianas (ex?); Palau; Papua New Jaya, Taka Bone Rate m Sulawesi; New Guinea; Philippines: Samoa; Saudi Arabia; Caledonia; Northern Marianas (ex?); Palau; Seychelles; Singapore; Solomon Islands; South Papua New Guinea; Philippines Africa; Sri Lanka; Thailand; Tokelau; Tonga; Solomon Islands; Tonga: Tongatapu; Tuvalu? Tuvalu; Vanuatu? Vanuatu; Viet Nam [Guam (ex?); USA: including Hawaiian [American Samoa; Cook Islands; ^derated Islands] States of Micronesia; Marshall Islands] 150 Invertebrates K Tridacna tevoroa Family MEGASCOLECIDAE Tevoro Clam E Driloleirus americanus (South Pacific) (Megascolides americanus) Rji: Lau Islands; Tonga: Ha'apai and Vava'u Washington Cnant Earthworm Groups USA Family PISIDIIDAE E Driloleirus macelfreshi I Pisidium sanguinickristi (Megascolides macelfreshi) USA Oregon Giant Earthworm USA I Pisidium ultramontanum Montane Peaclam V Megascolides austrails USA Giant Gippsland Earthworm Australia Phylum ANNELIDA Phylum ARTHROPODA Class POLYCHAETA Class MEROSTOMATA Order EUNICIDA Order XIPHOSURA Family EUNICIDAE Family LIMULIDAE K Eunice viridis Palolo Worm K Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda (South Pacific) Horseshoe Crab Coastal waters - India; Indonesia; Malaysia; Class fflRUDINEA Philippines; Singapore; Thailand Order ARHYNCHOBDELLAE K Limulus polyphemus Horseshoe Crab Family HIRUDINIDAE Coastal waters - Canada; Mexico; USA I Hirudo medicinalis K Tachypleus gigas Medicinal Leech Horseshoe Crab Albania; Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan?: Coastal waters - India; Indonesia; Malaysia; Belarus?; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic?: Singapore; Thailand Denmark; Estonia?; Finland; France; Georgia; Tachypleus tridentatus Germany; Greece; Hungary; Italy K Horseshoe Crab Kazakhstan?; Latvia?; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Coastal waters - China; Indonesia; Japan; Moldova; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Malaysia; Philippines; Taiwan; Viet Nam Portugal; Romania; Russia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; Ukraine; United Kingdom; Yugoslavia Class ARACHNIDA Order ARANEAE Class OLIGOCHAETA Family THERAPHOSEDAE Order HAPLOTAXIDA K Euathlus smithi Family KOMAREKIONIDAE (Brachypelma smithi) Red-kneed Tarantula V Komarekiona eatoni USA Mexico Family HEXATHELIDAE Family LUTODRILIDAE I Macrothele cretica R Lutodrilus multivesiculatus USA Greece: Crete 151 THREATENED SPEQES Family CTENIZTOAE Family ASAURIDAE I Cyclocosmia torreya V Dolomedes plantarius Torreya Trap-door Spider Great Raft Spider USA Austria; Belarus?; Belgium: Deimiark; France; Georgia?; Germany; Hungary; Italy; Latvia; Family GRADUNGULIDAE Lithuania; Netherlands: Poland; Romania; I Spelungiila cavernicola Russia: Slovakia; Sweden; Nelson Cave Spider Order PSEUDOSCORPIONIDA New Zealand Family NEOBISHDAE Family LEPTONETIDAE I Microcreagris imperialis E Leptoneta myopica Empire Cave Pseudoscorpion Tooth Cave Spider USA USA Family UNYPHIIDAE E Microcreagris texana Tooth Cave Pseudoscorpion R Troglohyphantes gracilis USA Kocevje Subterranean Spider Yugoslavia Order OPILIONES R Troglohyphantes similis Family PHALANGODIDAE Kocevje Subterranean Spider V Banksula melones Yugoslavia Melones Cave Harveslman R Troglohyphantes spinipes USA Kocevje Subterranean Spider Yugoslavia Class CRUSTACEA Family ARANEIDAE Order CLADOCERA I Meta dolloff Family DAPHNIDAE DoUoff Cave Spider USA R Daphnia jollyi Water Flea Family GNAPHOSIDAE Australia: Western Australia I Cesonia irvingi R Daphnia occidentalis Key Gnaphosid Spider Water Flea Bahamas: USA Australia: Western Australia Family LYCOSIDAE R Daphnia nivalis E Adelocosa anops Water Flea No-eyed Big-eyed Wolf Spider Australia: New South Wales USA: Hawaiian Islands Family CHYDORIDAE I Lycosa ericeticola R Rhynchochydorus australiensis Rosemary Wolf Spider Water Flea USA Australia: New South Wales R Pardosa diuturna Order ANOSTRACA Glacier Bay Wolf Spider USA Family ARTEMHDAE I Sosippus placidus I Artemia monica Lake Placid Funnel Wolf Spider Mono Lake Brine Shrimp USA USA Family BRANCHINECTIDAE I Branchinecta gigas Giant Fairy Shrimp Canada; USA 152 Invertebrates: crustaceans Family BRANCHIPODIDAE R Calamoecia elongata Australia: Western Australia I Parartemia contractu Brine Shrimp Order HARPACTICOIDA Australia: Western Australia Family CANTHOCAMPTIDAE Family THAMNOCEPHALTOAE K Canthocamptus echinopyge K Branchinella apophysata Australia: Tasmania Fairy Shrimp Canthocamptus dedeckkeri Australia: Western Australia K Australia: Victoria K Branchinella basispina Fairy Shrimp K Canthocamptus tasmaniae Australia: Tasmania Australia; Western Australia K Branchinella denticulata K Canthocamptus longipes Fairy Shrimp Australia: Victoria Australia: Western Australia K Canthocamptus mammillifurca K Branchinella simplex Australia: Victoria Brine Shrimp K Canthocamptus sublaevis Australia: Western Australia Australia: Victoria K Branchinella wellardi K Fibulacamptus gracilior Fairy Shrimp Australia: Victoria Australia: Western Australia K Fibulacamptus bisetosus Order MYODOCOPINA Australia: Western Australia Family CYPRIDINIDAE Order THORACICA K Zonocypretta kalimna Family BALANIDAE Seed Shrimp I Armatobalanus Australia: Western Australia nefrens USA Family NOTODROMADEDAE I Balanus aquila K Newnhamia fuscata USA Seed Shrimp Australia: New South Wales Order ANASPIDACEA K Newnhamia insolita Family ANASPIDIDAE Seed Shrimp I Allanaspides helonomus Australia: New South Wales Syncarid Shrimp Order PODOCOPINA Australia: Tasmania Family LIMNOCYTHERIDAE V Allanaspides hickinani Syncarid Shrimp K Limnocythere porphyretica Australia: Tasmania Seed Shrimp K Anaspides sp. Australia: Western Australia Syncarid Shrimps Order CALANOIDA Australia: Tasmania Family CENTROPAGIDAE I Paranaspides lacustris Great Lake Shrimp R Boeckella nyoraensis Australia: Tasmania Australia Family PSAMMASPIDIDAE R Calamoecia auslralica Australia: Victoria K Eucrenonaspides oinotheke Australia: Tasmania 153 THREATENED SPECIES Order ISOPODA R Urampkisopus pearsoni Australia: Tasmania Family OROLANIDAE Family ASELUDAE V Antrolana lira Madison Cave Isopod I Caecidotea barri USA Clifton Cave Isopod USA I Arubolana imula Aniba I Caecidotea macropoda Bat Cave Isopod K Mexilana saluposi USA Mexico I Caecidotea nickajackensis K Speocirolana affinis Nickajack Cave Isopod Mexico USA K Speocirolana interstidalis I Lirceus culveri Mexico Rye Cove Cave Isopod K Speocirolana thermydromis USA Mexico E Lirceus usdagalun Family SPHAEROMATIDAE Lee County Cave Isopod USA K Tkermosphaeroma dugesi Mexico Family STENASELUDAE K Tkermosphaeroma milleri I Mexistenasellus coahuila Mexico Mexico K Tkermosphaeroma smithi R Mexistenasellus parzefalli Mexico ParzefaU's Stenasellid Mexico K Tkermospkaeroma subequalum Mexico R Mexistenasellus wilkensi Wilken's Stenasellid E Tkermospkaeroma thermophilum Mexico Socorro Isopod USA Order AMPHIPODA Family TRICHONISCIDAE Family GAMMARIDAE K Metatrichoniscoides celticus I Gammarus ackeronytes United Kingdom Illinois Cave Amphipod USA Family STYLONISCIDAE I Gammarus bousfieldi I Slyloniscus sp. Bousfield's Amphipod Australia: Tasmania USA Family ARMADILLIDAE I Gammarus desperatus I Echinodillo cavaticus Noel's Amphipod Australia: Tasmania USA Family PHREATOICIDAE I Gammarus kyalieioides Diminutive Amphipod I Mesacanthotelson setosis Australia: Tasmania USA I R Onckotelson brevicaudatus Gammarus pecos Pecos Amphipod Australia: Tasmania USA R Onchotelson spatulatus Australia: Tasmania 154 Invertebrates: crustaceans Family ORCHESTHDAE Stygobromus dejectus Cascade Cave Amphipod Spelasorchestia koloana USA Kaui Cave Amphipod USA: Hawaiian Islands Stygobromus elatus Elevated Spring Amphipod Family CRANGONYCTTOAE USA Allocrangonyx hubrichti Stygobromus emarginatus Central Missouri Cave Amphipod USA Greenbrier Cave Amphipod USA Allocrangonyx pellucidus Stygobromus ephemerus Oklahoma Cave Amphipod USA Ephemeral Cave Amphipod USA Crangonyx dearolfi Stygobromus Pennsylvania Cave Amphipod flagellatus USA Ezell's Cave Amphipod USA Crangonyx grandimanus Stygobromus gradyi Florida Cave Amphipod USA Grady's Cave Amphipod USA Crangonyx hobbsi Stygobromus Hobb's Cave Amphipod hadenoecus USA Devil's Sinkhole Amphipod USA Stygobromus araeus Stygobromus harai Tidewater Interstitial Amphipod USA Hara's Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus arizonensis Stygobromus hayi Arizona Cave Amphipod USA Hay's Spring Amphipod USA Stygobromus balconius Stygobromus heteropodus Balcones Cave Amphipod USA Pickle Springs Amphipod USA Stygobromus barri Stygobromus hubbsi Bail's Cave Amphipod USA Malhein Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus bifurcatus Stygobromus identatus Bifnrcated Cave Amphipod USA Tidewater Stygonectid Amphipod USA Stygobromus bowman! Stygobromus Bowman's Cave Amphipod longipes USA Long-legged Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus clantoni Stygobromus mackenziei Clanton's Cave Amphipod USA Mackenzie's Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus conradi Stygobromus montanus Bumsville Cove Cave Amphipod USA Mountain Cave Amphipod USA Stygobromus cooperi Stygobromus morrisoni Cooper's Cave Amphipod USA Morrison's Cave Amphipod USA 155 THREATENED SPECIES Stygobromus mundas E Palaemonias ganteri Bath County Cave Amphipod Kentucky Cave Shrimp USA USA Stygobromus nortoni E Syncaris pacifica Norton's Cave Amphipod California Freshwater Shrimp USA USA Stygobromus onondagaensis I Typhlatya monae Onondaga Cave Amphipod Mona Cave Shrimp USA Puerto Rico Stygobromus ozarkensis Family PALAEMONIDAE Ozark Cave Amphipod USA I Palaemonetes antrorum Balcones Cave Shrimp Stygobromus parvus USA Minute Cave Amphipod V Palaemonetes cummingi USA Squirrel Chimney Cave Shrimp Stygobromus pecki USA Peck's Cave Amphipod USA Family CAMBARIDAE I Cambarus batchi Stygobromus pizdnii Bluegrass Crayfish Pizzini's Amphipod USA USA I Cambarus bouchardi Stygobromus putealis Big South Fork Crayfish Wisconsin Well Amphipod USA USA I Cambarus catagius Stygobromus reddelli Greenshom Burrowing ReddeU's Cave Amphipod Crayfish USA USA I Cambarus chasnwdactylus Stygobromus smithii New River Crayfish Alabama Well Amphipod USA USA I Cambarus extraneus Stygobromus spinatus Chickamanga Crayfish Spring Cave Amphipod USA USA I Cambarus obeyensis Stygobromus stellmacki Obey Crayfish SteUmack's Cave Amphipod USA USA E Cambarus zopkonastes Stygobromus subtilis HeU Creek Subtle Cave Amphipod Crayfish USA USA Stygobromus wengerorum I Orconectes jeffersoni Wengeror's Cave Amphipod Louisville Crayfish USA USA E Order DECAPODA Orconectes shoupi Nashville Crayfish Family ATYIDAE USA E Palaemonias alabamae I Procambarus acherontis Alabama Cave Shrimp Orlando Cave Crayfish USA USA 156 Invertebrates: crustaceans I Procamharus connus K Engaeus orramakunna CoTTollton Crayfish Mount Arthur Burrowing Crayfish USA Australia: Tasmania I Procambarus lepidodactylus R Engaeus phyllocercus Pee Dee lotic Crayfish Narracan Burrowing Crayfish USA Australia: Victoria Family ASTACIDAE R Engaeus rostrogaleatus Strzelecki Burrowing Crayfish V Astacus astacus Australia: Victoria Noble Crayfish Austria: Belarus; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech V Engaeus spinicaudatus Republic?; Denmark; Estonia?; Finland; Scottsdale Burrowing Crayfish France; Germany; Hungary; Latvia?; Lithuania; Australia: Tasmania Moldova?; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; V Engaeus sternalis Romania?; Russia; Slovakia; Sweden; Ukraine; Warragul Biurowing Crayfish Yugoslavia Australia: Victoiia [Cyprus; Italy; Switzerland] E Engaewa sinulis R Austropotamobius pallipes Australia White-clawed Crayfish Austria; Czech RepubUc?; France; Germany; I Euastacus armatus Hungary?; Ireland; Italy; Portugal; Slovakia; Murray River Cray Spain; Switzerland; United Kingdom; Australia Yugoslavia R Euastacus bindal K Austropotamobius torrentium Australia: Queensland Stone Crayfish I Euastacus bispinosus Austria; Czech Republic?; France; Germany; Glenelg River Cray Hungary; Slovakia; Switzerland; Yugoslavia Australia: Victoria E Pacifastacus fortis R Euastacus eungella Shasta Crayfish USA Australia: Queensland R Euastacus flecker! Family PARASTACIDAE Australia: Queensland I Astacoides madagascariensis R Euastacus hystricosus Madagascar Freshwater Crayfish Australia: Queensland Madagascar R Euastacus jagara I Astacopsis gouldi Australia: Queensland Giant Tasmanian Lobster Australia: Tasmania R Euastacus maidae Australia: Queensland I Cherax tenuimanus Marron R Euastacus monteithorum Australia: Western Australia Australia: Queensland R Engaeus australis R Euastacus robertsi Lilly Pilly Burrowing Crayfish Australia: Queensland Australia: Victoria R Euastacus setosus K Engaeus mallacoota Australia: Queensland Mallacoota Burrowing Crayfish R Euastacus urospinosus Australia: Victoria Australia: Queensland R Engaeus martigener Fanuly COENOBITIDAE Fumeaux Burrowing Crayfish Australia: Flinders Island R Birgus latro Coconut Crab (Indo-Pacific) 157 THREATENED SPECIES Family PINNOTHERIDAE Family OUGONEURHDAE K Parapinnixa affinis I Homoeoneuria cahabensis Califomian Bay Pea Crab Cahaba Sand-filtering Mayfly USA USA I Homoeoneuria dolani Class INSECTA Blackwater Sand-filtering Mayfly Order THYSANURA USA FamUy MACHILIDAE Family HEPTAGENIIDAE I Pseudirion meridionalis I Machiloides heteropus Meridion Blackwater Mayfly Hawaiian Long-palp Bristletail USA: Hawaiian Islands USA Family BEHNINGIIDAE I Machiloides perkinsi Perkin's Club-palp Bristletail I Dolania americana USA: Hawaiian Islands American Sand-burrowing Mayfly USA Order COLLEMBOLA Family EPHEMERIDAE Family NEANURIDAE I Ephemera compar I Acanthanura dendyi Colorado Burrowing Mayfly Australia: Tasmania USA I Acanthanura sp. I Ephemera triplex Australia: Tasmania West Virginia Burrowing Mayfly I Megalanura tasmaniae USA Australia: Tasmania Family EPHEMERELLIDAE I Womersleymeria bicornis I Ceratella frisoni Australia: Tasmania Prison's Mayfly I Womersleymeria sp.l USA Australia: Tasmania I Ceratella spiculosa I Womersleymeria sp.2 Spicluose Mayfly Australia: Tasmania USA Order EPHEMEROPTERA I Ephemerella argo Argo Mayfly Family SIPHLONURIDAE USA I Ameletus falsus Family CAENIDAE False Mayfly USA I Brachycercus flavus Yellow Mayfly I Isonychia diversa USA Diverse Mayfly USA Order ODONATA R Tasmanophlebia lacus-coerulei Family AMPHIPTERYGIDAE Large Blue Lake Mayfly I Australia Amphipteryx agrioides Belize; El Salvador, Guatemala: Honduras; Family BAETIDAE Mexico I Heterocleon berneri Family CHLOROCYPHIDAE Bemer's Two-winged Mayfly USA I Rhinocypha hageni Philippines: Jolo 158 Invertebrates: insects Rhinocypha latimaculata Family HEMIPHLEBUDAE Philippines: Tawi Tawi R Hemiphlebia mirabilis Rhinocypha ogasawarensis Australia Japan: Ogasawara Family COENAGRIONIDAE R Rhinocypha uenoi I Aciagrion rarum Japan: Iriomote Angola Family CALOPTERYGIDAE I Argiagrion leoninum R Calopteryx angustipennis Sierra Leone USA E Argiocnemis solitaria E Calopteryx syriaca Mauritius Jordan; Syria; Turkey I Argiocnemis umbargae I Hetaerina rudis Cameroon Guatemala; Mexico R Boninagrion ezoin Family SYNLESTIDAE Japan: Ogasawara R Chlorolesles apricans I Ceriagrion mourae South Africa: eastern Cape Mozambique R Chlorolesles draconicus V Coenagrion mercuriale South Africa Southern Damselfly ?Albania; Algeria; Austria: Belgium; R Ecchlorolestes nylephtha Bulgaria?; Czech Republic?; France; Germany; South Africa Hungary?; Italy; Liechtenstein; Luxembourg; R Ecchlorolestes peringueyi Moldova?; Morocco; Netherlands; Portugal; South Africa Romania?; Slovakia?; Spain; Switzerland; Tunisia; Ukraine?; United Kingdom; V Phylolestes ethelae Yugoslavia? Dominican Republic I Enallagma camerunense Family LESTIDAE Cameroon R Indolestes boninensis I Enallagma polychromaticum Japan: Ogasawara South Africa Family MEGAPODAGRIONIDAE V Enallagma recurvatum E Amanipodagrion gilliesi Barrens Bluet Damselfly Tanzania USA Heteragrion eboratum E Ischnura gemina Guatemala; Honduras San Francisco Forktail Damselfly USA Heteragrion tricellulare Guatemala; Mexico I Megalagrion adytum Adytum Damselfly Hypolestes clara USA: Hawaiian Islands Jamaica I Megalagrion leptodemas Hypolestes trinitatis Leptodemas Damselfly Cuba USA: Hawaiian Islands Paraphlebia zoe I Megalagrion Mexico nigrohamatum Nigrohamatum Damselfly Rhipidolestes okinawanus USA: Hawaiian Islands Japan: Okinawa I Megalagrion nigrolineatum Thaumatoneura inopinata Black-lined Damselfly Costa Rica; Panama USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) 159 THREATENED SPECIES I Megalagrion oahuense Family AESHNIDAE Oahu Damselfly K Acanthaeshna victoria USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Australia I Megalagrion oceanicum R Aeshna meruensis Oceanic Damselfly Tanzania USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Aeshna persephone E Megalagrion pacificum USA Pacific Damselfly USA: Hawaiian Islands I Aeshna viridis Austria; Czech Republic?; Denmark; Estonia?: I Megalagrion xanlhomelas Finland; Germany; Hungary; Latvia?: Orange-black Damselfly Lidiuania?; Netherlands; Poland; Russia USA: Hawaiian Islands Slovakia?; Sweden; Yugoslavia? E Mortonagrion hirosei I Aeshna williamsoniana Japan Mexico V Nehalennia pallidula USA V Cephalaeschna acutifrons India K Pseudagrion quadrioculatum R Oligoaeschna kunigamiensis Tsiae. Japan: Okinawa Family PLATYCNEMIDIDAE Family GOMPHIDAE I Metacnemis angusta R Asiagomphus yayeyamensis Soudi Africa Japan: Yayeyama E Platycnemis mauriciana V Burmagomphus sivalikensis Mauritius India FamUy PLATYSTICTIDAE Cornigomphus guineensis Palaemnema chiriquita Equatorial Guinea Costa Rica Diaphlebia pallidistylus Palaemnema gigantula Costa Rica Costa Rica Epigomphus camelus Palaemnema melanota Costa Rica Costa Rica Epigomphus clavatus Palaemnema paulicoba Guatemala Mexico Epigomphus crepidus Palaemnema revenlazoni Mexico Costa Rica Epigomphus paulsoni Family PSEUDOSTIGMATIDAE Mexico V Mecistogaster asticta Epigomphus subsimilis Brazil Costa Rica E Mecistogaster pronoti Epigomphus verticornis BrazU Costa Rica Family EPIOPHLEBIIDAE K Erpetogomphus lampropeltis V Epiophlebia laidlawi USA Relict Himalayan Dragonfly R Gomphurus consanguis India; Nepal Cherokee ClubtaU Dragonfly USA R Gomphurus lynnae USA 160 Invertebrates: insects R Gomphurus modestus R Progomphus bellei Gulf Clubtail BeUe's Sand ClubtaU USA USA R Gomphus diminutus I Progomphus risi Diminutive Clubtail Mexico USA V Stylurus potulentus R Gomphus grasUni Yellow-sided Clubtail France: Spain USA R Gomphus hodgesi R Stylurus townesi Hodges' Clubtail Bronze Clubtail Dragonfly USA USA I Gomphus sandrius Family PETALURIDAE Tennessee Clubtail Dragonfly USA K Petalura pulcherrima Australia R Gomphus septima Family CORDULEGASTERIDAE Septima's Clubtail Dragonfly USA E Cordulegaster mzymtae Armenia: Azerbaijan; Georgia; Russia?; R Hylogomphus geminatus Turkey Twin-Striped Clubtail USA R Chlorogomphus iriomotensis Japan: Iriomote R Hylogomphus parvidens USA E Zoraena sayi Florida Spiketail Dragonfly I Isomma hieroglyphicum USA Madagascar Family CORDULODAE R Leplogomphus yayeyamensis Japan: Isliigaki, Iriomote I Antipodochlora braueri New Zealand R Onychogomphus assimilis Armenia; Azerbaijan: Georgia: Turkey V Austrocordulia leonardi Australia E Onychogomphus macrodon Israel: Jordan; Turkey R Hemcordulia ogasawarensis Japan: Ogasawara R Ophiogomphus acuminatus USA R Hemicordulia okinawensis Japan: Okinawa. Amami V Ophiogomphus anomalus Canada; USA I Lihellulosoma minuta Madagascar E Ophiogomphus cecilia Austria: Belarus?: Bulgaria; China; Czech R Macromia ishidai Republic; Denmark; Estonia?; Finland; France; Japan: Yayeyama Germany; Hungary; Italy; Latvia?; Lithuania?; R Macromia kubokaiya Luxemboiug; Moldova?; Portugal; Romania; Japan; Okinawa Russia; Slovakia; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey?; Ukraine? R Macromia margarita USA V Ophiogomphus howei Howe's Midget Snaketail Dragonfly R Macromia splendens USA Shining Macromia Dragonfly France: Portugal; Spain R Ophiogomphus incurvatus USA R Macromia urania Japan; Yayeyama R Paragomphus sinaiticus Egypt; Niger, Oman; Saudi Arabia; Sudan 161 THREATENED SPECIES V Oxygastra curtisii Leucorrhinia caudalis Orange-spotted Emerald Austria: Belarus?: Belgium: Czech Republic?; Belgium: France; Germany; Italy; Morocco; Estonia?; Finland; France: Germany: Hungary; Netherlands; Portugal; Spain; Switzerland; Latvia?: Lithuania?; Netherlands; Norway; United Kingdom Poland: Russia: Sweden: Ukraine?; Yugoslavia? R Somatochlora brevicincta Canada Lihellula angelina Japan R Somatochlora calverti Calverts' Emerald K Lihellula jesseana USA Purple Chaser USA E Somatochlora hineaiia Ohio Emerald Dragonfly Lyriothemis tricolor USA Japan: Iriomote R Somatochlora incurvata Monardithemis flava Canada; USA Angola: Zambia R Somatochlora margarita Orthetrum rubens Big Thicket Emerald Dragonfly South Africa USA Palpopleura albifrons R Somatochlora ozarkensis Gabon USA Trithemis hartwigi V Williamsonia lintneri Equatorial Guinea Banded Bog Skimmer Dragonfly USA Trithemis nigra Sao Tom6 and Principe: Piincipe Family UBELLUUDAE Urothemis luciana K Aethiothemis watuliki South Africa Congo K Urothemis thomasi K Allorhizucha campioni Ethiopia; Oman; Saudi Arabia; Somalia Sierra Leone Order BLATTARIA K Anectothemis apicalis Zaire Family BLATITDAE I Aspiduchus R Boninthemis insularis cavernicola Tuna Japan: Ogasawara Cave Roach Puerto Rico E Brachythemis fuscopalliala Iraq; Israel; Turkey Order MANTODEA I Brachythemis liberiensis Family MANTIDAE Guinea-Bissau; Liberia E Apteromantis aptera K Coitgothemis longistyla Spain Zaire Order GRYLLOBLATTARIA I Leucorrhinia alhifrons Family GRYLLOBLATTIDAE Austria; Belarus?: Estonia?; Finland; France; Germany; Kazakhstan?; Latvia?; Lidiuania?; V Grylloblatta chirurgica Netherlands; Norway: Poland; Russia; Sweden; Mount St. Helens' Grylloblattid Switzerland; Ukraine? USA 162 Invertebrates: insects Order ORTHOPTERA I Macrobaenetes valgum Coachelia Giant Sand Treader Cricket Family STENOPELMATIDAE USA I Ammopelmatus kelsoensis I Pristoceuthophilus sp. Kelso Jerusalem Cricket Samwell Cave Cricket USA USA I Ammopelmatus muwu I Tasmanopleclron isolatum Port Conception Jerusalem Cricket Australia: Tasmania USA I Utabaenetes tanneri Deinacrida carinata V Tanner's Black Camel Cricket Herekopare Island Weta USA New Zealand Family TETnGONIIDAE V Deinacrida fallai Poor Knights Weta R Austrosaga spinifer New Zealand Australia: Western Australia V Deinacrida heteracantha V Baetica ustulata Wetapunga Spain New Zealand I Banza nihoae V Deinacrida parva Nihoa Banza Conehead Katydid Kaikoura Weta USA: Hawaiian Islands New Zealand I Belocephalus micanopy V Deinacrida rugosa Big Pme Key Conehead Katydid Stephens Island Weta USA New Zealand I Belocephalus sleigh ti V Deinacrida sp. Keys Short-winged Conehead Katydid Mahoenui Giant Weta USA New Zealand I Conocephaloides remotus I Deinacrida tibiospina Remote Conehead Katydid Nelson Alpine Weta USA: Hawaiian Islands New Zealand R Hemisaga elongata E Hemiandrus sp. Australia: Northern Territory Tusked Weta R Hemisaga lucifer New Zealand Australia: Western Australia E Hetnidaina ricta R Hemisaga vepreculae Banks Peninsula Weta Australia: Western Australia New Zealand I Idiostatus middlekaufi I Stenopelmatus cahuilaensis Middlekauf s Shieldback Katydid Coachella Valley Jerusalem Cricket USA USA R Isophya harzi I Stenopelmatus navajo Carpathian Basin Navajo Jerusalem Cricket USA R Ixalodectes flectocercus Australia: Western Australia Family RHAPHIDOPHORIDAE R Kawanphila pachomai I Daihinihaenetes arizonensis Australia: Western Australia Arizona Giant Sand Treader Cricket USA R Metrioptera domogledi Carpathian Basin I Macrobaenetes kelsoensis Kelso Griant Sand Treader Cricket R Nanodectes bulbicercus USA Australia: South Australia 163 THREATENED SPECffiS I Neduba longipennis I Cycloptilum irregularis Santa Monica Shieldback Katydid Keys Scaly Cricket USA USA E Onconotus servillei I Leptogryllus deceptor Caipathian Basin Oahu Deceptor Bush Cricket USA: Hawaiian Islands R Pachysaga munggai Australia: Western Australia I Oecanthus laricis Laricis Tree Cricket R Pachysaga strohila USA Australia: Western Australia I Thaumatogryllus cavicola R Phasmodes jeeba Volcanoes Cave Cricket Australia: Western Australia USA: Hawaiian Islands R Psacadonotus insulanus I Thaumatogryllus variegatus Australia: Kangaroo Island Kauai Thin-footed Bush Cricket R Psacadonotus seriatus USA: Hawaiian Islands Australia: Western Australia Family EUMASTACIDAE V Saga pedo I Eumorsea pinaleno Predatory Bush Cricket Pinaleno Monkey Grasshopper ?Arniema; Austria; Azerbaijan?; Bulgaria; USA China?; Czech Republic; France; Georgia; Germany?; Hungary; Italy; Kazakhstan; I Psychomaslatix deserticola Kyrgyzstan; Romania; Russia; Slovakia; Spain; Desert Monkey Grasshopper Switzerland; Tajikistan; Turkmenia; Ukraine; USA Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia Family ACRIDIDAE R Throscodecles xederoides I Acrolophitus pulchellus Australia: Western Australia Idaho Point-headed Grasshopper R Throscodecles xiphos USA Australia: Western Australia I Appalachia arcena R Windbalea viride Michigan Bog Grasshopper Australia: Western Australia USA R Zaprochilus ninae I Chloaeltis aspasma Australia: New South Wales Siskiyou Chloealtis Grasshopper USA Family GRYLLOTALPIDAE R Chortippus acroleucus I Gryllotalpa major Carpathian Basin Prairie Mole Cricket USA R Miramella irena Carpathian Basin Family GRYLLIDAE R Odontopodisma montana I Caconemobius howarthi Carpathian Basin Howarth's Cave Cricket USA; Hawaiian Islands R Odontopodisma rubripes Hungary I Caconemobius schauinslandi Schauinsland's Bush Cricket R Podismopsis transsylvanica USA: Hawaiian Islands Carpathian Basin I Caconemobius varius I Schayera baiulus Kaumana Cave Cricket (Catliptamus bandits) USA: Hawaiian Islands Australia: Tasmania I Spharagemon superbum USA 164 Invertebrates: insects R Stenobothrodes eurasius Family PERLIDAE Carpathian Basin I Beloneuria georgiana R Zubovskia banatica Georgia Stonefly Carpathian Basin USA Family TETRIGIDAE I Beloneuria jamesae Cheaha Stonefly R Bienkotetrix transsylvanicus USA Carpathian Basin I Hansonoperla appalachia I Tetrix sierrana Hanson's Appalachian Stonefly Sierra Pygmy Grasshopper USA USA Family PELTOPERLIDAE I Tettigidea empedonepia Torreya Pygmy Grasshopper I Soliperla fenderi USA Fender's Stonefly USA Order DERMAPTERA Family EUSTHENHDAE Family LABIDURIDAE E Eusthenia nothofagi E Labidura herculeana Otway Stonefly Saint Helena Earwig Australia Saint Helena I Eusthenia reticulata Order PLECOPTERA Australia: Tasmania Family NEMOURIDAE Family GRIPOPTERYGIDAE I Lednia tumana R Leptoperla cacuminis Meltwater Stonefly Mount Kosciusko Wingless Stonefly USA Australia I Nemours wahkeena R Riekoperla darlingtoni Wahkeena Falls Flightless Stonefly Mount Donna Buang Wingless Stonefly USA Australia Family NOTONEMOURTOAE Order ZORAPTERA I Kimminsoperla biloba Family ZOROT'VPIDAE Australia: Tasmania I Zorotypus swezeyi I Kimminsoperla williamsi Swezey's Zoroapteran Australia: Tasmania USA: Hawaiian Islands Family CAPNITOAE Order ANOPLURA I Capnia lacustra Family HAEMATOPINTOAE Lake Tahoe Benthic Stonefly USA E Haematopinus oliveri Pygmy Hog Family LEUCTRIDAE Sucking Louse India I Leuctra szczytkoi Order Schoolhouse Springs Stonefly HEMIPTERA USA Family BELOSTOMATIDAE Family TAENIOPTERYGIDAE I Belostoma saratogae I Taeniopteryx starki Saratoga Springs Bug Leon River Stonefly USA USA 165 THREATENED SPECIES Family NAUCORIDAE I Neseis alternatus Kauai Band-legged Seed Bug E Ambrysus amargosus USA: Hawaiian Islands Ash Meadows Bug USA I Neseis haleakalae Mount Haleakala Seed Bug I Pelocoris shoshone USA: Hawaiian Islands Amargosa Bug USA I Nesocryptias villosa Villosan Flightless Seed Bug Family MESOVELIIDAE USA: Hawaiian Islands I Cavaticovelia aaa I Nysius frigatensis Aaa Water Treader Bug USA French Frigate Shoal Seed Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands Family MACROVELIIDAE I Nysius neckerensis I Oravelia pege Necker Goosefoot Seed Bug Dry Creek Cliff Strider Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands USA I Nysius nihoae Family MIRIDAE Nihoae Seed Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands I Cyrtopeltis phyllostegiae Mirid Leaf Bug I Nysius sulfusus USA: Hawaiian Islands Necker Bunchgrass Seed Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands I Kalania hawaiiensis Lanai Leaf Bug I Oceanides bryani USA: Hawaiian Islands Bryan's Seed Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands Family REDUVKDAE I Oceanides perkensi I Empicoris pukhrus Perldn's Oceanides Seed Bug Pulchrus Thread Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands USA: Hawaiian Islands I Oceanides rugosiceps I Nesidiolestes ana Rough-headed Seed Bug Ana Wingless Thread Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands USA: Hawaiian Islands Family RHOPALIDAE I Nesidiolestes insularis Mount Tantalus Wingless Thread Bug I Ithamar annectans USA: Hawaiian Islands Annectans Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands I Nesidiolestes roberti Robert's Wingless Thread Bug I Ithamar hawaiiensis USA: Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands I Nesidiolestes selium Selium Wingless Thread Bug Order HOMOPTERA USA: Hawaiian Islands FamUy CIXIIDAE I Siacella smithi Smith's Reduviid Bug I Oliarus consimilis USA: Hawaiian Islands Kauai Parti-coloured Planthopper USA: Hawaiian Islands Family LYGAEIDAE I Oliarus discrepans I Metrarga obscura Wild Cotton Planthopper Mauna Loa Seed Bug USA: Hawaiian Islands USA: Hawaiian Islands I Oliarus lanaiensis Lanai Planthopper USA: Hawaiian Islands 166 Invertebrates: insects I Oliarus lihue I Maoricicada myersi Lihue Planthopper Myers' Cicada USA: Hawaiian Islands New Zealand I Oliarus myoporicola Family TETnGARCTIDAE Barber's Point Planthopper I Tettigarcta tormentosa USA: Hawaiian Islands Australia: Tasmania Family DELPHACIDAE Family QCADELLIDAE I Nesorestias filicicola I Felexamia rubranura Mt Tantalus Shoitwing Fem Planthopper Red-veined Prairie Leafhopper USA: Hawaiian Islands USA I Nesosydne acuta Family APHIDIDAE lao Valley Planthopper USA: Hawaiian Islands I Ceriferella leucopogonis Australia: Tasmania I Nesosydne bridwelli Bridewell's Planthopper Order NEUROPTERA USA: Hawaiian Islands Family TTHONIDAE I Nesosydne cyrtandrae I Oliarces clara Nahiku Planthopper USA: California, Hawaiian Islands USA: Hawaiian Islands Family HEMEROBIIDAE I Nesosydne cyrtandricola Glenwood Planthopper I Nesothauma halakalae USA: Hawaiian Islands Haleakala Spongillafly USA: Hawaiian Islands I Nesosydne kuschei Kusche's Planthopper I Pseudopsectra cookeorum USA: Hawaiian Islands Cooke's Spongillafly USA: Hawaiian Islands I Nesosydne leahi Diamond Head Planthopper I Pseudopsectra lobipennis USA: Hawaiian Islands Lobe-wing Spongillafly USA: Hawaiian Islands I Nesosydne longipes Long-footed Planthopper I Pseudopsectra swezeyi USA: Hawaiian Islands Swezey's Spongillafly USA: Hawaiian Islands I Nesosydne sulcata Keanae Planthopper I Pseudopsectra usingeri USA: Hawaiian Islands Usinger's Spongillafly Family QCADIDAE USA: Hawaiian Islands Family MYRMELEONTTDAE V Magicicada cassini Cassini Periodical Cicada I Eidoleon perjurus USA Molokai AnUion USA: Hawaiian Islands V Magicicada septendecim Decim Periodical Cicada Order COLEOPTERA Canada Family CARABIDAE V Magicicada septendecula Decula Periodical Cicada I Agonum belleri USA BeUer's Groimd Beetle USA E Aplothorax burchelli Saint Helena 167 THREATENED SPECIES V Carabus intricatus I Agabus clypealis Blue Ground Beetle Denmark; Germany; Poland; Russia; Sweden Albania; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic; E Agabus discicollis Denmark; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Ethiopia Italy: including Sicily; Netherlands; Poland; Romania; Slovakia?; Sweden; Switzerland; E Agabus hozgargantae United Kingdom; Yugoslavia Spain: Andalucia E Carabus olympiae I Agabus rumppi France; Italy Death Valley Agabus Diving Beetle USA V Elaphrus viridis Delta Green Ground Beetle I Aglymbus bimaculatus USA Brazil V Mormolyce phyllodes I Aglymbus hromeliarum Ghost Walker Beetle Trinidad and Tobago Malaysia I Colymbetes piceus E Rhadine persephone Egypt; Iran; Iraq; Saudi Arabia Tooth Cave Ground Beetle E Deronecles aljibensis USA Spain: Andalucia Family QCINDEUDAE I Deronectes costipennis I Cicindela arenicola Portugal; Spain Idaho Dunes Tiger Beetle USA I Deronectes depressicollis Spain: Andalucia I Cicindela caderi I Deronectes ferrugineus Cazier's Tiger Beetle USA Portugal I Deronectes wewalkai E Cicindela columbica Spain Columbia River Tiger Beetle USA I Desmopachria conchramis Fig Seed Diving Beetle I Cicindela nmrginata USA Tiger Beetle USA R Dytiscus latissimus Denmark; Finland; Germany; Poland; Siberia; I Cicindela marginipennis Sweden Cobblestone Tiger Beetle USA R Graptodytes delectus Spain: Canary Islands I Cicindela puritana Puritan Tiger Beetle Haideoporus texanus USA Texas Cave Beetle USA Family HALIPLIDAE Hydaticus decorus I Brychius hungerfordi Egypt; Saudi Arabia; Sudan; Yemen Hungerford's Crawling Water Beetle USA Hydaticus okalehubyi Indonesia: Irian Jaya I Haliplus nitens Disjunct Crawling Water Beetle Hydroporus elusivus USA Elusive Diving Beetle Family DYTISCIDAE USA Hydroporus folkertsi I Acilius duvergeri Folkert's Diving Beetle Algeria; Italy; Morocco; Portugal; Spain USA 168 Invertebrates: insects Hydroporus hirsutus Lacconectus javanicus Woolly Diving Beetle Indonesia: Java USA Lacconectus laccophiloides Hydroporus humilis Philippines Egypt: Sinai Lacconectus minutus Hydroporus leechi Indonesia: Sumatra Leech's Skyline Diving Beetle USA Lacconectus muluensis Malaysia: Sarawak Hydroporus mariannae Lacconectus oceanicus Israel Indonesia: Mentawai Islands Hydroporus oasis Lacconectus pulcher Egypt Malaysia: Sabah Hydroporus productus Lacconectus punctatus Algeria; Spain Viet Nam Hydroporus spangleri Lacconectus punctipennis Spangler's Diving Beetle USA Indonesia: Bali, Java Lacconectus ritsemae Hydroporus sulphurius Indonesia: Java Sulphur Springs Diving beetle USA Lacconectus sabahensis Malaysia: Sabah Hydroporus utahensis Utah Diving Beetle Meladema imbricata USA Spain; Canary Islands Hydrolarsus compunctus Meladema lanio Spain: Canary Islands Portugal: Madeira Hydrotarsus pilosus Platynectes buruensis Spain: Canary Islands Indonesia: Bum Hygrotus curvipes Platynectes decastigma Curved-foot Diving Beetle Indonesia: Irian Jaya, Moluccas; Philippines? USA Pleurodytes dineutoides Hygrotus diversipes Indonesia; Malaysia Narrow-foot Diving Beetle USA Potamonectes canariensis Spain: Canary Islands Hygrotus fontinalis Potamonectes cazorlensis Travertine Band-thigh Diving Beetle USA Spain: Andalucia Potamonectes insignis Hygrotus sylvanus Egypt; Saudi Arabia Sylvan Diving Beetle USA Potamonectes lanceolatus Egypt; Saudi Arabia Hyphydrus dani Indonesia: Irian Jaya Potamonectes walkeri Egypt Lacconectus birmanicus Myanmar Rhantus crypticus Ecuador Lacconectus corayi Singapore Rhantus limbatus Argentina; Brazil; Uruguay Lacconectus heinertd Thailand 169 THREATENED SPECIES R Rhithrodytes agnus Family SILPHIDAE Portugal E Nicrophorus americanus I Sandracottus baeri American Burying Beetle Malaysia: Sabah; Philippines: Balabac Canada: USA I Sandracottus bizonatus Family HYDROPHILIDAE Malaysia: Sabah I Chaetarthria leechi I Sandracottus chevrolati Leech's Water Scavenger Beetle Indonesia: Sumbawa. Timor USA I Sandracottus maculatus I Chaetarthria utahensis Indonesia: Java; Malaysia: Penang Utah Water Scavenger Beetle USA I Sandracottus rotundatus Indonesia: Sulawesi I Cymbiodyta arizonica Arizona Water Scavenger Beetle Family GYRINIDAE USA I Spanglerogyrus albiventris I Hydrochara rickseckeri Red Hills Unique Whirligig Beetle USA Ricksecker's Water Scavenger Beetle USA Family HYDRAENIDAE I Paracymus seclusus I Gymnochthebius maureenae Seclusive Water Scavenger Beetle Maureen's Minute Moss Beetle USA USA Family LUCANIDAE I Hydraena maureenae E Apterocychus honoluluensis Maureen's Moss Beetle USA Kauai Flightless Stag Beetle USA: Hawaiian Islands I Limnebius aridus V Dorcus auricuiatus Animas Minute Moss Beetle USA New Zealand V Dorcus ithaginis I Limnebius texanus New Zealand Texas Minute Moss Beetle USA Family TROGIDAE I Limnebius utahensis V Trox howelli Utah Minute Moss Beetle Caracara Commensal Scarab Beetle USA USA I Ochthebius crassalus Family GEOTRUPIDAE Wing-shoulder Minute Moss Beetle USA V Typhaeus hiostius Italy: Sardinia I Ochthebius putnamensis Family SCARABAEIDAE Indiana Minute Moss Beetle USA I Aegialia concinna Ciervo Scarab Beetle I Ochthebius recticulus USA Wilbur Springs Minute Moss Beetle USA I Aegialia crescenta Family LEIODIDAE Cresent Dune Scarab Beetle USA I Glacicavicola bathysciodes I Aegialia haroyi Blind Cave Beetle USA Hardy's Scarab Beetle USA 170 Invertebrates: insects Aegialia magnifica K Oryctes chevrolati Large Scarab Beetle Reunion USA E Osmoderma eremita Anomala exigua Hermit Beetle Exiguous Scarab Beetle Austria; Belarus?; Belgium; Czech Republic; USA Denmark; Estonia?; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Italy; Latvia; Liechtenstein: Anomala eximia Lithuania?; Moldova?; Netherlands; Norway; Archbold Scarab Beetle USA Poland; Russia; Slovakia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Ukraine; Yugoslavia Anomala tibialis I Peltotrupes youngi Tibial Scarab Beetle USA Ocala Burrowing Scarab Beetle USA Aphodius fordi I Polylamina pubescens Ford's Beetle USA Woody Gulf Dune Scarab Beetle USA Aphodius troglodytes I Polyphylla anteronivea Tortoise Commensal Scarab Beetle USA Saline Valley Snow-front Scarab USA Ataenius superficialis I Polyphylla avittata Big Pine Key Dung Beetle USA Spotted Warner Valley Dunes Scarab USA Ataenius woodruffi I Polyphylla barbata Woodruffs Dung Beetle USA Barbate Scarab Beetle USA Copris gopheri I Polyphylla nubila Tortoise Commensal Scarab Beetle USA Atascodera Scarab Beetle USA Cyclocephala miamiensis V Prodontria lewisi Miami Roundhead Scarab Beetle USA Cromwell Chafer New Zealand Glaresis arenata I Pseudocotalpa giulianii Kelso Dune Scarab Beetle USA Giuliani's Dune Scarab Beetle USA Gronocarus multispinosus I Serica frosti Spiny Florida Sandhill Scarab Beetle USA Frost's Spring Scarab Beetle USA Lichnanthe albopilosa I Serica tantula White Sand Bear Scarab Beetle USA Tantula Scarab Beetle USA Lichnanthe ursina I Trigonopelastes floridana Pacific Sand Bear Scarab Beetle USA Scrub Palmetto Flower Scarab Beetle USA Mycotrupes pedester Family BUPRESTIDAE Scrub Island Burrowing Scarab Beetle USA E Buprestis splendens Golds treifiger Onthophagus polyphemi Albania; Austria; Belarus?; Denmark?; Tortoise Commensal Scarab Beetle USA Finland; Greece; Poland?; Russia?; Spain; Sweden?; Yugoslavia? 171 THREATENED SPECIES Family ELMINTHIDAE I Acneus burnelli Bumells False Water Penny Beetle Atractelmis wawona USA Wawawona Riffle Beetle USA I Alabamaubria starki Stark's False Water Penny Beetle Cylloepus parkeri USA Parker's Riffle Beetle USA I Dicranopselaphus variegatus Variegated False Water Penny Beetle Dubiraphia brunnescens USA Brownish Riffle Beetle USA I Psephenus arizonensis Arizona Water Penny Beetle Dubiraphia giulianii USA Giuliani's Riffle Beetle USA I Psephenus montanus White Mountains Water Penny Beetle Dubiraphia parva USA Little Riffle Beetle USA Family ELATERIDAE Dubiraphia robusta V Amychus candezei Robust Riffle BeeUe Chatham Island Amychus USA New Zealand: Chatham Island Heterelmis stephani V Amychus granulatus Stephan's Riffle Beetle Cook Strait Amychus USA New Zealand Microcylloepus browni I Eanus hatchi Brown's Riffle Beetle Hatch's Click Beetle USA Canada: USA Optioservus browni Family EUCNEMIDAE Brown's Riffle Beetle USA I Paleoxenus dohmi Dohm's Elegant Eucnemid Beetle Optioservus canus USA Pinnacles Riffle Beetle USA Family LAMP'iTUDAE I Micronaspis floridana Optioservus phaeus Florida Intertidal Firefly Scott Riffle Beetle USA USA Family ANOBIIDAE Stenelmis douglasensis Douglas Riffle Beetle I Holcobius pikoensis USA Piko Anobiid Beetle USA: Hawaiian Islands Stenelmis gammoni Gammon's Riffle Beetle Family CUCUJIDAE USA E Cuciyus cinnaberinus Zaitzeva thermae Austria; Czech Republic?; Estonia?; Fmland; Warm Spring Riffle Beetle Germany; Hungary; Latvia?; Lithuania; USA Norway; Poland; Romania; Russia; Slovakia; Family PSEPHENIDAE Sweden; Yugoslavia Family Acneus beeri TENEBRIONIDAE Beer's False Water Penny Beetle I Coelus globosus USA Globose Dune Beetle Mexico; USA 172 Invertebrates: insects I Coelus gracilis I Dryobius sexnotatus San Joaquin Dune Beetle Six-banded Longhom Beetle USA USA R Polposipus herculeanus K Macrodontia cervicornis Frigate Island Giant Tenebrionid Beetle Brazil; Peru Seychelles E Morimus funereus Family MELOIDAE ?Belgium; Czech Republic?; Germany?; Hungary; Moldova; Romania; Slovakia?; I Lytta hoppingi Ukraine; Yugoslavia Hopping's Blister Beetle USA I Necydalis rudei Rude's Longhom Beetle I Lytta inseperata USA; Hawaiian Islands Mojave Desert Blister Beetle USA E Nesithmysus bridwelli USA: Hawaiian Islands I Lytta mirifica Anthony Blister Beetle E Nesithmysus frobesi Mexico; USA USA: Hawaiian Islands I Lytta moesta E Nesithmysus haasi Moestan Blister Beetle USA: Hawaiian Islands USA E Nesithmysus swezeyi I Lytta molesta USA: Hawaiian Islands Molestan Blister Beetle USA E Rosalia alpina Rosalia Longicom I Lytta morrisoni Algeria; Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Morrison's Blister Beetle Belgium?; Bulgaria; Czech Republic USA Denmark?; France; Georgia; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Italy; Family ANTmCIDAE Iran?; Israel; Jordan? Lebanon?; Liechtenstein; Morocco I Anthicus antiochensis Netherlands; Poland; Portugal; Romania Antioch Dunes Beetle Russia?; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Syria USA Tunisia; Ukraine; Yugoslavia I Anthicus sacramento Family CHRYSOMELIDAE Sacramento Beetle USA I Donacia idola Bog Idol Leaf Beetle Family CERAMBYCIDAE USA E Aeschrithmysus dubautianus Family CURCUUONIDAE USA; Hawaiian Islands V Anagotus fairbumi E Aeschrithmysus swezeyi Flax Weevil USA; Hawaiian Islands New Zealand E Aeschrithmysus terryi V Anagotus stephenensis USA; Hawaiian Islands Stephen's Island Weevil New Zealand E Cerambyx cerdo Cerambyx Langicom V Anagotus turbotti Algeria; Armenia?; Austria; Azerbaijan?; Turbott's Weevil Czech Republic; France; Germany; Georgia?; New Zealand Hungary; Iran; Moldova?; Morocco; Poland; E Deinocossonus nesiotes Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Tunisia; Turkey?; Oahu Ukraine; United Kingdom? Nesiotes Weevil USA; Hawaiian Islands 173 THREATENED SPECIES I Dysticheus rotundicollis I Pentarthrum obscura Antioch Dune Weevil Obscure Weevil USA USA: Hawaiian Islands V Gymiwpholus lichenifer E Pentarthrum pritchardias Lichen Weevil USA: Hawaiian Islands Papua New Guinea R Rhyncogonus hendersoni V Hadramphus spinipennis Pitcaim Islands: Henderson Island Coxella Weevil I Stenotrupis pritchardiae New Zealand: Chatham Is Nihoa Weevil V Hadramphus stilbocarpae USA: Hawaiian Islands Knobbled Weevil I Trigonoscuta brunnotesselata New Zealand Brown-tassel Weevil E Heteramph us filicum USA USA: Hawaiian Islands I Trigonoscuta doyeni V Heterexis seticostatus Doyen's Dune Weevil New Zealand USA V Karocolens pittospori V Utias piceus New Zealand New Zealand V Lyperobius hultoni Order MECOPTERA Wellington Speargrass Weevil New Zealand Family APTEROPANORPIDAE V Megacolabus sculpturalus I Apteropanorpa tasmanica New Zealand Australia: Tasmania R Microcryptorhynchus orientissimus Order DIPTERA Pitcaim Islands: Henderson Island Family PSYCHODIDAE I Miloderes nelsoni I Nemapalpus nearcticus Nelson's Weevil Sugarfoot Modi fly USA USA I Miloderes rulieni Family MYCETOPHILIDAE Rulien's Weevil USA I Arachnocampa lasmaniensis Australia: Tasmania I Nesotocus giffordi Gifford's Weevil Family BLEPHAROCERIDAE USA: Hawaiian Islands E Edwardsina gigantea I Nesotocus kauaiensis Giant Torrent Midge Kauai Weevil Australia USA: Hawaiian Islands E Edwardsina lasmaniensis I Nesotocus munroi Tasmanian Toirent Midge Munro's Weevil Australia: Tasmania USA: Hawaiian Islands Family TABANIDAE E Nothaldonis peaci I Apatalestea rossi New Zealand Ross's Apatalestes Tabanid Fly V Oclaitdius laeviusculus USA New Zealand I Asaphomyia floridensis I Onchobarus langei Florida Asaphomyian Tabanid Fly Lange's El Segundo Dune Weevil USA USA 174 Invertebrates: insects I Asaphomyia texanus Order TRICHOPTERA Texas Asaphomyian Tabanid Fly USA Family RHYACOPHILIDAE E Brennania belkini I Rhyacophila alexandra Belkin's Dune Tabanid Fly Alexander's Caddisfly Mexico; USA USA I Merycomyia brunnea I Rhyacophila colonus Brown Merycomyian Tabanid Fly Obrien Caddisfly USA USA Family ACROCERIDAE I Rhyacophila fenderi Fender's Caddisfly I Eulonchus marialiciae USA Mary Alice's Small-headed Fly USA I Rhyacophila haddocki Haddock's Caddisfly Family ASILIDAE USA I Cophura hurdi I Rhyacophila lineata Antioch Robberfly Castle Crags Caddisfly USA USA I Efferia antiochi I Rhyacophila mosana Antioch Robberfly BiJobed Caddisfly USA USA I Melapogon hurdi I Rhyacophila spinata Kurd's Robberfly Spiny Caddisfly USA USA Family APIOCERIDAE I Rhyacophila unipunclata I Raphiomydas triochilus One-spot Caddisfly Valley Mydas Fly USA USA Family GLOSSOSOMATIDAE Family EMPIDIDAE I Agapetus artesus I Chersodromia hawaiiensis Artesian Caddisfly Hawaiian Dance Fly USA USA: Hawaiian Islands I Agapetus denningi Family S'ifRPHIDAE Denning's Caddisfly USA I Mixogaster delongi Delong's Flower Fly I Agapetus medicus USA Arkansas Caddisfly USA Family ASTEHDAE I Protoptila area I Bryonia bipunctata San Marcos Caddisfly Nihoa Two-spotted Asterid Fly USA USA: Hawaiian Islands Family HYDROPTILIDAE Family EPHYDRIDAE I Hydroptila decia I Paracoenia calida Knoxville Micro Caddisfly Wilber Springs Shore Fly USA USA 175 THREATENED SPECIES I Neotrichia kitae I Farula davisi Kite's Micro Caddisfly Green Springs Mountain Caddisfly USA USA I Ochrotrichia alsea I Farula jewetti Alsea Micro Caddisfly Mount Hood Caddisfly USA USA I Ochrotrichia contorta I Farula reaperi Contorted Micro Caddisfly Tombstone Prairie Caddisfly USA USA I Ochrotrichia phenosa I Glyphopsyche missouri Deschutes Micro Caddisfly Missouri Caddisfly USA USA I Ochrotrichia provosti I Limnephilus alconura Provost's Micro Caddisfly Kiamath Caddisfly USA USA I Ochrotrichia vertreesi I Limnephilus atercus Vertree's Micro Caddisfly Fort Dick Caddisfly USA USA I Oxyethira florida I Neothramma andersoni Florida Micro Caddisfly Colombian Gorge Caddisfly USA USA Family PHILOPOTAMIDAE I Oligophlebodes mostbento Tombstone Prairie Oligophlebodes I Dolophilodes oregona USA Oregon Caddisfly USA I Philocasca oron Family STENOPSYCHIDAE Clatsop Caddisfly USA I Stenopsychodes lineata Family LEPIDOSTOMATIDAE Australia: Tasmania Family POLYCENTROPODIDAE I Lepidostoma fischeri Fischer's Caddisfly I Tasmanoplegas spilota USA Australia: Tasmania I Lepidostoma goedeni Family LIMNEPHILIDAE Goeden's Caddisfly I Apatania tavala USA Cascades Caddisfly Family KOKDUTOAE USA I Taskiria mccubbini I Archaeophylax vernalis Australia: Tasmania Australia: Tasmania I Taskropsyche lacustris I Cryptochia excella Australia: Tasmania Kings Canyon Caddisfly USA Family PLECTROTARSIDAE I I Cryptochia neosa Nanoplectrus truchnasi Blue Mountains Caddisfly Australia: Tasmania USA Family SERICOSTOMATIDAE I Ecclisomyia bilera I Agarodes ziczac King's Creek Caddisfly Zigzag Blackwater Caddisfly USA USA 176 Invertebrate's: insects Family ODONTOCERIDAE Family TORTRICIDAE I Psilotreta hansoni R Grapholitha edwardsiana USA San Francisco Tree Lupine USA Family PHILORHEITHRIDAE I Spheterista oheoheana I Ramiheithrus kocinus Ohe Ohe Leaf-roller Moth Australia: Tasmania USA: Hawaiian Islands Family LEPTOCERIDAE I Spheterista pterotropiana I Ceraclea floridana Green-Banded Ohe Ohe Leaf-roller Moth Florida Longhom Caddisfly USA: Hawaiian Islands USA I Spheterista reynoldsiana I Ceraclea vertreesi Wallupe Leaf-Roller Moth Vertree's Caddisfly USA: Hawaiian Islands USA Family COCHYLIDAE I Oecetis parva I Carolella busckana Little Longhom Caddisfly USA Busk's Gall Moth USA I Westriplectes pedderensis Family HESPERIIDAE Australia: Tasmania R Dalla octomaculata Order LEPIDOPTERA Eight-Spotted Skipper Family HEPIALIDAE Costa Rica; Panama V Lelo venus R Epargyreus antaeus Silver Spotted Ghost Moth Jamaica South Africa R Epargyreus spana V Zelotypia stacyi Dominican Republic Bent Wing Swift Moth K Euscheman rafflesia Australia Australia Family GRACILLARIIDAE E Hesperia dacotae I Petrochroa neckerensis Dakota Skipper Necker Leaf-miner Moth Canada; USA USA: Hawaiian Islands V Kedestes chaca E Phildoria wilkesiella South Africa USA: Hawaiian Islands V Metisella syrinx Family GELECIfflDAE Bamboo Sylph South Africa V Kiwaia jeanae New Zealand V Panoquina errans Wandering Skipper Family CARPOSINIDAE Mexico; USA I Heterocrossa viridis I Prohlema bulenta Green Carposinid Moth Rare Skipper USA: Hawaiian Islands USA Family SESHDAE I Syrichtus cribrellum I Synanthedon castaneae Spinose Skipper Chestnut Clearwing Modi Georgia; Moldavia?; Romania; Russia; Ukraine USA 177 THREATENED SPECIES K Syrichlus lessellum Eurytides marcettinus Tessellated Skipper Jamaican Kite ?Annenia; Azerbaijan?; Bulgaria: Georgia?; Jamaica Greece; Iran; Romania?; Russia; Turkey; K Graphium aurivilliusi Ukraine; Yugoslavia Zaire V Tsitana dicksoni K Graphium epaminondas Dickson's Sylph Andamans Swordtail South Africa India: Andaman Islands Family MEGATHYMIDAE R Graphium idaeoides I Stallingsia maculosus Philippines Manfneda Giant Skipper V Graphium levassori Mexico; USA Comoro Islands Family PAPILIONIDAE R Graphium meeki R Archon apollinaris Meek's Graphium Annenia; Bulgaria; Greece; Iran; Iraq; Israel; Papua New Guinea: Bougainville; Solomon Jordan; Lebanon; Romania; Syria; Turkey; Islands Turkmenistan I Graphium megaera I Atrophaneura atropos Philippines: Palawan Philippines: Palawan R Graphium mendana V Atrophaneura jophon Papua New Guinea: Bougainville; Solomon Sri Lankan Rose Islands Sri Lanka I Graphium procles R Atrophaneura luchti Malaysia: Sabah Indonesia: Java V Graphium sandawanum K Atrophaneura palu Philippines: Mindanao Indonesia: Sulawesi R Graphium stresemanni V Atrophaneura schadenbergi Indonesia: Moluccas Philippines: Luzon K Luehdorfia chinensis R Baronia brevicornis Chinese Luehdorfia Short-homed Baronia China Mexico Luehdorfia japonica V Battus zetides Japanese Luehdorfia Zetides Swallowtail Japan; Taiwan Dominican Republic; Haiti I Ornithoptera aesacus K Bhulanitis ludlowi Indonesia: Obi Ludlow's Bhutan Swallowtail E Ornithoptera alexandrae Bhutan: Tashiyangsi Valley Queen Alexandra's Birdwing R Bhutanitis mansfieldi Papua New Guinea: Popondetta in Northern Mansfield's Three-tailed Swallowtail Province of New Guinea China: Sichuan. Yunnan Ornithoptera chimaera R Bhutanitis thaidina Chimaera Birdwing Chinese Three-tailed Swallowtail Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea: New China Guinea V Eurytides iphitas V Ornithoptera croesus Yellow Kite Swallowtail Indonesia: Moluccas Brazil V Ornithoptera meridionalis Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea: New Guinea 178 Invertebrates: insects Ornithoptera paradisea R Papilio jordani Paradise Birdwing Jordan's Swallowtail Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea: New Indonesia: Sulawesi Guinea V Papilio leucotaenia Ornithoptera rolhschildi Cream-banded Swallowtail Rothschild's Birdwing Bunmdi; Rwanda; Uganda Indonesia: Arfak Mountains in Irian Jaya R Papilio mangoura K Ornithoptera tithonus Madagascar Indonesia: Irian Jaya I Papilio manlius Papilio acheron Mauritius Malaysia: Sabah, Sarawak V Papilio maraho R Papilio antimachus Taiwan African Giant Swallowtail K Papilio maroni Angola; Benin?; Cameroon; Central African French Guiana Republic; Congo; Cote d'lvoire; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Ghana; Guinea; Liberia; V Papilio moerneri Nigeria; Rwanda; Sierra Leone; Togo?; Papua New Guinea: Bismarck Archipelago Uganda; Zaire V Papilio morondavana Papilio aristophontes Madagascan Emperor Swallowtail Comoro Islands Madagascar Papilio aristor V Papilio neumoegeni Scarce Haitian Swallowtail Indonesia: Lesser Sunda Islands J--^V/II11III^C*1J X-VW^UL/U.^.!) ftAUALA K THREATENED SPECIES K Parides pizarro R Brazil; Peru K Parides steinbachi Bolivia Parnassius apollo Apollo Albania; Andorra; Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan?; Bulgaria; Qiina: Xinjiang Uygur; Czechoslovakia; Finland; France; Georgia; Germany; Greece; Hungary?; Italy: includiug Sicily; Iraq; Iran; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Liechtenstein; Mongolia; Netherlands?; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Syria; Turkey; Ukraine; Yugoslavia Parnassius autocrator Afghanistan; Tajikistan K Teinopalpus aureus Golden Kaiser-I-Hind China: Guangdong; Viet Nam? Teinopalpus imperialis Kaiser-I-Hind Bhutan; China: Hubei, Sichuan; India: Myanmar, Nepal Troides andromache Malaysia: Sabah. Sarawak; Indonesia?: Kalimantan V Troides dohertyi Talaud Black Birdwing Indonesia: Talaud Islands I Troides prattorum Indonesia: Bum Family PDERIDAE I Artogeia virginiensis West Virginia White Canada; USA E Belenois orgygia South Africa R Mylothris carcassoni Zimbabwe Family LYCAENIDAE R Acrodipsas illidgei midge's Ant-Blue Australia V Agriades zullichi Spain V Alaena margaritacea South Africa Invertebrates: insects Slovakia; Switzerland; Turkey?; Ukraine; Joiceya praeclarus Yugoslavia; Brazil Lycaena hermes Lepidochrysops bacchus Hermes Copper Wineland Blue Mexico; USA South Africa Maculinea alcon Lepidochrysops badhami (including M. reheli) South Africa Alcon Large Blue Lepidochrysops balli Albania?; Austria; Belarus?; Belgium; South Africa Bulgaria?; Czech Republic?; Denmark; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Italy; Lepidochrysops jefferyi Kazakhstan?; Lithuania; Moldova?; South Africa Netherlands; Poland?; Romania; Russia; Lepidochrysops littoralis Slovakia?; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; South Africa Turkey; Ukraine; Yugoslavia Lepidochrysops loewensteini Maculinea arion South Africa Large Blue Albania?; Armenia?; Austria; Azerbaijan?; Lepidochrysops lotana Belarus?; Belgium; Bulgaria?; China; Czech South Africa Republic; Denmark; Estonia?; Finland; France: Lepidochrysops oosthuizen including Corsica; Georgia?; Germany; Greece; South Africa Hungary?; Iran?; Italy; Japan?; Kazakhstan?; Latvia?; Lidiuania?; Moldova?; Poland; Lepidochrysops outeniqua Romania?; Russia; Slovakia; Spain; Sweden; South Africa Switzerland; Turkey; Ukraine; Yugoslavia Lepidochrysops penningtoru Maculinea arionides South Africa Greater Large Blue Lepidochrysops pephredo China; Japan; former USSR South Africa Maculinea nausithous Lepidochrysops poseidon Dusky Large Blue South Africa Armenia?; Austria; Bulgaria; Azerbaijan?; Belarus?; Czech Republic?; France; Georgia; Lepidochrysops pringlei Germany; Hungary; Kazakhstan?; Moldova?; South Africa Poland; Romania?; Russia; Spain; Switzerland; Lepidochrysops quickelbergei Ukraine; Yugoslavia South Africa Maculinea teleius Lepidochrysops swanepoeli Scarce Large Blue South Africa Austria; Belgium; Czech Republic?; France; Georgia?; Germany; Hungary; Italy; Japan; Lepidochrysops titei Kazakhstan?; Mongolia?; Poland; Russia; South Africa Spain?; Switzerland; Ukraine; Yugoslavia Lepidochrysops victori R Nolarthrinus binghami South Africa India Lepidochrysops wykehami V Nirodia belphegor South Africa Brazil Lycaena dispar Large Copper R Orachrysops ariadne {Lepidochrysops ariadne) Armenia?; Austria; Azerbaijan?; Belarus?; South Africa Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic; Estonia; Finland?; France; Georgia?; Germany; Greece; Orachrysops niobe Hungary; Italy; Kazakhstan?; Latvia?; South Africa Lithuania; Luxembourg; Moldova?; Mongolia?; Netherlands; Poland; Romania; Russia; 181 THREATENED SPEQES R Oreolyce dohertyi R Poecilmitis pyramus Naga Hedge Blue South Africa India R Poecilmitis rileyi V Oxychaeta dicksoni South Africa Dickson's Copper R Poecilmitis stepheni South Africa South Africa E Paralucia spinifera R Poecilmitis swanepoeli Bathurst Copper South Africa Australia I Poecilmitis trimeni R Phasis pringlei South Africa South Africa R Poecilmitis wykehami I Plebejus emigdionis South Africa San Emigdio Blue USA V Polyommatus humedasae Piedmont Anomalous Blue R Poecilmitis adonis Italy South Africa R Polyommatus galloi R Poecilmitis aureus Biggin's Anomalous Blue South Africa Italy R Poecilmitis azurius V Polyommatiis golgus South Africa (Plebicula golgus) R Poecilmitis balli Sierra Nevada Blue South Africa Spain R Poecilmitis daphne V Spindasis collinsi South Africa Tanzania R Poecilmitis endymion K Strymon avalona South Africa Avalon Hairstreak R Poecilmitis henningi USA South Africa V Styx infernalis Peru R Poecilmitis hyperion South Africa I Thestor brachycerus R Poecilmitis Irene South Africa South Africa I Thestor compassbergae R Poecilmitis kaplani South Africa South Africa I Thestor dryburghi R Poecilmitis lyncurium South Africa Tsomo River Copper R Thestor kaplani South Africa Kaplan's Thestor I Poecilmitis lyndseyae South Africa South Africa R Thestor pringlei I Poecilmitis orientalis South Africa Africa South I Thestor rossouwi I Poecilmitis pan South Africa South Africa I Thestor stepheni R Poecilmitis penningtoni South Africa South Africa R Thestor strutti South Africa 182 Invertebrates: insects I Thestor swanepoeli R Euploea eupator South Africa Indonesia: Sulawesi R Thestor tempe R Euploea euphon South Afiica Mauritius; Rdunion; Rodrigues R Thestor yildizae R Euploea gamelia South Africa Indonesia: Java R Trimenia wallengrenii R Euploea lacon Wallengren's Copper Papua New Guinea: Bismarck Archipelago South Africa R Euploea latifasciata V Uranothauma usambarae Indonesia: Sulawesi Tanzania R Euploea magou Family DANAIDAE Indonesia: Sulawesi R Amauris comorana R Euploea martinii Comoro Islands Indonesia: Sumatra R Amauris nossima R Euploea mitra Comoro Islands; Madagascar Seychelles R Amauris phoedon R Euploea tobleri Mauritius Philippines R Anetia briarea R Euploea tripunctata Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti Indonesia: Irian Jaya R Anetia cubana R Idea electro Cuba Philippines R Anetia Jaegeri R Idea iasonia Dominican Republic; Haiti Sri Lanka R Anetia pantheratus R Idea malabarica Cuba; Dominican Republic; Haiti India K Danaus cleophile K Idea tambusisiarm Dominican Republic; Haiti; Jamaica Sulawesi Tree Nymph Indonesia: Sulawesi R Euploea albicosta Indonesia: Irian Jaya R Ideopsis hewitsonii Indonesia: Irian Jaya R Euploea blossomae Philippines R Ideopsis klassika Indonesia R Euploea caespes Indonesia R Ideopsis oberthurii Indonesia R Euploea configurata Indonesia: Sulawesi R Parantica albata Indonesia: Java, Sumatra R Euploea Cordelia Indonesia: Sulawesi R Parantica clinias Papua New Guinea: Bismarck Archipelago R Euploea dentiplaga Indonesia R Parantica crowleyi Brunei?; Indonesia: Kalimantan ; Malaysia: R Euploea doretta Sabah, Sarawak Papua New Guinea: Bismarck Archipelago R Parantica dannatti R Euploea eboraci Philippines Papua New Guinea: Bismarck Archipelago E Parantica davidi Philippines 183 THREATENED SPECIES R Paralitica garamanris R Tirunuda euploeomorpha Papua New Guinea: Bougainville; Solomon Solomon Islands Islands R Tirunuda gautama K Paranlica kirbyi China: Hainan; India: Nicobar Islands; Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea: New Malaysia: Langkawi Islands; Myanmar, Guinea Thailand; Viet Nam R Paralitica kuekenthali Family SATYRDDAE Indonesia: Sulawesi E Coenonympha oedippus R Paralitica marcia False Ringlet Indonesia: Irian Jaya Austria; Belgium; France; Germany; Hungary, Italy; Japan; Kazakhstan?; Liechtenstein; R Paralitica menadensis Mongolia?; Poland; Russia; Slovakia; Spain; Indonesia: Sulawesi Switzerland; Ukraine R Paralitica milagros V Erebia christi Philippines Raetzer's Ringlet R Paralitica nilgiriensis Italy; Switzerland India I Erebia gorgone R Paralitica philo Gavamie Ringlet Indonesia France; Spain R Paralitica phyle R Erebia ottomana Philippines Ottoman Brassy Ringlet Albania; Bulgaria; France; Greece; Italy; R Paralitica pseudomelaneus Turkey; Yugoslavia Indonesia: Java R Erebia scipio R Paralitica pumila Larche Ringlet New Caledonia France; Italy R Paralitica rotundata R Erebia sthennyo Papua New Guinea: Bismarck Archipelago False Dewy Ringlet R Paralitica schoenigi Prance; Spain Philippines V Erebia sudetica R Paralitica sulewattan Sudeten Ringlet Indonesia: Sulawesi Austria; Czech Republic?; France; Hungary; R Paralitica taprobana Italy; Poland; Romania; Slovakia?; Switzerland Sri Lanka R Lethe distans Scarce Red Forester R Paralitica tityoides Indonesia: Sumatra India; Myanmar Lethe R Paralitica toxopei R margaritae Bhutan; Indonesia: Sulawesi India Lethe R Paralitica wegneri R ramadeva Indonesia Bhutan; India; Myanmar R Paralitica weiskei R Lethe satyavati India Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea: New Guinea V Stygionympha dicksoni R Protoploea apatela Dickson's Brown South Africa Indonesia: Irian Jaya; Papua New Guinea: New Guinea R Tiradelphe schneideri Solomon Islands 184 Invertebrates: insects Family NYMPHALIDAE E Hypodryas maturna Scarce FritiUary I Anaea floridalis Austria; Belgium; Czech RepubUc?; France; Florida Leafwing USA Germany: Greece: Hungary; Kazakhstan?: Lithuania: Luxemburg: Poland: Romania; I Antanartia borbonica Russia; Sweden; Yugoslavia Madagascar. Mauritius: Rdunion V Hypolimiias antevorta R Apaturopsis kilusa Tanzania Madagascar R Neptis manasa R Apaturopsis pauliani Pale Hockeystick SaUer Madagascar China; India E Boloria acrocnema R Neptis nycteas Uncompahgre FritiUary Butterfly India: Sikkim USA E Phalanta philiberti R Charaxes cowani SeycheUes Madagascar E Phyciodes batesi V Charaxes marieps Tawny Crescent Butterfly South Africa USA V Charaxes usambarae I Salamis angustina Tanzania Salamis Retrecie Madagascar. Mauritius; Reunion V Cymolhoe amaniensis Tanzania I Sasakia charonda Japan; Taiwan R Cymothoe aurivillii Tanzania R Smerina manoro Madagascar V Cymothoe magambae Tanzania I Speyeria idalia Regal FritiUary R Cymothoe melanjae Canada; USA Malawi Family ACRAEIDAE V Cymothoe teita Kenya R Acraea hova Madagascar I Euryphura achlys Mottled Green R Acraea sambavae Kenya; Malawi; Mozambique; South Afirica; Madagascar Tanzania; Zimbabwe Fanuly PYRALIDAE I Euthalia malapana V Kupea electilis Taiwan New Zealand R Euxanthe madagascariensis I Margaronia cyanomichla Madagascar Blue Margaronian V Fabriciana elisa USA: Hawaiian Islands Corsican FritiUary I Margaronia exaula France: Corsica; Italy: Sardinia Green Margaronian E Heliconius nattereri USA: Hawaiian Islands Natterer's Longwing I Oeoblia dryadopa Brazil Ohenaupaka Oeobian Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands 185 THREATENED SPECIES Family GEOMETRIDAE V Proserpinus proserpina Willowherb Hawkmoth Acalyphes philorites ?Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan?; Belgium; Australia: Tasmania Bulgaria; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Dirce aesiodora Iran; Iraq?; Italy; Lebanon; Kazakhstan?: Australia: Tasmania Morocco; Portugal; Spain; Switzerland; Syria?; Turkey; Turkmenistan?; Uzbekistan Dirce lunaris Australia: Tasmania Family NOCTUIDAE Dirce oriplancta I Catocala marmorata Australia: Tasmania Marbled Underwing Moth USA Dirce Solaris Australia: Tasmania I Catocala pretiosa Precious Underwing Moth Fletcherana ioxantha USA loxantha Looper Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands I Erythroecia hebardi Hebard's Noctuid Moth Family LASIOCAMPmAE USA E Eriogaster catax I Lithophane lemmeri Austria; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic; Letnmer"s Noctuid Moth Germany; Hungary; Italy; Netherlands; USA Slovakia; Spain; Yugoslavia I Pyreferra ceromatica V Phyllodesnta ilicifolia Ceromatic Noctuid Moth Small Lappet Moth Canada; USA ?Austria; Belarus?; Belgium; Quna; Czech ^ Republic?; Denmark; Estonia?; Finland; Order HYMENOPTERA France; Germany; Italy?; Japan; Kazakhstan?; Latvia?; Lithuania?; Mongolia?; Norway?; Family EUPELMIDAE Poland; Romaiua; Russia; Slovakia?; Spain?; I Eupelmus nihoaensis Sweden; Switzerland?; Ukraine? Nihoa Eupelmus Wasp Family SATURNIDDAE USA: Hawaiian Islands V Graellsia isabelae Family BETHYLIDAE Spanish Moon Moth I Sclerodermus nihoaensis France; Spain Nihoa Sclerodermus Wasp Family SPHINGIDAE USA: Hawaiian Islands V Euproserpinus euterpe Family MUTILLIDAE Kern Primrose Sphinx Moth I Myrmosula pacifica USA Antioch MutiUid Wasp E Euproserpinus wiesri USA Prairie Sphinx Moth Family FORMICIDAE USA K Aneuretus simoni V Hyles hippophaes Sri Lankan Relict Ant ?Afghanistan; Armenia?; Azerbaijan?; China: Sri Lanka Xinjiang; France; Georgia?; Germany; Greece; V Formica aquilonia Iran; Iraq?; Kazakhstan?; Kyrgyzstan?; European Red Wood Ant Mongolia; Pakistan?; Romania; Spain; Austria; Belarus; Bulgaria; Finland; France; Switzerland; Syria; Tajikistan?; Turkey; Germany; Italy; Latvia; Norway; Russia; Turkmenistan?; Uzbekistan?; Yugoslavia Sweden; Switzerland; LInited Kingdom; E Manduca blackburni Yugoslavia Blackburn's Sphinx Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui) 186 Invertebrates: insects Formica lugubris E Deinomimesa punae European Red Wood Ant Puna Sphecid Wasp Austria; Bulgaria; Finland; France; Germany; USA: Hawaiian Islands Hungary; Ireland; Italy; Norway; Romania; E Ectemnius curtipes Russia; Slovakia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Short-foot Sphecid Wasp United Kingdom; Yugoslavia USA: Hawaiian Islands Formica polyctena E Ectemnius fulvicrus European Red Wood Ant Brown Cross Sphecid Wasp Austria; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic; USA: Hawaiian Islands Finland; France; Germany; Hungary; Italy; Latvia; Lithuania; Netherlands; Norway; E Ectemnius giffardi Poland; Romania; Russia; Slovakia; Spain; Giffaid's Sphecid Wasp Sweden; Switzerland; Ukraine; Yugoslavia USA: Hawaiian Islands Formica pratensisinigricans E Ectemnius haleakalae European Red Wood Ant Haleakala Sphecid Wasp Austria; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic; USA: Hawaiian Islands Estonia; Finland; France; Georgia; Germany; I Eucerceris rujiceps Hungary; Italy; Latvia; Lithuania; Redheaded Sphecid Wasp Luxembourg; Moldova; Netherlands; Norway; USA Poland; Romania; Russia; Slovakia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; Ukraine; United E Nesomimesa kauaiensis Kingdom; Yugoslavia Kauai Sphecid Wasp USA: Hawaiian Islands Formica rufa European Red Wood Ant E Nesomimesa perkins Austria; Belarus; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech USA: Hawaiian Islands Republic; Etenmark; Estonia; Finland; France; E Nesomimesa sciopteryx Germany; Hungary; Italy; Latvia; Lidiuania; Shade-winged Sphecid Wasp Luxembourg; Moldova; Netherlands; Norway; USA; Hawaiian Islands Poland; Romania; Russia; Slovakia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; Ukraine; United I Philanthus nasalis Kingdom; Yugoslavia Antioch Sphecid Wasp USA Formica uralensis European Red Wood Ant Family MEGACfflLIDAE Belarus, Denmark, Estonia. Finland. France, K Chalicodoma pluto Germany; Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Wallace's Giant Bee Norway, Poland, Russia. Sweden, Switzerland, Indonesia: Moluccas Ukraine K Nothomyrmecia macrops Phylum ONYCHOPHORA Australian Ant Australia Family PERIPATIDAE Family VESPIDAE R Macroperipatus insularis E Odynerus niihauensis Jamaica Niihau Vespid Wasp USA: Hawaiian Islands V Mesoperipatus tholloni Congo E Odynerus soror Soror Vespid Wasp R Plicatoperipatus jamaicensis USA: Hawaiian Islands Jamaica Family SPHECIDAE V Speleoperipatus spelaeus Jamaica E Deinomimesa hawaiiensis Hawaiian Sphecid Wasp USA: Hawaiian Islands 187 THREATENED SPEQES Family PERIPATOPSIDAE V Tasmanipatus barretti Australia: Tasmania V Opisthopatus roseus South Africa V Tasmanipatus anophthalmus Australia: Tasmania V Peripatoides indigo New Zealand Phylum ECHINODERMATA R Peripatoides suteri New Zealand Class ECHINOIDEA V Peripatopsis alba South Africa Order ECHINOIDA R Peripatopsis clavigera Family ECHINIDAE South Africa K Echinus esculentus E Peripatopsis leonina European Edible Sea Urchin South Africa: Signal Hill near Capetown (North-east Atlantic) 188 List 2 EXTINCT SPECIES Vertebrates Class MAMMALIA Nesophontes micrus Western Cuban Nesophontes Order DASYUROMORPHIA Cuba Family THYLACINIDAE Nesophontes paramicrus Ex Thylacinus cynocephalus Saint Michel Nesophontes Thylacine Dominican Republic; Haiti Australia: Tasmania (1934) Nesophontes zamicrus Order PERAMELEMORPfflA Haitian Nesophontes Dominican Republic; Haiti Family PERAMEUDAE Nesophontes sp. Ex Chaeropus ecaudatus Cayman Islands Pig-footed Bandicoot Australia (1907) Order CHIROPTERA Ex Macrotis leucura Family PTEROPODIDAE Lesser Bilby Ex Acerodon lucifer Australia (1931) Panay Giant Fruit Bat Ex Perameles eremiana Philippines: Panay (1888) Desert Bandicoot Ex? Dobsonia chapmani Australia (1935) Philippine Bare-backed Fruit Bat Order DIPROTODONTIA Philippines: (Zebu, Negros (1964) Family POTOROIDAE Ex Nyctimene sanctacrucis Solomon Islands: Santa Cruz Islands Ex Caloprymnus campestris Desert Rat-kangaroo Ex? Pteropus brunneus Australia (1935) Australia: Percy Island Ex Potorous platyops Ex Pteropus loochoensis Broad-faced Potoroo {Pteropus mariaimus loochoensis) Australia (1875) Okinawa Flying-fox Japan: Nansei-shoto (Okinawa) Family MACHiOPODIDAE Ex Pteropus pilosus Ex Lagorchestes asomatus Palau Flying-fox Central Hare-wallaby Palau (19th C) Australia (1931) Ex Pteropus subniger Ex Lagorchestes leporides Mauritius: Reunion Eastern Hare-wallaby Australia (1890) Ex? Pteropus tokudae Guam Flying-fox Ex Macropus greyi Guam (1968) Toolache Wallaby Australia (1927) Family PHYLLOSTOMIDAE Ex Onychogalea lunata Ex Phyllonycteris major Crescent Nailtail Wallaby Puerto Rican Flower Bat Australia (1964) Puerto Rico Order INSECTIVORA Family VESPERTILIONIDAE Family NESOPHONTIDAE Ex? Kerivoula africana Tanzanian Woolly Bat Nesophontes hypomicrus Tanzania Atalaye Nesophontes Dominican Republic; Haiti Ex Pipistrellus sturdeei Bonin Pipistrelle Japan: Ogasawara-shoto 191 EXTINCT SPECIES Family MYSTACINIDAE Family BOVIDAE Ex Myslacina robusta Ex Gazella rufina New Zealand Greater Short-tailed Bat Red GazeUe New Zealand: Big South Cape Island. Algeria (19th C) Solomon Island (1960s) Ex Hippotragus leucophaeus Order CARNIVORA Bluebuck Family CANIDAE South Africa (18(X)) Ex Dusicyon australis Order RODENTIA Falkland Island Wolf Family MURIDAE Falkland Islands (1876) Ex ConiluTus albipes Family PHOCIDAE Rabbit-eared Tree-rat Ex Monachus tropicalis Australia (1875) Caribbean Monk Seal Ex? Crateromys paulus Bahamas; Colombia: Isla de Providencia; Din Island Cloud Rat Cuba; Guadeloupe; Haiti: Alta Vela; Honduras; Philippines: Din Island Jamaica: Pedro Cays; Mexico; USA (1962) Ex? Leimacomys buettneri Family PROCYONIDAE Togo Ex? Procyon gloveralleni Ex Leporillus apicalis (Procyon lotor gloveralleni) Lesser Stick-nest Rat Barbados Raccoon Australia (1933) Barbados Megalomys desmarestii Order SIRENIA Martinique Rice Rat Family DUGONGIDAE Martinique (1902) Ex Hydrodamalis gigas Megalomys luciae Steller's Sea Cow Saint Lucia Rice Rat (Bering Sea; North Pacific Ocean) Saint Lucia (19th C) Russia; USA? (1768) Nesoryzomys darwini Order PERISSODACTYLA Santa Cruz Rice Rat Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Family EQUIDAE Ex Notomys amplus Ex Equus quagga Short-tailed Hopping-mouse (Equus burchellii quagga) Australia (1894) Quagga South Africa (1883) Ex Notomys longicaudatus Long-tailed Hopping-mouse Order ARTIODACTYLA Australia (1901) Family SUIDAE Ex Notomys macrotis (includes A', megalotis) Ex? Sus bucculentus Big-eared Hopping-mouse (Sus verrucosus bucculentus) Australia (pre 1850) Vietnam Warty Pig Viet Nam Ex Notomys mordax Family CERVIDAE Darling Downs Hopping-mouse Australia (pre 1846) Cervus schomburgki Oligoryzomys victus (Cervus duvaucetli schomburgki) Schomburgk's Deer Saint Vincent Rice Rat Saint Vincent (1897) Thailand (1932) 192 Vertebrates Ex? Oryzomys nelsoni Order LAGOMORPHA Nelson's Rice Rat Mexico Family OCHOTONIDAE Ex Peromyscus pembertoni Ex Prolagus sardus Pemberton's Deer Mouse Sardinian Pika Mexico: San Pedro Nolasco Island Italy: Sardinia; France: Corsica (18th C) Ex Pitymys bavaricus Class AVES Bavarian Pine Vole Germany Order STRUTHIONIFORMES Ex Pseudomys fieldi Family DROMAHDAE Alice Springs Mouse Dromaius ater Australia (1895) King Island Emu Ex Pseudomys gouldii Australia: King Island Gould's Mouse Dromaius baudinianus Australia (1930) {Dromaius diemenianus) Raltus macleari Kangaroo Island Emu Maclear's Rat Australia: Kangaroo Island (1803) Christmas Island (1908) Family AEPYORNITHIDAE Rattus nativitatis Aepyornis maximus Bulldog Rat Great Elephantbird Christmas Island (1908) Madagascar (1650) Family ECHIMYIDAE Family ANOMALOPTERYGIDAE Boromys offella Dinornis Cuba torosus Brawny Great Moa Boromys torrei New Zealand (1670) Cuba Eurapteryx gravis Brotomys contractus Burly Lesser Moa Dominican Republic; Haiti New Zealand (1640) Brotomys voratus Megalaperyx didinus Dominican Republic; Haiti South Island Tokoweka New Zealand Family CAPROMYIDAE (1785) Order Capromys sp. PODICIPEDIFORMES Cayman Islands Family PODICIPEDIDAE Geocapromys columbianus Ex Podilymbus gigas Cuba Atitlan Grebe Geocapromys sp. Guatemala (1980-1986/7) Cayman Islands Order PROCELLARHFORMES Isolobodon portoricensis Family PROCELLARIIDAE Dominican Republic; Haiti [Puerto Rico] (20th C) Pterodroma sp. Mauritius: Rodrigues (1726) Plagiodontia velozi Dominican Republic; Haiti Order PELICANIFORMES Family PHALACROCORACIDAE PhalacTocorax perspicillatus PaUas's Cormorant Russia: Bering Straits (1852) 193 EXTINCT SPECIES Order CICONnPORMES Ex Polyborus lutosus Guadalupe Caracara Family ARDEIDAE Mexico: Guadalupe Island (1900) Ixohrychus novaezelandiae Order GALLIFORMES Black-backed Bittern New Zealand (1900) Family PHASIANIDAE Nycticorax mauritianus Coturnix novaezelandiae Mauritius Night-heron New Zealand Quail Mauritius (by 1700) New Zealand (1875) Nycticorax megacephalus Ex Ophrysia superciliosa Rodrigues Night-heron Himalayan Quail Mauritius: Rodrigues (1761) India (1868) Nycticorax sp. Order GRUIFORMES Reunion (by 1700) Family RALUDAE Family QCONIIDAE Aphanapteryx bonasia Ciconia sp. Red Rail Reunion (1674) Mauritius (1700) Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE Aphanapteryx leguafi Borbonibis latipes Rodrigues Rail Rdunion Flightless Ibis Mauritius: Rodrigues (1761) Reunion (1773) Atlantisia elpenor Order ANSERIFORMES Ascension Flightless Crake United Kingdom: Ascension Island (1656) Family ANATIDAE Fulica newtoni Alopochen mauritianus Mascaiene Coot Mauritian Shelduck Mauritius; Rdunion (1693) Mauritius (1698) Gallinula pacifica Anas theodori Samoan Moorhen Mauritian Duck Western Samoa: Savaii (1908-1926) Mauritius; ?R6union (1696) Gallirallus dieffenbachii Camptorhynchus labradorius Dieffenbach's Rail Labrador Duck New Zealand: Chatham Island (1840) Canada; USA (1878) Gallirallus lafresnayanus Cygnus sumnerensis New Caledonian Rail Chatham Island Swan New Caledonia (1904) New Zealand: Chatham Island (1590-1690) Gallirallus modestus Mergus australis Chatham Islands Rail Auckland Islands Merganser New Zealand: Chatham Island (1900) New Zealand (1905) Gallirallus pacificus Ex Rhodonessa caryophytlacea Tahiti Rail Pink-headed Duck French Polynesia (1773-4) India: Myanmar, Nepal (1935) Gallirallus wakensis Order FALCONIFORMES Wake Island Rail Family FALCONIDAE USA: Wake Island (1945) Ex Nesoclopeus woodfordi Falco sp. Woodford's Rail Reunion (1674) Papua New Guinea; ?SoIomon Islands: Guadalcanal, Santa Isabel (1936) 194 Vertebrates Porphyria albus Columba jouyi (Notoniis alba) Ryukyu Pigeon Lord Howe Swamphen Japan: Nansei-shoto (1936) Australia: Lord Howe Island (1834) Columba versicolor Porzana monasa Bonin Wood Pigeon Kosrae Crake Japan: Ogasawara-shoto (1889) Federated States of Micronesia (1827) Eclopistes migratorius Porzana palmeri Passenger Pigeon Laysan Crake USA (1914) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Laysan) (1944) Ex Microgoura meeki Porzana sandwichensis Choiseul Pigeon Hawaiian Crake Solomon Islands: (Zhoiseul (1904) USA: Hawaiian Islands (1898) Ex Ptilinopus mercierii Order CHARADRHFORMES Red-moustached Fruit-Dove French Polynesia: ?Fatuhiva, Hivaoa, ?Tahuata Family SCOLOPAODAE (1922) Prosobonia leucoptera Order FSITTACIFORMES Tahitian Sandpiper French Polynesia; Moorea. Tahiti (1773) Family LORIIDAE Family CHARADRICDAE Charmosyna diadema New Caledonian Lorikeet Haematopus meadewaldoi New Caledonia (1860) Canary Islands Oystercatcher Spain: Canary Islands (1913) Family PSITTAC3DAE Family LARIDAE Ara tricolor Cuban Red Macaw Alca impennis Cuba (1885) Great Auk Canada; Denmark: Faeroe Islands: Greenland; Conuropsis carolinensis Iceland; Russia; United Kingdom (1844) Carolina Parakeet USA (1914) Order COLUMBIFORMES Cyanoramphus ulietanus FamUy RAPHIDAE Raiatea Parakeet Pezophaps solitaria French Polynesia: Raiatea (1773) Rodrigues Solitaire Cyanoramphus zealandicus Mauritius: Rodrigues (1765^ Black-fronted Parakeet Raphus cucullatus French Polynesia: Tahiti (1844) Dodo 'Lophopsittacus' bensoni Mauritius (1665) Mauritius Grey Parrot Raphus solitarius Mauritius (1765) Reunion Solitaire Lophopsittacus mauritianus Reunion (1710-1715) Mauritius Parrot Family COLUMBIDAE Mauritius (1675) Alectroenas nitidissima Mascarinus mascarinus Mauritius Blue Pigeon Mascarene Patrot Mauritius (1835) Reunion (1775 in wUd, 1834 in captivity) 'Alectroenas' rodericana 'Necropsittacus' rodericanus Rodrigues Pigeon Rodrigues Parrot Mauritius: Rodrigues (1726) Mauritius: Rodrigues (1761) 195 EXTINCT SPECIES Ex Nestor productus Family PYCNONOTIDAE Norfolk Island Kaka Hypsipetes sp. Norfolk Island (1851) Mauritius: Rodrigues (1600s?) Psephotus pulcherrimus Family MUSCICAPIDAE Paradise Parrot Australia (1927) Ex Eutrichomyias rowleyi Cerulean Paradise-Flycatcher Ex Psittacula exsul Indonesia: Sangihe (1978) Newton's Parakeet Mauritius: Rodrigues (1876) Gerygone insularis Lord Howe Gerygone Psittacula wardi Australia: Lord Howe Island Seychelles Parrot SeycheUes (1870) Turnagra capensis Piopio Order CUCULIFORMES New Zealand (1955) Family CUCULIDAE Tardus ravidus Ex Coua delalandei Grand Cayman Thrush Snail-eating Coua Cayman Islands (1938) Madagascar (1930) Zoothera terrestris Order STRIGIFORMES Bonin Thrush Japan: Ogasawara-shoto (1928) Family STRIGIDAE Family ZOSTEROPIDAE 'Athene' murivora Zosterops Rodrigues Little Owl strenuus Mauritius: Rodrigues (1726) Robust White-eye Australia: Lord Howe Island (1928) ?Sauzieri sp. Mauritian Owl Family MELIPHAGIDAE Maiuitius Chaetoptila angustipluma Ex Sceloglaux albifacies Kioea Laughing Owl USA: Hawaiian Islands (1860) New Zealand (1914) Moho apicalis 'Scops' commersoni OahuOo Mauritian Owl USA Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1837) Mauritius (1836) Moho nobilis Family AEGOTHELIDAE Hawaii Oo USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) (1934) Aegotheles savesi New Caledonian Owlet-nightjar Family DREPANIDAE New Caledonia (1880) Chloridops kona Order APODIFORMES Kona Grosbeak USA: Hawaiian Islands (1894) Family TROCHILIDAE Ciridops anna Chlorostilbon bracei Ula-ai-hawane Grace's Emerald USA: Hawaiian Islands (1892) Bahamas (1877) Drepanis funerea Order PASSERIFORMES Black Mamo USA: Hawaiian Family XENICIDAE Islands (1907) Drepanis pacifica Xenicus lyalli Hawaii Mamo Stephens Island Wren USA: Hawaiian Islands (1899) New Zealand: Stephens Island (1874) 196 Vertebrates Ex Paroreomyza flammea Family CALLAEIDAE Molokai Creeper Heteralocha acutirostris USA; Hawaiian Islands (Molokai) (1963) Huia Rhodacanthis flaviceps New Zealand (1907) Lesser Koa-finch USA: Hawaiian Islands (1891) Class REPTILIA Rhodacanthis palmeri Order TESTUDINES Greater Koa-finch USA: Hawaiian Islands (1896) Family TESTUDINIDAE Viridonia sagittirostris Cylindraspis borbonica Greater Amakihi Reunion (1800) USA: Hawaiian Islands (1900) Cylindraspis indica Family ICTERIDAE Reunion (1800) Quiscalus palustris Cylindraspis inepta Slender-billed Grackle Mauritius (early 18tli C) Mexico (1910) Cylindraspis peltastes Family FRINGILLIDAE Mauritius: Rodrigues (1800) Chaunoproctus ferreorostris Cylindraspis triserrata Booin Grosbeak Mauritius (early 18th C) Japan; Ogasawara-shoto (1890) Cylindraspis vosmaeri Spiza townsendi Mauritius; Rodrigues (1800) Townsend's Fmch Order SAURIA USA (1833) FamUy GEKKONIDAE Family PLOCEIDAE Hoplodactylus delcourti Foudia sp. New Zealand (mid 19th C) Reunion Fody Reunion (1671) Ex Phelsuma gigas (includes P. edwardnewlonii and P. newtonii) FamUy STURNIDAE Rodrigues Day Gecko Aplonis corvina Mauritius: Rodrigues Kosrae Mountain Starling Family IGUANIDAE Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae (1828) Leiocephalus eremitus Aplonis fusca USA; Navassa Island (1900) Tasman Starling Australia; Lord Howe Island. Norfolk Island Leiocephalus herminieri Martinique (1830s) Aplonis mavornata Mysterious Starling Family IHUDAE Unknown (1825) Ameiva cineracea Ex Aplonis pelzelni Guadeloupe (early 20th C) Pohnpei Starling Ameiva major Federated States of Micronesia: Pahnpei Martinique Cjiant Ameiva (1956) Martinique Fregilupus varius Family SCINODAE R^imion Starling Rdunion (1854) Leiolopisma mauritiana Mauritius (1600) NecTospar rodericanus Rodrigues Starling Ex? Macroscincus coctei Mauritius; Rodrigues (1726) Cape Verde Giant Skink Cape Verde; Branco. Razo (early 20th O 197 EXTINCT SPECffiS Class ACTE^OPTERYOn Ex? Tachygia microlepis Tonga Ground Skink Order CYPRINIFORMES Tonga: Tongatapu Family CYPRINIDAE Ex? Tetradactylus eastwoodae Eastwood's Longtailed Seps Ex? Acanthobrama hulensis South Africa Israel: Lake Huleh Family ANGUIDAE Ex? Cyprinus yilongensis China: Yunnan Province Ex? Celestus occiduus Jamaica Giant Galliwasp Ex Evarra bustamantei Jamaica (1840) Mexican Dace Mexico (1970) Order SERPENTES Ex Evarra eigenmanni Family TYPHLOPIDAE Mexican Dace Typhlops cariei Mexico (1970) Mauritius (17tli C) Ex Evarra tlahuacensis Family BOIDAE Mexican Dace Mexico (1970) Ex? Bolyeria muUocarinata Round Island Boa Ex Gila crassicauda Mauritius: Round Island (1975) Thicktail Chub USA (1957) Family COLUBRIDAE Ex Lepidomeda altivelis Alsophis sancticrucis Pahranagat Spinedace Saint Croix Racer USA (1940) Virgin Islands of the United States (20th C) Ex Notropis amecae Class AMPfflBIA Ameca Shiner Mexico (1970) Order ANURA Ex Notropis autidion Family DISCOGLOSSIDAE Durango Shiner Mexico (1965) Ex? Discoglossus nigriventer Israel Painted Frog Ex Notropis orca Israel: Lake Huleh (1940) Phantom Shiner Mexico; USA (1975) Family RANIDAE Ex Pogonichthys ciscoides Ex? Arthroleptides dutoiti Clear Lake Splittail Kenya: Mt. Elgon USA (1970) Ex? Rana fisheri Ex Rhinichthys deaconi (Rana onca. Rana pipiens fisheri) Las Vegas Dace Vegas Valley Leopard Frpg USA (1955) USA (1960) Ex Stypodon signifer Ex? Rana tlaloci Stumptooth Minnow Mexico Mexico (1930) Class CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI Family CATOSTOMIDAE Order PETROMYZONTIFORMES Ex Chasmistes muriei Snake River Sucker Family PETROMYZONTIDAE USA (1928) Ex Lampetra minima Ex Lagochila lacera Miller Lake Lamprey Harelip Sucker USA (1953) USA (1910) 198 Vertebrates Order SILURIFORMES Family POECILIIDAE Family TRICHOMYCTERIDAE Ex Gambusia amistadensis Amislad (jambusia Ex Rhizosomichthys totae USA (1973) Colombia: Lake Tota Ex Gambusia georgei Order SALMONIFORMES San Marcos (jambusia Family RETROPEWIDAE USA (1983) Ex Priapella bonita Ex Prototroctes oxyrhynchus New Zealand Grayling Guayacon Ojiazul Mexico New Zealand (192Qs) FamUy SALMONIDAE Order SYNGNATHIFORMES Ex Coregonus alpenae Family SYNGNATHIDAE Longjaw Cisco Ex Syngnathus watermayeri (Great Lakes) River Pipefish Canada; USA (1978) South Africa Ex Coregonus johannae Order SCORPAENIFORMES Deepwater Cisco (Great Lakes) Family COTTIDAE Canada; USA (1955) Ex Cottus echinatus Ex Salvelinus agassid Utah Lake Sculpin Silver Trout USA (1928) USA (1930) Order PERCIFORMES Order ATHERESflFORMES Family PERCIDAE Family MELANOTAENIEDAE Ex? Elheostoma sellare Ex? Melanolaenia eachamensis Maryland Darter (possibly a form of M. spleiidida) USA Lake Eacham Rainbowfish Australia Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES Order CYPRTNODONTIFORMES Class TURBELLARIA Family CYPRINODONTIDAE Order TRICLADIDA Ex Cyprinodon latifasciatus Perrito de Parras Family KENKIIDAE Mexico (1930) Ex? Romankenkius pedderensis Ex? Cyprinodon spp. Lake Pedder Planarian Perritos de Sandia Australia: Tasmania Mexico Ex Fundulus albolineatus Phylum MOLLUSCA Whiteline Topminnow USA (1900) Class GASTROPODA Family GOODEIDAE Order ARCHEOGASTROPODA Ex Characodon garmani Family LOTTBDAE Parras Characodon Mexico (1900) Ex Lottia alveus Eelgrass Limpet Ex Empetrichthys merriami USA Ash Meadows Killifish USA (1953) 199 EXTINCT SPECIES Family HELICDSflDAE Ex? Posticobia norfolkensis Australia: Norfolk Island Ex Ogasawarana chichijimaim Japan: Ogasawara Family ASSIMINEIDAE Ex Ogasawarana habei Ex Conacmella vagans Japan: Ogasawara Japan: Ogasawara Ex Ogasawarana hirasei Ex Omphalotropis plicosa Japan: Ogasawara Mauritius Ex Ogasawarana metamorpha Family PLEUROCERIDAE Japan: Ogasawara Ex Anculopsis anthonyix Ex Ogasawarana rex (Leptoxis anthonyix) Japan: Ogasawara Anthony's River Snail USA Ex Ogasawarana yoshiwarana Japan: Ogasawara Ex Anculosa clipeata (Leptoxis clipeata) Order MESOGASTROPODA Agate Rocksnail FamUy CYCLOPHORIDAE USA Ex Cyclosurus mariei Ex Anculosa formanii Mayotte (Leptoxis formanii) Interrupted Rocksnail Ex Cyclophorus horridulum USA Mayotte Ex Anculosa ligata Family lOMATIASIDAE (Leptoxis ligata) Ex Tropidophora carinata Rotund Rocksnail Mauritius; Rdunion (1881) USA Ex Tropidophora desmazuresi Ex Anculosa lirata Mauritius: Rodrigues (Leptoxis lirata) Lyrate Rocksnail Ex Tropidophora semilirata USA Mayotte Ex Anculosa occulata Family AQCULIDAE (Leptoxis occulata) Ex? Renea bourguignatiana Bigmouth Rocksnail France; Italy USA Family HYDROBUDAE Ex Aculopsis praerosa (Leptoxis praerosa) Ex Bythinella intermedia Onyx Rocksnail Austria USA Ex Bythiospeum pfeifferi Ex Anculosa showalteri Austria (Leptoxis showalteri) Ex? Bythiospeum tschapecki Coosa Rocksnail Austria USA Ex? Iglica gratulahunda Ex Anculosa vittala Austria (Leptoxis vittata) Striped Rocksnail Ex Lithoglyphus umbilicata (Clappia umbilicata) USA Umbilicate Pebblesnaii Ex Goniobasis alabamensis USA (Elimia alabamensis) Mud F.limi^ Ex Ohridohauffenia drimica USA Yugoslavia (1980s) 200 Invertebrates Ex Goniobasis clausa Ex Gyrotoma pumila (Elimia clausa) Ribbed SUtsheU Closed Elimia USA (1924) USA Ex Gyrotoma pyramidata Ex Goniobasis fusiformis Pyramid Slitshell (Elimia fusiformis) USA (1924) Fusiform Elimia Ex Gyrotoma walkeri USA Round Slitshell Ex Goniobasis hartmanniana USA (1924) (Elimia hartmanniana) Order STYLOMMATOPHORA BUgh-spired Flimia USA Family ACHATINELLIDAE Ex Goniobasis impressa Ex? Ackatinella abbreviata (Elimia impressa) USA; Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1963) Constricted Flimia USA Ex Ackatinella budJii USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (early 1900s) Ex Goniobasis Jonesi Ex Achatinella caesia (Elimia jonesi) USA; Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (early 1900s) Hearty Elimia USA Ex Achatinella casta USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Ex Goniobasis laeta (Elimia laeta) Ex Achatinella decora Ribbed Flimia USA; Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (early 1900s) USA Ex? Achatinella dimorpha Ex Goniobasis pilsbryi USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (Elimia pilsbryi) Ex? Achatinella elegans Rough-lined Elimia USA USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1952) Ex? Achatinella juddii Ex Goniobasis pupaeformis USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1958) (Elimia pupaeformis) Pupa Elimia Ex? Achatinella juncea USA USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Ex Goniobasis pygmaea Ex Achatinella lehuiensis (Elimia pygmaea) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1922) Pygmy Flimia USA Ex Achatinella livida USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) Ex Goniobasis varians Ex Achatinella papyracea (Elimia varians) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1945) Puzzle Flimia USA Ex? Achatinella rosea USA; Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1949) Ex Gyrotoma excisa Excised Slitshell Ex Achatinella spaldingi USA (1924) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1938) Ex Gyrotoma lewisii Ex Achatinella thaanumi Striate Slitshell USA; Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1900s) USA (1924) Ex Achatinella valida Ex Gyrotoma pagoda USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1951) Pagoda Slitshell Ex Achatinella vittata USA (1924) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (1953) 201 EXTINCT SPECIES Ex Invertebrates Ex Carelia turricula Ex Partula auriculata USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) (1930) French Polynesia: Raiatea Family PUPILLIDAE Ex Partula Candida French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex? Leiostyla abbreviata Portugal: Madeira (1870s) Ex Partula castanea French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex? Leiostyla cassida Portugal: Madeira (1870s) Ex Partula cedistia French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex? Leiostyla gibba Portugal: Madeira (1870s) Ex Partula citrina French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex? Leiostyla keterodon Portugal: Madeira Ex Partula clara French Polynesia: Tahiti Ex? Leiostyla lamellosa Portugal: Madeira (1870s) Ex Partula compacta French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex? Leiostyla simulator Portugal: Madeira (1870s) Ex Partula crassilabris French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Pupilla obliquicosta (Pupa obliquicosta) Ex Partula cuneata Saint Helena (1870s) French Polynesia: Raiatea Family VERTIGINIDAE Ex Partula dolichostoma French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Campolaemus perexilis Saint Helena (1870s) Ex Partula exigua French Polynesia: Moorea (1977) Ex Gastrocopta chichijimana Japan: Ogasawara Ex Partula filosa French Polynesia: Tahiti Ex Gastrocopta ogasawarana Japan: Ogasawara Ex Partula formosa French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Lyropupa perlonga USA: Hawaiian Islands Ex Partula fusea French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Nesopupa turtoni Saint Helena (1870s) Ex Partula garretti French Polynesia: Raiatea Family CERASTUEDAE Ex Partula hyalina Ex Rhachis comorensis French Polynesia: Mayotte Tahiti Ex Partula imperforata Ex Rhachis sanguineus French Polynesia: Raiatea Mauritius Ex Partula Family PARTULIDAE leptochila French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula qffinis Ex Partula levilineata French Polynesia: TaMti French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula approximata Ex Partula levistriata French Polynesia: Raiatea French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula atilis Ex Partula lutea French Polynesia: Raiatea French Polynesia: BoraBora Ex Partula attenuata Ex Partula microstoma French Polynesia: Raiatea French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Partula aurantia French Polynesia: Mooiea 203 EXTINCT SPECIES Ex Partula mirabilis Family ORTHAUCIDAE French Polynesia: Moorea Ex Aspastus loyaltiensis Ex Partula mooreana (Leuchocharis loyaltiensis) French Polynesia: Moorea New Caledonia (1900s) Ex Partula nodosa Ex Aspastus porphyrocheila French Polynesia: Tahiti (Leuchocharis porphyrocheila) New Caledonia (1900s) Ex Partula otaheitana French Polynesia: Tahiti Family FERUSSACIIDAE Ex Partula producta Ex? Amphorella iridescens French Polynesia: Tahiti Portugal: Madeira Ex Partula protea Ex? Cecilioides eulima French Polynesia: Raiatea Portugal: Madeira (1870s) Ex Partula protracta Family SUBULINIDAE French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Chilonopsis blofeldi Ex Partula radiata Saint Helena (1870s) French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Chilonopsis exulatus Ex Partula raiatensis Saint Helena (1870s) French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Chilonopsis helena Ex Partula remota Samt Helena (1870s) French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex? Chilonopsis melanoides Ex Partula rustica Saint Helena (1870s) French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Chilonopsis nonpareil Ex Partula salifana Saint Helena (1870s) Mount Alifana Partula Guam Ex Chilonopsis subplicatus Saint Helena (1870s) Ex Partula suturalis Ex Chilonopsis Sutural Partula subtruncatus Saint Helena (1870s) French Polynesia: Moorea Ex Chilonopsis turtoni Ex Partula taeniata Saint Helena French Polynesia: Moorea (1870s) Family Ex Partula thalia STREPTAXTOAE French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Edentulina thomasetti Ex Partula tohiveana SeycheUes (1908) Iiench Polynesia: Moorea Ex Gibbus lyonetianus Mauritius Ex Partula tristis (1905) French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Gonidomus newtoni Ex Partula turgida Mauritius (1867) French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Gonospira nevilli Ex Partula variabilis Mauritius French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex? Gulella antelmiana Ex Partula vittata Mauritius French Polynesia: Raiatea Ex Gulella mayottensis Ex Samoana abbreviata Mayotte American Samoa (1940) Family ENDODONTIDAE Ex Hirasea biconcava Japan: Ogasawara 204 Invertebrates Ex Hirasea eutheca Ex Mautodontha zebrina Japan: Ogasawara Cook Islands: Raratonga (1880s) Ex Hirasea goniobasis Ex Opanara altiapica Japan: Ogasawara French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Ex Hirasea hypolia Ex Opanara areaensis Japan: Ogasawara French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Ex Hirasea major Ex Opanara bitridentata Japan: Ogasawara French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Ex Hirasea nesiotica Ex Opanara caliculata Japan: Ogasawara French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Ex Hirasea planulata Ex Opanara depasoapicata Japan: Ogasawara French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Ex Hirasea sinuosa Ex Opanara duplicidentata Japan: Ogasawara French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Ex Hirasea clara Ex Opanara fosbergi (Hirasielia clara) French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Japan: Ogasawara Ex Opanara megomphala Ex Kondoconcha othnius French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Ex Opanara perahuensis Ex Libera subcavernula French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Cook Islands: Raratonga (1880s) Ex Orangia cookei Ex Libera tumuloides French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Cook Islands: Raratonga (1880s) Ex Orangia maituatensis Ex Mautodonlha acuticosta French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) French Polynesia: Raialea (1880s) Ex Orangia sporadica Ex Mautodonlha boraborensis French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) French Polynesia: Borabora (1880s) Ex Ptychodon dianae Ex Mautodonlha ceuthma (Pseudohelenoconcha dianae) French Polynesia: Raivavae (1880s) Saint Helena (1870s) Ex Mautodontha consimilis Ex Ptychodon laedssima French Polynesia: Raiatea (1880s) iPseudohelennconcha laelissima) Saint Helena (1870s) Ex Mautodontha consobrina French Polynesia: Huahine (1880s) Ex Ptychodon persoluta (Pseudohelenoconcha persoluta) Ex Mautodontha maupiensis Saint Helena (1870s) French Polynesia: Maupiti (1880s) Ex Ptychodon spurca Ex Mautodontha parvidens (Pseudohelenoconcha spurca) French Polynesia: Society Islands (1880s) Saint Helena (1870s) Ex Mautodontha punctiperforata Ex Rhysoconcha atanuiensis French Polynesia: Moorea (1880s) French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Ex Mautodontha saintjohni Ex Rhysoconcha variumbilicata French Polynesia: Borabora (1880s) French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Ex Mautodontha subtilis Ex Ruatara koarana French Polynesia: Huahine (1880s) French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) Ex Mautodontha unilamellata Ex Ruatara oparica Cook Islands: Raratonga (1880s) French Polynesia: Rapa (1934) 205 EXTINCT SPECIES Ex Taipidon anceyana Family SUCCINEIDAE French Polynesia: Hiva Oa (1880s) Ex Succinea guamensis Ex Taipidon marquesana Guam French Polynesia: Nuku ffiva (1880s) Family HELDCARIONIDAE Ex Taipidon octolamellata Ex? Caldwellia philyrina French Polynesia: Hiva Oa (1880s) Mauritius Ex Thaumatodon multilamellata Ex Ctenoglypta newtoni Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1880s) Mauritius (1871) Family CHAROPIDAE Ex? Erepta stylodon Ex Helenoconcha leplalea Mauritius Saint Helena (1870s) Ex Erepta ne villi Ex Helenoconcha minulissima Mauritius Saint Helena (1870s) Ex Harmogenanina linophora Ex Helenoconcha polyodon Mauritius; Reunion Saint Helena (1870s) Ex Harmogenanina subdetecta Ex Helenoconcha pseustes Reunion Saint Helena (1870s) Ex Pachystyla rufozonata Ex Helenoconcha sexdentata Mauritius (1869) Saint Helena (1870s) Family ARIOPHANTIDAE Ex Helenodiscus bilamellata Ex Colparion madgei Saint Helena (1870s) Mauritius: Rodrigues (1938) Ex Helenodiscus vernoni Ex Vitrinula chaunax Samt Helena (1870s) Japan: Ogasawara Ex Sinployea canalis Ex Vitrinula chichijimana Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1872) Japan: Ogasawara Ex Sinployea decorticata Ex Vitrinula hahajimana Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1872) Japan: Ogasawara Ex Sinployea harveyensis Family CAMAENIDAE Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1872) Ex Mandarina luhuaim Ex Sinployea otareae Japan: Ogasawara Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1872) Family HEUCIDAE Ex Sinployea planospira Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1872) Ex Chilostoma ziegleri Austria Ex Sinployea proximo Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1872) Ex? Discula lyelliana Portugal: Madeira (1870s) Ex Sinployea rudis Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1872) Ex? Discula tetrica Portugal: Madeira Ex Sinployea lenuicostata (1870s) Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1872) Ex? Geomitra delphinuloides Ex Sinployea youngi Portugal: Madeira (1870s) Cook Islands: Rarotonga (1872) Ex? Pseudocampylaea lowei Family DISCIDAE Portugal: Madeira (Porto Santo) (late 19th C) Family Ex? Discus guerinianus ARIONIDAE Portugal: Madeira (1870s) Ex Arion simrothi Germany 206 Invertebrates Class BIVALVIA Phylum ARTHROPODA Order UNIONIDA Class CRUSTACEA Family UNIONIDAE Order AMPHIPODA Ex Alasmidonta robusta Cardina Elktoe Family PARAMELITIDAE USA Ex? Austrogammarus australis Ex? Dysnomia arcaeformis? Australia: Melbourne, Victoria (Epioblasma arcaefonnis7) Family CRANGONYCTIDAE Sugarspoon USA (1940s) Ex Slygobromus lucifugus Rubious Cave Amphipod Ex Dysnomia biemarginata USA (Epioblasma biemarginata) Angled Riffleshell Order DECAPODA USA (1960s) Family ATYIDAE Ex Dysnomia flexuosa Syncaris pasadenas (Epioblasma flexuosa) Pasadena Freshwater Shrimp LeafsheU USA (1933) USA (1940s) Family ASTACHDAE Ex Dysnomia haysiana (Epioblasma haysiana) Ex? Pacifastacus nigrescens Acomshell Sooty Crayfish USA USA (1860s) Ex Dysnomia lefevrei Class (Epioblasma lefevrei) INSECTA USA Order EPHEMEROPTERA Ex Dysnomia lenior Family SIPHLO^fURIDAE (Epioblasma lenior) Narrow Catspaw Ex Acanthometropus pecatonica USA (1965) Pecatonica River Mayfly USA (1927) Ex? Dysnomia lewisiil (Epioblasma lewisiil) Family EPHEMERIDAE Forkshell Ex Pantagenia robusta USA (1964) Robust Burrowing Mayfly Ex Dysnomia personata USA (Epioblasma personata) Order ODONATA Round Combshell USA (1930) Family COENAGRIONIDAE Ex Dysnomia propinqua Ex? Megalagrion jugorum (Epioblasma propinqua) Jugorum Megalagrion Damselfly Tennessee Riffleshell USA; Hawaiian Islands USA (1930) Family GOMPHIDAE Ex Dysnomia sampsoni Ex? Ophiogomphus edmundo (Epioblasma sampsoni) Edmund's Snaketail Dragonfly Wabash RifflesheU USA USA (1950s/60s) Family UBELLUUDAE Ex Dysnomia stewardsoni (Epioblasma stewardsoni) Ex? Sympetrum dilatatum Cumberland LeafsheU Saint Helena USA (1930) 207 EXTINCT SPECIES Order ORTHOPTERA Family CERAMBYCIDAE Family TETTIGONIIDAE Ex Xylotoles costatus New Zealand: Chatham Island (1930s) Ex Neduba exrincta Antioch Dunes Shieldback Katydid Family CHJRCULIONIDAE USA (1937) Ex Dryophthorus distinguendus USA: Hawaiian Islands Order PHASMATOPTERA Ex Dryotribus mimeticus Family PHASMATEDAE USA: Hawaiian Islands Ex? Dryococelus australis Ex? Hadramphus tuberculatus Lord Howe Island Stick-insect New Zealand (1910) Australia: Lord Howe Island. Ball's Pyramid (1970s) Ex Macrancylus linearis USA; Hawaiian Islands Order PLECOPTERA Ex Oedemasylus laysanensis Family CHLOROPERLIDAE USA: Hawaiian Islands Ex Alloperla roherti Ex? Pentarthrum blackburni Robert's Stonefly USA Blackburn's Weevil USA: Hawaiian Islands Order HOMOPTERA Rhyncogonus bryani Family PSEUDOCOCCIDAE USA; Hawaiian Islands Ex Clavicoccus erinaceus Ex? Trigonoscuta rossi USA: Hawaiian Islands Fort Ross Weevil USA Ex Phyllococcus oahuensis USA: Hawaiian Islands Ex? Trigonoscuta yorbalindae Yorba Linda Weevil Order COLEOPTERA USA Family CARABIDAE Order DIPTERA Mecodema punctellum Family TABANIDAE New Zealand: Stephens Island Ex Stonemyia voluliiia Family DYTISCIDAE Volutine Stoneyian Tabanid Fly Ex? Hygrotus artus USA Mono Lake Diving Beetle Family DOUCHOPODIDAE USA Ex Campsicnemus mirabilis Ex? Megadytes ducalis USA; Hawaiian Islands Brazil Family DROSOPHILIDAE Ex? Rhantus alutaceus New Caledonia Ex Drosophila lanaiensis USA: Hawaiian Islands Ex? Rhantus novacaledoniae New Caledonia Order TRICHOPTERA Ex? Rhantus orbignyi Family RHYACOPHILIDAE Argentina; Brazil Ex Rhyacophila amabilis Ex? Rhantus papuanus Castle Lake Caddisfly Papua New Guinea USA Ex? Siettitia balsetensis Family HYDROPSYCHIDAE Perrin's Cave Beetle Hydropsyche France tobiasi Tobias' Caddisfly Germany (1920s) 208 Invertebrates Family LEPTOCERIDAE Hedylepta asaphrombra USA: Hawaiian Islands (1970s) Ex Triaenodes phalacris Athens Caddisfly Hedylepta continuatalis USA USA: Hawaiian Islands (1958) Ex Triaenodes tridonata Hedylepta epicentra Three-tooth Caddisfly USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (early 1900s) USA Hedylepta euryprora Order LEPIDOPTERA USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) Family NEPTICULIDAE Hedylepta fullawayi USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) Ex? Eclodemia castaneae American Chestnut Moth Hedylepta laysanensis USA USA: Hawaiian Islands (Laysan) Ex? Ectodemia phleophaga Hedylepta meyricki Phleophagan Chestnut Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) USA Hedylepta musicola Family TISCHERirDAE USA: Hawaiian Islands (Maui, Molokai) Ex? Tischeria perplexa Hedylepta telegrapha Chestnut Clearwing Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) USA Oeobia sp. Family COLEOPHORIDAE USA: Hawaiian Islands (Laysan) (1911) Ex? Coleophora leucochrysella Family GEOMETRIDAE USA Ex? Scotorythra megalophylla Family ARGYRESTHIIDAE Kona Giant Looper Modi USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) (early 1900s) Ex? Argyreslhia castaneela Chestnut Ermine Moth Ex? Scotorythra nesiotes USA Ko'olau Giant Looper Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (early 1900s) Family ZYGAENIDAE Ex? Scotorythra paratactis Levuana irridescens Hawaiian Hopseed Looper Moth Levuana Motli USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (early 1900s) USA; Hawaiian Islands (1929) Ex? Trilocleis microphylla Family LYCAENIDAE Ola 'a Peppered Looper Moth Ex Deloneura immaculata USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) (1890s) South Africa Family SPHINGIDAE Ex Glaucopsyche xerces Ex? Tinostoma smaragditis Xerces Blue Fabulous Green Sphinx of Kauai USA (early 1940s) USA: Hawaiian Islands Ex Lepidochrysops hypopolia Family NOCTLODDAE South Africa Ex? Agrotis crinigera Family LIBYTHEIDAE Poko Noctuid Moth Ex Libythea cinyras USA: Hawaiian Islands (1926) Mauritius (1865) Ex Agrotis fasciata Family PYRALIDAE Midway Noctuid Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (Midway) Genophantis leahi USA: Hawaiian Islands (Oahu) (early 1900s) 209 EXTINCT SPECIES Ex? Agrotis kerri Ex Helicoverpa minuta Kerr's Noctuid Moth Minute Noctuid Modi USA: Hawaiian Islands (Frencli Frigate USA: Hawaiian Islands (Lisianski) (pre 1911) Shoals) (1923) Ex Hypena laysanensis Ex Agrotis laysanensis Laysan Dropseed Noctuid Moth Laysan Noctuid Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (1911) USA: Hawaiian Islands (Laysan) (1911) Ex? Hypena newelli Ex Agrotis photophila Hilo Noctuid Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii) Ex Agrotis procellaris Ex? Hypena plagiota USA: Hawaiian Islands (pre 1900) Lovegrass Noctuid Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Oahu) Ex? Helicoverpa confusa Confused Moth Ex? Hypena senicula USA: Hawaiian Islands (post 1927) Kaholuamano Noctuid Moth USA: Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) 210 Lists THREATENED GENERA (etc) THREATENED GENERA (etc) Class ACTTNOPTERYGn Phylum ARTHROPODA Order PERCIFORMES Family QCHLIDAE Class INSECTA I Haplochromine spp. (> 250 spp.) Order COLEOPTERA Lake Victoria cichlid fishes Family ELATERIDAE (Lake Victoria) Kenya; Tanzania; Uganda E Eopenthes (17 species) Hawaiian Click Beetles I Tilapiine spp. (2 spp.) USA: Hawaiian Islands Lake Victoria cichlid fishes (Lake Victoria) I Itodacnus spp. Kenya; Tanzania; Uganda Necker Click Beetles USA: Hawaiian Islands Phylum ANNELIDA Family (3RAMBYCIDAE E Plagithmysus (49 species) Class OLIGOCHAETA USA: Hawaiian Islands Order HAPLOTAXIDA Family AGLYCYDERIDAE Family MICKOCHAETIDAE E Proterhinus (72 species) Hawaiian Proterhinus Beetles V Microchaetus (23 species) USA: Hawaiian Islands South African Giant Earthworms Family South Africa CURCULIONIDAE I genus) V Proatidricus (17 species) Oodemas (whole Chain South African Giant Earthworms Windward Weevils South Africa USA: Hawaiian Islands E Rhyncogonus (22 species) V Tritogenia (approx. 13 species) South African Giant Earthwonns (at least one species extinct) South Africa Hawaiian Snout Beetles USA: Hawaiian Islands Family ACANTHODRDLIDAE Order LEPIDOPTERA V Chilola (13 species) Southern African Acanthodriline Earthwonns Family PYRALIDAE South Africa I Hedylepta (14 species) V Diplotrema (15 species) (some species listed in extinct section) Southern African Acanthodriline Earthworms Hedyleptan Moths South Africa USA: Hawaiian Islands V Microscolex (3 species) Order HYMENOPTERA Southern African Acanthodriline Earthworms Family COLLETTOAE Lesotho; South Africa I Hylaeus (64 species) V Udeina (59 species) (Nesoprnsopis) Southern African Acanthodriline Earthworms (some species probably extmct) Lesotho; South Africa Yellow-faced Bee USA: Hawaiian Islands 213 List 4 THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES Vertebrates Class MAMMALIA R Eulemur fulvus rufus Order CHIROPTERA (E. macaco rufus) Red-fronted Lemur Family PTEROPODIDAE Madagascar V Pteropus seychellensis aldabrensis V Eulemur fulvus sanfordi Aldabra Flying-fox (E. macaco sanfordi) Seychelles: Aldabra AtoU Sanford's Lemur Madagascar Family VESPERTILIONIDAE E Eulemur macaco flavifrons I Lasiurus cinereus semotus Sclater's Lemur Hawaiian Hoary Bat Madagascar USA: Hawaiian Islands V Eulemur macaco macaco K Myotis formosus bartelsi Black Lemur (M. bartelsi) Madagascar Barters Myotis Indonesia: Java Family CALLITRICHIDAE R Myotis formosus hermani E Callithrix argentata leucippe (M. Iiermani) Golden-white Bare-ear Marmoset Herman's Myotis Brazil Indonesia: Sumatra E Saguinus bicolor bicolor Order PRIMATES Pied Tamarin Brazil Family LEMURIDAE V Saguinus fuscicollis leucogenys E Hapalemur griseus alaotrensis Andean Saddle-back Tamarin Alaotran Gentle Lemur Peru Madagascar V Saguinus imperator imperator K Hapalemur griseus griseus Black-chinned Emperor Tamarin Grey Gentle Lemur Bolivia: Brazil; Peru Madagascar Family CEBIDAE V Hapalemur griseus occidentalis Western Gentle Lemur E Alouatta fusca fusca Madagascar Northern Brown Howling Monkey Brazil R Eulemur fulvus albifrons White-fronted Lemur E Aloutta belzebul ululata Madagascar Red-handed Howling Monkey Brazil V Eulemur fulvus albocollaris White-collared Lemur E Aloutta palliata aequatorialis Madagascar South Pacific Blackish Howling Monkey Colombia; Ecuador; Panama?; Peru V Eulemur fulvus collaris Collared Lemur V Aotos lemurinus griseimembra Madagascar Night Monkey Colombia R Eulemur fulvus fulvus Brown Lemur E Ateles belzebuth hybridus Madagascar Hybrid Spider Monkey Colombia; Venezuela V Eulemur fulvus mayottensis Mayotte Lemur E Ateles belzebuth marginatus Mayotte White-whiskered Spider Monkey Brazil 217 THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES V CalUcebus cupreus omatus Cercocebus galeritus 'sanjeV Ornate Titi Sanje Mangabey Colombia Tanzania E CalUcebus personatus barbarabrownae Cercocebus torquatus torquatus Northern Bahian Blond Titi Collared Mangabey Brazil Cameroon; Congo; Cote dTvoire; E CalUcebus personatus melanochir Equatorial Guinea: Rio Muni; Gabon; Ghana; Southern Bahian Masked Titi Guinea; Liberia; Nigeria; Senegal; Sierra Brazil Leone E CaUicebus personatus nigrifrons Cercopithecus diana roloway Black-fronted Titi Roloway Guenon BrazU Cote d'lvoire; Ghana; Togo E CaUicebus personatus personatus Macaca ochreata brunnescens Northern Masked Titi (M. brunnescens) Brazil Muna-Butung Macaque Indonesia: Butung. Muna V CaUicebus torquatus lucifer Widow Monkey Macaca fuscata yakui Brazil; Colombia; Peru Yakushima Macaque Japan V Cebus albifrons cuscinus White-fronted Capuchin Macaca nemestrina pagensis Bolivia?; Peru (M. pagensis) Mentawai Macaque V Cebus albifrons yuracus Indonesia: Mentawai Islands, Siberut. Sipora, Andean White-fronted Capuchin North and South Pagai Islands Ecuador, Peru Macaca tonkeana hecki V Cebus apella robustus (M. Iiecki) Robust Tufted Capuchin Heck's Macaque Brazil Indonesia: Sulawesi E Cebus apella xanthosternos K Papio hamadryas papio Yellow-breasted Capuchin Monkey (P. papio) Brazil Guinea Baboon E Chiropotes satanas satanas Gambia; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau?; Liberia?; Black Saki Mali; Mauritania; Senegal; Sierra Leone BrazU Procolobus badius temminckii V Chiropotes satanas utahicki (Procolobus temminckii) Uta ffick's Bearded Saki {Procolobus badius has been included in the Brazil genus Colobus) Temminck's Red Colobus E Lagothrix lagotricha lugens Colombian Woolly Monkey Gambia; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Senegal Colombia Procolobus badius waldroni Family CERCOPITBECIDAE Miss Waldron's Bay Colobus Cote d'lvoire; Ghana K Cercocebus albigena aterrimus (C. aterrimus) Procolobus badius pennantii Black Mangabey (P. pennantii) Eastern Angola; Zaire Red Colobus Equatorial Guinea: Fernando Po E Cercocebus galeritus galeritus Tana River Mangabey Procolobus badius bouvieri Kenya; Tanzania (P. pennantii bouvieri) Bouvier's Red Colobus Congo 218 Vertebrates K Procolobus badius ellioti E Pan troglodytes verus (P. rufomitratiis ellioti) West African Chimpanzee Elliot's Red Colobus Cote dTvoire; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau Uganda (ex?); Zaire (ex?); Liberia; Mali; Senegal; Sierra Leone [Gambia] K Procolobus badius foai {P. rufomitralus foai. P. pennantii foai) Order CARNIVORA Foa Red Colobus Family FELIDAE Zaire E Acinonyx jubatus venaticus E Procolobus badius gordonorum Asiatic Cheetah {P. gordonorum. P. pennantii gordonorum) Uhehe Red Colobus Iran Tanzania R Caracal caracal michaelis (Lynx caracal michaelis. Fells caracal michaelis) E Procolobus badius kirkii Turkmenian Caracal (Procolobus kirkii. P. pennantii kirkii) Kazakhstan; Tajikistan; Turkmenia; Uzbekistan Zanzibar Red Colobus Tanzania; Zanzibar E Felis margarita scheffeli Tanzania; [Pemba Island] Pakistan Sand Cat Pakistan K Procolobus badius oustaleti (P. rufomitralus oustaleti, P. pennantii oustaleti) E Prionailurus bengalensis iriomolensis Oustalet's Red Colobus (Prionailurus iriomoteiisis, sometimes included Central African Republic; Sudan?; Zaire in Felis) Iriomote Cat V Procolobus badius tephrosceles Japan: Iriomote Island (P. rufomitralus tephrosceles. P. pennantii tephrosceles) E Panthera leo persica Uganda Red Colobus Asiatic Lion Burundi; Rwanda; Tanzania; Uganda India K Procolobus badius tholloni E Panthera pardus orientalis (P. rufomitratiis tholloni, P. pennantii tholloni) Amur Leopard Thollon's Red Colobus China; D.PJi. Korea; Korea Republic; Russia Zaire E Panthera pardus nimr E Procolobus badius preussi South Arabian Leopard (P. preussi. P. pennanti preussi) Oman; Saudi Arabia; Yemen Preuss's Colobus E Panthera pardus kotiya Cameroon; Nigeria (ex?) Sri Lankan Leopard V Procolobus badius rufomitratus Sri Lanka (P. rufomitratus. P. ritfomitratus rufomitratus) V Panthera pardus japonensis Tana River Colobus Kenya North C3iinese Leopard China E Pygathrix roxellana bieti I Panthera pardus saxicolor (fygathrix bieti, sometimes included in North Persian Leopard Rhinopitliecus) Afghanistan; Iran; Turkmenistan Yunnan Snub-nosed Monkey China I Panthera pardus melas Javan Leopard Family HOMINIDAE Indonesia; Java E Gorilla gorilla beringei E Puma concolor coryi Mountain Gorilla (Felis concolor coryi) Burundi (ex?); Rwanda; Uganda; Zaire: Florida Cougar Virunga Volcano region USA 219 THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES E Puma concolor couguar Family OTARHDAE (Felis concolor cougar) Ex Zalophus califomianus japonicus Eastern Puma Japanese Sealion Canada; USA Japan; D.P.R. Korea; Korea Republic Family HERPESTIDAE Family PHOCIDAE E Bdeogale crassicauda omnivora V Phoca hispida botnica Sokoke Bushy-tailed Mongoose Baltic Ringed Seal Kenya; Tanzania Estonia?; Finland; Russia; Sweden Family HYAENIDAE V Phoca hispida ladogensis E Hyaena hyaena barbara Ladoga Rmged Seal Barbary Hyaena Russia: Lake Ladoga Algeria; Morocco; Tunisia E Phoca hispida saimensis Family MTTSTFT.TD AF Saimaa Ringed Seal Finland: Lake Saimaa Ex? Conepatus mesoleucus telmalestes Big Thicket Hog-nosed Skunk K Phoca vitulina mellonae USA: Texas Ungava Seal Canada; Greenland E Eira barbara senex Greyheaded Tayra V Phoca viiulina stejnegeri Belize; Guatemala: Mexico Kuril Seal Kuril Sea V Lutra longicaudis longicaudis (L. platensis. also assigned to Lontra) Family URSIDAE La Plata Otter E Selenarctos thibetanus gedrosianus Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Paraguay?; Uruguay (Ursus thibetanus gedrosianus) V Lutra lutra lutra Baluchistan Bear European Otter Iran; Pakistan Eurasia Ex Ursus arctos nelsoni E Martes flavigula robinsoni Mexican Grizzly Bear Javan Yellow-throated Marten Mexico; USA Indonesia: Java Family VTVERRIDAE R Martes melampus tsuensis I Arctictis binturong Tsushima Island Marten whitei Japan Palawan Binturong Philippines: Palawan K Melogale personata orientalis (M. orientalis) E Arctogalidia trivirgata trilineata Javan Feiret-badger Javan Small-toothed Palm Civet Indonesia: Java Indonesia: Java I Martes dbellina brachyura I Crossarchus ansorgei ansorgei Japanese Sable Angolan CusLmanse Japan: Hokkaido Angola V Vormela peregusna peregusna R Genetta genetta isabelae Ibiza European Marbled Polecat Genet Spain: Ibiza Bulgaria; Greece; Romania; Turkey; Ukraine; Yugoslavia E Paradoxurus hermaphroditus lignicolor Family ODOBENIDAE (P lignicolor) Mentawai Pahn Civet K Odobenus rosmarus laptevi Indonesia: Sumatra Laptev Walrus Russia I Poiana richardsoni liberiensis Leighton's Linsang Liberia; Cote d'lvoire; Sierra Leone 220 Vertebrates E Viverra megaspila civettina Order ARTIODACTYLA (V. civettina) Family Malabar Large-spotted Civet SUIDAE India: Kerala V Hylochoerus meinertzhageni ivoriensis Order PERISSODACTYLA Western Forest Hog West Africa Family EQUIDAE Ex Phacochoerus aethiopicus aethiopicus Ex? Equus ferus przewalskii Cape Warthog (£. caballus przewalskii. E. przewalskii) South Africa: Cape Province Przewalski's Horse V Phacochoerus aethiopicus delameri China; Mongolia Somali Warthog Ex? Equus hemionus hemionus Kenya; Somalia North Mongolian Kulan MongoUa I Phacochoerus qfricanus aeliani Eritrean Warthog Ex Equus hemionus hemippus Djibouti; Eritrea Syrian WUd Ass R Sus barbatus ahoenobarbus Iran; Iraq; Israel: Saudi Arabia; Syria Palawan Bearded Pig E Equus hemionus khur Philippines: Balabac, Palawan, Calamian Indian WUd Ass Islands India V Sus barbatus oi E Equus hemionus kulan Western Bearded Pig Kulan Indonesia: Sumatra, Kundur. Ungar Islands; Kazakhstan; Turkmenistan Malaysia I Equus hemionus luteus V Sus scrofa riukiuanus Gobi Kulan Ryukyu Islands Wild Pig China; Mongolia Japan: Ryukyu Islands E Equus hemionus onager Family HIPPOPOTAMIDAE Onager Ex Hexaprotodon liberiensis keslopi Iran Nigeria V Equus kiang holderi Family TRAGULIDAE Eastern Kiang China V Tragulus napu nigricans Balabac Chevrotain I Equus kiang kiang Philippines: Balabac Western Kiang Island India; Nepal Family CERVIDAE I Equus kiang polyodon E Cervus elaphus yarkandensis Southern Kiang Yarkand Deer China; India: Sikkim China E Equus zebra zebra E Cervus eldii eldii Cape Mountain Zebra Manipur Brow-antlered Deer South Africa India Family RHINOCEROTIDAE E Cervus eldii siamensis Thailand Brow-antlered Deer E Ceratotherium simum cottoni Cambodia; China (ex?); Laos; Northern White Rhinoceros Thailand; Viet Nam Zaire 221 THREATENED AND EXTE^CT SUBSPECIES Ex? Cervus nippon grassianus E Alcelaphus buselaphus swaynei Shansi Sika Swayne's Hartebeest China Ethiopia E Cervus nippon keramae E Alcelaphus buselaphus tora Ryukyu Sika Tora Hartebeest Japan: Ryukyu Islands Eritrea?; Ethiopia; Sudan E Cervus nippon mandarinus Ex Ammotragus lervia ornatus Nortli China Sika Egyptian Barbary Sheep China Egypt E Cervus nippon pseudaxis E Budorcas taxicolor bedfordi (C. n. kopschi) Golden Takin South China Sika China China; Viet Nam I Budorcas taxicolor taxicolor I Cervus nippon sichanicus Mishmi Takin Sichuan Silca Bhutan; China; India; Myanmar China K Budorcas taxicolor tibetana E Cervus nippon taiouanus Sichuan Takin Fonnosan Sika China Taiwan (ex?) K Budorcas taxicolor whitei [Japan: Oshima Island] Bhutan Takin R Odocoileus hemionus cerrosensis Bhutan; China; India Cedros Island Mule Deer R Capra aegagrus blythi Mexico: Cedros Island Sind Ibex E Odocoileus virginianus clavium Pakistan Key Deer E Capra aegagrus USA: Florida Keys chialtanensis Chiltan Goat E Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Pakistan Argentinian Pampas Deer R Capra Argentina aegagrus cretica Cretan Goat E Rangifer tarandus pearyi Greece Peary Caribou Canada R Capra aegagrus turcmenica Turkman Wild Goat Family ANmOCAPRIDAE Turkmenistan E Antilocapra americana peninsularis E Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica Baja California Pronghom Pyrenean Ibex Mexico Spain E Antilocapra americana sonoriensis R Capra pyrenaica victoriae Sonoran Pronghom Gredos Ibex Mexico; USA Spain Family BOVIDAE E Capricornis sumatraensis sumatraensis Sumatran Serow E Aepyceros melampus petersi Black-faced Impala Indonesia: Sumatra; Malaysia Angola; Namibia R Cephalophus ogilbyi crusalbum White Ex Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus -legged Duiker Bubal Hartebeest Congo?; Gabon Algeria; Egypt; Morocco; Tunisia E Cephalophus nigrifrons rubidus Ruwenzori Black-fronted Duiker Uganda; Zaire? 222 Vertebrates R Damaliscus dorcas dorcas Ovis ammon ammon Bontebok Altai Argali South Africa China: Mongolia: Russia V Damaliscus lunatus korrigum Ovis ammon darwini Koirigum Mongolian Argali. Gobi Ai;gali Benin; Buridna Faso; Cameroon; Niger; China; Mongolia Nigeria; Togo Ovis ammon hodgsoni Ex? Gazella dorcas saudiya Tibetan Argali Saudi Gazelle China; India: Nepal Iraq?; Kuwait?; Saudi Arabia?; United Arab Ovis ammon jubata Emirates?: Yemen? Shansi ArgaU. Northern Chinese Argali E Gazella gazella acaciae China Acacia Gazelle Ovis ammon karelini Israel; Jordan? Tien Shan Argali R Gazella gazella farasani China; Kazakhstan Farasan Gazelle Ovis ammon nigrimontana Saudi Arabia: Farasan Islands Kara Tau Argali E Gazella gazella muscatensis Kazakhstan Muscat Gazelle Ovis ammon polH Oman Marco Polo Argali. Pamir Argali E Gazella subgutturosa marica Afghanistan; China; Pakistan; Tadjikistan Arabian Sand Gazelle Ovis canadensis cremnobates Iran?; Jordan; Oman; Saudi Arabia; Syria?; Peninsular Bighorn Sheep United Arab Emirates; Yemen? Mexico: USA E Hippotragus niger variant Ovis canadensis mexicana Giant Sable Antelope Mexican Bighorn Sheep Angola Mexico: USA Ex Kobus leche robertsi Ovis canadensis weemsi Roberts' Lechwe Weems' Bighorn Sheep Zambia Mexico E Nemorhaedus baileyi baileyi Ovis nivicola borealis Tibetan Red Goral Putorean Snow Sheep. Norilsk Snow Sheep China Russia K Nemorhaedus baileyi cranbrooki K Ovis orientalis arkal Red Goral Transcaspian Urial India: Myamnar Iran; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan V Nemorhaedus caudatus evansi Ovis orientalis blanfordi Evans' Lcmg-taUed Goral Blanford's Urial Thailand Pakistan E Nemorhaedus goral bedfordi Ovis orientalis bocharensis Western Himalayan Goral Bukhara Urial Pakistan Tajikistan; Uzbekistan E Oreotragus oreotragus porteousi Ovis orientalis cycloceros Western Klipspringer Afghan Urial Nigeria Afghanistan; Pakistan; Turkmenistan V Ourebia ourebi haggardi Ovis orientalis gmelini Haggard's Oribi Armenian Mouflon Kenya; Somalia Armenia: Azerbaijan; Iran; Turkey 223 THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES K Ovis orientalis isphahanica E Saiga tatarica mongolica Esfahan Mouflon Mongolian Saiga Iran Mongolia K Ovis orientalis laristanica E Tragelaphus derbianus derbianus Laristan Mouflon (T. oryx derbianus, also assigned to Tawotragus) Iran Western Giant Eland Guinea?; Guinea-Bissau; Mali?; Senegal R Ovis orientalis musimon European Mouflon V Tragelaphus eurycerus isaaci France: Corsica; Italy: Sardinia Eastern Bongo Kenya V Ovis orientalis ophion Cyprus Mouflon Order RODENTIA Cyprus Family APLODONTIDAE K Ovis orientalis orientalis I Aplodontia nigra Red Sheep rufa Point Arena Mountain Beaver Iran USA: California V Ovis orientalis punjabiensis I Aplodontia rufa phaea Punjab Urial Point Reyes Beaver Pakistan Mountain USA: California E Ovis orientalis severtzovi Family SCIURIDAE Severtzov's Urial Uzbekistan E Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus Carolina Flying Squirrel E Ovis orientalis vignei Ladahk Urial USA India; Pakistan E Glaucomys sabrinus fuscus E Redunca fulvorufula adamauae Virginia Flying Squinel Western Mountain Reedbuck USA Cameroon; Nigeria R Glaucomys volans goldmani V Redunca fulvorufula chanleri Mexican Flying Squirrel Chanler's Mountain Reedbuck Mexico Ethiopia; Kenya; Sudan; Tanzania; Uganda R Glaucomys volans guerreroensis Guerrero Flying K Rupicapra rupicapra asiatica Squirrel Turkish Chamois Mexico Turkey R Glaucomys volans oaxacensis I Rupicapra rupicapra batcanica Oaxaca Flying Squirrel Balkan Chamois Mexico Albania; Bulgaria; Greece; Yugoslavia E Ratufa indica dealbata E Rupicapra rupicapra cartusiarm Dangs Giant Squirrel Chartreuse Chamois India France E Ratufa indica elphinstoni R Rupicapra rupicapra caucasica Maharashtra Giant Squirrel Caucasian Chamois India Georgia; Russia E Sciurus niger cinereus V Rupicapra rupicapra tatrica Delmarva Fox Squirrel Tatra Chamois USA Poland; Slovakia E Tamias minimus atristriatus V Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata (Eutamias minimus atristriatus) Apennine Chamois New Mexico Least Chipmunk Italy: Ahiizzo National Park USA: New Mexico 224 Vertebrates E Tamias quadrivittatus australis I Zapus trinotatus orarius (Eutamias quadrivittatus australis) Point Reyes Jumping Mouse Organ Mountains Oiipmunk USA: California USA: New Mexico Family MURIDAE E Tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis E Microtus californicus scirpensis Mount Graham Red Squirrel Amargosa Vole USA: Arizona USA: Califomia Family CASTORIDAE E Microtus mexicanus hualpaiensis E Castor canadensis frondator Hualapai Vole Broad-tail Beaver USA: Arizona Mexico I Microtus mexicanus navaho E Castor canadensis mexicanus USA: Arizona Rio Grande Beaver E Microtus pennsylvanicus chihuahuensis Mexico Chihuahua Vole E Castor fiber birulai Mexico Mongolian Beaver E Microtus pennsylvanicus dukecampbelli Mongolia Florida Saltmarsh Vole Family GEOMYIDAE USA: Horida R Thomomys umbrinus emotus E Neotoma floridarm smalli Southern Pocket Gopher Key Largo Woodrat USA: New Mexico USA Family HETEROMYIDAE V Neotoma fuscipes riparia San Joaquin Valley Woodrat E Dipodomys heermanni morroensis USA: Califomia Morro Bay Kangaroo-rat USA I Oryzomys palustris argentatus (0. argentatus) K Dipodomys microps leucotis Silver Rice Rat Houserock Qiisel-toothed Kangaroo Rat USA USA: Arizona E Peromyscus gossypinus allapaticola E Dipodomys nitratoides exilis Key Largo Cotton Mouse Fresno Kangaroo Rat USA USA: CaUfomia E Peromyscus polionotus allophrys E Dipodomys nitratoides nitratoides Choctawhatchee Beach Mouse Tipton Kangaroo Rat USA USA: California E Peromyscus polionotus ammobates E Perognathus inornatus psammophilus Alabama Beach Mouse (P. longimembris psammophilus) USA Salinas Pocket Mouse USA: California I Peromyscus polionotus niveiventris South-eastern Beach Mouse E Perognathus longimembris brevinasus USA Los Angeles Little Pocket Mouse USA: California E Peromyscus polionotus phasma Anastasia Island Beach Mouse Family DIPODIDAE USA E Zapus hudsonius luteus E Peromyscus polionotus trissyllepsis (Z. princeps luteus) Perdido Key Beach Mouse Meadow Jumping Mouse USA USA: New Mexico 225 THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES Class AVES V Reithrodonlomys megalotis limicola Southern Marsh Harvest Mouse Order TINAMIFORMES USA: California Family TINAMIDAE E Sigmodon arizonae plenus Crypturellus erythropus saltuarius (S. hispidus plenus) E/Ex Colorado River Cotton Rat (C. saltuarius) USA: Arizona?, California Magdalena Tinamou Colombia (ex?) Order LAGOMORPHA Order FROCELLARnPORMES Family OCHOTONIDAE Family PROCELLARHDAE V Ochotona alpina argentata China E/Ex Pterodroma hasitata caribbaea (P. caribbaea) Ochotona alpina nirida V Jamaica Petrel Russia Jamaica (ex?) V Ochotona alpina ssp. K Puffinus auricularis newelli Mongolia (Piffinus newelli) E Ochotona cansus sorrela Newell 's Shearwater China USA: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii. Kauai) V Ochotona cansus morosa Order QCONHFORMES China Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE E Ochotona pallasi hamica I Bostrychia olivacea bocagei China; Mongolia (B. bocagei) I Ochotona pallasi sunidica Dwarf OUve Ibis China Sao Tom6 and Principe: Sao Tom6 E Ochotona thibetana sUdmaria Order GRUIFORMES India Family RALLIDAE I Ochotona thibetana huangensis China R Gallinula nesiotis comeri (Gallinula comeri) Family LEPORIDAE Gough Moorhen E Sylvilagus palustris hefneri Saint Helena: Gough Island Lower Keys Marsh Rabbit Order CHARADRHFORMES USA: Florida Keys Family HAEMATOPODIDAE Order MACROSCELIDEA E Haematopus unicolor chathamensis Family MACROSCELIDIDAE (//. chathamensis) K Petrodromus tetradactylus sangi Chatham Islands Oystercatcher Four-toed Elephant-shrew New Zealand: Chatham Islands Kenya Order PSITTACIFORMES K Rhynchocyon cirnei cirnei Family PSmACHDAE Chequered Elephant-shrew Mozambique K Aratinga holochlora brevipes (A. brevipes) R Rhynchocyon cirnei hendersoni Socorro Parakeet Henderson's Chequered Elephant-shrew Mexico: Malawi Socorro Island 226 Vertebrates Order STRIGIFORMES Family PYCNONOTIDAE Family STRIGIDAE K Hypsipetes borbonicus olivaceus (Hypsipetes olivaceus) K Otus magicus albiventris Mauritius Bulbul (0. alfredi) Mauritius Flores Scops-Owl Indonesia: Flores Family MUSCICAPIDAE R Otus magicus insularis K Gerygone magnirostris hypoxantha (O. insularis) (G. hypoxantha) Seychelles Scops-Owl Biak Gerygone Seychelles: Mahe Indonesia: Biak K Otus spilocephalus stresemanni E Tardus olivaceus helleri (0. stresemanni) (T. Iielleri) Sumatran Scops-Owl Teita Thrush Indonesia: Sumatra Kenya Order APODIFORMES FamUy MELIPHAGIDAE Family APODIDAE K Manorina flavigula melanotis (M. melanotis) Apus barbatus K sladeniae Black-eared Miner (Apus sladeniae) Australia Fernando Po Swift Angola; Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea: Bioko; Class REPTILIA Nigeria? Order TESTUDINES Order CORACHFORMES Family EMYDIDAE Family ALCEDINIDAE V Trachemys scripta calUrostris Ex Todirhamphus cinnamominus miyakoensis (Pseudemys scripta calUrostris. Pseudemys (Halcyon miyakoensis) ornata calUrostris. Chrysemys ornata Ryukyu Kingfisher calUrostris) Japan: Nansei-shoto Colombian Slider Order PASSERIFORMES Colombia; Venezuela Family FURNARUDAE R Trachemys stejnegeri malonei (Pseudemys malonei. Pseudemys terrapen V Asthenes dorbignyi huancavelicae malonei, Chrysemys malonei) Pale-tailed Canastero Inagua Island Turtle Peru Bahamas: Great Inagua Island E Cinclodes excelsior aricomae R Trachemys terrapen felis (Cinclodes aricomae) (Pseudemys felis) Royal Cioclodes Cat Island Freshwater Turtle Bolivia; Peru Pahamas: Cat Island] Family COTINGIDAE Family TESTUDINIDAE R Laniisoma elegans elegans V Testudo graeca graeca (L. elegans) (mcludes Testudo whitei. T. flavominimaralis Shrike-like Cotinga Furculachelys whitei. F. nabeulensis) Brazil Spur-thighed Tortoise Family TYRANNIDAE Algeria; Egypt?; Libya; Morocco; Spain; Tunisia E Onychorhynchus coronatus occidentalis [France; Italy] Western Royal-Flycatcher Ecuador, Peru 227 THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES V Testudo hermanni boettgeri Family VARANIDAE (Tesliido hermanni hermanni) V Varanus griseus caspius Eastern Hermann's Tortoise Central Asian Etesert Monitor Albania; Bulgaria; Gfreece; Italy; Romania; Central Asia Turkey; Yugoslavia [Malta] Order SERPENTES E Testudo hermanni hermanni Family BOIDAE {Testudo hermanni robertmertensi) R Charina bottae umbratica Western Hermann's Tortoise Rubber Boa France; Italy; Spain: Balearic Islands, USA: California [mainland] R Epicrates monensis monensis Order SAURIA {Epicrates gracilis monensis) Family PYGOPODIDAE Mona Island Boa Puerto Rico: Mona Island V Aprasia rostrata roslrata Hermite Island Worm-lizard R Epicrates striatus fosteri Australia Bahamas Boa Bahamas Family AGAMIDAE V Morelia spilota imbricata V Tympanocryptis lineata pinguicolla Western Australian Carpet Pydion South-eastern Lined Earless Dragon Australia Australia Family COLUBRIDAE Family IGUANIDAE V Drymarchon corals couperi K Phrynosoma coronatum blainvillei Eastern Indigo Snake San Diego Homed Lizard USA Mexico: Baja California; USA: California R Masticophis flagellum ruddockl Family LACERTIDAE San Joaquin Coachwhip R Podarcis filfolensis filfolensis USA: San Joaquin Valley. California (Lacerla filfolensis filfolensis) R Masticophis lateralis euryxanthus Filfola Lizard Almeda Striped Racer Malta: Filfola Island USA: California Family SCINCIDAE V Matrix natrlx cettl V Egernia pulchra longicauda Sardinian Grass Snake Jurien Bay Rock-skink Italy: Sardinia Australia R Nerodia fasclata taentata E Eulamprus tympanum ssp. Atlantic Saltmaish Snake Dreeite Water Skink USA: Horida Australia V Nerodia harteri paucimaculata R Gongylomorphus bojerii fontenayi Concho Water Snake (Scelotes bojeri) USA: Colorado and Concho River system Macabe Forest Skink K Nerodia sipedon Insularum Mauritius: Macabe Forest Lake Erie Water Snake Family ANIELLIDAE (Lake Erie) Canada; USA I Anniella pulchra nigra Black Legless Lizard E Thamnophls sirtalls tetrataenla USA: California San Francisco Garter Snake USA: California 228 Vertebrates Family ELAPIDAE Class CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI V Notechis ater ater Order PETROMYZONTIFORMES Krefft's Tiger Snake Family PETROMYZONTTDAE Australia R Lampetra tridentata ssp. Family VIPERIDAE Pacific Lamprey V Crotalus willardi obscurus USA New Mexican Ridge-nosed Rattlesnake Mexico; USA Class ACTINOPTERYGn R Vipera ammodytes transcaucasiaiia Order ACIPENSERIFORMES Transcaucasian Long-nosed Viper Family Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia; Russia; Turkey ACIPENSERIDAE E Vipera ursinii rakosiensis V Acipenser oxyrhynchus ssp. Orsini's Viper Atlantic Sturgeon Canada; Austria (ex?); Hungary; Romania USA Order CYPRESflFORMES Class AMPfflBIA Family CYPRINIDAE Order ANURA V Dionda episcopa ssp. Family BUFONIDAE Roundnose Mimiow Mexico I Bufo boreas nelsoni (alternatively treated as a full species Bufo V Gila bicolor ssp. nelsoni) Tui Chub Amargosa Toad USA USA: Nevada V Gila robusta ssp. Family HYUDAE Roundtail Chub Mexico; USA I Pseudacris streckeri illinoensis Illinois Qiorus Frog V Lepidomeda mollispinis ssp. USA Virgin Spinedace USA Family PELOBATIDAE E Pseudorasbora pumila ssp. V Pelobates fuscus insubricus Ushimotsugo Italian Spadefoot Toad Japan: Honshu Island Italy: plains of River Po; Switzerland: Ticino (ex?) E Rhodeus atremius suigensis Suigen Zenitanago Order CAUDATA Japan: Honshu Island Family AMBYSTOMATIDAE E Rhodeus ocellatus smithi R Ambystoma dumerilii dumerilii Nippon Baratanago Lake Patzcuaro Salamander or Achoque Japan: Yao city, Osaka Mexico: Lake Patzcuaro V Rhinichthys cataractae ssp. E Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum Longnose Dace Santa Cruz Long-toed Salamander Canada; USA USA: California V Rhinichthys osculus ssp. V Ambystoma tigrinum californiense Speckled Dace (Ambysloma californiense) Canada; Mexico; USA California Tiger Salamander Family CATOSTOMIDAE USA: CaUfomia R Catostomus catostomus lacustris Jasper Longnose Sucker Canada 229 THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES E Catostomus clarld intermedius FamUy CYPRJNODONTDDAE White River Sucker R Cyprinodon salinus milleri USA Cottonball Marsh Pupfish R Catostomus dicobolus yarrowi USA Zimi Bluehead Sucker USA R Cyprinodon salinus salinus Salt Creek Pupfish R Catostomus occidentalis lacusanserinus USA Goose Lake Sucker USA V Cyprinodon eximius ssp. Conchos Pupfish Ex Chasmistes liorus liorus Mexico; USA June Sucker USA E Cyprinodon macularius ssp. Desert Pupfish E Chasmistes liorus mictus Mexico; USA June Sucker USA V Cyprinodon nevadensis ssp. Amargosa Pupfish R Catostomus rimiculus ssp. USA Jenny Creek Sucker USA Order GASTEROSTEIFORMES Order CHARACIFORMES Family GASTEROSTEEDAE E Gasterosteus Family CHARACIDAE aculeatus santaeannae Santa Ana Stickleback R Astyanax mexicanus jordani USA Sardina Ciega Mexico E Gasterosteus aculeatus williamsoni Unarmored Threespine Stickleback Order SALMONIFORMES USA Family PLECOGLOSSIDAE Order PERCIFORMES E Plecoglossus altivelis ryukyuensis Family CENTRARCHIDAE Ryukyu Ayu-fish R Lepomis megalotis Japan: Ryukyu Islands ssp. Mojarra de Cuatro Cienegas Family SALMONIDAE Mexico V Onchorhynchus clarki ssp. R Micropterus salmQides ssp. Cutthroat Trout Robalo de Cuatro Cienegas USA Mexico V Stenodus leucichthys leucichthys Family QCHLIDAE Beloribitsa E Cichlasoma Azerbaijan?; Khazakstan; Russia urophtalmus ericymba Mojarra de Buiha Order CYPRINODONTIFORMES Mexico Family GOODEIDAE R Oreochromis alcalicus grahami L.ake Magadi Tilapia Ex Empetrichthys latos concavus Kenya Raycraft Ranch Poolfish USA Family EMBIOTOCIDAE E Empetrichthys latos latos R Hysterocarpus traski pomo Pahrump Poolfish Russian River Tule Perch USA USA Ex Empetrichthys latos pahrump Pahmmp Ranch Poolfish USA 230 Invertebrates Phylum MoUusca K Eremarionta rowelli mccoiana McCoy Desert Snail Class GASTROPODA USA Order ARCHAEOGASTROPODA K Helminthoglypta arrosa pomoensis USA Family HELIONIDAE I Helminthoglypta expansilabris mattolensis Pleuropoma V zigzac ponapense Cape Shoulderband Federated States of Micronesia: Pohnpei USA V Pleuropoma zigzac zigzac K Helminthoglypta nickliniana awania Federated States of Micronesia: Kosrae Nicklin's Peninsula Snail Order MESOGASTROPODA USA Family DIPLOMMATTNIDAE I Helminthoglypta nickliniana bridges! USA V Palaina strigata kororensis I Helminthoglypta Palau: Koror nickliniana contracosta USA Order STYLOMMATOPHORA E Helminthoglypta sequoicola consors Family CLAUSIUIDAE USA R Macrogastra lineolata euzieriana K Helminthoglypta stiversiana miwoka France Dented Peninsula Snail USA Family DISCIDAE R Helminthoglypta stiversiana williamsi V Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis USA Idaho Banded Moimtain Snail USA K Monadenia fidelis minor USA R Oreohelix strigosa goniogyra Carinated Striate Banded Mountain Snail V Monadenia fidelis pronotis USA Rocky Coast Sideband USA Family POLYGYRIDAE K Monadenia yosemitensis yosemitensis V Mesodon clarki nantahala Indian Yosemite Snail Noonday Snail USA USA K Monadenia mormonum huttoni I Mesodon clausus trossulus USA Banded Mesodon USA V Monadenia mormonum hirsuta USA I Stenotrema leai cheatumi USA Class BIVALVIA Family CAMAENIDAE Order UNIONOffiA R Glyptorhagada wilkawillina umbilicata Family MARGARITIFERIDAE Australia: South Australia I Margaritifera margarilifera durrovensis Family HELMESTTHOGLYFIIDAE Ireland I Eremarionta indioensis cathedralis Family UNIONIDAE Cathedral Desert Snail USA E Dysnomia florentina curtisi {Epioblasma florentina) K Eremarionta rowelli bakerensis Curtis Pearlymussel Baker Desert Snail USA USA 231 THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES E Dysnomia florentina florentina E Seychellibasis alluaudi alluaudi (Epioblasma florentina florentina) Seychelles Yellow-blossom Family EUPHAEIDAE USA R Bayadera brevicauda ishigakiana E Dysnomia florentina walkeri Japan: Iriomote, Ishigaki (^Epioblasma florentina walkeri) Tan RifflesheU Family PLATYCNEMIDAE USA R Coeliccia Jlavicauda masakii E Dysnomia ohliquata obliquata Japan: Yayeyama (Epioblasma obliquata obliquata) R Coeliccia ryakyuensis amamii Catspaw Japan: Amami USA R Coeliccia ryakyuensis ryukyuensis E Dysnomia obliquata perobliqua Japan: Okinawa (Epioblasma obliquata perobliqua) White Catspaw Family AESHNIDAE USA R Planaeschna ishigakiana ishigakiana E Dysnomia torulosa gubemaculum Japan: Yayeyama (Epioblasma torulosa gubemaculum) R Planaeschna ishigakiana nagaminei Green-blossom Amami USA Japan: R Planaeschna risi sakishimana E Dysnomia torulosa rangiana Japan: Yayeyama (Epioblasma torulosa rangiana) Northern RifflesheU Family GOMPHIDAE Canada; USA R Asiagomphus amamiensis amamiensis E Dysnomia torulosa torulosa Japan: Amami-oshima (Epioblasma torulosa torulosa) R Asiagomphus amamiensis okinawanus Tubercled-blossom Japan: Okinawa Canada; USA I Ophiogomphus incurvatus alleghaniensis Phylum ARTHROPODA Alleghany Snaketail Dragonfly USA Class INSECTA R Stylogomphus ryukyuensis asatoi Japan: Kerama. Okinawa Order ODONATA R Stylogomphus ryukyuensis watanabei Family CALOPTERYGIDAE Japan: Iriomote R Matrona basilaris japonica Family CORDULEGASTERIDAE Japan: Amami-oshima, Okinawa, Tokunoshima R Chlorogomphus brevistigmata okinawanus Family COENAGRIONIDAE Japan: Okinawa E Coenagrion hylasfreyi R Chlorogomphus brunneus brunneus Frey's Damselfly Japan: Okinawa Austria; Germany; Switzerland R Chlorogomphus brunneus keramensis I Megalagrion amaurodytum fallax Japan: Kerama Fallax Damselfly USA: Hawaiian Islands Family CORDULUDAE I Megalagrion amaurodytum peles R Hemicordulia mindana nipponica Pele Damselfly Japan: Nakanoshima, Tanegashima, Yayeyama USA: Hawaiian Islands Family LIBELLULIDAE I Megalagrion amaurodytum waianaeanum K Eleuthemis beuttikoferi quadrigutta Waianae Damselfly Mozambique; Zimbabwe USA Hawaiian Islands 232 Invertebrates R Leucorrhinia intermedia ijimai Family FTMTNTHTDAF Japan: Hokkaido I Huleechius marroni carolus R Orthetrum poecilops miy Order COLEOPTERA I Stenelmis calida calida Devil's Hole Warm Spring Riffle Beetle Family CARABIDAE USA I Sphaeroderus schaumi Shenandoah I Stenelmis calida moapa Schaum's Blue Ridge Ground Beetle Moapa Warm Springs Riffle Beetle USA USA Family QCINDEUDAE Family LAMP'iTUDAE I Cicindela cMorocephala smythi I Photuris brunnipennis floridana Smyth's Tiger Beetle Everglades Browing Firefly USA USA I Cicindela dorsalis dorsalis Family CERAMBYCIDAE North-eastem Beach Tiger Beetle USA E Crossidius mojavensis mojavensis Mojave Rabbitbnish Longhom Beetle I Cicindela latesignata obliviosa USA Oblivious Tiger Beetle USA V Desmocerus californicus dimorphus Valley Elderberry Longhom Beetle I Cicindela limbata albissima USA Coral Pink Dunes Tiger Beetle USA Family CURCUUONIDAE I Cicindela nevadica olmosa I Trigonoscuta dorothea dorolhea has Olmos Tiger Beetle Dorothy's El Segundo Dune Weevil USA USA I Cicindela nigrocoerula subtropica Order LEPIDOPTERA Subtropical Blue-Black Tiger Beetle USA Family HESPERUDAE I Antipodia chaostola leucophaea I Cicindela obsoleta neojuvenalis Australia: Tasmania Neojuvenile Tiger Beetle USA E Hesperia leonard montana (Hesperia pawnee montana) I Cicindela tranquebarica viridissima Pawnee Montane Skipper Greenest Tiger Beetle USA USA I Hesperilla mastersi marakupa Family DYTISCIDAE Australia; Tasmania Ex Dytiscus lapponicus disjunctus V Kedestes barerae bunta Italy; Alpes Maritime Barber's Ranger Family SCARABAEIDAE South Africa K Dynastes hercules glaseri I Oreisplanus munionga larana Trinidad and Tobago Australia: Tasmania V Dynastes hercules hercules V Panoquina panoquinoides errans Hercules Beetle Salt Mareh Skipper Dominica; Guadeloupe Mexico; USA V Dynastes hercules reidi I Pseudocopaeodes eunus eunus Hercules Beetle Wandering Skipper Martinique; Saint Lucia USA 233 THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES Family PAPILIONIDAE V Argyrocupha malagrida maryae Lion's Head Copper E Eurytides lysithous harrisianus South Africa Harris' Mimic Swallowtail Brazil R Argyrocupha malagrida paarlensis Lion's Head Copper R Graphium alehion chungianus South Africa Taiwan R Bowkeria phosphor borealis V Graphium antiphates ceylonicus South Africa Sri Lankan Five-bar Swordtail Sri Lanka R Bowkeria phosphor phosphor South Africa E Papilio aristodemus ponceanus Schaus' Swallowtail E Callophrys mossii bayensis USA San Bruno Elfm USA E Papilio desmondi teita Taita Blue-banded Papilio R Durbania amakosa albescens Kenya South Africa Ex Papilio phorbanta nana I Durbania amakosa flavida Seychelles South Africa E Parnassius apollo vinningensis I Euphilotes battoides comstocki Germany {Shijimiaeoides battoides comstocki) Comstock's Blue I Parnassius clodius shepardii USA Shepard's Clodius Parnassian USA E Euphilotes bernardino allyni (Shijimiaeoides battoides allyni) Ex Parnassius clodius strohbeeni El Segundo Blue Strohbeen's Clodius Parnassian USA USA E Euphilotes enoptes smithi E Troides aeacus kaguya Taiwan (Shijimiaeoides enoptes smithi) Smith's Blue Family PIERIDAE USA I Euchloe hyantis andrewsi I Euphilotes rita mattonii Andrew's Marble Butterfly (Shijimiaeoides rita mattonii) USA Mattoni's Blue R Pieris krueperi devta USA India Ex Everes comyntas texanus Family LYCAENIDAE Texas Tailed Blue USA R Aloeides dentatis dentatis South Africa R lolaus diametra natalica (Epamera diametra natalica) I Aloeides dentatis maseruna South Africa Lesotho; South Africa Ex? Glaucopsyche lygdamus palosverdesensis R Aloeides trimeni southeyae Palos Verdes Blue South Africa USA R Argyrocupha malagrida cedrusmontana I Hemiargus thomasi bethune-bakeri Lion's Head Copper Miami Blue Butterfly South Africa USA V Argyrocupha malagrida malagrida E Icaricia icarioides missionensis Lion's Head Copper Mission Blue South Africa USA 234 Invertebrates I Icaricia karioides moroensis I Poecilmitis nigricans zwartbergae Moro Bay Blue Blue Jewel Copper USA South Africa I Icaricia icarioides pheres R Poecilmitis pyroeis hersaleki Pheres Blue South Africa USA I Pseudalmenus chlorinda chlorinda R Lepidochrysops jamesi classensi Australia: Tasmania South Africa I Pseudalmenus chlorinda conara R Lepidochrysops jamesi jamesi Australia: Tasmania South Africa I Shijimiaeoides langstoni langstoni E Lepidochrysops methymna dicksoni Langston's Blue South Africa USA R Lepidochrysops oreas oreas R Strymon acts bartrami South Africa Bartram's Hairrtreak USA Ex? Lycaeides argyrognomon lotis Lotis Blue R Tkestor dicksoni calviniae USA Dickson's Thestor South Africa I Lycaeides melissa samuelis Karner Blue R Thestor dicksoni dicksoni USA Dickson's Thestor South Africa I Lycaena dorcas claytoni Clayton's Copper I Thestor montanus pictus USA South Africa E Maculinea teleius hurdigalensis R Tuxentius melaena griqua Scarce Large Blue South Africa France Family RIODINIDAE R Mitoura gryneus sweadneri E Apodemia mormo langei Sweadner's Haiistreak USA Lange's Metalmark USA R Ornipholidotos peucetia penningtoni Family SATYRIDAE White Mimic Mozambique; South Africa Ex Cercyonis sthenele sthenele Sthenele Wood Nymph E Panchala ganesa loomisi USA Tailless Blue Japan R Erebia annada annada Bhutan: India I Philotiella speciosa bohartorum Bohart's Blue R Erebia narasingha narasingha USA India E Plehejus icarioides missionensis R Lethe dura gammiei Mission Blue Bhutan; India USA R Lethe europa tamuna R Phasis thero cedarbergae India: Nicobar Island South Africa R Lethe gemina gafuri R Poecilmitis brooksi tearei India South Africa R Lethe ocellata lyncus I Poecilmitis nigricans nigricans Bhutan; India Blue Jewel Copper South Africa 235 THREATENED AND EXTINCT SUBSPECIES E Neonympha mitchelli mitchelli I Salamis angustina angustina Mitchell's Satyr Butterfly Salamis Retrecie USA Madagascar, R6iuiion R Pararge menava maeroides Ex Salamis angustina vinsoni India Mauritius R Ypthima dohertyi persimilis I Satyrodes eurydice fumosa India; Myamnar Smokey Eyed Brown Butterfly USA Family NYMPHAUDAE Ex Speyeria adiasle atossa E Antanartia borbonica mauritiana Atossa Mauritius USA V Charaxes druceanus entabeni I Speyeria callippe callippe Silver Barred Charaxes Callippe Silverspot South Africa USA I Charaxes druceanus williamsi I Speyeria hydaspe conquista Kenya Silverspot I Charaxes durnfordi nicholi USA Chestnut Rajah I Speyeria nokomis caerulescens India; Myamnar Blue Silverspot V Charaxes karkloof capensis Mexico; USA South Africa I Speyeria nokomis nokomis V Charaxes xiphares desmondi Great Basin Silverspot Kenya USA V Charaxes xiphares xiphares I Speyeria zerene behrensii Western Forest Emperor Behren's Silverspot South Africa USA V Cymothoe alcimeda alcimeda V Speyeria zerene hippolyta Battling Glider Oregon Silverspot South Africa USA R Doleschallia bisaltide andamana R Speyeria zerene myrtleae Andaman Leafwing Myrtle's Fritillary India: Andaman Islands USA E Euphydryas editha bayensis Family SPHINGIDAE Bay Checkerspot Butterfly USA E Celerio wilsoni perkinsi USA: Hawaiian Islands I Euphydryas editha monoensis Mono Checkerspot Butterfly Order HYMENOPTERA USA Family SPHECDDAE V Heliconius charitonius peruvianas I Ectemnius nesocrabo bidecoratus Ecuador, Peru Bidecoratus Sphecid Wasp I Heteronympha cordacea comptena USA: Hawaiian Islands Australia: Tasmania Family ANDRENIDAE I HypoUmnas dubius drucei I Perdita hirticeps luteocincta Comoro Islands; Madagascar, Mauritius Yellow Banded Andrenid Bee R Neptis sankara nar USA India: Andaman Islands I Perdita scitula antiochensis Antioch Andrenid Bee USA 236 List 5 COMMERCIALLY THREATENED SPECIES COMMERCIALLY THREATENED SPECIES Class MAMMALIA CT Pinctada maxima Order PRIMATES Gold-lipped Pearl Oyster Indo-Pacific Family CERCOPITHECIDAE Phylum ARTHROPODA CT Macaca nemestrina Pigtail Macaque Bangladesh; Brunei; Cambodia?; Qiina; India; Class CRUSTACEA Indonesia; Laos; Malaysia; Myanmar; Thailand; Viet Nam Order DECAPODA Family NEPHROPIDAE Phylum CNIDARIA CT Homarus americanus American Lobster Class ANTHOZOA North Atlantic Order GORGONACEA CT Homarus gammarus European Lobster Fanuly CORALLIIDAE North-east Atlantic CT CoralUum (20 species) CT Nephrops norvegicus Precious Corals Norway Lobster Mediterranean Sea. Pacific Ocean North-east Atlantic Order ANTCPATHARIA Family PALINURIDAE Family ANTmPATHIDAE CT Jasus edwardsii Rock Lobster CT Anthipathidae (c 150 species) New Zealand Black Coral Caribbean, Indo-Pacific CT Panulirus argus Caribbean Spiny Lobster Phylum MOLLUSCA Caribbean CT Panulirus guttatus Spotted Spiny Lobster Class GASTROPODA Caribbean Order ARCHAEOGASTROPODA CT Panulirus penicillatus Family TURBINIIDAE Pronghom Spiny Lobster Indo-Pacific CT Turbo marmoratus Green Snail Phylum ECHINODERMATA Indo-Pacific FamUy STROMBIDAE Class ECHINOIDEA CT Strombus gigas Queen Conch Order ECHINOIDA Caribbean Family ECHINIDAE Class BIVALVIA CT Paracentrotus lividus Purple Urchin Order PTERIOIDA North-east Atlantic, Mediterranean Family PTEREDAE CT Pinctada margaritifera Black-Upped Pearl Oyster Indo-Pacific 239 1 8 INDEX aaa. Cavaticovelia 166 acrocnema, Boloria 185 AEPYORNnHIDAE 193 AaadoniQ 136 Acrodipsas 1 80 Aepypodius 40 abbotli, Gonocepiialus 79 acrodonla. Pleralopex 8 aequalorialis. Pilhecia 13 abbolti, Papasula 36 acroleucus, Chorlippus 164 aesacui, Ornithoptera 178 abbreviala. Achalinella 201 Acrolophilus 1 64 Aeschrithmysus 1 73 abbreviala. Leiostyla 203 ACROLOXIDAE 129 Aeshna 160 abbreviala, Samoana 204 /4cro/oA-U5 129 AESHNEDAE 160.232 abei. Hynobius 91 flcros. Eremichihys 95 aesiodora. DIrce 186 abendanom. Telmatherina 108 Actenoides 53 aestipuleus. Gamhusia 105 aberti, Cyprogenia 147 aclicola. Gerbillus 29 Aelhalops 1 ofo/rfi. Pelaurus 5 Aclinella 144 aelhesa. Arawacus 180 abjectus. Caseolus 144 aclinophora. Aclinella 144 aelhiopicus aelhiopicus, Phacochoerus Afcrawayoomyj 29 aculeatus santaeannae , Gaslerosleus 230 221 Abronia 82 aculealus wilUamsoni. Gaslerosleus 230 aelhiopicus delameri, Phacochoerus 221 abrupta, Lampsills 147 Aculopsis 200 Aelhiolhemts 162 abyssinica. Genelta 19 acuminata. Jardinella 122 Aelhomys 29 Acalyphes 1 86 acuminalus. Catabasis 99 Aelfiopyga 65 Acanlhaeshna 160 acuminatus, Ophiogomphus 161 a/er, Pseudobarbus 97 Acanthanura 158 acunhae, Nesospiza 67 ajfinis. Parapinmxa 158 Acanthinula 132 acuta. Nesosydne 167 -ij^^rai, Partula 203 Acanlhiops 81 aculicauda, Apus 52 affinis. Speocirolana 154 Acanthobrama 198 aculiceps, Elheosloma 1 1 africana, Kenvoula 191 Acanlhochelys 11 acuticosta. Maulodontha 205 africana. Loxodunta 24 Acanthocobitis 98 acutifrons. Cephalaeschna 160 africana, Mu stela 17 ACANTHODRILIDAE 213 acutiroslhs, Heteralocha 197 africanus aeliani, Pfiacochoerus 221 Acanthomelropus 207 acutiroslris. Taudaclylus 89 africanus, Equus 24 Acanlhorhodeus 94 acutissima, Hirasea 136 Afrixalus 88 Acanthorutilus 94 acutissimus. Medionidus 148 Afroedura 78 acarpicus, Insuetophrymus 89 acutorostrata. Balaenoplera 20 Afropavo 41 accepta, Fonscochlea 122 acutus. Crocodylus 11 Agabus 1 68 Accipiler 39 aculus. Lagenorhyncims 20 AGAMIDAE 79.228 ACCIPITRIDAE 39 adalberti. Aquila 39 Agapelus 175 Acerodon 7, 191 adamantina, Tryonia 126 Agapelus 175 Aceros 54 adamsoni. Hephaestus 110 Agapornis 49 acerosus. Viviparus 119 adansoni. Hemicycla 145 agarhecta, Pyrgulopsis 124 Acestrura 52 Ac^ar 26 Agarodes 176 Achalinus 83 adelaidensis. THiqua 82 agassizi, Ambassis 109 Achalinella 130. 131. 201 Adelocosa 152 agassizi, Salvelinus 199 ACHATINELLIDAE 130. 201 Adelotus 89 agassizii. Gopherus 74 Acheilognathus 94 Adelphicos 83 Agelaius 69 acheron, Papilio 179 adelphus. Bulimulus 134 Agelastes 41 Qcheronlis. Procambarus 156 adersi. Cepfialophus 27 Aglaeactis 52 acheronyles, Cammarus 154 adiaste alossa. Speyena 236 AGLYCYDERIDAE 213 achlys, Euryphura 185 adonis, Poecilmitis 182 Aglymbus 168 Aciagrion 159 ADRIANICHTHYIDAE 106 agnus. Rhithrodytes 170 acicula, Bylhiospeum 121 Adrianichlhys 106 Agonum 167 Acicula 1 19 adspersa, Mogurnda 114 agostinhoi. Oxycliilus 140 ACICULIDAE 119,200 adytum, Megalagrion 159 Agriades 1 80 Acilius 168 aeacus kaguya. Troides 234 agricola. Panlinonemertes 1 17 Adnonjj: 16, 219 aedium, Plagiodontia 32 agrioides, Ampliipteiyx 158 Acipenser 93 aegagrus blylhi, Capra 222 Agriornis 57 Acipenser 93, 229 aegagrus chialtanensis, Capra 222 Agro/ix 209, 210 ACIPENSERIDAE 93.229 aegagrus cretica, Capra 222 aguirrepequenoi, Notropis 96 ac/\s barirami. Strymon 235 aegagrus lurcmenica, Capra 222 aheneus, Leiopotlierapon 1 10 <4cneu5 172 Aegialia 170. 171 ailaketoae, Hedleyoconcha 137 Acraea 185 Aegotheles 196 Ailuropoda 18 j4 craea 185 AEGOTHELIDAE 196 Ailurus 1 ACRAEIDAE 185 Aegypius 39 ailkeni, Sminlhopsis 3 Qcraeina, Erikssonia 180 ae//o. Nyctimene 8 Au: 38 Acrantophis 83 aemula. Pillomena 137 ajamaruensis. Melanotaenia 107 ACRIDIDAE 164 aenea, Rana 90 akamalus. Bulimulus 134 Acrocephalus 59, 60 Aepyceros 222 a/://i, Alburnus 94 ACROCERIDAE 175 Aepyornis 193 alabamae, Palaemonias 156 241 8 1 1 Alahamaubha 172 Alecirurus 57 amamiensis okinawanus. Asiagomphus alahamensis. Amphigyra 130 A/e/fte 60 232 alabamensis, Goniohasis 200 aleihorfjytidus. Bulimulus 134 Amandava 69 alabamensis. Pseudemys 74 alexandra. Rhyacophila 175 amaniensis, Cymothoe 185 alabamensis. Vertigo 133 alexandrae. Ornillioptera 178 Amanipodagrion 1 59 alabaslrinus. 'Napaeus' 133 aiexandrae. Polytelis 50 amargosus. Ambrysus 166 Alaena 180 alexandri, Gulickia 131 amarus, Hybognalhus 96 alamosae, Tryonia 126 alfredi. Cervus 26 amarus, Puntius 97 a/ani. Cyclodina 81 aliciae. Aglaeactis 52 Amastra 132. 202 alaolrensis. Rheocles 108 Alionycleris 1 AMASTREDAE 132, 202 Alasmidonla 146. 207 Alismodonla 146 amastroides. Bulimulus 134 a//ii5. 59 amatoUca. Bufo 87 a/a/a . Diplommalina 1 1 Malaconolus alata, Taheilia 126 a/u//. Ciyloclanles 55 Amauris 183 Alauda 58 aljibensis, Deronecles 168 Amaurocichla 60 ALAIIDIDAE 58 Allaclaga 29 amaurodytum fallax, Megalagrion 232 o//>a. Cacatita 48 allamanica. Vallonia 132 amaurodylum peles. Megalagrion 232 a/fra. Geocrinia 89 allanae. Lerista 82 amaurodytum waianaeanum, Megalagrion a//5a. Peripatopsis 188 AUanaspides 153 232 albanyensis, Goniobasis 128 alleni. Grallaria 56 Amaurornis 43 albata. Palaina 1 18 alleni, Zenarchopterus 106 Amazilia 52 albata, Parantica 183 Allenopilhecus 13 Amazona 49 albatrus. Diomedea 35 Alligator 11 amazonina, Hapalopsittaca 49 alberti, Crax 41 ALLIGATORIDAE 77 ambagiosus, Placostylus 135 albertinae, Streptocitfa 70 allisonae. Antiponemertes 117 AMBASSIDAE 109 albertinum. Glaucidium 51 Allocebus 10 v4m6aj5/j 109 albicilla. Haliaeetus 39 Allocfiaropa 137 ambigua, Simpsoniconcha 149 albicosla, Euploea 183 Allocrangonyx 155 Amblema 146 albidens. Melomys 30 Alloperla 208 Ambloplites 110 albifacies, Sceloglaux 196 Allorliizuclui 162 AMBLYCIPITIDAE 100 alhifrons cuscinus. Cehus 218 Allotoca 105 AMBLYOPSIDAE 103 albifrons, Leucorrhinia 162 alluaudi alluaudi. Seychellibasis 232 Amblyopsis 103 albifrons, Palpopleura 162 allynsmilhi. Helminthoglypta 145 Amblyornis 70 albifrons yuracus, Cebus 218 Aloeides 1 80, 234 Amblyrhynchus 79 albigena alerrimus. Cercocebus 218 Alopochen 194 Amblysomus 5. 6 albigularis, Rhinomylas 63 Aloualla 12,217 Ambrysus 166 albinasus, Chiropotes 12 alpenae. Coregonus 199 ambusta, Auriculella 131 aWipectus, Pyrrfiura 50 alpina argentata, Ocholona 226 iAmfey^roma 91, 229 albipennis. Penelope 41 alpina nitIda. Ochotona 226 AMBYSTOMATIDAE 91. 229 albipes, Conilurus 192 alpina. Rosalia 173 Ameca 105 albirostris, Cervus 26 alpina ssp.. Ocfiolona 226 amecae, Nolropis 198 albiroslris, Lagenorhynchus 20 alpinum . Bythiospeum 1 2 Ameiva 81, 197 albivallis, Lepidomeda 96 alpinus, Anairetes 57 Ameletus 158 albiveniris. Spangle rogyrus 170 alpinus, Cuon 15 americana, Dolania 158 albizona, Vipera 85 alpinus. Cobiomorphus 113 americana. Grus 43 albocarinata , Omphalotropis 126 alsea. Ochrolrichia 176 americana peninsularis, Anldocapra 222 albogularis, Zoslerops 65 Alsodes 88 americana sonoriensis, Antilocapra 222 albolabris. Amastra 202 Alsophis 83. 198 americanus, Driloleirus 151 albolimbatus . Megalurus 62 allerna. Westraltrachia 143 americanus, Homarus 239 alboUneata, Hyla 87 aliernafus. Nesets 166 americanus. Nicropfiorus 170 albolineatus. Fundulus 199 altiapica. Opanara 205 americanus. Siphonorhis 52 albopilosa, Lichnanlhe 171 alticola. Perognailius 29 amistadensis. Gambusia 199 albopunctatus, Heletoporus 89 alticola. Poospiza 67 Ammocrypta 1 1 albosthalus, Chlidonias 46 allicorpus. Varicorhinus 98 Ammodillus 29 Alburnus 94 altilis, Lampsilis 147 Ammodorcas 26 a/fruj. Porphyrio 195 altipinnis, Parambassis 109 ammodytes transcaucasiana, Vipera 229 a/feu5, Scaphirfiynchus 93 altirostre. Chrysomma 60 ammon ammon, Ovis 223 >4/ca 195 allivelis. Lepidomeda 198 ammon dan\'ini, Ovis 223 alcalicus grahami, Oreochromis 230 altivelis ryukyuensis. Plecoglossus 230 ammon hodgsoni. Ovis 223 ALCEDINIDAE 53, 227 alutaceus. Rhantus 208 ammon jubata. Ovis 223 A/cedo 53 alvarezi, Cyprinodon 104 ammon karelini. Ovis ll'i Alcelaphus 222 alvarezi. Gambusia 105 ammon nigrimontana , Ovis 223 alchichica, Poblana 108 alvaroi. Pristidactylus 80 ammon polii, Ovis 223 ALCIDAE 46 alveare. Pleurocera 129 Ammonitella 136 alcimeda alcimeda. Cymothoe 236 alveus, Lollia 199 Ammopelmatus 163 Alcippe 60 alvordensis. Gila 95 Ammotragus 26. 222 a/con, Maculinea 181 i4/3'/cj 87 amnicoloides. Somalogyrus 125 alconura, Limnephilus 176 Ahoniella 119 amniculus. Craterocephalus 107 aldabrana, Nesillas 62 amabilis. Rhyacophila 208 amoenus. Phylloscopus 63 alebion chungianus, Graphium 234 awMdi, Weberogobius 1 15 Amphidromus 141 alecto. Aelhalops 7 amakosa albescens, Durbama 234 amphiehaenus. Potamilus 149 'Alectroenas' 195 amakosa flavida, Durbania 234 Amphigyra 130 Alectroenas 195 amamiensis amamiensis, Asiagomphus 232 AMPHIPTERYGIDAE 158 242 7 1 1 Amphipteryx 158 angustirostris. Marmaronelta 38 antisensis, Hippocamelus 26 AmphoreHa 135. 204 Anhydrophryne 90 antoniae, Carpodecles 56 ampla. Anculosa 127 ANIELLIDAE 228 Antrobia 119 ampla, Goniobasis 128 anijimana, Mandanna 142 Anlrolana 154 Ampiirhagada 141 ANILUDAE 83 antrorum, Palaemonetes 156 amplus, Notomys 192 ankoberensis, Serinus 69 AonvA' 17 ampullatus. Hyperoodon 23 anna. Ciridops 196 i4o/05 217 amsterdamensis, Diomedea 35 annada annada. Erebia 235 i4o/u5 12 Amychus 172 annamarulae, Melaenornis 62 apache. Onchorhynclius 103 Amytornis 60 Annamemys 13 Apachecoccus 1 19 ana, Nesidiolestes 166 annamensis. Annamemys 73 Apalis 60 ANABANTIDAE 115 annamurrayae. Phrantela 123 Apalopteron 66 Anabarilius 94 anneclans, Ilhamar 166 Apatalestea 174 Anaea 185 anneclens, Samoana 134 Apatania 1 76 Anaecypris 94 annettae, Goniobasis 128 apatela, Proloploea 184 anagiypticQ . Actinella 144 Anmella 228 Apaturopsis 185 Anagotus 173 annulifera, Goniobasis 128 apella robustus, Cebus 218 Anaireles 57 annulifera. Pleurocera 129 apella xanthosternos, Cebus 218 anakluvukensis, Salvelinus 103 ANOBIIDAE 172 apexfulva, Achatinella 130 >lna5 38, 194 anodonta. Fluvidona 121 Aphanapteryx 1 94 Anaspides 153 Anodonla 146 Apfujnius 104 ANASPIDIDAE 153 Anodorhynchus 49 Aphaoslracon 119 ANATIDAE 38. 194 Anoglypta 136 Aphelocepliala 60 anatolias. Aplianius 104 Ano/ii 79 APHIDID.AE 167 anatolicus. Acanthorutilus 94 Anomala 171 aphnaeoides. lolaus 180 anceopfula, Careiia 202 ANOMALOPTERYGDDAE 193 Aphodius 171 anceps. Pteralopex 8 Anomalopus 81 Aphrastura 55 anceyana, Taipidon 206 ANOMALlfRIDAE 31 aphylla. Phyllonycteris 9 Ancharius 101 anomalus. Eleolhreptus 52 a/j/a. Trochomorpfia 139 anchietae, Pleroles 8 anomalus. Ophiogomplms 161 apicalis. Anectothemis 162 Ancuiopsis 127, 200 anomalus, Zoslerops 65 apicalis. Leporillus 192 Ancu/o5a 127. 128, 200 Anomochilus 83 apicalis. Moho 196 A ncylastrum 1 30 Anon>'momv5 29 apicalis. Paranlechinus 3 ANCYLIDAE 130 anophlhalmus . Oreonectes 98 APIOCERn)AE 175 andersoni , Neothramma 176 anophthalmus. Sinocyclocheilus 98 APEOCHEILIDAE 103 andersoni. Phaulomys 30 anophlhalmus, Tasmanipatus 188 Aplochiton 102 andersonii, Hyla 87 anops. Adelocosa 152 Aplodonlia 224 andicola. Agriornis 57 ansellorum, Crocidura 6 APLODONTIDAE 224 andinus. Podiceps 35 Ani^r 38 Aplonis 70, 197 ANDRENIDAE 236 ansorgei ansorgei. Crossarchus 220 Aplothorax 1 67 andrewi, Barbus 94 antaeus. Epargyreus 177 Apodemia 235 andrewsi. Fregala 37 antalyensis, Capoeta 95 APODIDAE 52,227 Andrias 91 Anianartia 185, 236 apolinari, Cistothorus 59 andromache, Troides 180 anlarclicus, Rallus 44 apollinaris, Archon 178 Anectothemis 162 anteisensis. Pseudamnicola 123 apollo. Parnassius 180 anelpistus. Diploglossus 82 antelmiana. Gulella 204 apollo vinningensis. Parnassius 234 anerythra. Pitta 57 anteronivea, Polyphylla 171 apophysata. Branclunella 153 AnW/a 183 ante sella, Percina 1 1 aporus, Megupsilon 105 anelianus. Pieropus 8 antevorla. Hypolimnas 185 appalachia. Hansonoperia i65 Aneurelus 186 ANTHICIDAE 173 Appalachia 164 angasianus, Bothriembryon 134 Anthicus 173 apperti, Phyllaslrephus 59 angaurana, Aaadonta 136 Anlhipalhidae 239 approximata . Parlula 203 angelcabrerai, Capromys 32 A^^^HIPATHIDAE 239 approximata. Trochomorpha 139 angelina, Libellula 162 anthoides. Asthenes 55 Apra5/a 79, 228 angelinae. Otus 51 anlhonyi. Neoloma 30 apricans. Chlorolesles 159 angfa, Melanotaenia 107 anthonyix, Ancuiopsis 200 Aproteles 1 angolensis, Epomophorus 1 Anthracoceros 54 aptera. Apleromanlis 162 ANGUIDAE 82, 198 Anlhreptes 65 Apterocychus 170 anguinus, Proteus 92 An//iu5 58 Apleromantis 162 Anguispira 136 antiguae, Alsophis 83 Apteropanorpa 1 74 angulata, Beddomeia 119 ArUilocapra 111 APTEROPANORPIDAE 174 angulata. Tryonia 126 ANTILOCAPREDAE 222 APTERYGIDAE 35 angullfer, Epicrates 83 Aniilope 26 Apteryx 35 angulosa. Thaanumella 127 antimachus, Papilio 179 A;7us 52, 227 angusta. Metacnemis 160 antimena, Hypogeomys 30 aquali. Etheostoma 1 1 angusiina angustina, Salamis 236 antiochensis, Anthicus 173 aqualica. Fonscochlea 122 angustina. Salamis 185 anliochi. Ejferia 175 aquila. Balanus 153 angusiina vinsoni, Salamis 236 antiphales ceylonicus. Graphium 234 aquila, Fregala 37 angustior. Vertigo 133 antipodes. Megadyptes 35 Aquila 39 angustipennis. Calopteryx 159 Antipodia 233 aquilo, Nolomys 30 angustipluma . Chaetoptila 196 Anlipodochlora 161 aquilonia, Formica 186 angustipons, Kinosternon 73 ArUiponemertes 1 1 Ara 49. 195 243 1 1 2 1 1 Arachnocampa 174 ahslodemus ponceanus. Paptlio 234 A^ryanax 230 araclmoides. Brachyteles 12 aristophonte.s. Papilio 179 atacamensis, Bufo 87 arachnoides. Pyxis 75 arisior, Papilio 179 aiacamensis. Telmatobius 89 araeus. Stygobromus 155 An"«5 101 Ataeniobius 105 A/aen/u.s 171 aral. Macrognathus 109 ariionae. Apaclwcoccus 1 19 Aramtdopsis 43 arizonae plenus. Sigmodon 116 atanuiensis. Rfiysoconcha 205 ARANEIDAE 152 arizonensis, Daihinibaenetes 1 63 Alelenc 6 Arapaima 93 arizonensis. Psephenus 172 A/Wej 12.217 arata. Ogasawarana 117 arizonensis, Stygobromus 155 Alelognathus 88 Aratinga 49, 226 arizonicQ. Cymbiodyta 170 Alelornis 53 arausiaca. Amazona 49 Arkansia 146 arer, Alsophis 83 jArowflcus 180 ARMADILLIDAE 154 (3/er a/er, Notecliis 229 arhorea, Dendrocygna 38 Armatobalanus 153 afer, Dromaius 193 Arborophila 41 armalus. Euastacus 157 atercus, Limnephilus 176 area, Protoplila 175 armigera, Litliasia 129 aterrima, Plerodroma 35 . 196 arcaeformis? , Dysnomia 207 armitageana Aclinella 144 'Athene' 1 Arcana I or 60 Armsia 132 Athene 5 arcanus. Ptilinopus 48 arnee. Bubalus 27 ATHERINIDAE 106 arcena. Appalachia 164 arnuxii. Berardius 23 a//7(5. Partula 203 Archaeolacerla 80 arremonops. Oreolhraupis 67 atlanlica. Phenacolimax 140 i4 rchaeophylax 1 76 arrosa pomoensis, Helminthoglypla 23 allanticus. Larus 46 Archboldomys 29 artedii. Coregonus 102 Atlantisia 43, 194 arc/ieri. Heteromirafra 58 Artemia 152 Atlapetes 66 arclieri. Mesodon 140 ARTEMIIDAE 152 atomus. Truncatellina 133 archeyi. Leiopelma 88 arlesus, Agapelus 175 a/ra, Myiagra 62 >\rc/jon 178 Arthroleptides 198 a/ra. Porzana 44 arcigerens. Pleuroxta 143 arlicense, Byihiospeum 121 a/ra, Pyriglena 56 Arcliclis 220 articulala, Tropidophora 1 19 Alractelmis 172 Arclocebus 1 Artogeia 180 atramentaria, Victaphanta 136 Arctocepbalus 18 artus. Hygrotus 208 alrata. Dorcopsis 4 Arciogalidia 220 Arubolana 154 atrala, Pteralopex 8 arcloides. Macaca 13 aruensis. Boslric/Uftys 113 atremius suigensis, Rhodeus 229 arctos nelsoni. Ursus 220 Asaphomyia 174, 175 atricapillus. Vireo 69 arcula. Alasmidonta 146 asaphrombra . Hedylepta 209 africeps, Echiopsis 84 Ardea 37 ASAURIDAE 152 Atrichornis 58 ARDEIDAE 37. 194 ascanius. Parides 179 ATRICHORNITHIDAE 58 ardens, Arborophila 41 ascensa. Auslrochloritis 141 atripinne, Moxostoma 99 ardens. Selasphorus 53 ASELLIDAE 154 atrogularis. Clytoctantes 55 Ardeolis 44 fli/i/. Mirafra 58 Atrophaneura 1 78 ardesiaca. Rhopornis 56 Aslxmunella 140 atropos. Atropimneura 178 arfaens/j, Opanara 205 Asiagomplius 160, 232 atropurpurea, Alasmidonta 146 arenaria, Caiinella 138 ASILIDAE 175 atropurpurea, Xipholena 57 arenata. Glaresis 171 Aslauga 180 atrorus, Cyprinodon 104 arenJcola. Cicindela 168 aslini, Turgenilubulus 143 attenuata. Feresa 20 areolatus. Trichomycterus 101 asoka. Puntius 97 attenuata. Partula 203 arfakensis. Melanotaenia 107 asomatus. Lagorchesles 191 attenuata. Samoana 134 Arganiella 119 aspasma. Chloaellis 164 attenuata. Stenella 21 argenlata leucippe. Callithrix 111 Aspaslus 204 Am/a 57 argenlea, Apalis 60 asper. Pseudobarbus 97 ATYIDAE 156. 207 argentea. Harmogenanina 1 139 asper, Zinge! 1 aucklandica , Anas 38 argenlina. Columba 46 asperrima. Glyptorhagada 141 aucklandica. Coenocorypha 45 argeniissimus. Plagopterus 97 asperrimus, Cottus 109 audax, Cfiaracodon 105 Argiagrion 159 Aspidereies 77 audouinit. Larus 46 Argiocnemis 159 Aspidites 83 Aulacorhynchus 54 argo, Ephemerella 158 Aspiduchus 162 aulidion, Notropis 198 Argonemerles 117 asprella, Ammocrypta 1 1 Aulopyge 94 argtij. Panulirus 239 asquamatus, Kosswigichthys 105 auranlia, Partula 203 argula. Partula 134 assimilis. Onycfiogomphus 161 auranlia. Rfiinonicteris 9 Argyresthia 209 Assiminea 126 aurantia, Tyto 51 ARGYRESTHnOAE 209 ASSIMINEIDAE 126, 200 aurata. Profelis 17 Argyrocupiia 234 ASTACIDAE 157. 207 auratus. Isoodon 3 argyrognomon lotis, Lycaeides Astacoides 235 157 aurea, Diplommatina 1 18 ariadne , Orachrysops 1 8 Astacopsis 157 aurea. Hypseleotris 1 13 aridus. Balraclwseps 91 astacus, Astacus 157 aurea. Litoria 87 aridus, Limnebius 170 A5/acu5 157,227 aureocincla. Bangsia 66 ARIIDAE 101 ASTEIIDAE 175 aureodorsalis. Buthraupis 66 ariommumm. Moxostoma 99 aslhenes. Aphaostracon 1 19 aureola. Mandarina 142 anon. Maculinea 181 Asthenes 55 aureonucha, Ploceus 70 Arion 146. 206 aslicla. Mecislogasler 160 aureus. Afrixalus 88 ARIONIDAE 146. 206 Astrapia 70 aureus. Hapalemur 10 arionides. Maculinea 181 a5/ur, Eutriorchis 39 aureus, Poecilmitis 182 ARIOPHANTIDAE 206 astuta, Amplirfjagada 141 aureus, Somatogyrus 125 244 1 1 1 11 1 1 aureus. Teinopalpus 180 azurius. Poecilmilis 182 bannermani. Tauraco 50 auricapiUa, Aratinga 49 babellhuapi. Palaua 138 Sanza 163 auricularia, Margarilifera 146 Babyrousa 25 baoulan. Punlius 97 auricularis newelli, Puffinus 226 babyrussa. Babyrousa 25 barbadensis. Amazona 49 auncularis. Puffinus 36 Baccalena 141 barbara senex, Eira 220 auriculala. Pariula 203 bacchus. Lepidochrysops 181 barbala. Penelope 41 auriculalus. Dorcus 170 bacchus. Pyrgulopsis \1A barbaia. Polyphylla 171 Auriculella 131.202 bachmanii, Vermivora 68 barbalus ahoenobarbus. Sus 221 aurila. Aprasia 19 baclrianus. Camelus 25 barbaius. Amylornis 60 aurita. Callilhhx 11 badeigularis. Spelaeornis 64 barbalus. Dendrorlyx 41 aurita. Ceogale 5 badensis. Byiliinella 1 20 barbalus oi, Sus 221 aurita. Myzopoda 9 badiiami. Lepidocfirysops 181 barbalus sladeniae. Apus 227 auritus. Capromys 32 badia. Caiopuma 16 barbalus. Xenuromys 3 aurivillii, Cymolhoe 185 Badisles 141 barbouri, Graplemys 73 aurivilliusi. Graphium 178 badius bouvieri. Procolobus 218 Ba;fru5 94 auroUneata, Percina 1 1 badius ellioli, Procolobus 219 barerae bunla, Kedesles 233 aurorae. Ducula Al badius foai. Procolobus 219 Barkudia 81 aurorae. Salamandra 92 badius gordonorum. Procolobus 219 barnardi. Auslroglanis 100 australasia, Todirluimphus 53 badius kirkii. Procolobus 219 baroni. Melallura 53 australasica . Macquaria 1 10 badius ouslaleti, Procolobus 219 Baronia 178 australe. Cheirodon 99 badius pennaruii. Procolobus 218 barreimiae. Garra 95 australe. Etheostoma 1 1 badius preussi. Procolobus 219 barrenensis. Letomola 137 austraUca. Calamoecia 153 badius rufomilralus. Procolobus 219 barrerae. Octomys 32 australiensis, Rhynchochydorus 152 badius lemm.nckii, Procolobus 218 barrelti. Tasmanipatus 188 auslralis, Aslauga 180 badius lephrosceles. Procolobus 219 darn, Caecidolea 154 auslralis. Ausirogammarus 207 badius ihollom, Procolobus 219 /jam. Stygobromus 155 auslralis. Basilichiftys 106 badius waldroni. Procolobus 218 t.arrioi,Alsodes 88 auslralis. Crateromys 29 iaer/. Aylhya 38 barlelsi. Spizaetus 40 auslralis. Dryococelus 208 feaer/, Hylomyscus 30 barloni. Chirosloma 106 auslralis. Dusicyon 192 iwen. Poospiza 67 barlom, Cichlasoma 1 12 auslralis. 157 Engaeus fcaen , Sandracollus 1 70 basajauna. Oxychilus 140 auslralis. Eubalaena 19 Baelica 163 basilaris japomca. Matrona 232 auslralis. Helixarion 139 BAETIDAE 158 Basileulerus 68 auslralis. Ictalurus 100 BAGRIDAE 100 Basilichihys 106 auslralis. Lacerla 81 baileyi baileyi. Nemorhaedus 223 Basilornis 70 auslralis. Lagenorhynchus 20 baileyi cranbrooki, Nemorhaedus 223 basimi. Caecocypns 95 auslralis. Lampsilis 147 baileyi. Crenichlhys 104 basispina, Branchinella 153 auslralis. Megascolides 15 baileyi. Crocidura 6 baska. Balagur 73 auslralis. Mergus 194 baileyi. Nolurus 100 Bassaricyon 18 auslralis. Ningbingia 142 baileyi, Thermopliis 84 Bassariscus 18 auslralis. Ordlrachia 142 baileyi, Xenospiza 68 Balagur 73 auslralis, Pseudophyrne 89 bailleui, Loxioides 68 balchi. Cambarus 156 auslralis. Telmalobufo 89 bainsii. Sandelia 1 15 balesi. Phyciodes 185 Auslralopliocaena 22 bairdi. Oreomysiis 68 batesi, Ploceus 70 Auslrelaps 84 bairdii. Berardius 23 balesi, Prionomys 30 auslriaca. Orcula 133 bairdii. Tapirus 24 BATHYERGIDAE SI auslriana. Belgrandiella 120 baiulus. Schayera 164 Balhyergus 31 Auslroassiminea 126 bakeri. Senculus 70 balhysciodes, Glacicavicola 170 Auslrochlorilis 14 bakossiorum. THapia 1 13 Ba//\s 60 /4 uslrocordulia 161 Balaena 19 Batomys 29 Ausirogammarus 207 balaenarum. Slerna 46 Balrachophrynus 88 Auslroglanis 100 Balaeniceps 37 Balrachoseps 91 Auslromenidia 106 BALAENICIPITIDAE 37 Balrachoslomus 51 Austropolamobius 157 BALAENIDAE 19 Balrachuperus 91 Auslrosaga 163 Balaenoplera 20 baltoides comstocki. Euphiloles 234 aulocrator. Parnassius 180 BALAENOKTERIDAE 20 Ba//U5 178 Automolus 55 BALANIDAE 153 Baudinella 141 Avahi 1 Balanliocheilos 94 baudinensis. Baudinella 141 avalona. Slrymon 182 Balanus 153 baudinianus. Dromaius 193 avalonense, Radiocentrum 138 balbus. Mixophyes 89 bavarica. Byiliinella 120 AvenionJa 119 balconius, Stygobromus 155 bavaricus, Pitymys 193 avemalis. Fluminicola 121 BALrrORtDAE 98 Bayadera 232 avemi. Beddomeia 119 fta///, Lepidochrysops 181 Bdeogale 17,220 v/rra/a a , Polyphylla 1 7 /ja///. Poecilmilis 182 Bfamvi 29 avunculus, Pygalhrix 14 ballmanni, Malimbus 70 beaumonli. Hemisloma 122 Awaou5 114 ballochi. Kiunga 107 Bebrornis 60 axelrodi. Chilaiherina 106 balselensis, Sieliilia 208 beccarii. Cochoa 61 axillaris. Plerodroma 35 balsloni. Nannalherina 1 10 fjecjb. Plerodroma 35 Aaj 25 banalica. Zubovsha 165 beddardi, Bassaricyon 18 ayresi. Sarothrura 44 Bangsia 66 Beddomeia 119. 120 Ay/iya 38 Banksula 152 bednalli. Sinumelon 143 azurea. Cochoa 61 bannermani, Ploceus 70 Bedolia 106 245 1 Womersleymeria 158 bonasus. Bison 26 beeri , Acneus 172 bicornis, BEHNINGIIDAE 158 bidens. Mesoplodon 23 Boninagrion 159 Belenois 180 bidwtlli. Papuexul 142 Boninena 133 Belgrandiella 120 biemarginafa . Dysnomia 207 boninensis, Gaslrocopla 133 belkini, Brennania 175 Bienkotetrix 165 boninensis, Indolestes 159 bellei, Progomphus 161 i?(>n, Fe//\y 16 boninensis. Liardetia 139 belleri. Agonum 167 foiVr/. Garrulax 61 Boninosuccinea 138 bellii. Beddomeia \ 19 bifasciatus. Cyprinodon 104 Boninthemts 162 bellula. Aciialinella 130 bifurcatus. Slygobromus 155 bonita. Priapella 199 bellula. Goniobasis 128 bifurcus, Chiloglanis 101 bontliaina. Ficedula 61 Belocepfialus 163 bilamellata, Helenodiscus 206 /jo/ir/. Telmalherina 108 Beloneuria 165 bilera. Ecclisomyia 176 boonsongi. Parahelicops 84 Belontia 115 billakalina, Fonscochlea 122 boraborensis, Mautodonllia 205 BELONTUDAE 115 biloba. Kimminsoperla 165 boraxobius. Gila 95 Belosloma 165 bimaculalus. Aglymbus 168 Borbonibis 194 BELOSTOMATIDAE 165 bindal. Euastacus 157 borbonica, Antanartia 185 belphegor. Nirodia 181 binghami. Notarthrinus 181 borbonica, Cylindraspis 197 beltrani, Cyprinodon 104 Binneya 146 borbonica mauritiana. Antanartia 236 belzebul ululala, Aloulla 217 binominata. Lampsilis 147 borbonicus olivaceus. Hypstpetes 227 belzebuth. Ateles 12 binturong whitei, Arctictis 220 bordaensis. Glyptorhagada 142 belzebuth hybridus. Ateles 111 biplicata, Lamellidea 131 borealis, Balaenoptera 20 belzebuth marginatus. Ateles 211 bipunclata, Bryania 175 borealis. Lissodelphis 21 bemini, Tilapia 113 B/rgus 157 borealis, Numemus 45 bengalensis, Eupodotts 44 birmanicus. Lacconectus 169 borealis, Picoides 54 bengalensis iriomotensis. Prionailurus bisaltide andamana. Doleschallia 236 boreas nelsoni. Bufo 229 219 Bisclioffena 137 borneensis. Orlitia 74 bengalensis. Vulpes 15 bischojfensis. Bischqffena 137 borneoensis, Callagur 73 benguelanus. Papilio 179 bisetosus. Fibulacamptus 153 bornmuelleri, Vipera 85 benneii. Badisles 141 bishopi, Moho 66 Boromys 193 bennetti, Cazella 27 Bison 26 boryi . Caldwellia 138 benneltii, Cynogale 19 bispinosus. Euastacus 157 Bo5 26. 27 benschi. Manias 43 bisulcus, Hippocamelus 26 boschungi. Etheostoma 1 1 bensoni. ' Lophopsittacus 195 B//ii 85 BostncfUhys 113 den^on/, Pseudocossyphus 63 bitorquatus. R/iinopiHus 45 Boslrychia 226 beoticus, Pseudophoxinus 97 bitridentata. Opanara 205 Bothriembryon 1 34 Berardius 23 bizonatus, Sandracottus 170 Bothrops 85 bergeri, Homopus 74 blackburni. Manduca 186 /jo/toe umbratica. C/mrina 228 i»er^(, Gymnocliaracinus 99 blackburni, Penlarthrum 208 boucardi. Amazilia 52 berkeleyi, Hemicycla 145 blainvillei, Pontoporia 23 bouchardi. Camharus 156 berlandieri, Gopherus 74 blakistoni. Kelupa 51 bougainville , Perameles 3 berlepschi, Aceslrura 52 blanci. Noiopierus 93 hougainvtilei. Actenoides 53 berlepschi. Asthenes 55 Blastocerus 25 fcou;. Fissuria 121 berlepschi. Dacnis 66 BLATTIDAE 162 bourguignali. Gonospira 135 berlepschi, Thripophaga 55 bleheri, Chilatherina 106 bourguignaii. Paladilhiopis 123 bernardini. Catostomus 99 BLEPHAROCERIDAE 174 bourguignatiana, Renea 200 bernardino allyni. Euphilotes 234 blewilli, Athene 51 bousfieldi, Gammarus 154 bernardinus, Yaquicoccus 126 blight, Myiophonus 62 BOVIDAE 26, 192. 222 berneri, Heterocleon 158 blofeldi, Chilonopsis 204 bovinus. Cyprinodon 104 bernieri. Anas 38 blombergi. Bulimulus 134 bowdoini, Mesoplodon 23 bernsleini. Sterna 46 blossomae, Euploea 183 Bovvfaria 234 bernsteinii, Megapodius 40 blumenbachii. Crax 41 bowmani, Stygobromus 155 bertha, Cyanophrys 180 blythii. Tragopan 42 /jowryeni/.y. Beddomeia 119 BETHYLIDAE 186 boanensis. Monarclm 62 boyciana. Ciconia 37 belsileanus, Ptychochromoides 113 bocagii. Amaurocichla 60 boykiniana. Goniobasis 128 Bettongia 4 bocagrande, Cyprinella 95 braccatus. Moho 66 beultikofeh quadrigulla. Eleuthemis 232 bocourti. Phoboscincus 82 bracei, Chlorostilbon 196 bezoarticus celer, Ozotoceros 222 Boeckella 153 brachycepliala. Myonycteris 8 bezoarticus. Ozotoceros 26 boehlkei. Elassoma 1 10 Brachycercus 158 Bhutanitis 178 boesemani. Melanolaenia 107 brachycerus. Thestor 182 biangulata, Georissa 1 17 Boettgeria 133 Brachygalaxias 102 biangulatus. Somatogyrus 125 BOIDAE 83, 198, 228 Brachylagus 32 B/(3/a5 55 boitonei. Cynolebias 103 brachylopha, Lophornis 53 bibronii, Pseudophryne 89 bojerii fonlenayi, Gongylomorplius 228 Brachylophus 79 bicarinata. Bythinella 120 Bolborhynchus 49 Brachypteractas 54 bicarinata, Discula 144 i)o//ii. Columba 46 BRACHYPTERACUDAE 53 bicolor bicolor. Saguinus 217 bollonst. Placostylus 135 hrachypterus. Dasyornis 61 bicolor, Carelia 202 Bo/ona 185 Brachyptcryx 60 bicolor. Rhyacornis 63 Bolyeria 198 Brachyleles 12 bicolor ssp.. Gila 229 bomalonotum, Leiolopisma 82 Brachythemis 162 Wconcava, Hirasea 204 bombus. Acestrura 52 brachyurus, Accipiter 39 biconica. Trichia 143 bonana. Icterus 69 brachyurus. Chrysocyon 15 bicornis, Diceros 25 bonasia. Apluinapteryx 194 brachyurus. Ramphocinclus 59 246 8 21 1 BRADYPODIDAE 5 brunneata. Rhinomyias 63 byronii. Acliatinella 130 Bradypodion 79 brunnescens. Dubiraphia 172 Bythinella 120, 121, 200 Bradypterus 60 brunneus brunneus. Chlorogomphus 232 BYTHITIDAE 103 Bradypus 5 brunneus keramensis. Cfilorogomphus 232 bythobathes. Tilapia 1 13 Branciiinecla 152 brunneus. Pleropus 191 cabanisi. Tangara 67 BRANCHINECriDAE 152 brunneus, Speirops 65 caholi. Tragopan 42 Branchinella 153 brunnipennis floridana. Photuris 233 Cacajao 1 BRANCHIPODIDAE 153 brunnotesselata. Trigonoscula 174 Cacatua 48 branickii , Dinomys 31 brunus. Hydromantes 91 CACATXIIDAE 48 branickii, Leptosittaca 49 bryani, Oceanides 166 Cacicus 69 Branta 38 bryani, Rhyncogonus 208 Caconemobius 1 64 brasiliensis. Amazona 49 Bryonia 175 Cacosiernum 90 brasiliensis. Pteronura 18 Brychius 168 cacuminis. Leploperla 165 brassi. Philemon 66 Bubalus 27 Caecidotea 154 braueri, Anlipodochlora 161 bubulum. Crisiilabrum 141 Caecobarbus 94 brazieri. Bothriembryon 134 buccula, Nolropis 96 Caecocypris 95 brazieri. Ostodes 1 1 bucculenlus. Sus 192 caelata, Trichia 143 Brazieria 139 Buceros 54 caelatura, Plegma 139 bredanensis . Sleno 22 BlICEROTIDAE 54 CAENIDAE 158 brefimii. Monarcha 62 buckleyi, Micrastur 40 caerulea. Cyprinella 95 brelichi. Pygalhrix 14 buddii. Aclialinella 201 caeruleostigmata , Chela 95 brenchleyi. Pupina 1 19 Budorcas 111 caesia. Achalinella 201 Brennania 175 buetlikoferi . Epomops 8 caespes, Euploea 1 83 hressanum. Bylhiospeum 121 hueltikoferi. Nectarinia 65 caglei. Graptemys 73 brevibarbus. Ancliarius 101 buettneri. Leimacomys 192 cahabae. Notropis 96 brevicauda ishigakiana. Bayadera 232 Bu/o 87, 229 caliabensis, Clappia 121 brevicaudata. Chinchilla 31 BUFONIDAE 87,229 cjfiabensis. Homoeoneuria 158 brevicaudata. Microgale 5 bulbicercus. Nanodectes 163 caiiawbensis. Goniohasis 128 brevicaudatus, Onchotelson 154 bulenta, Problema 111 cahila, Caloslomus 99 breviceps, Kogia 22 bulgardaghica. Vipera 85 cahni. Hybopsis 96 Breviceps 89 BULIMINIDAE 133 ca/iou'. Plerodroma 35 brevicincla, Somalochlora 162 bulimoides, Achalinella 130 cahuilaensis. Stenopelmalus 163 brevicornis. Baronia 178 Bulimulus 134. 135 caiguanabus, Papilio 179 brevidens, Dysnomia 147 /ju//a. Ningbingia 142 Cairina 38 brevipalmata, Liloria 87 bullocki. Brae frygalaxias 102 Cairnstchihys 1 06 brevipinnis, Barbus 94 buUocki, Telmatobufo 89 caissara. Leonlopithecus 12 brevirostris, Chasmisles 99 Bullockia 101 calabarensis. Arciocebus 1 brevirostris, Orcaella 21 bulmerae, Aproteles 7 calabyi, Thylogale 4 brevi rostrum. Acipenser 93 bulolo. Chilalherina 106 Calamaria 83 brevis. Adelotus 89 bulweri, Discula 144 calamianensis. Axis 25 brevis. Avenionia 1 19 bulweri. Lophura 42 Calamoecia 153 ferev/5. C/ie/ia 112 bungaroides. Hoplocepfujlus 84 Calcochloris 6 brevis. Coniobasis 128 bunkeri. Neotoma 30 calculus. Caseolus 144 brevisligmala okinawanus. Bunolagus 32 calderoni. Cobitis 98 Chlorogomphus 232 BUPRESTIDAE 171 caldwelU. Ctenophila 138 breweri. Antrobia 1 19 Bupresiis 171 Caldwellia 138. 206 frreweW, Microlus 30 burchellanus , Parides 179 caledoni. Aloeides 180 breyeri. Teiradactylus 81 burchelU. Aplothorax 167 caliculala. Opanara 205 briansmilhi, Beddomeia 1 19 burchelU, Pseudobarbus 97 calida calida, Slenelmis 233 briarea, Anelia 183 burduricus. Aphanius 104 calida moapa, Slenelmis 233 bridwelli. Nesithmysus 173 burgi. Pseudobarbus 97 calida. Paracoenia 175 bridwelli. Nesosydne 167 Burmagomphus 160 Calidris 45 broadbenti , Peroryctes 3 burnelli. Acneus 172 calidus. Barbus 94 brochus. Synlheosciurus 29 burnesii, Prinia 63 californensis. Anodonla 146 bromeliarum, Aglymbus 168 durm, Victodrobia 126 californianus, Gymnogyps 38 brooksi, Delanymys 29 BURRAMYIDAE 4 californianus japonicus. Zalophus 220 brooksi learei. Poecilmitis 235 Burramys 4 californicus dimorphus. Desmocerus 233 Brotomys 193 burrowsius. Neochanna 102 californicus scirpensis. Microlus 225 broughami, Cupedora 141 burtoni. Percina 112 Callaeas 70 browni, Microcylloepus 172 buruensis. Platynectes 169 CALLAEIDAE 70, 197 browni, Optioservus 172 buryillum, Crisiilabrum 141 Callagur 73 brownii. Geocapromys 32 busbyi, Paryphanta 136 callalhiscus, Leiostyla 132 brucei, Campellolebias 103 busckana. Carolella 177 Callicebus 12, 218 bruijni. Zaglossus 3 buselaphus buselaphus. Alcelaphus 222 Callimico 1 bruijnii, Aepypodius 40 buselaphus swaynei , Alcelaphus 222 callippe calhppe. Speyeria 236 bruinii. Thylogale 4 buselaphus tora , Alcelaphus 222 calliplera, Pyrrhura 50 brumbacki, Aotus 12 bustamantei, Evarra 198 callistoderma, Boninena 133 brumbyi, Pleurocera 129 Bu/^o 39 callistoderma. Helminlhoglypla 145 bruneauensis. Pyrgulopsis 124 Buthraupis 66 callilaenia. Cyprinella 95 brunei. Tryonia 126 butleri. Sminlhopsis 3 Callilhrix 11, 12. 217 brunnea. Hyaena 17 buxtoni, Tragelaphus 28 CALLURICHIDAE 11.217 brunnea, Merycomyia 175 byrnei. Dasycercus 3 callizonus. Jokajdon 137 247 Callophrys 234 Capensibufo 87 carranzae. Mexipyrgus 122 Callopisles 81 capensis. Barbus 94 carruai, Diploglossus 82 Funisciurus callotis. Lepus 32 capensis. Beddomeia 120 carrutherst. 28 Caloenas 46 capensis. Hippocampus 109 carsomana. Carinotrachia 141 calonolus. Simoselaps 84 capensis, Microbatrachella 90 cartilagonodus. Otopteropus 8 CaJoprymnus 191 capensis. Myxus 1 13 carunculata. Paradigalla 71 CALOPTERYGIDAE 159, 232 capensis. Turnagra 196 carunculatus. Grus 43 Calopteryx 159 Caperea 20 carunculatus , Phalacrocorax 36 calura, Phascogale 3 capiilaris. Goniobasis 128 carunculatus, Philesturnus 70 calva, Lemniscia 145 Ca/7//o 54 Caruncultna 146, 147 calverti. Somalochlora 162 CAPITONIDAE 54 CARYODIDAE 136 calvus. Bulimulus 134 Capnia 1 65 caryophyllacea, Rhodonessa 194 calvus. Cacajao 12 CAPNIIDAE 165 Casarea 83 calvus, Geroniicus 37 Capoeta 95 Caseolus 144 calypso, Partula 134 Capra 27, 222 caspica. Phoca 18 Calyplophilus 66 Capricomis 27, 222 cassida, Leiostyla 203 Calyptura 56 CAPRIMULGIDAE 51 cassini. Gymnoslinops 69 CAMAENIDAE 141.206.231 Caprimulgus 51, 52 cassini. Magicicada 167 Camarhynchus 66 Caprolagus 32 cfli/a, Achatinella 201 CAMBARIDAE 156 CAPRONfYIDAE 32, 193 castanea, Auriculella 131 Cambarus 156 Capromys 32, 193 castanea. Litoria 87 cambodiana, Arborophila 41 capsaeformis, Dysnomia 147 castanea. Partula 203 CAMELIDAE 25 capsula, OgasoH'arana 1 17 castanea, Pithys 56 camelus, Epigomphus 160 captivus, Xenoophorus 105 castaneae. Ectodemia 209 Camelus 25 Capn 180 castaneae, Synanthedon 177 camensis, Beddomeia 120 CARABIDAE 167, 208, 233 castaneela, Argyresthia 209 camerunense . Enallagma 159 Carabus 168 castaneiventns. Amazilia 52 came rune nsi s. FrancoUnus 41 caracal michaelis. Caracal 219 castor, Pyrgulopsis 124 campbelli, Mussonena 142 Caracal 219 Cai/or 225 Campellolebias 103 caramba, Paludiscala 123 CASTORIDAE 225 Campephaga 58 carbonaria, Cercomacra 55 Catabasts 99 CAMPEPHAGIDAE 58 carcassoni, Mylothris 180 caiagius, Cambarus 156 Campephilus 54 carcharias, Carclmrodon 93 Calagonus 25 Campephilus 54 Carcharodon 93 catamene. Loriculus 49 campestris. Caloprymnus 191 Carcinoscorpius 151 cataphraclus, Cordylus 81 campioni, AUorhizucha 162 Carduelis 69 cataphractus. Crocodylus 11 Campolaemus 203 Care/za 202,203 cataractae, Puntius 97 camposensis. Diplomystes 99 caretla. Caretla 75 cataractae ssp., Rhinichthys 229 Campsicnemus 208 Caretta 75 ca/a.v, Enogaster 186 Camplorfiynclms 1 94 CARETTOCHELYIDAE 76 CATHARTIDAE 38 Campylopterus 52 Carettochelys 76 catherina. Gyliotrachela 133 cana. Vulpes 15 caribaea, Columba 46 catherinae. Melanotaenia 107 canadensis, Coregonus 102 caribaeus. Vireo 69 Calinella 138 canadensis cremnobales, Ovis 223 cartel. Typhlops 198 Catocala 186 canadensis frondator. Castor 225 cariei. Unio 149 catodon, Physeter 22 canadensis mexicana. Ovis 223 carinata, Cyclura 80 Catopuma 16 canadensis mexicanus. Castor 225 carinata. Deinacrida 163 CATOSTOMIDAE 99, 198. 229 canadensis weemsi, Ovis 223 carinata, Erinna 129 catostomus lacustris. Catostomus 229 canalis, Sinployea 206 carinata. Tropidopfiora 200 Catostomus 99, 229, 230 Canariella 144 carinatum. Electron 53 Calreus 41 canariensis. Potamonectes 169 carinatus. Neoplanorbis 130 ca//a. Lemur 10 cancellatus, Prosobonia 46 carinella. Perdicella 132 caucasica, Capra 27 candango, Juscelinomys 30 carinofausta. Actinella 144 caucasica, Mertensiella 92 candeiei, Amychus 172 Carinotrachia 141 caudalis. Leucorrhinta 162 candicans. Caprimulgus 51 carinulata. Bythinella 121 caudatus evansi. Nemorliaedus 223 Candida. Pariula 203 cariosa. LampsiUs 147 caudatus, Naemorhedus 28 Candidula 144 carlhubbsi. Mesoplodon 23 caudatus, Spelaeornis 64 candidum. Ophisiernon 109 carnarvonensis. Jardinella ill caudiverbera. Caudiverbera 88 caniceps. Psitlacula 50 Carolella \11 Caudiverbera 88 CANIDAE 15, 192 caroli. Pseudocheirus 4 caudocarinatus. Microphis 109 CamJ 15 caroli, Sarotherodon 113 caudovitlatus. Tetracenlrum 109 cannfluvialilus, Oreomava 137 carolinae. Trochomorpiia 139 Cauque 1 06 cansus morosa. Ochotona 226 carolinarum. Sturanyella 1 18 cavagnaroi. Bulimulus 134 cansus sorrela. Ochotona 226 carolinensis, Conuropsis 195 Cavaticovelia 166 cantons, Telespiza 68 carolinensis, Omphalotropis 127 cavaticus, Echinodillo 154 CANTHOCAMPTIDAE 153 carolinensis. Papilio 179 cavernicola. Aspiduchus 162 Canthocamptus 1 53 carolitertii , Leuciscus 96 cavernicola. Clarias 101 canus. Optioservus 172 carolynnae, Aloeides 180 cavernicola. Eleutherodactylus 88 capaccinii, Myotis 9 Carpococcyx 50 cavernicola. Spelungula 152 capax. Poiamilus 149 Carpodectes 56 cavicola. Thaumatogryllus 164 capellei. Treron 48 Carpornis 56 cavifrons. Amblopliles 1 10 capense. Cacosternum 90 CARPOSINIDAE 177 cavirostris, Ziphius 24 248 4 1 1 cazieri, Cicindela 168 CHARACIDAE 99, 230 chloris, Anthus 58 cazorlensis , Potamonectes 169 Characodon 105. 199 chlorocephala smythi, Cicindela 233 CEBIDAE 12.217 CHARADRUDAE 45. 195 Chlorochrysa 66 cebifrons, Sus 25 Charadrius 45 Chloroctchla 59 cebuensis. Copsychus 61 Charaxes 185. 236 CHLOROCYPHIDAE 158 Cebus 12. 218 chariessa, Apalis 60 Chlorogomplms 161. 232 Cecilia, Ophiogomphus 161 Charina 228 Chlorolestes 159 ceciliae. Phylloscartes 57 charitonius peruvianas, Heltcomus 236 chloronothos , Zosterops 65 Cecilioides 135. 204 charltonii, Arborophila 41 CHLOROPERLIDAE 208 cedistia. Partula 203 Charmosyna 48, 195 Chloropeta 60 celebensis. Miratesia 130 cliaronda, Sasakia 185 chlororhynchus, Centropus 50 celebensis. Nomoramphus 106 CHAROPIDAE 137,206 Chlorospingus 66 celebensis, Scolopax 46 Charpentieria 133 Chlorostilbon 196 celebensis, Telmatherina 108 Chasmisles 99, 198, 230 Chlorotalpa 6 Celerio 236 chasmodactylus, Cambarus 156 choclawensis. Villosa 149 Celestus 82, 198 c/taunax. Vilrinula 206 choloensis, Alethe 60 cellicus, Metalrichoniscoides 154 Chaunoproclus 197 CHONDRDMIDAE 133 centralasicus. Caprimulgus 5 1 cheatumi, Tryonia 126 Chondrostoma 95 centralis. Cooperconcha 141 cheiligona. Leiostyla 132 Chortippus 1 64 centralis. Craterocepfialus 107 cheiranticola, Discula 144 christenseni. Turgenilubulus 143 CEr>rrRARCHIDAE 110.230 Cheirodon 99 christi. Erebia 184 CE>rrROPAGIDAE 153 CHEIROGALEIDAE 10 Christinus 78 Centropus 50, 51 C/ie/fl 95 Chrotogale 19 Cepahlophus 27 CHELIDAE 77 Chrotomys 29 Cepfialaeschna 160 Chelonia 75 CHRYSOCHLORIDAE 5 Cephalokompsus 95 CHELONIIDAE 75 Chrysochloris 6 Cephalophus 21, 222 CHELYDRIDAE 73 Chrysococcyx 51 Cephalopterus 56 C/iera;c 157 Chrysocyon 15 Cephalorhynchus 20 chemei, Synallaxis 55 chrysogasler, Neophema 50 Ceraclea ill cherriei. Thripophaga 55 chrysogaster, Onchorhynclms 103 CERAMBYCIDAE 173,208.213,233 Chersodromia 1 75 chrysoleuca. Callithrix 1 Cerambyx 173 C/ie//a 112 chrysomelas. Leontopithecus 12 CERASTUIDAE 203 chevrolati, Orycles 171 CHRYSOMELIDAJi 173 Ceratella 158 chevrolali, Sandracottus 170 Chrysomma 60 ceratina. Helix 145 cheynei. Omphalolropis 127 chrysoparia. Dendroica 68 Ceratophora 79 chichijimana, Castrocopta 203 chrysoplerygius. Psephotus 50 Ceratotherium 25. 221 chichijimana. Htrasea 136 chrysopygus. Leontopithecus 12 Cercocebus 218 chichijimana, Mandarina 142 chrysopygus, Rhynchocyon 33 Cercomacra 55 chichijimana, Ogasawarana 200 Chrysorilis 1 80 CERCOPITHECIDAE 13.218.239 chichijimana, Vilrinula 206 chrysosireticus. Hoplodactylus 78 Cercopithecus 13.218 chikae, Papilio 179 Chrysospalax 6 Cercyonis 235 Chilatherina 106 chthoma, Grallaria 56 cerdo. Cerambyx 173 chilensis, Bufo 87 chungarensis. Orestias 105 Ceriagrion 159 chilensis, Diplomystes 100 chungarensis. Trichomycterus 10 Ceriferella 167 chilensis. Ceochelone 74 chunyi, Mazama 26 ceromatica, Pyreferra 186 Chiloglanis 101 chupaderae . Pyrgulopsis 1 24 cerverai, Cyanolimnas 43 Chilonopsis 204 churinceanus, Mexipyrgus 123 cerverai. Ferminia 59 Chilosloma 144. 206 CHYDORIDAE 152 cervicapra, Anlilope 26 C/»7o/a 213 CICADELLIDAE 167 cervicornis, Macrodonlia 173 chiltoni. Trichomycterus 101 CICADIDAE 167 CERVIDAE 25. 192. 221 chimaera, Ormthoptera 178 cicathcosus. Plethobasus 148 Cervu5 26, 192. 221, 222 chimaera, Urafelornis 54 Cichlasoma 112,230 Cesonia 152 Chinchilla 31 CICHLIDAE 112, 213. 230 ce5/u5, Achalinella 130 ailNCHILUDAE 31 Cicindela 168. 233 CETORHINIDAE 93 chinensis. Lueiidorfia 178 CICINDELIDAE 168. 233 Cetorhinus 93 chinensis, Sousa 21 Ciconia 37, 194 ceuthma. Mautodonllia 205 Chioglossa 92 CICONIIDAE 37, 194 chaca, Kedestes 111 chiriquila. Palaemnema 160 Cincinnatia 121 Chaeropus 191 Chironius 83 CINCLIDAE 59 Chaetarthria 170 Chiropoles 12, 218 Cinclodes 55, 227 Chaelomys 31 Chirostoma 106 Cinclus 59 Chaeloptila 196 chirurgica, Grylloblalla 162 cincla. Notiomysiis 66 Chaetornis 60 chittenangoensis. Succinea 138 cineracea, Ameiva 197 Chalcalburnus 95 Chlamydogobius 1 1 cinerascens. Aplonis 70 chalconotus, Pfialacrocorax 36 Chlamydotis 44 cinerea. Aonyx 17 Chalicodoma 187 Chlamyphorus 5 cinerea. Callaeas 70 chalumnae, Latimeria 116 Chlidonias 46 cinerea. Mycteria 'il CHAMAELEONIDAE 79 Chloaeltis 164 cinerea. Neophoca 18 chamissonis, Philodryas 84 Chloebia 69 cinerea, Poospiza 67 chantrei, Aphanius 104 Chlondops 196 cinereiceps. Phyllastrephus 59 chaostola leucophaea, Antipodia 233 chlorinda chlorinda. Pseudalmenus 235 cinereifrons. Garrulax 61 chapmani. Dobsonia 191 chlorinda conara, Pseudalmenus 235 cinereum, Etheostoma 1 1 249 1 1 1 1 1 cinereus. Lophuromys 30 COBrriDAE 98 compar. Ephemera 158 cinereus semotus. Lasiurus 211 cobitis. Tiaroga 98 compassbergae . Thestor 182 Cinetodus 10 Co6///i 98 complanata. Pseudanodonta 149 cingulellum, Chilostoma 144 coccineus, Loxops 68 complanata. Pupina 1 19 cinnaberinus. Cucujus 172 coc/ilea. Carelia lOfZ compressa, Bythinella 121 cinnamomeipectus, Hemitriccus 57 Cochlicopa 1 32 compressa , Leguminaia 148 COCHLICOPIDAE 132 compunctus, Hydrolarsus 169 c i nnamomi nus miyakoe nsi s . Todirhamphus 227 Cochliopa 121 comynlas texanus, Everes 234 Cinnyricinclus 70 Cochliopina 121 Conacmella 200 cinyras, Ubythea 209 Cochoa 6 concavospira, Achatinella 130 circumcarinala, Monadenia 146 COCHYLIDAE 177 conchorum. Menidia 108 Ciridops 196 coctei, Macroscincus 197 conchos. Catostomus 99 c/r/if / cirnei, Rhynchocyon 226 Codringlonia 144 corwhramis, Desmopachria 168 cime/ hendersoni. Rhynchocyon 226 codringtonii . Codringlonia 144 concinna, Aegialia 170 CmOLANIDAE 154 coelala. Helminthoglypla 145 concinna, Leiostyla 132 ciscoides, Pogonichlhys 198 coeleslis, Hypolhymis 61 concolor coryi. Puma 219 cisterciensorum. Bythiospeum 121 COELIAXIDAE 135 concolor couguar. Puma 220 Cisticola 60 Coeliccia 232 concolor. Hylobates 14 Cislolhorus 59 Coeligena 52 concolor. Loentipes 1 15 cithna. ParJula 203 coelus, Parides 179 concolor. Nasalis 14 CKIIDAE 166 Coe/ui 172, 173 concolor. Neospiza 69 clamosus. Alrichornis 58 Coenagrion 159, 232 concolor, Salanoia 17 clantoni, Stygobromus 155 COENAGRIONIDAE 159,207,232 concolor. Xenospingus 68 clappi, Paravilrea 140 COENOBITIDAE 157 condila, Tijuca 57 Clappia 121 Coenocharopa 137 conditor. Leporillus 30 clara. Echymipera 3 Coenocorypfia 45 Conepatus 220 c/ara. Hirasea 205 Coenonympha 184 configurata. Euploea 183 c/ara, Hypolesles 159 Coeranoscincus 8 coT^uenlus, Salvelinus 103 r/ara, Oliarces 167 coeruleoalba. Stenella 21 confiisa. Helicoverpa 210 clara , Partula 203 coerulescens, Coracina 58 confusa. Partulina 131 Clara vis 46 cognala, Truncilla 149 congensis. Afropavo 41 C/arifli 101 cognatus, Amphidromus 141 congestum. Moxostoma 99 CLARIIDAE 101 coindemerensis. Nadus 78 congobelgica. Crocidura 6 clarkei, Ammodorcas 26 Colaptes 54 Congosorex 6 c/arjb' intermedius, Catostomus 230 Coleopliora 209 Congothemis 1 62 c/arfa' nantaimla. Mesodon 231 COLEOPHORIDAE 209 conica. Fonscochlea 122 c/arjb, Rhylida 136 Coleura 9 conica, Paludinella 123 c/arjfei 55/7., Onchorhynchus 230 CO//*"/, Cyclura 80 conica. Piirantela 123 clarkorum. Lacerla 8 COLLETIDAE 213 conica. Samoana 134 clathrata, Quadrasiella 127 collina. Pleurobema 148 conicus. Pyrgulopsis 124 clathrata, Tryonia 126 coUingii. Setobaudinia 143 conilis. Plagigeyeria 123 clausa, Goniobasis 201 coUinsi, Spindasis 182 Conilurus 192 clausiliaeformis, Sculpliferussacia 135 colliveri. Cralopa 137 Conirostrum 68 CLAUSILIIDAE 133.231 Collocalia 52 connieae. Pseudomugil 108 clausus irossulus. 231 colmani Mesodon , Jardinella 1 22 Connochaetes 11 dava, Pleurobema 148 Colobus 13 connollyi. Cecilioides 135 clavalus. Epigomphus 160 colocolo, Oncifelis 16 connus. Procambarus 157 Clavicoccus 208 coloTUis. Rliinomyias 63 Conocepltaloides 163 clavigera, Peripatopsis 188 colonus. Rfiyacophila 175 conoides. Trochomorpha 139 clemenciae, Xipfiophorus 106 coloradensis. Acroloxus 129 Conolophus 79. 80 clemensi. Punlius 97 coloria, Erythrura 69 conorhynchus. Tetranesodon 101 Clementina. Slerba 133 Colparion 206 Conotltraupis 66 Clemmys 73 Coluber 83 conoveri, Leptotila 47 clenchi. Mesodon 140 COLUBRIDAE 83. 198. 228 conradi. Stygobromus 155 cleophile, Danaus 183 Columba 46, 47, 195 Conraua 90 clinias. Parantica 183 Columbiana. Fluminicola 121 consanguis. Gomphurus 160 CLINIDAE 113 columbianus. Geocapromys 193 consimilis. Mauiodontha 205 C//nu5 113 columbica. Cicindela 168 consimiUs, Oliarus 166 clipeata. Anculosa 200 COLUMBIDAE 46. 195 consobrina. Mautodontha 205 clodius shepardii, Parnassius 234 Columbina 47 coniori. Caseolus 144 clodius slrohbeeni, Parnassius 234 Colymbetes 168 constanciae. Cynolebias 103 CLLTEIDAE 94 comata. Presbytis 14 consianzae. Liolaemus 80 Clupeoides 94 comei. Ogasawarana 1 17 constricta. Aaadonta 136 clymene. Sfenella 21 comizQ , Barbus 94 constrictus, Somatogyrus 125 clypealis. Agabus 168 commersoni. 'Scops' 196 conslrictus. Trissexodon 145 Clytoctantes 55 commersonii, Cephalorhyncltus 20 conligua. Trochomorpha 140 Clytorhynchus 60 commixtus. Caseolus 144 continuatalis. Hedylepta 209 Cnemidophorus 8 comorana. Amauris 183 contorla. Ochrotrichia 176 coahuila, Mexistenasellus 154 comorensis. Rhachis 203 contortus. Letomola 137 coahuila. Terrapene 74 compacta. Anculosa 127 contracia. Parartemia 153 coahuilae, Durangonella 121 compacta, Partula 203 contractus. Brotomys 193 Coahuilix 121 compacta. Victapfianta 136 Conuropsis 1 95 250 1 8 1 1 9 Cookeconcha 136 courseni. Synallaxis 55 Crotalus 85, 229 cookei, Omphalotropis 127 coH'ara, Cliaraxes 185 crowleyi. Parantica 183 cookei. Orangia 205 coxeni, Hedleya 1 19 cruciger, Lagenorhynchus 21 cookei, Thaanumella 127 Coxiella 121 cruenlala, Pyrrhura 50 cookeorum. Pseudopsectra 167 CRACIDAE 41 Crypsirina 7 cookii, Pierodroma 35 cragini, Etiieosioma 1 1 Cryptazeca 132 Cooperconcha 141 Cralopa 137 crypticus. Ritanlus 169 cooperi. Stygobromus 155 crameri, Oregonichlhys 97 CRYFTOBRANCHIDAE 91 cooperianus, Plethobasus 148 CRANGONYCTIDAE 155, 207 Cryptochia 1 76 coosaensis, Somatogyrus 125 Crangonyx 155 Cryplochloris 6 Cophura 175 CRASEONYCTERIDAE 9 Cryptomastix 140 Copris 171 Craseonycleris 9 Cryplomys 31 coprolheres. Gyps 39 Craspedoma 1 1 Cryptoprocta 1 Copsychus 61 crassa. Anculopsis 111 Cryplurellus 35. 226 coquereli. Microcebus 10 crassa. PartuUna 202 CTENEIDAE 152 cor, Fusconaia 147 crassalus. Ochthebius 170 CTENODACTYLIDAE 31 Coracina 58, 59 crassicauda. Gila 198 Ctenoglypta 206 corais couperi, Drymarchon 228 crassicauda omnivora. Bdeogale 220 Ctenophila 138 CORALLHDAE 239 crassidens. Pseudorca 21 Ctenophorus 79 Corallium 239 crassilabris. Diplommatinaa 118 Ctenotus 81 corayi, Lacconectus 169 crassilabris. Parlula 203 Cua/ac 104 cordacea comptena, Heleronympha 236 crassilabris. Somatogyrus 125 cubana, Anelia 183 Cordelia. Euploea 183 crassilabrum. Amastra 202 cubanus, Solenodon 5 Cordulegaster 161 crassula. Auriculella 131 cubensis, Tyrannus 57 CORDULEGASTERIDAE 161.232 craiiuj, Acanlhorutilus 94 CUCUJIDAE 172 CORDULnDAE 161,232 crassus. Somalogyrsus 125 Cucujus 172 CORDYLIDAE 81 frai5uj, (/nio 149 CUCIILIDAE 50, 196 Cordylus 81 Cralerocephalus 107 cucullata, Carduelis 69 coreena, Jardinelia 122 Craterodiscus 141 cucullata. Crypsirina 71 Coregonus 102. 103, 199 Craieromys 29. 192 cucullata. Grallaricula 56 Coreobagrus 100 crawfordi. Torresitrachia 143 cucullatus. Raphus 195 coriacea, Dermocfieiys 76 Crojr 41 cu/uf. Chasmistes 99 coriacea, Moapa 96 creaseri. Kinosternon 73 culvert, Antrobia 1 19 cornea, Amastra IQfl creatopus. Puffinus 36 culvert. Lirceus 154 corneocostata . Leiostyla 132 crenala.Crocidura 6 cumberlandensis, Phoxinus 97 corneovirens. Badisles 141 crenalella. Goniobasis 128 cumingi. Phloeomys 30 Cornigomphus 160 Crenichlhys 104 cumingiana. Carelia 202 cornuta. Cyclura 80 creon, Theskelomensor 137 cumingianus. Ancylastrum 130 comula, Fulica 43 crepidus. Epigomphus 160 cumingii. Puntius 97 cornulus. Trimeresurus 85 crescenta. Aegialia 170 cummingi. Palaemonetes 156 corona. Melanolaenia 107 cretica. Macrothele 151 cumulus. Oreokera 137 coronatum blainvillei. Phrynosoma 228 crejT, CrejT 43 cuneata, Partula 203 coronalus. Eulemur 10 Crej 43 cuneolus. Fusconaia 147 coronalus, Harpyhaliaetus 39 cribrellum, SyriclUus 111 Cuon 15 coronatus. Malurus 62 crinifrons, Muntiacus 26 Cuora 73 coronalus occidentalis. Onychorhynchus Criniger 59 Cupedora 141 227 crinigera, Agrolis 209 cupreus ornatus. Callicebus 218 corpulenla, Pleurocera 129 crispus. Pelecanus 36 Curaeus 69 corroboree, Pseudophryne 89 crislalis. Pyrgulopsis 124 curasoae, Leplonycteris 9 corrugata, Jardinelia 122 cristata, Calyplura 56 CURCULIONIDAE 173, 208, 213, 233 corrugalus, Aceros 54 cristata, Genetta 19 cur/j, Liolaemus 80 corsac, Vulpes 15 cristata, Goura 47 currierianus. Somatogyrus 125 Corsica. Cyrnotheba 144 cristata, Gubernatrix 67 cursor. Liopliis 84 CORVIDAE 71 cristata. Tadorna 38 curto. Achatinella 130 corvina. Aplonis 197 cristatus, Amblyrhynchus 79 cur/a. Echiopsis 84 corvina. Terpsiphone 64 cristicauda, Dasycercus 3 cur/a. Leplobotia 98 Corvus 71 Cristilabrum 141 cur/a. Utfiasia 129 cosmetus, Palikirus 137 crocalus, Neurergus 92 cur/a, Pleurocera 129 Cossypha 61 crocea. Tridacna 150 curtipes. Ectemnius 187 coslata. Craspedoma 118 Crocias 61 curtisii. Oxygastra 162 coslatus, Xylololes 208 Crocidura 6, 7 curium, Pleurobema 148 coslipennis, Deronectes 168 crockeri, Laticauda 84 curvipes. Hygrotus 169 costus, Turgenilubulus 143 CROCODYLIDAE 77 cuvieri. Gazella 11 Cotinga 56 Crocodylus 77, 78 cuvieri. Oreslias 105 COTINGIDAE 56. 227 croesus, Ornit/wptera 178 cyanea, Paratherina 108 colrelli. Chrysorilis 180 Cro/Via 114 cyanocephala, Starnoenas 48 COTTIDAE 109, 199 Crowarc/ju5 220 cyanogenia, Eos 48 C0//U5 109. 199 Crossidius 233 Cyanolimnas 43 Colurnicops 43 crossleyi. Atelornis 53 Cyanolyca 71 Colurnix 194 Crossleyia 61 cyanomichla, Margaronia 185 Coua 196 crossoptilon, Crossoptilon 41 cyanophrys, Eupherusa 52 couchianus. Xiphophorus 106 Crossoptilon 4 Cyanophrys 180 251 9 2 9 1 1 3 1 1 1 cyanopis, Columbina 47 danjoui. Jabouilleia 61 delphinuloides. Ceomitra 206 Cyanopsitta 49 dannalli. Paranlica 183 Delphinus 20 Cyanoramphus 49, 195 danubialis, Lobaunia 122 delplus. Delptiinus 20 Cycleplus 99 daphne, Poecilmitis 182 Delfisfes 99 Cyclocephala 171 Daphnia 152 demersus, Splieniscus 35 Cyclocosm ia 152 DAPHNIDAE 152 DENDROCOLAPTIDAE 55 Cydodina 81 darevskii. Vipera 85 Dendrocygna 38 CYCLOPHORIDAE 118.200 darlingloni, Riekoperla 165 Dendrohyrax 25 Cyclophorus 200 danvini. Bulimulus 135 Dendroica 68 cyclopis. Macaca 13 danvini. Nesoryzomys 192 Dendrolagus 4 Cycloptilum 1 64 danvinii. Rhinoderma 90 Dendromus 29 cyclostomaformis, Lioplax 1 1 daryi, Adelp/ucos 83 Dendroprionomys 29 CycMiuru^ 200 Dasycercus 3 Dendrortyx 41 cyclotis. Nyctimene 8 dasycneme. Myotis 10 Dendrotroclius 1 39 cyclura, Cyclura 80 dasymallus, Pleropus 8 dendyi. Acantlianura 158 Cyclura 80 Dasyornis 6 Denisonia 84 Cyclyrius 180 DASYPODIDAE 5 denningi. Agapetus 175 Cygnus 1 94 DASYURIDAE 3 densirostris. Mesoplodon 23 Cylichnidia 135 Dasyurus 3 dentata, Liloria 87 Cylindraspis 197 Daubentonia 1 denlalis. Aloeides 180 cyUndrella, Gonospira 135 DAUBENTONCDAE 11 dentatis dentatis, Aloeides 234 cylindrellus, Carunculina 146 dauricus. Huso 93 denlatis maseruna. Aloeides 234 cylindrica. Amastra 132 davidi, Arborophila 41 denticulata, Branchinella 153 cylindrica. BythineUa 121 davidi, Paranlica 1 83 denticulala. Lamprocystis 139 cylindrica strigiUata, Quadrula 149 davidianus. Andrias 91 dentiens. Ningbingia 142 cylindricornis. Capra 27 davidianus. Elaphurus 26 denlifera. Partula 134 Cylindroverlilla 1 33 davidianus. Paradoxornis 62 denliplaga. Euploea 183 Cylindrus 144 davisi. Farula 176 depasoapicata. Opanara 205 davisi, Cylloepus 172 Pyrguiopsis 124 depressa , Badisles 1 4 cymalolaenia, Percina 112 davisoni. Pseudibis 38 depressa. Heosemvs 73 Cymbiodyta 170 da^'/ , Hypseleolris 1 1 depressicollis. Deronecles 168 Cymolhoe 185. 236 rfa^'/. Nyctimystes 88 depressicorms, Bubalus 27 cynocepfialus. Thylacinus 191 deaconi, Rhinichthys 198 depressum. Kinoslernon 73 Cynogale 1 dearolfi, Crangonyx 155 depressus, Natator 76 Cynolebias 103 deburghiae. Tropidopfiora 1 19 depressus. Turgenilubulus 143 Cynomys 28 decasligma. Platynecles 169 deraniyagalai. Schismalogobius 115 Cyornis 61 decemiineala . Mungoticiis 17 derasa. Tridacna 150 cypfia, Gila 95 deceplor. Leptogryllus 164 derbianus derbianus, Tragelaphus 224 C^'PRIDINIDAE 153 rfec/a. Hydroptila 175 derbianus, Oreophasis 41 cypriensis. Coluber 83 deciphens. Somatogyrus 125 derbianus, Tragelaphus 28 Cyprinella 95 decipiens. Achatinella 130 DERMATEMYDIDAE 73 CYPRINIDAE 94, 198. 229 decisum, Pleurobema 148 Dermatemys 73 Cyprinodon 104, 199. 230 declivis, Vallonia 133 DERMOCHELYIDAE 76 CYPRINODONTIDAE 104. 199. 230 decora. Achatinella 201 Dermochelys 76 Cyprinus 95. 198 decora. Paradisaea 71 Dermogenys 106 Cyprogenia 147 decorata. Lasmigona 148 Deroceras 1 40 Cypseloides 52 decorala. Trachemys 74 Deronectes 168 Cymotheba 144 decorticata. Sinployea 206 deseriicola, Psychomastalix 164 cyrtandrae. Nesosydne 167 decorus, Hydaticus 168 deshayesi. Gonospira 135 cyrtandricola, Nesosydne 167 dedeckkeri. Canthocamptus 153 Desmana 7 Cyrlopellis 1 66 dedecora. Ptychalaea 133 desmarestii, Megalomys 192 C^-Zora 119 defilippiana. Pterodroma 35 desmazuresi. Tropidophora 200 Dacnis 66, 67 degenerata. Leiostyla 132 Desmocerus 233 dacotae, Hesperia ill degodiensis. Mirafra 58 desmonda. Mesodonlracliia 142 dacotiae, Saxicola 63 Deinacrida 1 63 desmondi teita. Papilio 234 Dactylopsila 5 Deinocossonus 1 73 Desmopachria 168 dahli, Phrynops 11 Deinomimesa 187 desperatus, Gammarus 154 Daihinibaeneies 163 dejeclus. Stygobromus 155 deleani. Nephrurus 78 dalhousiensis. Craterocephalus 107 delalandei. Coua 196 detecta, Harmogenanina 139 Da//a 177 Delanymys 29 dewaali. Redigobius 1 15 £/a//(. Phocoenoides 22 delcourti. Hoplodactylus 197 diaboli, Dionda 95 dama, Gazella 27 delectus. Graptodytes 168 diaboUcus, Eurostopodus 52 Dama 26 delicala, Jacksonena 142 diabolis. Cyprinodon 104 Damaliscus 27, 223 delicalissima. Iguana 80 diadema, Cliarmosyna 195 iiam(. Parelroplus 1 1 Oe/ma 79 diadema, Cliarmosyna 48 damii. Xenopirostris 59 Deloneura 209 diadema. Helicodiscus 136 dammah. Oryx 28 delongi. Mixogaster 175 diadema, Propithecus 1 Damochlora 141 Df/o5 136 diametra natalica. lolaus 234 DANAIDAE 183 deloustali. Paramesotriton 92 diana, Cercopilhecus 13 Danaus 183 DELPHACIDAE 167 f/iana ro/oivav. Cercopitheciis 218 dam. Hyphydrus 169 Delphinaplerus 22 dianae. Ptychodon 205 £>an/o 95 DELPHINIDAE 20 dianae. Tarsius 1 252 1 28 8 1 1 diapliana, Samoana 134 distinguendus, Dryophthorus 208 dryanderensis. Offachloritis 142 diaphanum, Bylhiospeum 121 ditaenia, Gila 95 dryas. Cercopithecus 13 Diaphlebia 160 ditrema, Etheostoma 1 1 dryburghi. Thestor 182 diardi, Lophura 42 Ditropis 118 Drymarchon 228 Diastole 139 diurnus. Taudactylus 89 Dryobius 173 diazi. Romerolagus 33 diulurna, Pardosa 152 Dryococelus 208 DICAEIDAE 65 Divellomelon 141 Dryocopus 54 Dicaeum 65 diversa. Isonychia 158 Dryophthorus 208 dicei, Sylvilagus 33 diversipes. Hygrotus 169 Dryotribus 208 Dicerorfunus 25 diversus, Neochanna 102 dubaulianus, Aeschrithmysus 173 Diceros 25 Dobsonia 7. 191 dubia. Parlulina 131 dichotomus. Blastocerus 25 dohertyi, Oreolyce 182 Dubiraphia 172 dichroma. Dionda 95 dolwrtyi persimilts. Yplhima 236 dubius drucei. HypoUmnas 236 dicksoni calviniae. Thestor 235 doliertyi. Ptilinopus 48 dubius. Leptoplilos 37 dicksoni dicksoni, Thestor 235 dohertyi, Troides 180 ducalis. Megadytes 208 dicksoni. Oxycfiaeta 182 doltmi, Paleoxenus 172 Ducula 47 dicksoni, Stygionympha 184 dohrni. Palaina 1 18 dugesi, Thermosphaeroma 154 dicksoni. Tsitana 178 dohrnii, Ramplxodon 53 dugon. Dugong 24 dicobolus yarrowi. Catoslomus 230 dolabelloides, Lexingtonia 148 Dugong 24 Dicranopselaphus 172 dolani, Homoeoneuria 158 DUGONGIDAE 24. 192 DICRLTRIDAE 70 Dolama 158 dulvertonensis, Fluvidona 122 Dicrurus 70 (io/e/. Carf //a 202 dumerili. Acrantophis 83 didinus. Megalaperyx 193 £/o/e/, Palmeria 68 dumerilii dumeriUi, Ambystoma 229 Didunculus 47 t/o/e/, Parlulina 131 dunckeri. Phallostethus 108 dieffenbachii , Gallirallus 194 Doleschallia 236 dunkeri, Bythinella 121 dijficilis. Pupina 1 19 DOLICHOPODIDAE 208 dunmalli, Furina 84 Diglossa 67 dolichostoma, Parlula 203 dunni. Hynobius 91 dikume , Konia 1 1 doliolum. Palaina 118 dunni, Kinosternon 73 dilataturn. Sympetrum 207 dolloff.Meta 152 dunrobinensis, Fluvidona 122 dimidiata, Pomarea 63 Dolomedes 152 dunsirei. Carra 95 diminutus, Comphus 161 Dolophilodes 176 duplicidentata. Opanara 205 dimorpha. Achatinella 201 domicella, Lorius 48 duponti, Conospira 135 dimorplia, Palaina 1 18 domogledi, Metrioptera 163 Dupucharopa 137 dinellianus, Pseudocolopteryx 57 Donacia 1 73 duquesneyi. Celestas 82 dineuloides. Pleurodyles 169 donosi. Liolaemus 80 rfura gammiei. Lethe 235 dinniki, Vipera 85 dorbignyi huancavelicae. Asthenes 227 Durangonella 121 DINOMYIDAE 31 dorcas claytoni. Lycaena 235 Durbania 234 Dinomys 3 dorcas dorcas, Damaliscus 223 durnfordi nicfioH, Charaxes 236 Dinornis 193 dorcas, Gazeila 27 Dusicyon 15, 192 Diomedea 35 dorcas saudiya. Gazeila 223 dussumieri, Casarea 83 DIOMEDEDDAE 35 Dorcatragus 27 duthieae, Chlorotalpa 6 Dionda 95, 229 Dorcopsis 4 dutoiti. Arlhroleptides 198 dioplrica, Austraioplwcaena 22 Dorcopsulus 4 dultoniana. Lilhasia 129 Diplogale 19 Dorcus 170 duvauceli. Cervus 26 Diploglossus 82 doretta, Euploea 183 duvauceli. Hoplodoctylus 78 Diplommatina 1 1 dorianus. Dendrolagus 4 duvergeri, Acilius 168 Diplommatinaa 1 1 dorothea dorolhea. Trigonoscuta 233 duyvenbodei . Aethopyga 65 DIPLOMMATINIDAE 118,231 dorotheae. Amytornis 60 dwighlii. Parlulian 131 diplomphalus , Hirasea 136 dorsalis dorsalis. Cicindela 233 Dyacopterus 7 Diplomystes 99. 100 dorsalis, Homoroselaps 83 dyeriana. Fluvidona 122 DIPLOMYSTIDAE 99 dorsalis. Lepilemur 10 Dynastes 233 Diplothrix 29 douglasensis. Stenelmis 172 dyodon, Charpentieria 133 Diplotrema 213 douglasi, Sminthopsis 3 Dysithamnus 55 Dipnelix 137 doyeni. Trigonoscuta 174 Dysnomia 147,207,231.232 DIPODIDAE 29,225 dracomontana , Rana 90 Dysticheus 174 Dipodomys 29, 225 draconicus, Chlorolestes 159 DYTISCIDAE 168, 208. 233 Z)/r« 186 dracontlla, Nyctimene 8 Dytiscus 168. 233 d(,ya. Punlius 97 DREPANIDAE 196 eachamensis, Melanotaenia 199 discicollis. Agabus 168 DREPANIDIDAE 68 £anui 172 DISCIDAE 138,206,231 Drepanis 196 eapensis, Nesopupa 133 Discocharopa 137 Drepanoptila 47 eastwoodae. Tetradactylus 198 DISCOGLOSSID.AE 87. 198 Driloleirus 1 5 eatoni. Komarekiona 151 Discoglossus 87, 198 drimica, Ohridohauffenia 200 eberhardi. Pseudotricula 123 discrepans, Ogasawarana 117 DROMAHDAE 193 e^H, Epixerus 28 discrepans. Oliarus 166 Dromaius 193 eboraci. Euploea 183 Discula 144. 206 dromas, Dromus 147 eboratum, Heteraghon 159 Disculella 144 Dromus 147 ecaudatus, Chaeropus 191 Diicuj 138, 206 Drosophila 208 Ecchlorolestes 159 dispar. Lycaena 181 DROSOPHILIDAE 208 Ecclisomyia 1 76 dissimilis, Psephotus 50 druceanus enlabeni. Charaxes 236 ECHIMYIDAE 193 distans. Amazilia 52 druceanus williamsi. Charaxes 236 echinatus, Cottus 199 distans, Lethe 1 84 dryadopa. Oeoblia 185 ECHINIDAE 188.239 253 2 echinista, Echymipera 3 ELEOTRIDAE 113 epicentra, Hedylepta 209 Ecbinodillo 154 Eleotris 1 13 epichans. Sturanyella 118 echinopyge, Canthocamptus 153 ELEPHANTIDAE 24 Epicrates 83, 228 echinulata, Discula 144 elephantopus, Geochelone 74 Epigomphus 160 Echinus 188 Elephas 24 Epimachus 1 1 Echiopsis 84 Eleulhemis 232 Epiophlebia 160 echo, Psittacula 50 Eleullierodaclylus 88 EPIOPHLEBIIDAE 160 Echymipera 3 elevata , Amplirhagada 141 epirrhinos, Hephaestus 1 10 Economidichihys 1 14 etgini, Spilornis 40 episcopa ssp., Diorukt 119 Eclemnius 187,236 e//.sa, Fabriciana 185 Epixerus 28 Eclodemia 209 £//u™i 29 Epomophorus 7, 8 Eclopistes 195 ellioli, Syrmaticus 42 Epomops 8 £dc«o 109 e;/io(i;. /"/(/a 57 EQUIDAE 24, 192, 221 edeni, Balaenoplera IXi elliplica, Lilltiabilella 111 £guui 24. 192, 221 Edentulina IM Elliptio 147 erasa, Brazieria 139 edgbaslonensis, Jardinella 122 ELMINTHIDAE 172, 233 £refc/a 184. 235 ediiha bayensis, Euphydryas 236 Elona 144 Eremarionta 145. 231 editha monoensis, Euphydryas 236 elongata, Amastra 101 eremiana, Perameles 191 edmundo, Ophiogomphus 207 elongata, Calamoecia 153 Eremicluhys 95 edwardsi, Lepilemur 10 elongata, Hemisaga 163 eremita, Geronticus 37 edwardsi, Loplmra 42 elongata, Indotestudo 74 eremita, Osmoderma 171 Edwardsia 117 elongata, Victodrobia 126 eremita, Sonorella 146 edwardsiana, Grapholilha ill elongatula, Omphalotropis 127 Eremitalpa 6 edwardsii, Jasus 239 elongatulus, Unio 149 eremitus, Letocepluilus 197 EDWARDSIIDAE 117 elongalus, Acanthorhodeus 94 Eremomela 61 Edwardsina 174 elongalus, Ambassis 109 Eremopliilus 101 £j9cria 175 elongatus, Cycleptus 99 £rfp(a 206 effugiens. Actinella 144 elongalus, Fluvidona 111 ERETHEONTIDAE 31 egerides, Aloeides 180 elpenor, Allanlisia 194 Erelmochelys 76 Egernia 81, 228 elphinstonii, Columba 46 ericae, Tryonia 126 EjreHa 37 elseri, Bylhiospeum 121 ericeticola, Lycosa 152 Eidoleon 167 Elseya 11 Erikssonia 1 80 eigenmanni, Evarra 198 elusivus, Hydroporus 168 ERINACEIDAE 6 £ira 220 emarginatus, Stygobromus 155 erinaceus, Clavicoccus 208 eisentrauli, Crocidura 6 Emballonura 9 Brinna 129 eisenlrauli, Konia 1 1 EMBALLONURIDAE 9 Eriocnemis 52 eisentrauli, Melignomon 54 Emberiza 67 Eriogasler 1 86 eisentrauli, Myosorex 1 EMBEREIDAE 66 erosa, Omphalotropis 111 ejuncida, Hypseleolris 113 EMBIOTOCIDAE 230 Erpetogomphus 160 Etachislodon 83 emersoni, Partula 134 errans, Panoquina 111 E/apfte 83 emigdionis, Plebejus 182 erskinensis, Allocltaropa 137 elapbra, CoUocalia 52 empedonepia, Telligidea 165 erubescens, Barbus 94 Elaphrus 168 Empelrichlhys 199, 230 Erymnochelys 11 Elaphurus 26 empltanum, Polypleclron 42 erylhopoma, Pyrgulopsis 124 elaphus yarkandensis, Cervus 221 Empicoris 166 erylhrocephala, Podocnemis 11 ELAPIDAE 84,229 EMPIDIDAE 175 erylhrocephalus, Hylocryplus 55 Elapognalhus 84 EMYDIDAE 73, 227 Erytlvroecia 186 Elasmias 131 Emydura 11 erythrogaster, Cercopitliecus 13 Efassoma 1 10 emys, Manouria 74 erythronolos, Formicivora 56 ELASSOMATIDAE 110 Enatlagma 159 erylhroplera, Gallicolumba 47 ftoto, Tryonia 126 Endodonia 136 erythropus, Anser 38 ELATERIDAE 172, 213 ENDODONTIDAE 136, 204 erylhropus saltuarius, Crypturellus 226 elatior, Rhodacmaea 130 endymion, Poecilmilis 182 erythrotts, Cercopilhecus 13 elator, Dipodomys 29 Engaeus 157 Erythrotriorchis 39 elatus, Stygobromus 155 Engaewa 157 Erythrura 69 fWii. Cervui 26 engonala. Discus 138 escambia, Fusconaia 147 fWii f7d//. Cervus 221 ENGRAULIDAE 94 escliariferus, Bulimulus 135 eW// siamensis, Cervus 111 enniensis, Vallonia 133 escobedae, Mexipyrgus 123 eleclilis, Kupea 1 85 enoptes smitlii, Eupliilotes 234 esculentus. Echinus 188 electro. Idea 183 ensipennis, Campylopterus 52 esperanza, Papilio 179 electra, Peponocephala 21 enlomosloma, Brazieria 139 esperi, Fagolia 111 electra, Videna 140 Eopenlhes 213 Eslrilda 69 Electron 53 eos. Bulimulus 135 ESTRILDIDAE 69 elegans, Achatinella 201 £oi 48 ethelae, Phylolestes 159 elegans, Cyprinodon 104 epaminondas, Grapliium 178 Etheostoma HI. 199 elegans elegans, Laniisoma 227 Epargyreus 111 £ua 134 elegans, Georissa 117 Ephemera 158 Euastacus 157 elegans, Gila 95 Ephemerella 158 Euathlus 151 elegans, Macruromys 30 EPHEMERELLIDAE 158 Eubataena 19 elegans, Omphatolropis 127 EPHEMERDDAE 158, 207 euboicus, Barbus 94 elegans, Ordlrachia 142 ephemerus, Stygobromus 155 Eucerceris 187 Eleolhreptus 52 EPHYDRIDAE 175 Euchloe 234 254 7 1 51 1 1 EUCNEMIDAE 172 evelynae. Carelia 202 fausla. Aclinella 144 EUCONULIDAE 138 £verfj 234 / Eucrenonaspides 1 53 everelli. Aceros 54 / Eudoniomyzon 93 everetti. Melogale 17 Felexamia 1 67 euglypta, Glyptorhagada 142 everelli. Monarclia 62 FELIDAE 16,219 Eulamprus 82, 228 everelli. Turnix 43 felina, Lulra 17 Eulemur 10 everelli, Zoolliera 64 felipei. Muslela 17 Eulemur 10. 217 exanimus. Kimboraga 142 fe//5 16. 219 Eulidia 52 exaula. Margaronia 185 Felovia 3 eulima. Cecilioides 204 ejrrava/us. Somatogyrus 125 femoralis. Cinnyricinclus 70 eu/o , Jardinella 1 22 excella. Cryplochia 176 fenderi. Rhyacophila 175 Eulonchus 1 75 excelsior aricomae. Cinclodes 227 fenderi. SoUperla 165 eulophotes. Egretla 37 excisa. Gyrotoma 201 Fennecus 1 EUMASTACIDAE 164 exigua. Anomala 171 feralis. Micrarionla 145 Eumeces 82 exigua. Jardinella 122 ferdebueni. Poblana 108 Eumetopias 18 exigua. Partula 203 Feresa lid Eumorsea 1 64 ejo7i\i. Arganiella 1 19 Ferminia 59 eungella. Euaslacus 157 eximia, Anomala 171 fernandensis. Sephanoides 53 eungellensis, Taudactylus 89 eximius ssp., Cyprinodon 230 fernandinae. Colaptes 54 Eunice 151 exocoeli. Ramphotyphlops 83 /ero-T. Crypioprocla 19 Eunicella 1 1 exoplala. Mandarina 142 ferraria. Leiostyla 132 EUNICIDAE 151 expansa. Auriculella 202 ferreoroslris. Chaunoproclus 197 eunus eunus. Pseudocopaeodes 233 expansa, Podocnemis 11 Ferrissia 1 30 euops. Aratinga 49 expansilabris mallolensis. Helminlhoglypla ferrugineifrons, Bolborhynchus 49 eupalor. Euploea 1 83 231 ferrugineus. Deronecles 168 EtTELMIDAE 186 exquisita. Melanoiaenia 107 ferrugineus. Pfiaenomys 30 Eupelmus 1 86 exquisila. Omphalotropis 127 /erui przewalskii. Equus 221 EUPHAEIDAE 232 exquisilus. Colurnicops 43 FERUSSACIIDAE 135,204 Eupherusa 52 exsu/. Su/o 87 /7&er birulai. Castor 115 Euphilotes 234 e.r5u/. Psillacula 196 Fibulacamplus 1 53 euphon, Euploea 183 exlensa. Menidia 108 Ficedula 61 Euphydryas 236 exlensus. Collus 109 ficulnea. Papilla 132 Eupleres 19 exlincta, Neduba 208 ftdelis minor. Monadenia 23 Euploea 1 83 extraneus. Cambarus 156 fidelis pronolis, Monadenia 231 euploeomorpha, Tirwnala 184 exulalus. Chilonopsis 204 fieldi. Pseudomys 193 Eupodolis 44 ezol/i. Boninagrion 159 filfolensis filfolensis. Podarcis 228 Euproclus 92 /afra, Partula 134 filicicola. Nesorestias 167 Euproserpinus 1 86 fabalis. Villosa 149 filicum. Heleramphas 174 Eupsophus 88 Fabriciana 185 filicum. Leiostyla 132 Euptilolis 53 fabula. Pegias 148 ///oia. Partula 203 Eurapteryx 193 facia. Micrarionla 145 filosa. Rhodacmaea 130 eurasius. Stenobolhrodes 165 Fagotia 127 ftmbriata. Phrynomedusa 88 europa tamuna, Lethe 235 fahirae. Phoxinellus 97 fischeri. Haplonycleris 8 europaeus, Mesoplodon 23 fairbanksensis, Pyrgulopsis 124 ftscheri. Lepidostoma 176 europaeus, Pkyllodactylus 79 fairburni. Anagolus 173 fisheri. Labeo 96 Eurosiopodus 52 falcirostris. Sporophila 67 /ii/ien. ^amj 198 euroxeslus, Tengchiena 139 falcirostris, Xiphocolaptes 55 //ijt/i, Lamprophis 84 Eurycea 91 Fa/co 40. 194 Fissaria 1 2 eurycerus isaaci, Tragelaphus 224 falconeri. Capra 27 fitzroyana, Mesodonlraclua 142 eurydice fumosa, Satyrodes 236 FALCONEDAE 40. 194 flagellalus. Stygobromus 155 EURYLAIMIDAE 54 fallai, Deinacrida 163 flagellum ruddocid. Maslicophis 228 Eurynorhynchus 45 fallax. Beddomeia 120 flammea. Hemilremia 96 Euryphura 185 falsus. Ameleius 158 flammea. Paroreomyza 197 euryprora. Hedylepta 209 familiare, Apahpteron 66 /7ava, Monardithemis 162 eurystoma, Gambusia 105 familiaris, Acrocephalus 59 /7a va, Tilapia 113 euryslomus. Satan 100 fanalensis. Lauria 132 flavescens, Varanus 83 Eurytides 178,234 fanovanae. Newloma 62 flavicans. Foudia 69 Euscarlhmus 57 Farula 1 76 flavicauda. Lagolhrix 13 Euscheman 1 77 fasciala. Agrolis 209 flavicauda masakii, Coeliccia 232 Eusthenia 165 fasciala. Galidictis 17 flaviceps. Allapeles 66 EUSTHENIIDAE 165 fasciala taeniata. Nerodia 228 fJaviceps. Callithrix 1 eulerpe. Euproserpinus 186 fascialus, Brachylophus 79 flaviceps. Rhodacanlhis 197 Euthalia 185 fascialus. Lagoslronhus 4 flavifrons. Amblyornis 70 eutheca, Hirasea 205 fascialus. Myrmecobius 3 flavifuscus. Panlius 97 Eutrichomyias 196 fasciculispina, Rana 90 flavigula melanotis. Manorina 111 Eutriorchis 39 fascinans, Goniobasis 128 flavigula robinsoni, Maries 220 eutropia. Cephalorhynchus 20 fasciolalus. Mixophyes 89 flavigula, Serinus 69 Euxanthe 185 fastigata. Lamprocyslis 139 flavigularis. Lepus 32 euzyga, Semotrachia 143 fastuosa. Tangara 61 flavimaculata. Grapiemys 73 evandaleana. Cupedora 141 fastuosus, Epimachus 71 flavipes, Malimbus 70 £varra 198 fatrense. Deroceras 140 flavipinnis, Nolurus 100 255 1 1 1 1 7 Alouatta 12 flavipinnis. Stupidogobius 1 15 Fourfm 69. 197 fusca. Aplonis 197 flavirostris. Humblotia 61 fowleri. Celestus 82 fusca. flavirosths. Paradoxornis 62 fraenata. Onychogalea 4 /ujca yi^sca . Alouatta 2 1 flavomarginatus. Coplierus 74 fragilis. Omplialotropis 127 fusca, Mimeroconciia 137 flavovirens. Chlorospingus 66 fragilis. Samoana 134 fusca, Leiostyla 132 flavus. Agelaius 69 fragosa, Quadrula 149 fuscata. Macaca 13 flavus, Brachycercus 158 francesae. Skiffia 105 fuscala. Newnhamia 153 flavus. Speleomantes 91 francoisi. Trachypitfwcus 14 fuscata yakui. Macaca 218 flavus, Zoslerops 65 Francolinus 41 fuscicapillus, Philemon 66 fleayi. Mixopliyes 89 franklandensis, Beddomeia 120 fusciceps, Ateles 12 fleckeri. Euastacus 157 Fregata 31 fuscicollis leucogenys, Saguirms 111 flectocercus. Ixalodecles 163 FREGATIDAE 37 fuscipennis, Dicrurus 70 Fletcherana 186 Fregilupus 197 fuscipes riparia . Neotoma 225 fletcheri. Lechriodus 89 freycineti. Myiagra 62 fuscobasis. Acfiatinella 130 flexicolumella. Hemistoma 122 frigatensis. Nysius 166 Fusconaia 147 flexuosa. Dysnomia 207 Fringilla 69 fuscopalliala, Brachythemis 162 florensis, Corvus 71 fringillaris, Spizocorys 58 fuscozonata . Aaadonta 136 florentina curtisi. Dysnomia 231 FRINGILLIDAE 69, 197 fuscus, Eleulherodactylus 88 florenlinafloreruina. Dysnomia 232 frisoni, Ceratella 158 fuscus, Galaxias 102 florentina walkeri, Dysnomia 232 frivola. Kusaiea 139 fuscus insubricus, Pelobates 229 florida, Oxyethira 176 frobe si, Nesithmysus 173 fuscus. Lamprophis 84 floridalis, Anaea 185 froggatti, Cinetodus 101 fuscus. Liolaemus 80 floridana. Ceraclea 111 fromensis, Beddomeia 120 fuscus. Notomys 30 floridana, Micronaspis 172 frontalis. Ateleric 6 fusea. Partula 203 floridana smalli. Neotoma 225 frontalis, Sporophila 67 fusiformis. Goniobasis 201 floridana, Trigonopelastes 171 frontalis. Stenella 21 fusoidea, Partulina 131 floridensis. Asaphomyia 174 frosli, Neopteryx 8 gabbi. Micrarionla 145 fluminensis, Myrmotherula 56 frosti.Philoria 89 gabbii, Bassaricyon 18 Fluminicola 1 2 frosli. Serica 171 gabela. Prionops 59 fluvialis, lo 129 frugivorus. Calyplophilus 66 gabela, Sheppardia 63 fluvialilis. Prinia 63 fuchsi, Belgrandiella 120 gaigeae, Paratelmatobius 89 fluviatilis, Sotalia 21 fuchsi. Orcula 133 gaigei, Cambusia 105 fluviatillis, Cralerocephalus 107 fuertesi. Hapalopsittaca 49 Galago 1 Fluvidona 121. 122 fulgens, Achatinella 130 Calagoides 1 1 Fluviopupa 122 fulgens. Ailurus 18 GALAGONIDAE 11 foliniana, Platyla 1 19 fulgida. Meda 96 galapagoensis, Buteo 39 folkerlsi. Hydroporus 168 fulgurans. Perdicella 202 Galaxias 102 Fonscochlea 1 22 Fu/ica 43. 194 Galaxiella 102 fontanus, Calaxias 102 fullawayi, Hedylepta 209 GALAXUDAE 102 fonticola, Etheostoma 1 1 fullerkati, Lampsilis 147 galbinifrons. Cuora 73 Fantigens 122 fultoni. Beddomeia 120 Galbula 54 fonlinalis. Cyprinodon 104 fulvescens. Acipenser 93 GALBULIDAE 54 fontinalis. Hygrolus 169 fulvicrus, Ectemnius 187 galeata. Ducula 47 foramenus, Turgenitubulus 143 fulvorufula adamauae. Redunca 224 galeata. Lemntscia 145 forbesi. Amastra 201 fuhorufula chanleri. Redunca 224 galeatus, Basilornis 70 forbesi, Curaeus 69 fulvum, Heleropoma 126 galeatus. Dryocopus 54 /orrf/. Aphodius 171 fulvus albifrons, Eulemur 1X1 Galemys 1 foremani, Pleurocera 129 fulvus albocollaris. Eulemur 217 galericulata, Aix 38 formanii. Anculosa 200 fulvus collaris. Eulemur 111 galeritus 'sanjei'. Cercocebus 218 Formica 186. 187 fulvus fulvus, Eulemur 111 galeritus galeritus. Cercocebus 218 FORMICARIIDAE 55 fulvus mayottensis. Eulemur 111 Galidictis 17 Formicarius 55 fulvus rufus, Eulemur 111 Gallicolumba 47 FORMICIDAE 186 fulvus sanfordi, Eulemur 217 Gallinago 45 Formicivora 56 fumeus, Pseudomys 3 Gallinula 43. 194. 226 formosa , Amandava 69 fumosus, Hylomyscus 30 Gallirallus 44. 194 formosa. Anas 38 Fundulus 104, 199 galloi, Polyommatus 182 formosa, Anculosa 127 funerea, Drepanis 196 Gallotia 80 formosa, Cyprinella 95 funereus, Morimus 173 galusdae. Cheirodon 99 formosa. Partula 203 funicula. Gonospira 136 Gambelia 80 formosa. Sitla 64 Funisciurus 28 gambianus. Mungos 19 formosus barlelst, Myolis 217 funium, Torresitrachia 143 gambieri, Todirhamphus 53 formosus hermani. Myotis 217 /uroj, Emballonura 9 Gambusia 105, 199 formosus. Oiomops 10 furcatus. Hemitriccus 57 gamelia . Euploea 1 83 formosus. Scleropages 93 furcatus, Pseudomugil 108 GAMMARIDAE 154 Forpus 49 furcifer. Plianer 10 gammarus. Homarus 239 forresti. Ochotona 32 Furina 84 Gamma rus 154 forsfenii. Indotestudo 74 furiosus. Noturus 100 gammoni, Slenelmis 111 forlhensis, Beddomeia 120 FLfRNARIIDAE 55.227 ganesa loomisi, Pancfiala 235 /ort/i. Pacifastacus 157 furnessi, Pentalagus 33 gangetica, Platamsta 23 fosbergi. Opanara 205 /urva. Leplaxis 145 gangelicus, Gavialis 78 /oiM, Fos5a 19 /urva. Mogurnda 1 14 ganleri. Palaemonias 156 Fosra 19 fiirvum, Pleurobema 148 gaoligongensis. Ochotona 32 256 1 1 1 3 garamantis. Parantica 184 Genhosaurus 81 glauerti. Bothriembryon 134 gardineri. Sooglossus 90 Gerygone 196, 227 Glirulus 31 garleppi, PapiUo 179 geyeri , Bylhiospeum 1 2 Glischropus 9 garleppi. Poosptza 67 geyerii. Vertigo 133 Clobicephala 20 garmani, Cfiaracodon 199 gharlapsi. Trochoidea 144 globiceps. Galaxias 102 garneri. Bylhiospeum 121 ghigii, Ladtgesocypris 96 globosus. Coelus 111 garnotii, Pelecanoides 36 gibba. Beddomeia 120 globulosa, Crax 41 Garra 95 gibba, Leiostyla 203 glossema, Carelia 202 garrelli. Partula 203 gibba. Partula 134 Glossogobius 114. 115 ganidoi, Capromys 32 gibbensis. Rfujgada 143 Glossolepis 107 Garrulax 61 gibberum. Pleurobema 148 GLOSSOSOMATIDAE 175 109, GASTEROSTEIDAE 230 gibboni. Diplommatina 1 18 gloveralleni . Procyon 192 Gasterosleus 109, 230 gibbosus. Breviceps 89 gloveri, Craleroceplialus 107 Gaslrocopta 133, 203 G/Tj/tu^ 204 glutinosa. Myxas 129 gatliffi, Pernagera 137 giffardi. Ectemnius 187 glyceia. Hemicycla 145 gaurus. Bos 26 gijfordi. Nesotocus 174 Glyphopsyche 1 76 gautama, Tirumala 184 gigantea. Edwardsina 174 Glyphyalinia 1 40 GAVIALIDAE 78 gigantea. Geochelone 74 Glyptophysa 1 30 Gavialis 78 gigantea, Grallaria 56 Glyplorhagada 141. 142, 231 gazella acaciae, Gazella 223 gigantea, Pseudibis 38 GNAPHOSIDAE 152 gazella farasani. Gazella 223 giganteus. Cordylus 8 ^nOK, Connochaeles 27 gazella. Gazella 28 gigantula. Palaemnema 160 GOBIIDAE 114 gazella muscalensis. Gazella 213 gtgas. Arapaima 93 Go^/o 96 Gazella 27, 28. 192, 223 gigas. Branchinecta 152 Gobiomorphus 1 1 geata. Myosorex 1 gigas. Hydrochous 52 Gobius 115 geayi. Bedotia 106 gigas. Hydrodamalis 192 godeffroyi. Todirfiamphus 53 gee/, Trachypilfiecus 14 gigas. Macroderma 9 godefrida, Claravis 46 geertsi, Caecobarbus 94 gigas, Pangasianodon iOO godetiana. Helix 145 gejiuensi, Nemacfieilus 98 gigas. Phelsuma 197 godini, Eriocnemis 52 GEKKONIDAE 78. 197 gigas. Podilymbus 193 goedeni, Lepidostoma 176 gelada, Theropilhecus 14 gigas. Slrombus 239 goeldii. Callimico 11 GELECHIIDAE 177 ^/gfli. Tachypleus 151 goeringi, Hemispingus 67 gelida . Hybopsis 96 gigas. Thamnophis 84 goerneri. Knipowilschia 1 15 gemina gafuri. Lethe 235 gigas. Tridacna 150 gojfini. Cacatua 48 gemina. Ischnura 159 G//a 95.96, 198,229 goisagi. Gorsachius 37 geminalus, Hylogomphus 161 ^//ae. Onchorhynchus 103 golandi, Ploceus 70 Geminoropa 137 gi/ae, Pyrgulopsis 124 golgus. Polyommatus 182 gemma, Hemistoma Ml gilae, Tryonia 126 goliath, Conraua 90 genei, Speleomantes 91 gilberti. Kupeornis 61 goliath. Ducula 47 genesii. Vertigo 133 gilberti. Noturus 100 GOMPHIDAE 160.207,232 genetta isabelae. Genetta 220 gilberti. Pingalla 110 Gompliurus 160, 161 Genetla 19, 220 g////, Austroglanis 100 Comphus 161 geniculata, Lithasia 129 g////, Xenopus 90 gongshanensis. Munliacus 26 Genophantis 209 gillie si, Amanipodagrion 159 Gongylomorphus 228 Geocapromys 32, 193 gilliesi, Parypluznla 136 Gonidomus 204 Geochelone 74 gillissi, PerciUa 1 10 goniobasis. Hirasea 205 Geoclemys 73 giluwensis, Rallus 31 Goniobasis 128, 129, 200, 201 Geocrinia 89 gingica, Arborophila 41 Goniosaurus 78 Geoemyda 73 ginkgodens, Mesoplodon 23 Gonoceplialus 79 geoffrensis. Ima 23 giramica, Actinella 144 Gonospira 135,136,204 geoffroii, Dasyurus 3 Cirardinichlhys 105 gonzalesi, Chrotomys 29 geoffroyi. Ateles 12 G/ rardinichthys 1 05 Goodea 105 geoffroyi, Callithrix 11 Gitlenbergeri 145 GOODEIDAE 105. 199, 230 Geogale 5 giulianii. Dubiraphia 172 goodfellowi, Dendrolagus 4 Geomalacus 146 giulianii, Pseudocotalpa 171 gopheri. Copris 171 geomethcus, Psammobates 75 glabratum, Heteropoma 126 Gopherus 74 GEOMETRIDAE 186.209 glabricollis, Cephalopterus 56 gora/ bedfordi, Nemorliaedus 223 Geomitra 144, 206 glacialis, Eubalaena 19 gordoni, Xiphophorus 106 GEOMYIDAE 29. 225 Glacica vicola 1 70 gorgone. Erebia 184 Geonemerles 117 GLACIDORBIDAE 129 gorilla beringei. Gorilla 219 georgei. Gambusia 199 Glacidorbis 129 gorilla. Gorilla 14 georgiana, Beloneuria 165 gladiator, Malaconotus 59 Gor/V/a 14,219 georgiana, Occirhenea 142 gladius. Psepliurus 93 gormonti. Renea 1 19 georgianum, Pleurobema 148 glandulosus, Pyrgulopsis 124 Gorsachius 37 Georissa 117 GLAREOLIDAE 45 gossypinus allapalicola, Peromyscus 115 Geothlypis 68 Glaresis 171 gothei, Bracfiygalaxias 102 GEOTRUPIDAE 170 glassi. Crocidura 6 goudolii, Eupleres 19 Gerbillus 19 Glaucidium 5 goughensis. Rowettia 67 gerliardti, Goniobasis 128 glaucogularis. Ara 49 gouldi. Aslacopsis 157 germaini, Polyplectron 42 Glaucomys 224 gouldiae, Chloebia 69 Geronticus 37 Glaucopsyche 209, 234 gouldii, Pseudomys 193 Gerrhonotus 82 glaucus, Anodorhynchus 49 Coura 47 257 1 1 1 3 1 1 gowerensis. Monterissa 117 griseus. Grampus 20 //adra 142 208 goyderi. Amytornis 60 griseus griseus. Hapalemur 111 Hadramphus 174, graciUor, Fibulacampius 153 griseus occidenlalis. Hapalemur 217 HAEMATOPINIDAE 165 Haemafopinus 165 graciliroslris, Chloropeta 60 Gronocarus 171 226 gracilis. Austromenidia 106 gronovii, Sceloles 82 HAEMATOPODIDAE 195, gracilis. Coelus 173 grosesmilhi. Papilio 179 Haemalopus 226 haemaiuropygia, Cacaiua 48 gracilis. Fiuviopupa 122 grossum. Cristilabrum 141 gracilis. Galaxias 102 GRUIDAE 43 liaesilatus. Cislicola 60 gracilis, Goodea 105 Gru5 43 liageni. Rhinocypha 158 gracilis, Melanolaenia 107 GRYLLIDAE 164 fiafiajimana. Lamprocyslis 139 Mandarina gracilis. Microgale 5 Grylloblatta 162 hahajimana. 142 gracilis. Omphalotropis 127 GRYLLOBL.\TTIDAE 162 haltajimana. Viirinula 206 gracilis. Pelaurus 5 Gryllotalpa 164 hahneli. Parides 179 gracilis. TroglohypharUes 152 GRYLLOTALPIDAE 164 Haideoporus 1 68 GRACILLARIIDAE 177 gryneus sweadnert. Miloura 235 hainanus. Lepus 33 GRADUNGULIDAE 152 guamensis. Omphalotropis 111 halakalae. Nesothauma 167 gradyi. Slygobromus 155 guamensis. Partula 134 haleakalae. Eclemnius 187 graeca graeca. Tesludo 227 guamensis. Succinea 206 haleakalae. Neseis 166 Graellsia 186 guarouba, Aralinga 49 /w/e/. Barbus 94 grahami, Etheostoma 1 1 GubernatrLx 67 Aa/e/. Sicyoplerus 115 Grallaria 56 guenlheri, Christinas 78 Haliaeelus 39 Grallaricula 56 guentheri, Pfielsuma 78 HALIPLroAE 168 grammiceps, Stachyris 64 guenlheri, Sceloles 82 Haliptus 168 gramnicoh, Trichia 143 guerinianus. Discus 206 liallae. Beddomeia 120 grampianensis. Fluvidona 122 guerinii, Truncatella 126 /ja//(, Telmatobius 89 Grampus 20 guidoni. Solaiopupa 133 hamadtyas papio. Papio 218 grande. Leiolopisma 82 guigna. Oncifelis 16 hamilloni. Leiopelma 88 grandidieri. Galidiclis 17 guildingii. Amazona 49 liamilloni. Moxosloma 99 grandimanus, Crangonyx 155 guinasana. Tilapia 113 hamillonii, Geoclemys 73 grandis. Bradyplerus 60 gumeensis. Cornigomphus 160 liamlim, Clylorliynchus 60 grandis. Epomophorus 8 guiraonis. Barbus 94 hamlyni. Cercopilhecus 13 grandis, Rhabdornis 65 gularis. Francolinus 41 hammondi, T/iamnophis 84 grandisonae. Alelognaihus 88 Gu/f//a 136, 204 handlirscht. Acanlhorutilus 94 grandituberculalum. Granulomelon 142 Gulickia 131 Hanma 1 10 grand . Batomys 29 gu/o. Gu/o 17 hansoni. Psilotreta 111 granti. Eremitalpa 6 Gu/o 17 Hansonoperla 165 granulatus. Amychus 172 gundlaclii. Accipiler 39 Hapalemur 10, 217 granulifrons. Ptilinopus 48 gundlaclu. Capromys 32 Hapalopsitlaca 49 Granulomelon 142 gunnii, Perameles 3 haplochrous. Tardus 64 Graphium 178.234 gunningi. Amblysomus 5 Haplonyclens 8 Grapliolilha 111 gunningi. Sheppardia 63 Haplophaedia 52 Graplemys 73 gunlheri, Sphenodon 78 /jarai, Slygobromus 155 Craplodyles 168 gurneyi. Pitta 58 Harmogenanina 139, 206 graslini. Gomphus 161 gullata, Zoolhera 64 haroldyoungi, Lygosoma 82 grassei, Crocidura 6 gullalus, Panulirus 239 haroyi, Aegialia 170 gratulabunda, Iglica 200 gutlifer, Tringa 46 Harpyhaliaetus 39 graueri, Bradyplerus 60 gulluralis. Saxicola 63 Harpyopsis 39 graueri. Paracrocidura 7 gutturosa . Tilapia 1 1 harrisi, Pfialacrocorax 36 graueri, Pseudocalyplomerui 54 gwalkinsii. Maries 17 harteri paucimaculala. Nerodia 228 gravenhorslii, Liolaemus 80 gyldenslolpei, fsopachys 82 iiarterti. Bairachostomus 5 gravipes, Dipodomys 29 Gyliolrachela 1 33 fiarlerti. Ficedula 61 gravis, Eurapleryx 193 Gymnobelideus 5 /wrr/, Rliagada 143 gray/, Mesoplodon 23 gymnocephalus. Picatharles 63 harilaubi. Otus 51 graysoni. Mimodes 59 Gymnocharacinus 99 Ixartlaubi, Pseudodacnis 67 graysoni, SylvHagus 1 33 Gymnochlhebius 70 harimanmana . Goniobasis 201 graysoni. Zenaida 48 Cymnocrex 44 hartungi. Caseolus 144 greenei. Cottus 109 Cymnogyps 38 hartwigi, Praomys 30 greenii, Ptychobranchus 149 Gymnopholus 174 lutrtwigi. Trilhemis 162 greenwayi. Hannia 1 10 Gymnoslinops 69 hartwigschueiti . Alzoniella 1 19 gregahus, Vanellus 45 Gymnuromys 30 /larvf ve/ui5, Smployea 206 grevyi, Equus 24 Gypi 39 liarzi, Isopltya 163 greyr , Macropus 1 9 GYRINIDAE 170 hasilala canbbaea. Pterodroma 226 GREPOPTERYGIDAE 165 Gyrotoma 20 hasitala. Pterodroma 36 grisea. Myrmotherula 56 /wax/, Barbus 94 liatclu, Eanus 111 griseiceps. BasHeuterus 68 /wax/. Cobitis 98 liatinhensis. Lophura 42 griseiceps, Myrmeciza 56 haasi. Nesithmysus 173 Hauffenia 111 ghseipeclus, Lathrotriccus 57 habei. Ogasawarana 200 hawaiiensis, Chersodromia 175 griseiventris. Taphrolesbia 53 Habroplila 44 hawaiiensis. Corvus 7 grisescens, Myolis 10 habropiilus. Strigops 50 Ixawaiiensis. Deinomimesa 187 griseus alaoirensis. Hapalemur 111 Hacrochlamys 139 /iflH'a/iVn.W.s. llhamar 166 griseus caspius, Varanus 228 haddocki. Rhyacophila 175 /wM'anf/is/i. Kalania 166 griseus, Dusicyon 15 fiadenoecus, Stygobromus 155 /wu'a(/e/w/5. Neritilia 1 17 258 1 hawequensis. Afroedura 78 HEMIRAMPHIDAE 106 hexodon. Helicodiscus 136 hayi, Stygobromus 155 Hemisaga 163 Hickmani. Allanaspides 153 iiaysiana. Dysnomia 207 Hemispingus 67 hidamonlanus . Hynobius 91 Imysiana, Goniobasis 128 Hemistena 147 hieroglyphicum . Isomma 1 6 heavisidii. Cephalorhynchus 20 Hemistoma 111 higginsii. Lampsilis 148 hebardi. Erythroecta 186 Hemilragus 28 /w7/(. Scortum 1 10 hebardi. Vertigo 133 Hemilremia 96 hillieri. Divellomelon 141 hebe. Parlula 134 Hemitriccus 57 /i///;7. Argonemertes 1 17 hectori. Cepimlorhynchus 20 hendersoni, Rhyncogonus 174 Himanlopus 45 hectori. Mesoplodon 23 hendersom, Somaiogyrus 125 Himeroconcha 1 3 7 Medleya 119 Henicopernis 39 himeros. Papilto 179 Hedleyoconcha 137 henningi, Poecilmiiis 182 hindei. Beamys 29 Hedylepta 209, 213 henrici, Ficedula 61 hindei, Turdoides 64 heermanni morroensis. Dipodomys 225 Heosemys 73 htneana. Somaforhlora 162 heinerlzi, Lacconeclus 169 Hepluiestus 110 hinkleyi. Somaiogyrus 125 heinrichi. Cossypha 61 HEPIALIDAE 177 Hinsbyi. Pleuroxia 143 heinrolhi, Pujfimts 36 HEPTAGENIIDAE 158 hiostius. Typiiaeus 170 Helarclos 19 heplaplychius. Semperdon 138 Hippocamelus 26 //e/e/a 65 herbertaxelrodi, Melanolaenia 107 Hippocampus 1 09 Heleioporus 89 herberiena. Amplirhagada 141 hippocrepis. Polygyra 140 Helena. Chilonopsis 204 herberti. Slachyris 64 Hippophaes. Hyles 186 Helena, Perdicella 132 herculeana. Labidura 165 HIPPOI'OTAMIDAE IS. 221 helenae. Cralerocephalus 107 herculeanus. Polposipus 173 hippopus. Hippopus 150 helenae. Hypoihymis 61 hercules, Alcedo 53 Hippopus 1 50 Helenoconcha 137, 206 Hercules glasen. Dynastes 233 Hipposideros 9 Helenodiscus 206 hercules Hercules. Dynasles 233 Hippotragus 192, 223 Heleophryne 87 hercules reidi, Dynasles 233 ///rasffl 136. 204, 205 HELEOPHRYNIDAE 87 herioti, Cyornis 61 hiraseana. Boninena 133 heliaca. Aquila 39 Hermanni bcettgeri, Tesiudo 228 Hirasei. Mandarina 142 Heliangelus 52 hermanni Hermanni, Tesiudo 228 hirasei. Ogasawarana 200 HELICELLIDAE 144 hermanni, Tesiudo 75 Hirosei, Morlonagnon 160 HELICIDAE 144, 206 hermansi. Beddomeia 120 hirsulissima. Cylora 1 19 heliciformis. Tropidoptera 132 hermaphrodilus Ugnicolor. Paradoxurus hirsulus, Bulimulus 135 HELICINIDAE 1 17. 200. 231 220 hirsulus, Hydroporus 169 Helicodiscus 136 Hermes. Lycaena 181 hirsutus. Lagorchesles 4 helicogyra. Cincinnatia 121 herminae. Opheodrys 84 liiriiceps luteocincla. Perdila 236 Heliconius 185, 236 herminieri, Leiocephalus 197 HmirDINIDAE 151 Helicoverpa 210 HERPESTIDAE 17,220 Hirudo 151 heliobales. Camarhynchus 66 Herpsilochmus 56 HmUNDINIDAE 58 Heliopais 44 herrei. Puntius 97 Hirundo 58 HELIORNITHIDAE 44 Hesperia 111. 233 hispanica, Anaecypris 94 Helisoma 1 30 hespericum. Craspedoma 118 Hispanica. Valencia 105 //e//.r 145 HESPERUDAE 177, 233 Hispida botnica, Phoca 220 Helixarion 139 Hesperilla 233 Hispida ladogensis. Phoca 220 HELKARIONIDAE 206 Hetaerina 159 hispida satmensis. P'toca 220 hellenicus, Eudontomyzon 93 heleracantlia. Deinacrida 163 hispidus. Caprolagus 32 hellenicus, Pungilius 109 Heteragrion 159 hislrio, Eos 48 hellmichi, Liolaemus 80 HeleralocHa 197 histrio, HyopHryne 89 Helminthoglypta 145, 231 Heterampfms 174 hobbil. Syconycteris 9 HELMINTHOGLYPTIDAE 145. 231 Helerelmis 111 hobbsi. Crangonyx 155 Heloderma 82, 83 Heterexis 1 74 hochslelieri. Leiopelma 88 HELODERMATIDAE 82 heterochir, Gambusia 105 hochslelleri, Paryphanla 136 helonomus, Allanaspides 153 Helerocleon 158 hodgesi. Gomplius 161 hembeli, Margarilifera 146 Helerocrossa 111 hoedlii. Gallicolumba 47 HEMEROBUDAE 167 Heterocyclus 1 22 hoesei. Glossogobius 114 Hemiandrus 163 heterodon. Alasmidonla 146 hogei. Phrynops 11 Hemiargus 234 heterodon, Leiostyla 203 Holcobius 111 Hemicordulia 161, 232 Heleromirafra 58 holocHlora brevipes. Aratinga 226 Hemicycla 145 HETEROMYIDAE 29, 225 holosericea. Drepanoptila 47 Hemidaina 1 63 Heteronympha 236 holsingeri. Fontigens ill Hemignatlms 68 Heteropholis 78 holsingeri. Sphalloplana 111 Hemigrammocapoeta 96 HETEROP>aiUSTIDAE 101 holsti, Parus 64 hemlonus cerrosensis, Odocoileus 222 Heteropnuestes 101 /10/5//. ^ana 90 hemionus. Equus 24 heleropodus, Stygobromus 155 holstonia. Lasmigona 148 hemionus hemionus, Equus 111 Heteropoma 126 /lo/fzi. ^arw 90 hemionus hemippus. Equus 221 heteropus. MacHiloides 158 homalonolus. Paclxypanchax 103 hemionus khur. Equus 111 Heierurus, Pltyllodactylus 79 Homarus 239 hemionus kulan, Equus 111 hetlilorum, Cobio 96 hombroni. Acienoides 53 hemionus luleus, Equus 111 hewiisomi, Ideopsis 183 homerus. PapUio 179 hemionus onager, Equus 111 hewiiii. Heleophryne 87 HOMINIDAE 14,219 Hemiphlebia 159 Hexaprolodon 25, 221 Homoeoneuria 158 HEMIPHLEBIID.AE 159 HEXATHELIDAE 151 Homonofa 78 259 1 1 Homopholis 78 hyalieioides. Gammarus 154 hypoxanlhus. Neodrepams 58 114 Homopus 74 hyalina. Diplommalina 1 18 Hypseleotns 113. Homoroselaps 83 hyalina, Partula 203 Hypstpetes 196, 227 hongii. Placostylus 135 hyantis andrewsi. Euchloe 234 Hyndella 150 Hongolua 139 hyalliana. Carelia 202 tn'RIIDAE 150 honoluluensis. Apterocychus 170 Hybognathus 96 Hysterocarpwi 230 hookeri, Phocarctos 18 Hybopsis 96 hystricelloides, Tliaumatodon 136 hoolock. Hylobates 14 hydaspe conquista, Speyeria 236 hyslricosus. Euastacus 157 hopkinsi, Pelomys 30 Hydalicus 168 iasonia. Idea 183 Hoplocephalus 84 /j^-tfe/. Goniobasis 128 ibadanensis, Malimbus 70 Hoplodactylus 78. 197 Hydraena 170 Iberocypris 96 hopping!, Lytta 173 HYDRAENIDAE 170 iberus. Aphanius 104 Horaglanis 101 HYDROBATIDAE 36 Icaricia 234. 235 hombosteli. Lamprocyslis 139 Hydrobia 122 icarioides missionensis, Icaricia 234 horhdulum, Cyclophorus 200 HYDROBIID,\E 119.200 icarioides missionensis. Plebejus 235 horridum. Heloderma 82 HYDROCENIDAE 117 icarioides moroensis. Icaricia 235 /lo^ei. DipJogale 19 Hydrocliara 170 icarioides pheres, Icaricia 235 hosei. Lagenodelphis 20 Hydrochous 52 ichikawai, Coreobagrus 100 hospes. Barbus 94 Hydrodamalis 192 ICTALLIRIDAE 100 hospiton, Papilio 179 Hydromanles 91 Ictalurus 100 houstonensis, Bufo 87 HYDROPHIIDAE 84 ICTERIDAE 69, 197 hova. Acraea 185 HYDROPHILIDAE 170 icterotis, Ognorhynclms 50 howarthi. Caconemobius 164 Hydroporus 168. 169 Icterus 69 /toH-ei. Ophiogomphus 161 Hydropotes 26 idaeoides. Graphium 178 howeinsulae. Ompiialolropis 127 Hydropsyche 208 idahoensis. Brachylagus 32 howelli. Sylvisorex 7 HYDROPSYCHIDAE 208 idahoensis idahoensis. Oreohelix 231 howelli, Trox 170 Hydroptila 175 idahoensis. Pyrgulopsis 1 24 /low. Coregonus 102 HYDROPTlLID.\E 175 idalia. Speyeria 185 hozgarganlae. Agabus 168 Hydrosaurus 79 Wfo 183 huacalmasicus, Liolaemus 80 Hydrotarsus 169 idenlalus. Stygobromus 155 huallagae, Aulacorhynchus 54 Hyelornis 51 Ideopsis 1 83 hubbsi. CoahuiUx 121 HYGROMIIDAE 143 Idiomela 145 hubbsi. Lampetra 93 Hygrolus 169, 208 Idioslaius 163 hubbsi. Moxostoma 99 //ya 87 /t/o/a. Donacia 173 hubbsi. Noiropis 96 Hylaeus 213 /^//ca 200 hubbsi, Novumbra 101 hylasfreyi, Coenagrion 232 tgnita. Lophura 42 hubbsi, Stygobromus 155 wyes 186 Iguana 80 Hubbsi na 105 HYLIDAE 87. 229 IGUANIDAE 79. 197,228 hubrichti. Allocrangonyx 155 Hylobates 14 Iguanognathus 84 hubrichli, Phaeognalhus 91 HYLOBATIDAE 14 ilieringi. Formicivora 56 hubrichti, Stenolrema 140 Hylochoerus 22 (jte/. Maccuiiochella 109 hucho. Hueho 103 hylochus. Hemitragus 28 ilicifolia. Phyllodesma 186 //uc/io 103 Hylocrypius 55 iliensis. Ochotona 32 hudsonicus grafiamensis. Tamiasciurus Hylogomphus 161 ilhdgei, Acrodipsas 180 225 Hylomyscus 30 imatata . Phreatodrobia 1 23 hudsonius luteus, Zapus 225 Hylonymptia 53 imbellis. AmmodiUus 29 hugeli, Aulopyge 94 Hylorchilus 59 imberbis. Murtculus 30 Huleechius 233 HYNOBIIDAE 91 imbricata, Eretmochelys 76 hulensis. Acanthobrama 198 Hynobius 91 imbricata. Meladema 169 hullii, Beddomeia 120 Hyophryne 89 imbriferna. Tilapia 113 humhloti. Ardea 37 Hypena 210 imeldae. Notropis 96 Humbloiia 6 hyperion. Poecilmitis 182 imitator. Accipiter 39 humedasae, Polyommatus 182 H\'PEROLIID.\E 88 imitator. Tryonia 126 humei. Sphenocichla 64 Hyperoll us 88 imitratix. Lampedusa 134 humerosus, Somatogyrus 125 Hyperoodon 23 immaculata. Deloneura 209 humiae, Syrmaticus 42 hyperythra. Brac/typleryx 60 immaculata. Eremarionta 145 humilis. Hydroporus 169 hyperythrus Cnemidophorus 81 impar, Delma 79 hungarica. Paladilhia 123 Hyphydrus 169 impenms, Alca 195 hungerfordi. Brychius 168 Hypnophila 132 imperator imperator, Saguinus 217 Hungerfordia 118 hypochroma, Sporophila 67 imperfecta. Caldwellia 138 hurUeri, Damaltscus 27 Hypodryas 185 imperforata , Partula 203 /mrf^/. Cophura 175 Hypogeomys 30 imperialis, Amazona 49 /mr(^/, Melapogon 175 Hypolestes 159 imperialis, Campephilus 54 hurtadoi. Gambusia 105 hypoleucos, Falco 40 imperialis, Lophura 42 //U50 93 hypoleucus. Capita 54 imperialis. Microcreagris 152 hutchinsi. Kimberleyeleotris 1 14 hypolia. Hirasea 205 imperialis. Speleomanles 91 huttoni. Lyperobius 174 Hypolimnas 185. 236 imperialis. Teinopalpus 180 hulloni. Ptilinopus 48 Hypomesus 101 Imperlurhatia 136 hyacinthinus. Anodorhynchus 49 hypomicrus. Nesophontes 191 implicata. Harmogenanina 139 hyaena barbara. Hyaena 220 hypopolia. Lepidochrysops 209 impressa. Goniobasis 201 Hyaena 17. 220 Hypopyrrhus 69 impressa . Manouria 75 HYAENIDAE 17,220 Hypotliymis 61 imula. Arubolana 154 260 1 1 1 7 1 2 11 1 67 Incaspiza insularis, Pteropus 8 /u'a/nf . Onchorhynchus 103 incisa, Paramiella 1 18 insulala, Sporophila 67 iwasakii. Pareas 84 incisus, Glossolepis 107 insulatus, Platymantis 90 Ixalodecles 163 incurvata. Somafochlora 162 Insuliviirina 140 Ixobrychus 1 94 incurvatusallegiianiensis.Ophiogomphus intercisa. Xerarionta 146 /xos 59 232 interioris, Lucania 104 izecksohni, Hyla 87 incurvatus. Ophiogomphus 161 intermedia, Bythinella 200 Jabouilleia 61 indica, Cylindraspis 197 imermedia, CallithrLx 12 Jacamaralcyon 54 indicQ dealbala. Ralufa 224 intermedia, Gila 95 Jacksonena 142 indica elphinstom. Ratufa 224 intermedia ijimai, Leucorrhinia 233 jacksonense, Helisoma 130 indica, Eupodolis 44 intermedia, Psittacula 50 jacksoni, Bdeogale 17 INDICATORIDAE 54 intermedia, Quadrula 149 jacksoni, Steatomys 31 indicus. Melanobatrachus 89 inlermedius, Crocodylus 78 jacksoni. Taenioides 1 15 indicus. Tapirus 25 intermedius. Glossogohius 1 14 jacobi, Bulimulus 135 indigo. Peripatoides 188 inlermedius, Micropteropus 8 jacobita. Oreailurus 16 indioensis cathedralis, Eremarionta 23 iniernigrans. Perisoreus 71 jaculinga. Pipile 41 Indolestes 159 inJerrupta. Goniobasis 128 jaegeri. Anetia 183 Indopacetus 23 intersiitialis, Speocirolana 154 jagara. Euaslacus 157 Indotestudo 74 interveniens, Goniobasis 128 jamaicensis. Plicaloperipatus 187 /m/n. //K^r/ 1 inihcatus. Carabus 168 jamesae. Beloneuria 165 /m/n" 11 inunguis, Tnchechus 24 jamesi classensi, Lepidochrysops 235 INDRIDAE 11 inuslus. Dendrolagus 4 jamesi jamesi, Lepidochrysops 235 inepta, Cylindraspis 197 inutilis, Hemicycia 145 jamoerensis. Varia 110 inermis, Hydropoies 26 /o 129 janaslini, Glyptorhagada 142 inermis, Nematogenys 101 lodopleura 56 Janella . Bathyergus 3 inexpectata . Torreornis 68 lolaus 234 japonensis. Grus 43 inexspectata. Tylo 51 lolichthys 96 Japomca, Luehdorfia 178 infernale, Op/iisternon 109 ioxaniha, Flelcfierana 186 japomcus. Andrias 91 infernalis. Styx 182 I'p/i/j, Pomarea 63 japomcus. Glirulus 3 infirma. Assiminea 126 iphitas, Eurylides 178 japomcus, Salvelinus 103 ir^ata. Beddomeia 120 Iranocyphs 96 Jardinella 122 inflala. Trochidrobia 125 r'rena, Miramella 164 jarutanini, Schislura 98 inflatula. Diplommatina 1 18 (Vfne. Poecilmilis 182 jasperi. Eleulfierodactylus 88 inflatus, Potamilus 149 ireneae. Otus 51 Vajuj 239 infuscala, Synallaxis 55 iridescens, Amphorella 204 javanicus. Bos 26 infuscatus, Henicopemis 39 iriomolensis, Chlorogomphus 161 javanicus. Lacconectus 169 ingens, Dipodomys 29 /ns, Amblysomus 6 javanicus, Leptoptilos 37 ingens. Macroiarsomys 30 /rii. Melanotaenia 107 javanus. Glischropus 9 ingraliami. Geocapromys 32 irregularis. Aaadonla 136 javensis. Megalaima 54 /nia 23 irregularis, Cycloptilum 164 jayakart. Hemitragus 28 innesi. Ompfialolropis 127 irridescens, Levuana 209 jayana. Lilbasia 129 innotala. Aylhya 38 irvineanus. Bothriembryon 134 jayensis, Elliptio 147 inopinala. Tfiaumatoneura 159 irvingi, Cesonia 152 jeanae. Kiwaia 177 inopinata. Westrailrachia 143 invini, Percilla 1 10 jeanneae. Discoglossus 87 inornata. Bitis 85 isabelae, Graellsia 186 jeeba, Phasmodes 164 inornata, Columba 46 isabellae. Oriolus 70 jeffersoni, Orconectes 156 inornata. Lophura 42 isarogensis, Rlrynchomys 3 i jefferyi , Lepidochrysops 1 8 inornata. Uma 80 Ischnura 159 jefferyi. Pithecophaga 40 inornatus. Epicrates 83 ishidai, Macromia 161 jemezanus. Notropis 96 inornatus psammophilus. Perognathus ishigakiana ishigakiana, Planaeschna 232 jemlahicus, Hemitragus 28 225 ishigakiana nagaminei, Planaeschna 232 jenkinsi, Percina 1 1 insculpta. Carettochelys 76 ishikawae, Rana 90 jentinki, Cepiialophus 11 inseperata. Lylta 173 ishikawai. Onchorhynchus 103 jerdoni. Paradoxurus 19 insignis. Ardea 37 islelae. Napaeus 133 jesseana, Libellula 162 insignis, Hirasea 136 isolala. Jardinella 122 jesswiseae, Jardinella 122 insignis. Potamonectes 169 isolaium, Cristilabrum 141 jewetti. Farula 176 insignis, Saxicola 63 isolatum, Tasmanoplectron 163 johannae, Coregonus 199 insignis, Zenkerella 3 isolatus. Pyrgulopsis 124 johannis, Carduelis 69 insolita, Newnfiamia 153 Isolobodon 193 johnii, Trachypithecus 14 insonus, Sylvilagus 33 Isomma 161 johnstoni, Galaxias 102 Insuetophrymus 89 Isonychia 158 johnstoni. Genetta 19 insulanus. Psacadonotus 164 Isoodon 3 Joiceya \ 8 insularis. Barkudia 81 Isopachys 82 Jokajdon 137 insularis, Boninthemis 162 Isophya 163 _/o//3'/, Daphnia 152 insularis. Bothrops 85 /.we//, Pelomys 30 jane si. Goniobasis 201 insularis, Eupsophus 88 italowiana, Pleuroxia 143 jonesi. Ptychobranclius 149 insularis, Gerygone 196 ileratus, Mixophyes 89 jonesianus. Mesodon 140 insularis, Junco 67 ithaginis, Dorcus 170 jonklaasi. Lepidocephalichihys 98 insularis, Lepus 33 It hamar 166 jonklaasi, Sicyopus 1 15 insularis, Macroperipatus 187 ITHONEDAE 167 jophon. Atrophaneura 178 insularis, Nesidiolestes 166 Itodacnus 213 jordani, Papilio 179 insularis, Procyon 18 / ve///, Edwardsia 1 1 Josephi. Tyrrheniella 145 261 7 1 8 1 Adrianichthys 106 kibalensis, Zoothera 64 jtrH>7;. jouyi, Columba 195 120 Paretroplus 112 krybetes. Beddomeia juhatus. Acerodon 7 kieneii. Teramulus 108 kubaryi, Corvus 71 juhalus, Acinonyx 16 kienen, Opisthotropis 84 kubaiyi. Kubaryietlus 137 juhatus, Eumelopias 18 kikuzaloi. Cheirodon 99 kubaryi. Palaina 1 18 juhatus, Rhynochelos 44 kiliant. Apaturopsis 185 Kubaryia 126 juhatus vcnaticus. Acinonyx 219 kilusa, Kuharyiellus 137 Kimberleyeleolris 1 14 juddii, Acliatinella 201 Macromia 161 kimberleyensis. Barbus 94 kubokaiya, jugalis, Oreohelix 138 66 Hypseleolris 1 14 kuehm, Myzomela jugonim. Megaiagrion ^il kimberleyensis. 65 Syncomistes 1 10 kuehni.Zosterops juhanae. Amhiysomus 6 kimberleyensis, 142 kuekenthali, Paranlica 184 juhsia, Funduhis 1(M Kimboraga 165 kuesleri. Trochomorplia 140 julliem. Ptoharbus 97 Kimminsoperla Spilornis 40 kuhli.Calliihrix 12 juncea, Acfialinella 201 kinabaluensis. 133 /ru/i//a 110 Junco 67 Jtin^i. Cylindroveriilla jtu/j//7, Arii 25 jungermanmae. Pasmaditta 137 kinlochi, Aaadonta 136 73 itu/i///. Wn/ 48 junoniae, Columba 46 KINOSTERNIDAE 13 kufilmanni, Liolaemus 80 junori. Eleuiherodactylus 88 Kinosternon itu/m/. Liberiictis 17 Jusceiinomys 30 kintorei, Egernia 81 184 kuhnsi. Perdicella 132 juveni sanguis, Moitessieria 123 kirbyi. Paranlica kunigamiensis, Oligoaeschna 160 kaaeana, Partulina 131 kirtlandii, Dendroica 68 Kunsia 30 kaapori. Cebus 12 kishinouyei . Eumeces 82 /fupca 185 kaboboensis, Apalis 60 ^/7ae. Neolnchia 176 kupeensis, Telophorus 59 kahutarae, Hoplodactylus 78 kilaiwojimanum. Elasmias 131 Kupeornis 61 kachuga, Kachuga 73 Kiunga 107 Goniosaurus 78 Kachuga 73,74 kivuana.Crocidura 6 ituro/vvae. Kusaiea 139 kaempferi. Hemilriccus 57 Kiwaia 111 kusaieana. Sinployea 138 kahuziensis. Dendromus 29 kiyi. Coregonus 102 1 1 kuschei, Nesosydne 167 kailolae. Craterocepfialus 107 kiyokoae . Kondoraphe kusnotoi, Megaerops 8 kalalauensis. Carelia 202 klagesi. Parides 179 Phrantela 123 Kaiania 166 klassika, Ideopsis 183 kulikina, LaZ^eo 96 kalawatseti. Oregonichthys 97 A:/a//(. Tylognatfius 98 Auslrelaps 84 kalimna, Zonocypretta 153 kleinmanni, Testudo 75 labialis. labialis, Delma 79 kalinowskii. Nothoprocta 35 kleinsclimidli. Erylhrura 69 165 kanahense, Oxyloma 138 klemmi, Pseudammcola 123 Labidura LABIDURIDAE 165 kanawhae. Etheostoma 1 1 klossii. Hylobates 14 labiosa, Paratlierina 108 kaplani, Aloeides 180 Knipowilschia 1 15 labiosus, Cyprinodon 104 kaplani. Poecilmilis 182 knudseni, Carelia 202 lahradorius. Camptorhynchus 194 kaplani, Theslor 182 koarana. Ruatara 205 kaputarensis, Cralopa 137 ATo^u.? 28,223 labridens, Ciclilasoma 1 12 Jtoc/ii, P/Z/a 58 labrusca, Partula 134 karamojae . Apalis 60 karkloof capensis, Cfiaraxes 236 kocinus, Ramilieithrus Ml Lacconectus 169 karlschmidtii, Eleuiherodactylus 88 koepckeae. Cacicus 69 laccophiloides. Lacconectus 169 Karocolens 174 ATo^/a 22 lacera, Lagochila 198 karokorum, Vespericola 141 koiichangae, Rana 90 lacernulata . Leucopternis 39 kasneri, Scetotes 82 KOKIRIIDAE 176 Lacerta 8 katalo, Puntius 98 kollari. Synallaxis 55 LACERTIDAE 80, 228 lacertosa. Woodfordia 65 Katechonemertes 1 1 koloana, Spelasorchestia 155 kauaiensis, Nesomimesa 187 Komarekiona 151 lacheineri. Belgrandiella 120 kauaiensis, Nesotocus 174 KOMAREKIONIDAE 151 lachnen. Noturus 100 Kawanphila 163 komenskyi. Belgrandiella 120 laciniosa, Actinella 144 AaznaArovi. Vipera 85 komodoensis, Varanus 83 lacon. Euploea 183 jteayr. Gallicolumha 47 jfeona. Chloridops 196 lacus-coerulet. Tasmanophlebia 158 Kedesles 111, 233 /Tom/oa 139 lacustra. Capnia 165 kelsoensis, Ammopelmatus 163 Kondoconcha 205 Lacustrelix 142 kelsoensis. Macrobaenetes 163 kondoi, Paramiella 1 18 lacustris. Cralerocephalus 107 kemali. Hemigrammocapoeta 96 Kondoraphe 118 lacustris, Melanotaenia 107 kempi, Pedoslibes 87 kondorum, Hongvlua 139 lacustris, Paranaspides 153 kempii. Lepidochelys 76 kondorum. Kondoa 139 lacustris, Taskropsyche 176 ,tempseyen5(5, Rhophodon 137 ^onifl 112 ladigesi, Telmatlienna 109 /Tenfaa 117 koolanensis. Kimboraga 142 Ladigesocypris 96 KENKIIDAE 117. 199 kooringensis, Glyplorliagada 142 Ladronellum 137 Kerivoula 191 koratense. Lygosoma 82 /ae/a. Goniohasis 201 jtern, Agrotis 210 kororensis. Semperdon 138 laetissima, Ptychodon 205 kerriae, Crypturellus 35 itos/ou'/, Ochotona 32 laevigata. Georissa 1 17 kerschneri. Hauffenia 122 Kosswigichlhys 105 laevigata. Leiostyla 132 /reri/wM'/ , Beddomeia 120 kosleri. Tryonia 126 laevigata. Omphalotropis Ml kessneri, Beddomeia 120 kraemeri, Spilocuscus 3 laeviusculus. Oclandius 174 /fffupa 51 krefflii. Lasiorhinus 3 lafresnayanus, Gallirallus 194 KIIULIIDAE 110 kretseri. Malpululla 115 lafresnayanus. Gallirallus 44 faang holderi. Equus 221 krishnai, Horaglanis 101 Lagenodelphis 20 ^/an^ kiang, Equus 221 krueperi devla, Pieris 234 Lagenorhynchus 20, 21 faang polyodon, Equus 221 krumholzi. Gambusia 105 Lagocliiia 198 262 1 1 21 2 Lagorchestes 4, 191 lateralis. Rheodes 108 lemmingii, Rulilus 98 Lagostrophus 4 Laterallus 44 lemniscalus. Liolaemiis 80 lagothriclia. Lagolhri.x 13 latesignala ohliviosa. Cicindela 233 Lemniscia 145 Lagothnx 13.218 Lalhrolriccus 57 Lemniscomys 30 lagotis, Macrotis 3 Lalicauda 84 lemost, Cypseloides 52 lagoiricha lugens. LagolhrLx 218 lalicincta, Platysteira 63 lemur. Peltophryne 87 laidlawi. Epiophlehia 160 laiicosta. Omphalolropis 127 Lemur 10 lakedownensis. Leggadina 30 Lalidens 8 LEMITRIDAE 10,217 lamellata, Diplommatina 1 18 latifasciata. Euploea 183 lemunnus gnseimembra . Aoios 217 lamellicosla. Taheitia 126 lalifasciatus. Cypnnodon 199 lendu. Muscicapa 62 Lamellidea 131, 202 lalifii. Vipera 85 lenior. Dysnomia 207 lamellosa, Leiostyla 203 latifrons. Mugilognhius 115 lenlicula . Percina 1 1 Laminella 132 latilabris, Omp/ialotropis 127 lenliginosus. Cralerocepltalus 107 lamlanensis, Himeroconciia 137 latimaculala . Rhinocypha 159 /eo persica. Panlhera 219 LAMNIDAE 93 Latimeria 116 leonard monlana. Hesperia 233 Lamnifera 134 LATIMERUDAE 116 leonardi, Anomochilus 83 lamoftei. Micropolamogale 5 laltpes. Borbonibis 194 leonardi. Austrocordulia 161 Lampadla 145 laitpunctata. Poealia 105 leonina. Penpaiopsis 188 Lampedusa 1 34 lalissimus. Dytiscus 168 leoninum, Argiagrion 159 Lampetra 93. 198. 229 latona, Crocidura 6 Leonlopithecus 1 Lamprocystis 139 /a/o.? concavui. Empelrichlhys 230 leopardina, Helixarion 139 lamproides, Rhylida 136 /a/oi' /a/05. Empelrichlhys 230 ieopardinus. Liolaemus 80 lampropeltis, Erpetogomphus 160 /aro.5 pahrump. Empelrichlhys 230 Leopardus 16 Lamprophis 84 /a/ro, Birgus 157 leopoldi. Caloslomus 99 Lampstlts 147, 148 laucaensts. Oresltas 105 lepida. Leplacljatina 132 LAMPYRIDAE 172, 233 laucaensis. Trichomycterus 101 Lepidocephalichtlxys 98 lanaiensis, Drosop/iila 208 launceslonensis, Anoglypla 136 Lepidoclielys 76 lanaiensis. Myadesles 62 launcesionensis. Beddomeia 120 Lepidochrysops 181.209.235 lanaiensis. OUarus 166 Lauria 132 lepidodactylus. Procambarus 157 lanaoensis, Punlius 98 laurina. Ningbingia 142 Lepidodaclylus 78 lancelini. Ctenotus 81 launnea. Leiostyla 132 Lepidogalaxias 1 1 lanceolata. Elliplio 147 lanrencei. Cordylus 81 LEPIDOGAl^XIIDAE 101. 176 lanceolalus. Polamonecles 169 layardii. Mesoplodon 23 Lepidomeda 96, 198. 229 LANCIDAE 129 laysanensis. Agrotis 210 Lepidopyga 53 langbiams. Crocias 61 laysanensis. Hedylepta 209 Lepidostoma 176 langei, Hyla 87 laysanensis. Hypena 210 Lepilemur 10. II langei, Onchobarus 174 /ffy^an^n^/i. Oedemasylus 208 Lepomis 230 iangfordi. Parlula 134 leacockiana. Discula 144 LEPORIDAE 32,226 langi, Pseudocordylus 81 leadbeaten. Gymnobelideus 5 leporides, Lagorchestes 191 langstoni langstoni, Shijimiaeoides 235 leahi. Cenophantis 209 Leporillus 30, 192 Laniarius 59 /ea/i/, Nesosydne 167 leprosa. Canariella 144 laniger. Avafii 1 /ea/ cheatumi, Slenotrema 23 Leptacliatina 132 lanigera. Chinchilla 31 /ear/, Anodorltynchus 49 leptalea. Helenoconcha 206 LANRDAE 59 /fc/ie. /ToZiui 28 Leptasthenura 55 Laniisoma 227 /ec/ie robertsi. Kobiis 223 Leptaxis 1 45 /an/o. Meladema 169 Lechnodus 89 Leptobotia 98 lanioides. Lipaugus 57 ledanli. Sitta 65 LEPTOCERIDAE 177,209 Lanius 59 Lednia 165 leploceros. Gazella 28 lanosa. Crocidura 6 leechi, Chaelarlhna 170 leptochila. Parlula 203 Lan.v 129 leechi, Hydroporus 169 LEPTODACn'LIDAE 88 lanyoni. Phylloscartes 37 lefevrei, Dysnomia 101 Leptodaclylus 89 lanzai. Salamandra 92 legaius. Diplothrix 29 Leptodea 148 laperouse. Megapodius 40 legendrei. Ratsirakia 1 14 leptodemas. Megalagrion 159 lapicida , Mordacia 93 Leggadina 30 leptodon. Leptodea 148 lapponicus disjunctus. Dyliscus 233 leguati, Aplianapleryx 194 Leplogomphus 1 6 laricis. Oecanthus 164 Leguminaia 148 Leptogryllus 164 LARIDAE 46, 195 lehuiensis, Achalinella 201 Leptonela 152 larselli. Plethodon 91 leichhardti. Scleropages 93 LEPTONETIDAE 152 Larus 46 Leimacomys 192 Leptonycteris 9 larvatus, Nasalis 14 Leiocassis 100 Leptopelis 88 laseroni. Georissa 1 17 Leioceplialus 197 Leploperla 165 LASIOCAMPIDAE 186 LEIODEDAE 170 Leptoplilos 37 Lasiorhinus 3 Leiolopisma 82. 197 Leptosiilaca 49 Lasiurus 217 Leiopelma 88 leptosomus, Brachypleracias 54 lasius, Bassaricyon 18 LEIOPELMATIDAE 88 leptostictus , Caseolus 144 Lasmigona 148 leiopomus. Coitus 109 Leptotila 47 /ara, Hemistena 147 Leiopolherapon 1 10 Lepuj 32, 33 lalastei. Rana 90 Leiostyla 132, 203 Lepyrium 1 22 latens. Spirorbula 145 Leipoa 40 Lerisia 82 lateralis, Characodon 105 Lemiox 148 lermaense. Ambysloma 91 lateralis euryxanthus, Maslicopliis 228 iemmeri. Lilhophane 186 lervia, Ammolragus 26 lateralis. Petrogale 4 iemmingii, Chondrostoma 95 /t'rv/a ornatus, Ammolragus 222 263 7 1 1 3 1 1 . Beddomeia 1 20 LESTIDAE 159 Lichmera 66 lodderae Loddigesia 53 lesueur. Bellongia 4 Lichnanlhe 171 Loentipes 1 15 lesueuri. Litoria 87 //em/. Taudaclylus 90 loewensleini, Lepidochrysops 1 8 lellia. Aiislroassiminea 126 lievreana. Westrallrachia 143 Sarolherodon 1 13 Lethe 184.235 ligala. Anculosa 200 lohbergeri. /om//. Typhlosaurus 82 letholepis. Pohlana 108 lignaria. Paryphanta 136 longianalis. Bedolia 106 letitiae, Popelairia 53 //7u/c. Oliams 167 longicaudata . Microgale 5 Lelo 111 ///a, Achatinella 130 Myosorex 7 Letomola 137 iilfordi. Podarcis 81 longicaudatus, longicaudatus , Notomys 192 letourneuxi. Valencia 105 lilliae. Lepidopyga 53 longicaudatus. Spelaeornis 64 leucas. Delphinapierus 22 //ma. Fundulus 104 Leuchocharis 135 //ma. Lithasia 129 longicaudis longicaudis. Lutra 220 longimembris brevinasus. Perognathus leucichlliys leucichthys. Slenodus 230 LIMACIDAE 140 Leuciscus 96 limbata albissima. Cicindela 233 225 leucocepliala, Oxyura 38 limbalus. Rliantus 169 longipennis, Neduba 164 leucochrysella. Coleophora 209 Limnebius 170 longipes, Canlhocamptus 153 leucogeranus. Grus 43 LIMNEPHILIDAE 176 longipes. Crocidura 6 leucolepis, Phyllastrephus 59 Limnephilus 176 longipes. Nesosydne 167 Leucopeza 68 Limnocythere 153 longipes. Potorous 4 leucophaeus. Collocalia 52 LIMNOCYTHERIDAE 153 longipes, Stygobromus 155 leucophaeus, Hippotragus 192 Limnodromus 45 longipes. Xenicus 58 leucophaeus. Mandrillus 14 Limnogale 5 longipinnis, Aclieilognathus 94 leucophaeus. Speirops 65 LIMLILIDAE 151 longiroslra. Rukia 65 leucophthalmus. Larus 46 Limulus 151 longirostris. Dasyornis 61 leucopogonis. Ceriferella 167 lindong. Puntius 98 longirostris. Slenella 22 Leucopsar 70 linearis, Macrancylus 208 longispinis. Gambusia 105 leucoplera, Prosobonia !95 lineata. Mogurnda 1 14 longistyla. Congothemis 162 Leucopternis 39, 40 lineata pinguicolla. Tympanocryptis 228 loocfwensis, Pleropus 191 leucoplerus. Pleropus 8 lineata. Rhyacoplula 175 Lophophorus 41,42 leucopus, Lepilemur 10 lineata. Stenopsychodes 176 ' Lophopsittacus' 195 leucopus, Saguinus 12 linealus. Acanihiops 81 Lophopsittacus 1 95 leucorrhaphe . Achatinella 130 lineolala euzieriana. Macrogastra 231 Lophornis 53 Leucorrhinia 162, 233 lineolata, Moitessieria 123 Lophura 42 leucoryphus. HaHaeetus 39 lineolalus, Hacrochlamys 139 Lophuromys 30 leucoryphus. Platyrinchus 57 linnellii, Sarotfwrodon 1 1 lorata. Achatinella 130 /fucory.r, Ory.r 28 linopliora, Harmogenanina 206 lorenzmuelleri . Liolaemus 80 leucotaenia. Papilio 179 linineri, Williamsonia 162 Loriculus 49 leucothoe, Parlula 134 LINYPIIIIDAE 152 LORIDAE 11 Leuclra 165 Liobagrus 100 LORHDAE 48, 195 LEUCTRIDAE 165 Liociclila 6 Lorius 48 leucura, Macrotis 191 Liolaemus 80 lotana, Lepidochrysops 181 leukops. Rheodyfes 11 Liophis 84 Lo///a 199 leuraensis. Eulamprus 82 Lioplax 119 LOmiDAE 199 levassori, Graphium 178 //orui liorus. Chasmistes 230 Icfwei, Pseudocampylaea 206 levilineata, Partula 203 //oru^ mictus. Chasmistes 230 lowei. Sheppardia 63 levisthata. Partula 203 Lipaugus 57 loweryi. Xenoglaux 5 levraudi. Lalerallus 44 Lipotes 23 Loxioides 68 Levuana 209 ///a. Antrolana 154 Loxodonta 24 Lewinia 44 lirata. Anculosa 200 Loxops 68 /i^i'/.y/. ProdoTUria 171 //ra/a. Carelia 202 loyaltiensis, Aspastus 204 lewisii. Gyrotoma 201 Lirceus 1 54 Lucania 104 lewisii? , Dysnomia 207 Lissodelphis 2 1 LUCANIDAE 170 /fwyana, Podocnemis 11 Lissodelphis 2 1 luchti. Alrophaneura 178 Lexingtonia 148 listeri. Lepidodactylus 78 luciae. Amazilia 52 leytensis. Heosemys 73 Lithasia 129 luciae, Liza 1 13 Ihoesti. Cercopiihecus 13 Lithoglyphus 200 luciae. Megalomys 192 Ihuysii. Lophophorus 4 Lithopfiane 186 luciana. Urothemis 162 Liardetia 139 L/7or/a 87, 88 lucidus. Hemignathus 68 LIAREIDAE 119 Litthabitella 122 lucifer. Acerodon 191 Libellula 162 liltoralis. Formicivora 56 lucifer, Hemisaga 163 LIBELLULIDAE 162,207,232 littoralis, Lepidochrysops 181 Lucifuga 103 Libellulosoma 161 littoralis, Vrocyon 15 lucifugus, Stygobromus 207 L/Tiera 205 livida. Achatinella 201 lucina. Crocidura 6 liberalus. Laniarius 59 livtdus, Carunculina 146 lucius, Ptychoclieilus 97 libehensis. Brachythemis 162 lividus. Paracenirotus 239 luckmanii, Planilaoma 137 liberiensis heslopi. Hexaprotodon 221 livingsionei, Pleropus 8 luconensis. Prionilurus 50 liberiensis. Hexaprotodon 25 Z-iza 113 ludia. Crocidura 6 Liberiictis 1 lizardensis. Theskelomensor 137 ludlowi. Bhutanitis 178 Libythea 209 lobala. Campepliaga 58 Luehdorfia 178 LIBYTHEIDAE 209 Lobaunia 122 lugens. Haplopltaedia 52 lichenifer. Gymnopholus 174 lobipennis, Pseudopsectra 167 /u^o/, Mexipyrgus 123 liclienigera. Pseudemoia 82 locardi. Moitessieria 123 lugubris. Formica 187 264 5 1 1 11 1 madagascariensis, Etixanlhe 1 85 luhuana. Mandarina 206 MACHILIDAE 158 madagascariensis, Panlanodon 105 luizae. Asthenes 55 Machiloides 158 madagascariensis. Sanzima 83 lullulae. Pfialanger 3 mackayi, Anomalopus 81 65 lulua. lolaus 180 mackenziei , Stygobromus 155 Madanga madeira. Pierodroma 36 lumbee. Semolilus 98 maclarem, Pungu 1 13 maderensis. Disculella 144 lunaris, Dirce 186 macleari, Rattus 193 206 lunata. Onychogalea 191 macleayi. Dorcopsulus 4 madgei. Colpanon lunatus korrigum, Damaliscus 223 macleayi. Hedleya 1 19 Madoqua 28 . Cymothoe 185 lupus. Canis 15 macleayi, Sphaerospira 143 magambae magazinensis, Mesodon 140 /upu5. Ictalurus 100 Macquaria 1 1 Pierodroma 36 luschani, MerlensieUa 92 macquariensis. Maccullochella 109 magenlae, 29 Luscinia 61 Macrancylus 208 maghrebi. Gerbillus 167 lusitanica, Chioglossa 92 Macrobaenetes !63 Magicicada lusitamcum. Chondrostoma 95 macrocepliala. Acanthochelys 11 magicus albivenlris. Otus 227 insularis. Olus 227 luiaria, Brazieria 139 macrocepltala. Percina 1 12 magicus magna. Sitia 65 lulea. Diplommalina 1 18 Macroceplialon 40 Cryplomastix 140 /u/ea, Partula 203 macrocerca. Hylonympha 53 magmdenta. 171 luteirostris. Zosterops 66 Macroclemys 73 magnifica. Aegialia Planorbella 130 luteofusca, Cupedora 141 macrodactyla. Oceanodroma 36 magnifica. 229 magnifica. Tuloloma 1 19 luteovinctum. Elheostoma 1 1 macrodactylum croceum. Ambystoma 37 lutescens, Aloeides 180 Macroderma 9 magmftcus. Gorsachius 227 LUTODRILIDAE 151 macrodon. Onychogomphus 161 magniroslris hypoxanlha. Gerygone Lulodrilus 151 Macrodontia 173 magou, Euploea 183 lutosus. Polyboms 194 Macrogalidia 19 mafiaganus. Pleropus 8 Euaslacus 157 /urra /ufra. Lu/m 220 Macrogastra 23 maidae. mailuatensis. Orangia 205 turra 17. 220 Macrognathus 109 197 lulreola. Muslela 18 macrolepidolus. Pogonichlhys 97 major, Ameiva lutreolina. Muslela 18 macrolepis, Cyprinodon 104 major. Beamys 29 Bradyplerus luizae. Liolaemus 80 macrolepis. Leiopotherapon 110 major. 60 164 luxatus, Deltistes 99 Macromia 161 major, Gryllotalpa Hirasea 205 luzonensis, Archboldomys 29 Macropenpatus 1 87 major. major. Phyllonycleris 191 /u2on^nj;\s. Misticlultys 1 15 macropoda. Caecidotea 154 major. Zooihera 64 /ya///, Xenicus 196 MACROPODIDAE 4. 191 Lycaeides 235 macrops. Breviceps 89 majusculus. Pseudomugil 108 Pogoniulus 54 Lycaena 181, 235 macrops. Nothomyrmecia 187 makawai, LYCAENIDAE 180.209,234 macroplerus. Vanellus 45 malabarica. Idea 183 malacense, Polyplectron 42 tycoon 1 Macropus 4, 191 lycodus. Bulimulus 135 macrorhyncha. Saxicola 63 malachilacea . Triclaria 50 Lycosa 152 macrorhynchus. Globicephala 20 Malacochersus 74 LYCOSIDAE 152 MACROSCELIDIDAE 33.226 Malacocincla 62 140 lyelliana. Discula 206 Macroscincus 197 Malacolimax LYGAEIDAE 166 Macrosplienus 62 Malacomys 30 lygdamus palosverdesensis. Glaucopsyche macrostoma. Lampelra 93 Malaconolus 59 234 macrostoma. Mulicaria 134 malagrida cedrusmonlana . Argyrocupha Lygodactylus 78 macroslomus. Batrachophrynus 88 234 Lygosoma 82 Macrotarsomys 30 malagrida malagrida. Argyrocuplia 234 234 lymani, Carelia 202 Macrothele 151 malagrida maryae. Argyrocupha LYMNAEIDAE 129 macrolis, Nolomys 192 malagrida paarlensis, Argyrocuplia 234 lyncurium. Poecilmitis 182 Macrolis 3, 191 malaitae. Rhipidura 63 lyndseyae. Poecilmilis 182 macroura. Thripopliaga 55 malapana. Eulhalia 185 lynnae. Gomphurus 160 MACROVELHDAE 166 malayanus, Helarclos 19 Ly/LT 16 Macruromys 30 maldonadoi. Bullockia 101 lyonelianus, Gibbus 204 macularius ssp., Cyprinodon 230 maleo. Macroceplialon 40 Malimbus 70 lyonnelianum, Craspedoma 1 18 maculafa, AUotoca 105 mallacoola. Engaeus 157 Lyperobius 1 74 maculaia. Cotinga 56 Lyriothemis 162 maculata. Denisonia 84 malleala, Auriculella 131 Lyropupa 203 maculafa. Paroreomyza 68 Malpulutta 115 lysithous fiarrisianus. Eurytides 234 maculalum. Elheostoma 1 1 Malurus 62 Ly/to 173 maculalus. Callopistes 81 mamalak. Puntius 98 Afacaca 13,218,239 maculatus. Paretroplus 113 mammillifurca, Canlliocampfus 153 macaco. Eulemur 10 maculalus. Sandracotlus 170 manasa, Neplis 185 macaco flavifrons. Eulemur 217 Maculinea 181,235 manalus, Trichechus 24 macaco macaco. Eulemur 217 maculosus. Caprimulgus 5 mandarina, Mandarina 142 macclinlocki. Discus 138 maculosus, Geomalacus 146 Mandarina 142. 206 Maccullochella 109, 110 maculosus, Glussolepis 107 mandersi, Cyclyrius 180 macdonaldi. Toloaba 1 12 maculosus. Stallingsia 178 Mandibularca 96 50 mandibularis, Dionda 95 macdonaldii . Notopleris 8 mada. Prioniturus maceljreshi, Driloleirus 151 madagascahensis. Acranlophis 83 Mandrillus 14 macgillivrayi. Pierodroma 36 madagascariensis, Aslacoides 157 Manduca 1 86 macgregori. Cyclodina 81 madagascariensis, Bedotia 106 manengubae. Crocidura 6 machadoi. Insulivitrina 140 madagascariensis. Daubentoma 1 mangoura. Papilio 179 maciiiki. Zooihera 64 madagascariensis. Erymnochelys 77 mangslmnensis. Trimeresurus 85 265 8 1 1 Megacoiabus 174 mamensis. Perdicella 202 War/c.s 17, 220 Megadendromus 30 manipurensis. Perdicula 42 martigener. Engaeus 157 MEGADERMATIDAE 9 manlius. Papilio 179 marlinensis. Neofoma 30 Megadyptes 35 Manohna 227 marlinii. Euploea 183 Megadytes 208 manoro. Smerina 185 masafuerae. Aphrastura 55 megaensis. Hirundo 58 Manouria 74, 75 ma5 Megalomys 1 92 maraena. Prototroctes 102 matafaoi. Diastole 139 megalophylla, Scotorythra 209 maraho. Papilio 179 matanensis. Glossogobius 1 14 malanensis. Oryzias 106 megalotis, Dorcalragus 27 marambaiae . Leplodactylus 89 marcellinus, Eurytides 178 matanim. Plialanger 3 megalotis limicola. Reilhrodonlomys 226 megalotis ssp.. Lepomis 230 marchei. Mydaus 1 Malrona 232 marcia. Parantica 184 malschiei, Dendrolagus 4 megalura, Dactylopsila 5 marcidum. Cupedora 141 malschiei. Galago \ 1 Megalurus 62 margarifa. Felts 16 malurna. Hypodryas 185 MEGAPODAGRIONIDAE 159 margarita, Macromia 161 mauleanum. Cauque 106 MEGAPODIIDAE; 40 margarita scheffeli. Felis 219 maupiensis. Mautodontha 205 Megapodius 40 margarita. Somalocltlora 162 maura. Macaca 13 Megaplera 20 megarhynchus. Ploceus 70 margaritacea, Alaena 1 80 maureenae, Gymnocluliebius 170 margaritacea, Palaua 138 maureenae. Hydraena 170 megarramplms, Dermogenys 106 151 , 160 MEGASCOEECIDAE margarifae , Lethe 184 mauriciana Platycnemis margarilifera durrovensis. Margaritifera maurilaniae. Gerbillus 29 Megascolides 15 231 mauriliana. Leiolopisma 197 megaspila civelllna. Viverra 221 margarilifera. Margarilifera 146 mauritianus. Alopochen 194 MEGATHYMIDAE 178 margarilifera. Pinclada 239 maurilianus. Lophopsillacus 195 Megaxenops 55 Margarilifera 146. 231 mauritianus. Nycticorax 194 megomphala. Opanara 205 MARGARITIFERIDAE 146.231 Mautodonllia 205 MEGOMPHICIDAE 136 Margaronia 185 mavornala. Aplonis 197 Megupsilon 105 marginata, Caperea 20 mawii, Dermatemys 73 meinertzhageni ivoriensis, Hylochoerus marginala, Cicindela 168 maxima. Paracrocidura 1 221 marginata. Kuhlia 1 10 maxima. Pinclada 239 mekistocholas. Nolropis 96 marginala, Phranlela 123 maxima, Tridacna 150 Meladema 1 69 marginata, Testudo 75 mcLximus. Aepyornis 193 melaena griqua. Tuxentius 235 marginipennis. Cicindela 168 maximus. Cetorhinus 93 Melaenornis 62 mariae. Etheosloma 1 1 maximus. Elephas 24 melampoides, Amphorella 135 mariae. Stomatepia 1 13 maximus. Priodonles 5 Melamprosops 68 mahaliciae. Eulonchus 175 maya. Cyprinodon 104 melampus petersi. Aepyceros 222 marianae, Craleroceplialus 107 mayeri, Astrapia 70 melampus tsuensis, Maries 220 mariannae. Hydroporus 169 mayeri, Columba 46 melanjae, Cymolhoe 185 mariannarum, Ladronellum 137 maylandi. Melanolaenia 107 Melanobalrachus 89 mariannarum. Taheitia 126 maynardi. Procyon 18 melanocepfialus. Cacajao 12 mariannus. Census 26 mayotlensis. Culella 204 melanocepiialus, Carpornis 56 mariannus. Pteropus 8 Mazama 26 melanoceplialus. Tragopan 42 mariei. Cyclosurus 200 mccubbini. Tastiria 176 Melanochelys lA marieps. Ciiaraxes 185 mclachlani . Cordylus 81 melanochlamys . Bangsia 66 marinas. Aplochifon 102 mcneili. Ferrissia 130 melanogaster. Turnix 43 maritimus. Ursus 19 meadewaldoi. Haematopus 195 melanoides. Cfiilonopsis 204 Marmaronetta 38 meandri. Pararhodeus 97 melanoidus, Anculosa 127 marmorala. Catocala 186 meandricus, Acanthorulilus 94 melanoleuca, AHuropoda 18 marmorata, Pardofelis 16 Mecislogasler 1 60 melanonotus. Touit 50 marmorala. Uperoleia 90 Mecodema 208 melanonyx. Lophuromys 30 marmoralus. Cynolebias 103 A/e(ia 96 melanops. Percichlhys 1 10 marmoratus, Oryzias 106 medianalis. Leiocassis 100 melanops. Sporophila 67 marmoratus, Rivulus 104 medicaudatus . Lopfiuromys 30 melanops. Vimba 98 marmoratus. Turbo 239 medicinalis. Hirudo 151 MELANOPSIDAE 127 marmorensis. Discus 138 medicus. Agapelus 175 melanoplerus, Balanlioclieilos 94 Marmota 28 Medionidus 148 melanoslictus. Phyllodactylus 79 maroni, Papilio 179 meeki. Cyprinodon 104 melanostomus. Nolropis 96 marquesana. Tatpidon 206 meeki, Grapfiium 178 Melanosuclms 11 marrianae. Margarilifera 146 meeki. Hybopsis 96 melanola. Palaemnema 160 marroni carolus. Huleechius 233 meeki, Microgoura 195 Melanolaenia 107, 108 marshalli. Badistes 141 meeki. Zoslerops 66 MELANOTAENHDAE 199 marsfialli, Pleurobema 148 megacepiialus, Nycticorax 194 melanurus. Capromys 32 marsupiobesa. Elliplio 147 megaceros. Kobus 28 melas, Globicephala 20 martensiana. Partula 134 MEGACHILIDAE 187 meleagrides. Agelastes 41 266 3 1 Melidecles 66 mexicanus hualpaiensis. Microlus 225 millepunctata. Damochlora 141 Melignomon 54 mexicanus. Iclalurus 100 millerae. Victodrobta 126 Meliohha 142 mexicanus jordani, Astyanax 230 milleri, CochUopma 121 Meliphaga 66 mf.nca/jus navalio. Microlus 225 milleri, Grallaria 56 MELIPHAGIDAE 66. 196, 227 Mexilana 154 milleri. Knipowitschia I 15 melissa samuelis, Lycaeides 235 Mexipyrgus 122, 123 milleri. Thermosphaeroma 154 mehtensis. Lampedusa 134 Mexistenaseilus 1 54 millestriata . Dupucharopa 1 3 7 melitensis. Pseudammcola 123 Mexilhauma 123 milleti. Garrulax 61 1 mellianus. Oriolus 70 meyerdescliauenseei . Tangara 67 Miloderes 74 mellis. Pseudomugil 108 meyeri, Pachycephala 62 milvus. Milvus 40 melodus. Charadrius 45 meyeri. Xiphophorus 106 Milvus 40 Melogaie 17, 220 meyricki. Hedylepla 209 Milyeringa 1 14 MELOIDAE 173 miamiensis, Cyclocephala 171 mimelicus. Dryotribus 208 Melomys 30 m/ca, Cincinnalia 121 MIMIDAE 59 melones, Banksula 152 micanopy. Belocephalus 163 Mimodes 59 Metursus 19 micans. Amaslia 132 mimosa. Discocharopa 137 melvillensis, Trochomorpfui 140 michaudi. Lemniscia 145 minckleyi. Cichlasoma 112 menachensis, Turdus 64 miconax. Aolus 12 minckleyi. Nymphophilus 123 menadensis. Parantica 184 micramyla . Palline 137 mindana nipponica, Hemicordulia 232 menagei, Gallicolumba 47 Micrarionla 145 mindorensis, Anonymomys 29 menava maeroides. Pararge 236 Micrarionla 145 mindorensis. Bubalus 27 mendana. Graphium 178 Micraslur 40 mindorensis. Crocodylus 78 mendozae. Pomarea 63 micristius. Cyprtnus 95 mindorensis, Ducula 47 Menidia 108 Microbatrachella 90 mindorensis, Olus 51 menlo. Silurus 100 microhlepilaris. Celestas 82 minima. Balis 60 menibieri, Marmota 28 Microcebus 10 minima. Beddomeia 120 mepfustophiles. Pudu 26 microcephalus. Barbus 94 minima. Lampctra 198 merces. Aloeides 180 MICROCHAETIDAE 213 minima. Paludinella 123 merciehi. Plilinopus 195 Microchaetus 2 1 minimus atristriatus, Tamias 224 mercuriale, Coenagrion 159 micrococcus. Pyrgulopsis 124 minimus. Cynolebias 103 mergulus, Limnogale 5 Microcreagris 152 minor. Anculosa 128 Mergus 38, 194 Microcryptorhynchus 1 74 minor, Dobsonia 7 meridianus, Serranochromis 1 13 Microcylloepus 1 7 2 minor, Elapognathus 84 meridionalis, Capromys 32 Microdillus 30 minor. Eliurus 29 meridionalis. Ornithopfera 1 78 microdon. Leptlemur 1 minor. Lacustrelix 142 meridionalis, Pseudihon 158 Microgale 5 minor. Nolhura 35 merriami, Empetnchthys 199 Microgoura 1 95 minor. Palaua 138 merriami, Fluminicola 121 MICROHYLIDAE 89 minor. Platalea 37 Mertensiella 92 microlepidotus, Basilichthys 106 minor. Plalanista 23 meruensis, Aesfina 160 microlepidolus. Phyllodaclylus 79 minor. Procyon 18 Merulaxis 56 microlepis, Leiolopisma 82 minuscula. Brazieria 139 Merycomyia 1 75 microlepis. Tachygia 198 minuta. Haujfenia 122 Mesacanthotelson 1 54 micrompiiala. Kimboraga 142 minuta. Helicoverpa 210 mesiboyi. Beddomeia 120 Micronaspis 172 minuta. Libellulosoma 161 Mesilornis 42 Micropancliax 105 minuta, Neohoratia 123 MESrrORNITHIDAE 42 Microphis 109 minuta. Trocludrobia 126 Mesodon 140, 231 microphylla. Trilocleis 209 minutissima. Helenoconcha 206 Mesodontrachia 142 micropithecus. Spfiaerodactylus 79 minutissima. Hemistoma 122 mesoleuca, Conolhraupis 66 Micropolamogale 5 minutus. Lacconectus 169 mesoleucus lelmalesles, Conepalus 220 microps. Caloslomus 99 mirabilis, Campsicnemus 208 Mesoperipalus 1 87 microps. Heteropnuesles 101 mirabilis. Carelia 202 Mesoplodon 23 microps leucotis. Dipodomys 225 mirabilis. Cyanolyca 71 mesopotamica, Dama 26 Micropleropus 8 mirabilis. Eriocnemis 52 mesotes. Paragalaxias 102 Mtcroplerus 1 10. 230 mirabilis. Hemiphlcbia 159 MESOVELIIDAE 166 Microscolex 213 mirabilis. Loddigesia 53 Afe/a 152 microstoma, Lamellidea 131 mirabilis. Parlula 204 Metabolus 62 microstoma. Parlula 203 Mirafra 58 Mefacnemis 160 microstriala. Pliysa 130 Miramella 164 Metallura 53 microtheca. Ogasawarana 117 mirandae. Hemitriccus 57 melamorpha, Ogasawarana 200 microtis. Dusicyon 15 Miratesla 1 30 Melapogon 175 Microtus 225 MIRIDAE 166 metastriata. Dysnomia 147 micrus. Nesophontes 191 mirifica. Lytta 173 Melatrichoniscoides 1 54 middlekaufi, Idiostatus 163 mirificus, Lewinia 44 metcalfi. Pyrgulopsis 124 midgleyi. Pingalla 1 10 mirus. Mesoplodon 23 metcalfi. Sonorella 146 mighelsiana. Partulina 131 misella. Lamprocystis 139 methueni. Lygodactylus 78 migralorius. Ectopistes 195 misoolensis, Melanolaenia 107 methymna dicksoni. Lepidochrysops 235 migueli. Eupsophus 88 missouri. Clyphopsyche 176 Metisella 177 mikado, Syrmaticus 42 Misdchthys 1 15 Metrarga 166 MILACIDAE 140 mitcliellae, Thersites 143 Melrioplera 163 milagros. Parantica 184 mitchelli mitchelli, Neonymplia 236 mexicanum, Ambystoma 91 mililaris. Slurnella 69 mitclielli, Quincuncina 149 mexicarms, Cynomys 28 millepalmarum, Eremarionta 145 Mitoura 235 267 5 1 83 1 1 Malaconotus 59 Muriculus 30 mitra. Euploea 183 monlein. Euaslacus 157 MLtRn)AE 29, 192, 225 minendorfi. Lemniscomys 30 monteithorum, 198 117 muriei. Chasmistes miiu. Milu 41 Monlerissa 196 Pyrgulopsis 124 murivora. 'Athene' Mitu 41 montezumensis. 80 murphyi, Ngairea 137 Mixogaster 175 monlicola. Archaeolacerla Muscicapa 62 Mixophyes 89 monlicola. Leiostyla 132 227 Melanotaenia 107 MUSriCAPIDAE 59. 196, miokosiewiczi. Tetrao 42 monlicola, 123 musculus. Balaenoplera 20 Moapa 96 monlicola. Nanocochlea Bunolagus 32 mustcola. Hedylepla 209 MOCHOKIDAE 101 monticularis. Diploglossus 82 MUSOPHAGIDAE 50 modesla. Gila 95 monlisserrali. 204 musschenbroekii. Macrogalidia 19 modesta. Hemicycla 145 mooreana. Pailula Mussonena 142 modestus. Gallirallus 194 moorei. Elheostoma 1 1 Mus/Wa 17. 18 modestus. Gomphurus 161 moralesi, Notropis 96 MUSTELIDAE 17,220 modestus. Zoslerops 66 Mordacia 93 musleUna. Achalinella 130 moerneri, Papilio 179 mordax. Notomys 192 mustelinus. Lepilemur 1 moesla. Lytla 173 moreaui. Orfholomus 62 mustersi, Bairachuperus 91 Mogera 7 A/orW/a 228 127 Morenia 74 mutica, Omphalotropis Mogurnda 1 14 Muticaria 134 mohaveana, Helminllioglypta 145 moreionicus. Hyridella 150 muticus. Pavo 42 Afo/io 66. 196 Monmus 173 MLrriLLIDAE 186 Moitessieria 123 mormo langei. Apodemia 235 mulisii. Eremophilus 101 mojarralis. Mexipyrgus 123 Mormolyce 168 231 mutus. Bos 26 mojavensis mojavensis. Crossidius 233 mormonum bulloni. Monadenia muwu, Ammopelmatus 163 molesta, Lytta 173 mormonum hirsula. Monadenia 231 179 Myadesles 62 moUispinis ssp.. Lepidomeda 229 morondavana. Papilio myadestinus. Myadesles 62 moloch. Hylobates 14 morongoana. Eremanonta 145 myaka, Myaka 112 MOLOSSIDAE 10 morrisoni. Lytta 173 Mvato 112 molossinus, Pleropus 8 monisoni. Pyrgulopsis 124 MYCETOPHILIDAE 174 moluccensis. Cacatua 48 morrisoni. Stygobromus 155 Mycotrupes 171 molurus. Python 83 Morlonagrion 160 momonga, Pleromys 29 mosana. Rhyacophila 175 Mycteria 37 mydas, Chelonia 75 MOMOTIDAE 53 moschata, Desmana 7 Mydaus 1 monacha, Cyprinella 95 MOSCIIIDAE 25 Maoricicada 167 monacha, Grus 43 moscfiiferus, Moschus 25 myersi. Myiagra 62 monacha. Poeciliopsis 106 Moschus 25 Myioborus 68 monachus. Aegypius 39 mossambica. Croilia 1 14 62 monachus. Monachus 18 mossti bayensis, Callophrys 234 Myiophonus Mylolhris 180 Monachus 18, 192 mostbenlo. Oligophlebodes 176 89 Monadenia 146, 231 MOTACILLIDAE 58 MYOBATRACHIDAE monae. Typhlatya 156 motebensis. Barbus 94 myoides. Xeromys 3 Monarcfw 62 Mouldingia 142 Myomys 30 Monardithemis 162 mourae. Ceriagrion 159 Myonycteris 8 myopica, Leptoneta 152 monas. Aphaoslracon 1 19 mouroniensis, Zosterops 66 myoporicola. Oliarus 167 monasa, Porzana 195 mous^oni. Palaina 1 18 monax. Crocidura 6 Moxosloma 99 Myosciurus 28 monen5/5 monensis. Epicrates 228 mucronata. Quadrasiella 127 Myosorex 7 mone/1515. Typhlops 83 muelleri. Heleia 65 myolis, Myotis 10 Afyo//^ 9, 10. 217 mongo. Stomalepia 1 13 muenninki. Tokudaia 31 mongoz. Eulemur 10 muenj/5. Noctepuna 142 MYOXIDAE 31 Monias 43 MUGILIDAE 113 Myoxoceplialus 109 monica. Anemia 152 Mugilogobius 1 1 Myrmeciza 56 moniziana. Geomitra 144 muhlenbergii. Clemmys 73 MYRMECOBIIDAE 3 monoceros, Monodon 22 muletensis, Alytes 87 Myrmecobius 3 monodon, Cristtlabrum 141 muliensis, Ocholona 32 Myrmecophaga 5 Monodon 22 mulleri. Homopholis 78 MYRMECOPHAGIDAE 5 167 monodonta. Cryptazeca 132 multilamellata . Tliaumalodon 206 MYRMELEONTIDAE monodonta, Lamellidea 202 mullilinealus. Mexipyrgus 123 Myrmosula 1 86 monodonta. Margaritifera 146 multiradiatus. Girardinichlhys 105 Myrmotfierula 56 MONODONTIDAE 22 mullispinosus. Gronocarus 171 M^-i/flc/na 10, 192 monroensis. Cincinnatia 121 mullivesiculatus. Lutodrilus 151 MYSTACINIDAE 10, 192 monlagui. Partulina 202 mullivolvis. Planorbella 130 mysticetus. Balaena 19 montalentii. Discoglossus 87 mullocarinata. Bolyeria 198 Myxas 1 29 montalivelensis. Amplirliagada 141 muluensis, Lacconectus 169 Myxus 1 1 montana. Odontopodisma 164 mundas. Stygobromus 156 Myzomela 66 montana. Sheppardia 63 munggai. Pachysaga 164 Myzopoda 9 montana, Xenoligea 68 Mangos 19 MYZOPODn)AE 9 montani. Anthracoceros 54 Mungolictis 17 mzymlae, Cordulegaster 161 monlanus, Alsodes 88 munionga larana, Oreisplanus 233 /Vac/W5 78 monlanus pictus, Theslor 235 munilus. Nolurus 100 Naemorhedus 28 monlanus. Psephenus 172 munroi, Nesotocus 174 noi'vo^a. Slictonetla 38 monlanus, Stygobromus 155 Muntiacus 26 naftani, Francolinus 41 montecristoi, Abronia 82 muriculus. Gerbillus 29 nahuelbulensis. Diplomystes 100 268 8 8 1 1 1 1 Naja 84 nemeslrina, Macaca 239 Neurergus 92 nakadai. LamelUdea 202 nemestrina pagensis. Macaca 218 nevadae, Cremchthys 104 namiyei. Rana 90 nemorale. Bradypodion 79 nevadensis ssp,, Cyprinodon 230 nana, Cyanolyca 71 Nemorliaedus 223 nevadica olmosa, Cicindela 233 nana, Eurycea 91 nemoncola. Gallinago 45 nevilli. Erepta 206 nana. Sliobia 125 Nemosia 67 nevilli, Gonospira 204 nancillus. GerbiUus 29 NEMOLIRIDAE 165 neM'^erry/. Eucyclogobius 1 14 Nannatherina 1 10 Nemours 165 Newcombia 202 Nannoperca 110 NEOBALAENIDAE 20 newelli. Hypena 210 nannotis. Liloria 87 NEOBISIIDAE 152 Newnhamia 153 Nanocochled 123 Neocfianna 102 nt*H'/on(, Coracina 58 Nanocochlea 123 Neodrepanis 58 nevi'/oni, Ctenoglypta 206 Nanodectes 163 Neofelis 16 nfiv/on/. Fulica 194 nanodes, Napaeus 133 Neohoratia 123 newtoni. Conidomus 2(M Nanopleclrus 176 neomexicana . Pyrgulopsis 124 newtoni, Lanius 59 nanus. Accipiter 39 neomexicanus, Plelhodon 91 newioni. Thomea 135 nanui, Capromys 32 Neomorphus 5 Newtonia 62 nanus, Pyrgulopsis 124 Neonympha 236 Ngairea 137 nanus. Somalogyrus 125 Neophema 50 ngarduaisi . Palaua 138 nanus. Spizaetus 40 Neoplioca 1 ngheitnhensis. Pseudoryx 28 nanus, Taoniscus 35 Neophocaena 22 nianguae. Elheostoma 1 1 'Napaeus' 133 NEOPLANORBIDAE 130 nicefori, Thryolhorus 59 Napaeus 133 Neoplanorbis 1 30 nickajackensis, Caecidotea 154 Napoliwra 62 Neopleryx 8 nickliniana awania. Helminlhoglypla 23 na/7u nigricans. Tragulus 221 neosa, Cryplochia 176 nickliniana bridgesi, Helminlhoglypla narasinglia narasinglia, Erebia 235 Neosalanx 101 231 narcondami, Aceros 54 Neoseps 82 nickliniana conlracosia. Helminlhoglypla nasalis, Philanthus 187 Neosilurus 101 231 Nasalis 14 Neospiza 69 nicobarica , Caloenas 46 nasomaculatus, Addax 26 Neothramma 1 76 nicobanensis, Megapodius 40 nassula, Goniobasis 128 Neotoma 30. 225 ntcolli, Ploceus 70 Nasua 1 Neotrichia 1 76 Nicrophorus 170 Nasuella 18 nfo.vfnui. Euplilotis 53 meuwenhuisu , Pycnonolus 59 nasula, Percina 1 12 Nephronaias 148 nigella, Elliplio 147 Nalalor 76 NEPHROPIDAE 239 nv^e/- cinereus, Sciurus 224 nativilalts, Raltus 193 Nephrops 239 niger. Melanosuchus 11 nafricina. Physa 130 Nephrurus 78 niger, Pleropus 8 natrix celti. Nalrix 228 NEPTICIILIDAE 209 n/^er variani, Hippolragus 223 Wa/r/:r 84, 228 A/ep/u 185, 236 nightingaleensis. Kalechonemertes 1 17 nattereri. Anlitus 58 NERrriDAE 117 nigra. Macaca 13 nattereri. Heliconius 185 Neritilia 117 nigra, Pomarea 63 mi/m, Partulina 131 Nerodia 228 nigra. Tandonia 140 NAUCOREDAE 166 Neseis 1 66 n/gra. Trithemis 162 naumanm, Falco 40 Nesidiolesles 166 nigrescens, Gila 95 nausilhous, Maculinea 181 Nesillas 62 nigrescens, Pacifaslacus 207 navajo, Stenopelmalus 163 nesiotes, Deinocossonus 173 nigrescens. Russatus 138 nazas. Cyprinodon 104 ne.Ho/f5, Scolorylhra 209 nigricans, Aspideretes 11 NEANURIDAE 158 nesiolica. Hirasea 205 nigricans nigricans, Poecilmilis 235 nearcticus, Nemapalpus 174 nesioticus, Bulimulus 135 nigricans, Padogobius 115 nebulosa, Neofelis 16 nesiolis comeri, Gallinula 226 nigricans zwarlbergae , Poecilmilis 235 neckerensis. Nysius 166 nesiolis, Gallinula 43 nigricauda . Liobagrus 100 neckerensis, Pelrochroa 111 Nesitlimysus 1 73 nigriceps, Ardeotis 44 necra. Carelia 202 Nesoclopeus 44, 194 nigriceps, Callilhrix 12 'NecropsiUacus' 195 nesocrabo bidecoralus, Ectemnius 236 nigricollis. Grus 43 Necrospar 197 Nesocryptias 1 66 nigrifrons rubidus. Cephalophus 222 Necfarinia 65 Nesolagus 33 nigrigenis. Agapornis 49 NECTAR INIIDAE 65 Nesomantis 90 nigriloris. Esirilda 69 Nectophrynoides 87 Nesomimesa 187 nigrimas. Oryzias 106 Necydalis 173 Nesomimus 59 nigrimentum. Ploceus 70 Nedufta IM, 208 Nesophonles 1 9 nigripes, Dacnis 67 nefrens, Armatobalanus 153 NESOPHONTIDAE 191 nigripes, Muslela 18 Nehalennia 160 Nesopupa 133, 203 mgripinnis, Coregonus 102 neislerii. Amblema 146 Nesoresiias 167 nignlella, Trocfiomorpha 140 nelsoni. Miloderes 174 Nesoryzomys 192 nigrivenler, Discoglossus 198 nelsoni, Nasua 18 Nesospiza 67 nigriveslis, Eriocnemis 52 nelsoni, Oryzomys 193 Nesosydne 167 nigrobrunnea . Tylo 51 nelsoni. Terrapene 74 Nesothauma 167 nigrocoerula subtropica , Cicindela 233 Nemacheilus 98 Nesolocus 174 mgrofasciatus, Punlius 98 nemaeus, Pygalhhx 14 /Ve^/or 196 nigrogularis, Psophodes 63 Nemapalpus 1 74 nelscheri, Nesolagus 33 nigrohamalum , Megalagrion 159 Nematogenys 101 nellingi. Plelhodon 91 nigrolineaium. Megalagrion 159 Nematostella 117 neumoegeni, Papilio 179 nigromaculalus, Yunnanilus 99 269 1 1 1 1 nigropectus. Biatas 55 Nothomyrmecia 1 87 obsoteta neojuvenalis. Cicindela 233 nigrorufa, Sporophila 61 Noihoprocta 35 obtecta, Spirorbula 145 nigrorufus. Centropus 5 Nolhura 35 oblusifrons. Hephaestus 1 10 nigrorum. Stachyris 64 Notiomyslis 66 oblusirostris. Calcochloris 6 nigrosiriata. Calaxiella 102 notius. Micropterus 1 10 obtusiroslns. Salmothymus 103 nigroviridis. Allenopiihecus 13 NOTODROMADIDAE 153 oblusus. Cylindrus 144 nihoae. Banza 163 Notomys 30, 192 oblusus. Somatogyrus 125 nihoae, Nysius 166 NOTONEMOURIDAE 165 occidenlalis. Daphnia 152 nihoaensis, Eupelmus 186 NOTOPTERIDAE 93 occidenlalis. Dysilhamnus 55 niboaensis. Sclerodermas 186 Notopteris 8 occidenlalis. Glacidorbis 129 niihauensis. Odynerus 187 Notopterus 93 occidenlalis lacusansennus. Caloslomus nikhili. Oligodon 84 nolosaurus. Leiolopisma 82 230 nikolausi, Megadendromus 30 Nolropis 96, 97. 198 occidenlalis. Leiicoplernis 40 nilgiriensis. Parantica 184 nollensis, Cupedora 141 occidenlalis. Mouldingia 142 nimbae, Crocidura 6 Nolurus 100 occidenlalis. Neclophrynoides 87 nimberlinus, Prymnbriareus 143 novacaledoniae . Rliantus 208 occidenlalis. Pezoporus 50 nimbus, Oreokera 137 novacapitalis. Scyfalopus 56 occidenlalis. Poeciliopsis 106 ninae, Zaprochilus 164 novaeangliae . Megaplera 20 occidenlalis. Pseudocheirus 4 Ningbingia 142 novaeguineae, Harpyopsis 39 occidenlalis. Pseudomys 31 niobe, Orachrysops 181 novaeseelandiae . Charadrius 45 occidenlalis. Tnodopsis 140 nipalensis, Aceros 54 novac^i. Pfiilydor 55 occiduus. Celeslus 198 nippon grassianus, Ceiyus 222 novaezelandiae . Colurnix 194 Occirhenea 142 nippon keramae. Cervus 222 novaezelandiae . Himanlopus 45 occulala. Anculosa 200 nippon mandarinus. Cervus 222 novaezelandiae . Ixobryclius 194 oceanicum, Megalagrion 160 nippon, Nipponia 37 novella. Amplirhagada 141 oceanicus, Lacconecius 169 nippon pseudaxis. Cervus 222 Novumbra 101 Oceanides 1 66 nippon sichanicus, Cervus 222 nubiana. Capra 27 Oceanodroma 3 6 nippon laiouanus. Cervus 222 nubila. Cyclura 80 ocellata. Leipoa 40 Nipponia 37 nubila. Polyphylla 171 ocellaia lyncus, Lethe 235 Nirodia 181 nubilus. Aloeides 180 ocellata. Morenia 74 nitens, Cochlicopa 132 nubrica. Ochotona 32 ocellata. Phelsuma 79 nitens. HaUplus 168 nucliale. Ellieosloma 1 1 ocellata. Rheinardia 42 nitida. Ogasawarana 1 17 nuchalis. Parus 64 ocellatus smilhi. Rhodeus 229 nilidissima. Alectroenas 195 nudicostala. Selomedea 138 Ochotona 32, 226 niiidissima. Cblorochrysa 66 nudivenlns, Typfilobarbus 98 OCHOTONn)AE 32, 193, 226 nilidus, Liolaemus 80 Numenius 45 ochraceivenlris. Leptolila 47 n/7oi. Atelognalhus 88 nav. Bulimulus 135 ochreala brunnescens. Macaca 218 nitratoides e.vilis, Dipodomys 225 nyakalensis. Liloria 87 ochrogasler, Penelope 41 nilraloides nitraloides, Dipodomys 225 nycteas. Nepiis 185 ochropeclus. Francolinus 41 nivalis. Daphnia 152 nyctelia. Cecilioides 135 Ochrotrichia 176 nivalis, Leptonycteris 9 Nycticebus 1 ocfisneri. Bulimulus 135 Niveoscincus 82 Nycticorax 194 Ochlhebius 170 nivicola borealis. Ovts 223 Nyctimene 8, 191 ochthogyra, Omphalotropis 127 nobilis, Gambusia 105 Nyciimystes 88 Oclandius 174 nobilis. Mo/io 196 nylephfha, Ecchlorolesles 159 oconnori. Rhylida 136 Noclepuna 142 nympha. Pitta 58 octava. Ningbingia 142 noctilherus. Caprimulgus 52 NYMPHALIDAE 185. 236 OCTODONTIDAH 32 NOCniIDAE 186,209 Nymphophilus 1 23 octolamellala . Taipidon 206 nodosa, Partula 204 nyoraensis, Boeckella 153 octomaculala. Dalla 111 nodosus, Alsodes 88 Nysius 1 66 Octomys 3 2 noguciui. Sapheopipo 54 oahuense. Megalagrion 160 ocloselaceus. Mergus 38 nokomis caerulescens. Speyeria 236 oahuensis. Phyllococcus 208 oculifera. Craplemys 73 nokomis nokomis. Speyeria 236 005/5. Hydroporus 169 ODOBENIDAE 220 noUothi, Aloeides 180 oaxacae. Kinostemon 73 Odobenus 220 Nomoramphus 106 oberlaenderi. Zoofhera 64 Odocoileus 222 nonpareil. Chilonopsis 204 obertiiurii. Ideopsis 183 odomae. Melallura 53 norfolkensis, Poslicobia 200 o^e^a. Brazieria 139 ODONTOCERID.\E 177 noricum , Bythiospeum 1 2 obesiuscula. Boetlgeria 133 Odoniophorus 42 norrisi, Acicula 1 19 obesoducfus. Arion 146 Odoniopodisma 164 norloni, Slygobromus 156 oijfycns/s. Cambarus 156 Odynerus 187 norvegicus, Nephrops 239 obliquata obliquata, Dvsnomia 232 Oecantlms 164 nossima. Amauris 183 obliquala perobliqua. Dysnomia 232 Oecetis 111 notabilis. Binneya 146 obliquicosta, Pupilla 203 Oedemasylus 208 notabilis. Lichmera 66 obliquidens. Lagenorhynchus 21 oedippus, Coenonympha 184 Notarthrinus 181 Obovaria 148 oedipus. Saguinus 12 notata, Kimberleyeleotris 114 obscura. Edelia 109 oedipus. Scliislura 99 noiatus. Coturnicops 43 obscura. Luscinia 61 oenanlhe. CalUcebus 12 Notechis 229 obscura. Metrarga 166 oenax. Wilfredomys 31 notera, Palline 137 obscura, Pentarlhrum 174 oenops. Columba 47 Nothaldonis 174 obscurus. Hemignathus 68 Oeo/5/a 209 Nothobranchius 103 obscurus. Lagenorhynchus 21 Oeoblia 185 nothofagi. Eusthenia 165 obserata. Aclinella 144 oersledii. Saimiri 13 270 1 1 1 Offachloritis 142 ooslhuizen. Leptdocivysops 181 orientalis, Uperoleia 90 ojfella, Boromys 193 opalescens. Cynoiebias 103 orientalis vignei. Ovis 224 ogasawarae. Boninena 133 Opanara 205 orienlissimus. Microcryplorhynchus 174 ogasawarae. Bomnosuccinea 138 oparica. Ruatara 205 on/. Crocidura 6 ogasQwarana, Gasirocopia 203 operculina. Hirasea 136 ORIOLIDAE 70 ogasawarana. Lamellidea 131 Opheodrys 84 Oriolus 70 ogasawarana. Ogasawarana 117 Ophidiocepfiaius 79 oriplancta. Dirce 186 ogasawarana, Trochochlamys 139 Ophiogompfius 161,207,232 0Wi7;a 74 Ogasawarana 117, 118. 200 Ophislernon 1 09 ornata, Perdicella 132 ogasawarensis. Hemicordulia 161 Ophrysia 194 ornala. Urocissa 71 ogasawarensis. Rhinocypfia 159 opiranus. Turgenilubulus 143 ornatus. Liophis 84 ogilbyi. Cepa/ilophus 27 Opislhopalus 188 ornatus, Pteropus 8 ogilbyi crusalbum. Cepfuilopfius 222 Opisthotropts 84 ornatus. Tremarctos 19 ogilbyi. Melanolaenia i07 optima. Ogasawarana 1 18 Ornipholidolos 235 oglei. Stachyris 64 Optioservus 172 Ornilhoplera 178, 179 Ogmodon 84 opuntia. Micrarionta 145 orofi, Philocasca 176 ogmoraplie , Pyrgulopsis \1A Orachrysops 181 oroslrulhus. Arcanator 60 Ognorhynchus 50 oralis, Pseudomys 3 orramakunna, Engaeus 157 oheoheana. Sphelerista 111 Orangia 205 ORTIIALICIDAE 134. 204 Ohndofuiuffema 200 oralrix, Amazona 49 Ortlialicus 135 oinotheke, Eucrenonaspides 153 Oravelia 166 Ortfielrum 162. 233 okalehubyi, Hydalicus 168 orbignyi. Rhanlus 208 orthognalhus, Oryzias 106 okaloosae, Etheosloma 1 1 orca. Notropis 198 Orthotomus 62 okaiie, Elassoma 1 10 orca. Orcinus 21 orlizi. Incaspiza 67 okeana. AUocharopa 137 Orcaella 21 ortmanni, Villosa 149 ofaen^f^, Hynobius 91 orcesi, Pyrrhura 50 Oryc/fi 171 okinav^'ae, Gallirallus 44 ORCHESTUDAE 155 Ory-f 28 ofcinoivanui. Rhipidolestes 159 Orcinus 21 Oryzias 106 ojt:/naiven5/\s. Hemicordulia 161 Orconectes 156 OO'^omys 193, 225 oktediensis. Melanolaenia 108 orcula, Pupisoma 133 osburni. Etheosloma 1 1 olallae. Callicebus 12 Orcu/a 133 oscilans. Polamopyrgus 123 oleacina, Videna 140 ORCL'LIDAE 133 osculus ssp., Rhinichthys 229 Oliarces 167 Ordlrachia 142 osgoodi, Tinamus 35 0/jaru5 166, 167 Oreailurus 16 osimensis, Tokudaia 31 Oiigoaeschna 160 oreas, Chrysoritis 180 osmana, PapiUo 179 Oligodon 84 areas oreas, Lepidochrysops 235 OSMERIDAE 101 oligolepis, Toxoles 112 oreas, Ptcaliiarles 63 Osmerus 101 OLIGONEURIIDAE 158 oregona. Dolophilodes 176 Osmoderma 171 Oligophlebodes 1 76 Oregonichthys 97 Ospatulus 97 Oligoryzomys 192 oreinos, Trichia 144 ostenla. Coracina 58 olivacea bocagei. Boslrychia 226 Oreisplanus 233 OSTEOGLOSSIDAE 93 olivacea, Carelia 202 Oreochromis 230 Ostodes 118 olivacea, Lepidochelys 76 Oreoglanis 101 olagense. Leiolopisma 82 olivacea, Nasuella 18 OREOHELICIDAE 138 olaheilana. Parlula 204- olivacea, Pyrgulopsis 124 Oreohelix 138,231 otareae. Sinployea 206 olivaceus, Criniger 59 Oreokera 137 OTARIIDAE 18, 220 olivaceus helleri. Tardus 227 Oreolyce 182 othcaloogensis, Dysnomia 147 olivaceus. Varanus 83 Oreomava 1 37 olhnius. Kondoconcha 205 oliveri. Cyclodina 81 Oreomystis 68 othus. Lepus 33 oliveri, Haemalopinus 165 Oreonecles 98 OTIDIDAE 44 oliviae, Columba 47 Oreopfiasis 41 0/(J 45 olivieri, Amaurornis 43 Oreothraupis 67 Otocolobus 16 olivii. Turnix 43 oreolragus porteousi. Oreolragus 223 Olomops 10 olivula, Goniobasis 128 Oreolragus 223 Otopleropus 8 ollula. Sylvisorex 7 Orestias 105 ottomana. Erebia 184 Oloplolosus 101 orgygia, Belenois 180 0/U5 51,227 olympiae, Carabus 168 orientalis arkal. Ovis 223 oAva^Jeni/i, Oreomava 137 omeiensis, Liocichla 61 orienialis blanfordi, Ovis 223 oualanensis. Delos 136 Omphalolropis 126, 127, 200 orientalis bocharensis. Ovis 223 Ougapia 136 Onchobarus 174 orienialis cycloceros, Ovis 223 ourebi haggardi. Ourebia 223 Onchorhynchus 103, 230 orientalis gmelini, Ovis 223 Ourebia 223 Oncholelson 154 orientalis ispfiahanica. Ovis 224 ouleniqua. Lepidochrysops 181 Oncifelis 16 orienialis laristanica. Ovis 224 ovaiula. Palaina 1 18 Onconolus 164 orientalis, Mogurnda 1 14 oviforme, Pleurobema 148 onondagaensis, Stygobromus 156 orientalis. Mouldingia 142 Ov/5 223, 224 on^/ow/, Phalacrocorax 36 orienialis musimon, Ovis X2A ovuliformis. Cylichnidia 135 Onlhophagus 171 orienialis ophion, Ovis 224 oM'en//. Apleryx 35 Onychogalea 4, 191 orientalis orienialis, Ovis 224 ou'.9/on/, Chrologale 19 Onychogomphus 161 orientalis, Paradelma 79 ou'5/on/, Gallirallus 44 Onychorhynchus 227 orienialis, Poecilmitis 182 oxiana, Naja 84 Oodemas 213 orientalis punjabiensis. Ovis 224 oxleyana. Nannoperca 1 10 oophorus, Xenopoecilus 106 orientalis severtzovi, Ovis 224 Oxychaeta 182 271 2 1 2 Oxychilus 140 pallipes. Austropolamobius 157 Paramesoiriton 92 paramicrus. Nesophontes 191 Oxyeleotris 1 14 palmeri, Myadestes 62 Oxyelhira 176 palmeri, Porzana 195 Paramiella 118 Paranasptdes 153 Oxygaslra 1 62 palmeri. RhodacanlJiis 197 Paranlechinus 3 Oxylapia ! 1 Palmeria 68 Oxyloma 138 Palpopleura 162 Paranitca 183. 184 oxyrhynchus, Coregonus 102 pa/u, Alrop/ianeura 178 Paranyctimene 8 oxyrhynchus. Nolropis 96 paludica, Cobitis 98 Paraphlebia 159 oxyrhynchus. Prototroctes 199 paludicola. Acrocephalus 60 ParapinnLxa 158 oxyrhynchus ssp., Acipenser 229 Paludinella 123 Pararge 236 oxytropis. Discula 144 Paludiscala 123 Pararhodeus 97 Oxyura 38 palusire. Pellorneum 62 Pararlemia 153 ozarkensis, Pyrguiopsis 124 palustris argentatus. Oryzomys 225 PARASTACIDAE 157 ozarkensis, Somalochlora 162 palustris. Crocodylus 78 paratactis. Scolorylhra 209 ozarAfnsij. Slygobromus 156 palustris hefneri. Sylvilagus 226 Paratelmatobms 89 Ozotoceros 26, 222 palustris. Quiscalus 197 Paratherina 108 pachomai, Kawanphila 163 palustris. Sporopliila 67 Paratilapia 1 1 Pachycephala 62 pan, Poecilmitis 182 Paravitrea 140 pachycephalus. Cyprinodon 104 Pan 14, 219 Paraxerus 29 pachycheilus. Cephalokompsus 95 panamintus, Gerrhonotus 82 Pardalofus 65 Pachypanchax 103 panarcys, Cypnnella 95 Pardiglanis 100 Pachyramphus 57 Panchala 235 pardinus. Lynx 16 pachyrhyncfia. R/iynchopsilla 50 pancheri, Leuchocharis 135 Pardofelts 16 Pachysaga 1 64 Pandaka 115 Pardosa 152 pachystoma, Ryssota 139 Pangasianodon 100 pardus japonensis. Pantliera 219 Pachystyla 206 PANGASIIDAE 100 pardus koliya. Pantliera 219 pachyla , Pyrguiopsis 1 24 Pangasius 100 pardus melas. Panlhera 219 Pacifastacus 157. 207 paniscus. Ateles 12 pardus mmr. Panthera 219 pacifica, Drepanis 196 paniscus. Pan 14 pardus orienlalis, Panlhera 219 pacifica, GaUinula 194 pannonica , Sadleriana 125 pardus saxicolor, Panthera 219 pacifica, Myrmosula 186 Panoquina 111, 233 Pareas 84 pacifica, Syncaris 156 panoquinoides errans. Panoquina 233 Parelroplus 112. 113 pacificum. Megalagrion 160 Pantagenia 207 pariae. Myioborus 68 pacificus, GalliraUus 194 Pantanodon 105 PARIDAE 64 pacificus, Indopacetus 23 Panthera 16, 219 Pari^f^ 179, 180 Padogobius 115 panilieratus. Anetia 183 parinacotensis. Oreslias 105 pagoda, Gyrotoma 201 pantlierina, Percina 112 parkeri. Cylloepus 172 pagodula. Turgenilubulus 143 Pantinonemerles 1 17 parkeri. Herpsilochmus 56 pagodula, Videna 140 pantostictum, Cichlasoma 112 parhnsoni. Procellaria 35 paiUona. Renea 1 19 Panulirus 239 parma. Macropus 4 Palacanthilhiopsis 1 23 Papasula 36 Parmacella 140 palaciosi. Iberocypris 96 Pa/Ji/io 179, 234 PAR\L\CELLIDAE 140 Paladilhia 123 PAPILIONIDAE 178. 234 parnaguae. Megaxenops 55 Paladilhiopis 123 /*a/j/o 218 Parnassius 180, 234 Palaemnema 160 papua. Hipposideros 9 Paroreomyza 68, 197 Palaemonetes 1 56 papuae. Melanoiaenia 108 Parotia 71 Palaemonias 1 56 papuanus. Rhantus 208 parreyssi. Belgrandiella 120 PALAEMONIDAE 156 papuensis, Clupeoides 94 Parm/a 134. 203. 204 palaemopliagus, Ospatulus 91 papuensis. SpHocuscus 3 Pariulian 131. 132. 202 Palaina 118,231 Papuexul 142 FARTIILIDAE 134, 203 palata. Spratellicypris 98 Papustyla 143 PARULEDAE 68 Po/aua 138 papyracea. Acliatinella 201 Parus 64 palauensis. Assiminea 126 Paracentrotus 239 parva. 'Nanocochlea' 123 Paleoxenus 1 72 Paracoema 175 parva. Ctncinnaiia 121 palfreymani, Niveoscincus 82 Paracrocidura 1 parva. Deinacrida 163 Palikirus 137 Paracymus 1 70 parva. Dubiraplua 111 PALINLIRIDAE 239 Paradelma 79 parva. Melanoiaenia 108 pallasi hamica. Ocholona 226 Paradigalla 71 parva. Oecetis 177 pallasi sunidica. Ocholona 226 Paradisaea 1 1 parviceps. Scortum 1 10 palliata aequalohalls, Aloutta 217 PARADIS.AEIDAE 70 parvidens. Cynomys 28 palliatus, Cinclodes 55 paradisea. Ornithoptera 179 parvidens. Hylogomphus 161 pallida, Jardinella 122 paradoxa, Caretia 202 parvidens. Maulodontha 205 pallida. Vulpes 15 Paradoxornis 62 parvula. Microgale 5 pallidiceps, Allapeles 66 Paradoxurus 19. 220 parvula, Taheitia 126 pallidiceps. Columba 47 paradoxus. Solenodon 5 parvulus. Medionidus 148 pallididorsum, Etheostoma 1 1 Paragalaxias 102 parvulus. Somalogyrus 125 pallidigaster. Anfhreptes 65 Paragomphus 161 parvus. Burramys 4 pallidipectoris, Acanthochelys 11 Parahelicops 84 parvus. Galaxtas 102 pallidistylus. Diaphlebia 160 Paralucia 182 parvus. Hylomyscus 30 pallidula. Nehalennia 160 Parambassis 109 parvus. Stygohromus 156 palUdus. Conolophus 79 paramelanotos . Calidris 45 Parypiianta 136 /'aWne 137 PARAMELITIDAE 207 parzefalli. Mexislenasellus 154 272 1 1 1 pasadenas. Syncaris 207 pelzelnii. Tachybaplus 35 personata, Dysnomia 207 paskai. Pseudomugil 108 pembertoni . Peromyscus 193 personala, Heliopais 44 PasmadiUa 137 Penelope 4 personala orienlalis, Melogale 220 pasonis. Ashmunella 140 peniallala, Beltongia 4 personalus barbarabrownae . Callicebus pastazae. Galbula 54 penicillala. Petrogale 4 218 pathirana. Danio 95 penicillatus. Panulirus 239 personalus. Callicebus 12 pattersoni. Troglogtanis 100 penila. Dysnomia 147 personalus melanocliir. Callicebus 218 palula. Palaina 1 18 penningloni. Capys 180 personalus nigrifrons. Callicebus 218 paucidentala, Alionycleris 7 penningtoni. Lepidochrysops 181 personalus personalus, Callicebus 218 pau//. Bassaricyon 18 penningloni, Poecilmitis 182 perspicax, Penelope 41 pau//. Lamnifera 134 /7ennry/vamcu5 chihuahuensis. Microius perspicillala. Lulra 17 pauliani. Apaturopsis 1 85 lis perspicillata . Malacocincla 62 pauHani. Olus 51 pennsylvarucus dukecampbelli . Microius perspicillatus. Phalacrocorax 193 paulicoba. Palaemnema 160 225 perlricosa. Dipnelix 137 paulinae. Liolaemus 80 Penlalagus 33 peruviana. Tangara 68 paulisius. Phylloscartes 57 Penlarthrum 174, 208 peruviana. Vim 48 paulsoni. Epigomphus 160 periai, Homonoia 78 peruvianus. Mesoplodon 23 paulus, Crateromys 192 pephredo. Lepidochrysops 181 peruvianus. Telmalobius 89 pauxi. Pauxi 41 Peponocephala 21 Petalura 161 Pau.vi 41 perahuensis, Opanara 205 PETAU'RiDAE 161 Pflvo 42 Perameles 3. 191 Petasina 143 pawpela. Glacidorbis 129 PERAMELIDAE 3. 191 petasus. Armsia 132 peaci. Nolhaldonis 174 Perca 111 PETAITRIDAE 5 pearsei. Typhliasina 103 PERCICHTHYIDAE 109 Pelaurus 5 pearsoni, Uramphisopus 154 Percichlhys 110 pelersi. Rhynchocyon 33 pearsoniana. Litoria 87 PERCIDAE 111, 199 /7e//7/, Glyptophysa 130 pecatonica. Acantliomelropus 207 Percilia 110 /7e///i, Heterocyclus 122 pecki, Clyphyalinia 140 />erc/>w HI. 112 ^e//7/, Parelroplus 1 13 pecki, Stygobromus 156 Perdicella 132. 202 Pelrochroa 111 pecos, Assiminea 126 Perdicula 42 Pelrodromus 226 pecos, Gammarus 154 perdila, Hirundo 58 Pelrogale 4 pecosensis. Cypnnodon 104 /*ertf/7a 236 Pelroica 63 pecosensis. Pyrgulopsis 124 perdix. Parlulina 131 PETROMYZONTIDAE 93, 198, 229 pecloralis. Aphelocephala 60 peregrina. Polygyra 140 pellerdi. Beddomeia 120 pecioralis, Herpsilochmus 56 peregusna peregusna . Vormela 220 pelterdi. Fluvidona 122 pedderensis. Galaxias 102 perexilis. Campolaemus 203 peucelia penningtoni . Ornipholidolos pedderensis, Romankenkius 199 perfuscus, Liophis 84 235 pedderensis, Wcslnplecles 111 periglenes. Bufo 87 Pezophaps 195 pedderi. Glacidorbis 129 peringueyi. Ecchlorolesles 159 Pezoporus 50 pedesler, Mycolrupes 171 peringueyi. Phyllodaclylus 79 pfejferi. Calamaria 83 PEDIONOMIDAE 43 PERIPATIDAE 187 pfeifferi. Bythiospeum 200 Pedionomus 43 Peripaloides 188 pfeifferi. Hedleya 1 19 pedo. Saga 164 PERIPATOPSIDAE 188 Phacochoerus 221 Pedostibes 87 Peripalopsis 188 Pliaenicophaeus 51 peduncuialus, Zyzomys 3 periscelis. Carelta 202 Phaenomys 30 /7ee//. Microdillus 30 Perisoreus 71 phaeocephalus, Pte^opus 9 pefauri, Telmalobius 89 perjurus. Eidoleon 167 Phaeognaihus 91 /^e^e. Oravelia 166 perkensi. Oceanides 166 phaeopygia. Plerodroma 36 Pegifl^ 148 perkins. Nesomimesa 187 phaeosoma . Melamprosops 68 pelagicus. Haliaeelus 39 perkinsi. Machiloides 158 phaeozona , Achalinella 130 PELECANIDAE 36 PERLIDAE 165 pfiaeura. Crocidura 6 Pelecanoides 36 perlonga, Lyropupa 203 phaeus, Optioservus 172 PELECANOIDIDAE 36 Pernagera 137 plialacris. Triaenodes 209 Pelecanus 36 pernanus. Maslomys 30 PHALACROCORACIDAE 36. 193 pelewana. Aaadonta 136 Perognalhus 29. 225 Phalacrocorax 36. 37. 193 pelewensis, Hungerfordia 1 18 Peromyscus 193, 225 Plia longer 3 Pellegrini. Rheocles 108 peronii. Dobsonia 1 PHALANGERIDAE 3 Pellorneum 62 peronii. Lissodelpliis 21 PHALANGODIDAE 152 pellucida. Amastra 202 peronii. Zoolhera 64 Phalanta 185 pellucida. Ammocrypta 1 1 Peroryctes 3 PHALLOSTETIIIDAE 108 pellucidus, Allocrangonyx 155 PERORYCTIDAE 3 Phallosielhus 108 Pelobates 229 perovalis, Lampsilis 148 Plianer 10 PELOBATIDAE 229 perovalum, Pleurobema 149 Phascogale 3 Pelocoris 166 perpallidus, Notropis 96 pliasianella, Beddomeia 120 PELOMEDUSIDAE 77 perplexa, Tischeria 209 PHASIANIDAE 41. 194 Pelomys 30 perpurpurea. Villosa 149 />/iaj/5 182,235 peltasles, Cylindraspis 197 perpusilla. Auriculella 131 PHASMATEDAE 208 PELTOPERLIDAE 165 perroquini, Heterocyclus 122 Pliasmodes 164 Peltophryne 87 persephone. Aeshna 160 Plxaulomys 30 Peltotrupes 171 persephone , Pelrogale 4 Plielsuma 78, 79. 197 Pelusios 11 persephone . Rhadine 168 Plienacobius 97 pelzelni, Aplonis 197 persolula, Ptycfiodon 205 Phenacolimax 140 273 1 8 Placoslylus 135 phenosa, Ochrotrichia 176 PHYSETERIDAE 22 Plagigeyeria 123 Piulanthus 187 PHYSIDAE 130 Plagiodontia 32. 193 Phildoria 177 Phylotoma 57 Hypena 210 Pfulemon 66 PHYTOTOMIDAE 57 plagiola, 213 PHILEPrmDAE 58 piacenlinii. Madoqua 28 Plagitfimysus Plagoplerus 97 Phileslumus 70 Picalliaries 63 Planaeschna I'M philiherii. Phalanfa 185 piceus. Colymbetes 168 Pyxis 75 philippensis. Pelecanus 36 piceus. Unas 174 planicauda. plamceps, Prionailurus 16 philippiana. Newcombia 202 PICIDAE 54 Hyperoodon 23 phiUppii. Arclocephalus 18 pickeringii, Ducula 47 planifrons. !37 philippinica, Succinea 138 pickersgiUi. HyperoUus 88 Planilaoma Pianispira 143 phillipsi. Carra 95 Picoides 54 Planorbella 130 phillipsi. Tangara 68 picta, Anculosa 128 PL.\NORBIDAE 130 /7/11/0. Paranlica 184 p/cw, Anguispira 136 Philocasca 176 /7/c/a, OmpJialotropis 127 planospira, Sinployea 206 Philodryas 84 pictus. Lycaon 15 planlarius, Dolomedes 152 PHILOPOTAMIDAE 176 />/cu5 54 planlii. Culella 136 PHILORHEITHRIDAE 177 PIERIDAE 180.234 planulata. Hirasea 205 Philoria 89 PfVr/i 234 Plalalea 37 philoriles. Acalyphes 186 pigra. Aloualta 12 Platanisla 23 Philoliella 235 pihapifia. Ponapella 127 PLATANISTIDAE 23 Philydor 55 pikoensis. Holcobius 172 platenae. Callicolumba 47 philyrina, CaldweUia 206 pilealus. Hyiobales 14 plateni. Aramidopsis 43 phiegelhon, Pseudobarbus 97 pilealus. Pipriles 57 platycephalus. Euproclus 92 phlegeihoniis, lolichthys 96 pilikia, Kubaryia 126 platycephalus. Salmo 103 platycheilus, Palaina 1 1 phleophaga . Ectodemia 209 pilligaensis. Pseudomys 31 PfiJoeomys 30 Pillomena 137 PLATYCNEMIDAE 232 Phoboscincus 82 pilosa, Omphalotropis ill PL-M^'CNEMIDIDAE 160 P^joca 18,220 pilosus. Hydrotarsus 169 Platycnemis 160 phocaenoides. Neophocaena 22 pilosus, Pteropus 191 />/afy/a 119 Phocarctos 18 pilsbryanus. Somatogyrus 125 Piatymanlis 90 PHOCIDAE 18, 192. 220 /* ilsbrycha ropa 1 3 7 Platynectes 169 phocoena, Phocoena 22 pilsbryi. Carelia 202 platynola, Ceochelone 74 Phocoena 22 pilsbryi. Goniobasis 201 platyops, Polorous 191 PHOCOENIDAE 22 pilsbryi. Stenotrema 140 Platyrinchus 57 Phocoenoides 22 PiVu/a 137 Platysaurus 81 Phodilus 51 pimanensis. Melanolaenia 108 platysayoides. Triodopsis 141 phoedon, Amauris 183 pimaluae, Cralerocephalus 107 Platysleira 63 phorbarUa nana, Papilio 234 PIMELODIDAE 101 PlJ^rV'STICriDAE 160 phorbanla, Papilio 179 pinaleno, Eumorsea 164 Plebejus 182.235 phosphor borealis, Bowkeria 234 pincliaque , Tapirus 25 PLECOGLOSSIDAE 230 phosphor phosphor, Bowkeria 234 Pinctada 239 Plecoglossus 230 photophila, Agrolis 210 pindu, Stomalepia 113 Plecolus 10 Pholuris 233 Pingalla 110 PLECTROTARSIDAE 176 Phoxinellus 97 pinguis, Cyclura 80 P/e^mo 139 Phoxinus 97 PINNOTHERIDAE 158 pleione. Taudactylus 90 Phrantela 123 piperata, Liloria 88 Plentusia 143 Phreatodrobia 123 PIPIDAE 90 plenum. Pleurobema 149 PHREATOICIDAE 154 pipile, Pipile 41 Pie rotes 8 phreatophila. Prielella 100 P/pi7e 41 Pleihobasus 148 phrygia. Xanthomyza 66 Pipislrellus 191 Plelhodon 91 Phrynomedusa 88 pipra. lodopleura 56 PLETHODONTIDAE 91 Phrynops 11 P/pra 57 Pleurobema 148, 149 Phrynosoma 228 PIPRIDAE 57 Pleurocera 1 29 Phyciodes 185 Pipriles 57 PLEUROCERIDAE 127,200 phyle. Paranlica 184 piratarum. Succinea 138 Pleurodyles 169 Pijyllaslrephus 59 pisciculus, Cheirodon 99 Pleuropoma 231 phyllocercus. Engaeus 157 PISIDIID.\E 151 pleurolaenia. Punlius 98 Piiyllococcus 208 Pisidium 151 pleuroloma, Paladilhia 123 Phyllodaclylus 79 pisleri, Pyrgulopsis 124 Pleuroxia 143 phyllodes. Mormolyce 168 Pithecia 13 PLEXALTilDAE 117 Pltyllodesma 186 Pithecopiiaga 40 plicaria, Hemicycla 145 Plryllonycleris 9, 191 Pi;/(,V5 56 plicala. Anculosa 128 Phylloscarles 57 />/«a 57. 58 Plicaloperipatus 1 87 Phylloscopus 63 POTIDAE 57 plicosa. Omplialotropis 200 phylloslegiae. Cyrtopeltis 166 pitlospori, Karocolens 174 PLOCEIDAE 69. 197 PHYLLOSTOMTDAE 9, 191 Pitymys 193 Ploceus 70 Phylolestes 159 pityusensis. Podarcis 81 PLOTOSIDAE 101 p/iyifl , Parlulina 1 3 pizarro, Parides 180 plumbeus. Dysillmmnus 55 P/iy-sa 130 pizzinii. Stygobromus 156 plumbeus. Micrastur 40 physalus. Balaenoplera 20 placidus, Noiurus 100 p/u/o. Chalicodoma 187 Pfiyseter 22 placidus. Sosippus 152 Poblana 108 274 1 1 11 1 Podarcis 81,228 poptae, Xenopoecilus 106 pritchardiae , Slenotrupis 174 PODARGIDAE 51 porcata. Westraltrachia 143 pritchardias. Pentarthnim 1 74 Podiceps 35 porcellana. Partulina 131 pritchardii . Megapodms 40 PODICIPEDIDAE 35. 193 porcellanus. Hippopus 150 Proandricus 213 Podilymbus 193 porcus. Amasira 202 Probarbus 97 Podismopsis 1 64 porosus. Crocodylus 78 Problema 177 Podocnemis 11 porphyretica. Limnocylhere 153 problemalica. Rhophodon 137 Podogymnura 6 Porphyria 44, 195 Procambarus 156, 157 Poecilia 105 porphyrocheila , Aspasius 204 Procapra 28 POECILIIDAE 105, 199 porreclus. Helixarion 139 PROCAVIIDAH 25 Poeciliopsis 106 porloricensis. Isolobodon 193 Procellaria 35 Poecilmiiis 182.235 portosanctana . P seudocampylaea 145 PROCELLARIIDAE 35, 193. 226 procellaris. poecilops miyajimaense . Orlhelrum 233 poriosancli, Leptaxis 145 Agrolis 210 poecilopterus, Nesoclopeus 44 Porzana 44, 195 procles. Graphium 178 poeyi. Phyllofxycteris 9 poseidon. Lepidochrysops 181 Procolobus 14,218,219 Pogomchthys 97, 198 Posontes 143 Procyon 18. 192 Pogoniulus 54 posteri, Pleurocera 129 PROCYONIDAE 18, 192 Poiana 220 Poslicobia 200 Prodontria 171 polia. Crocidura 1 poslveciis. Caiaxias 102 producta. Amphorella 135 poliocerca. Eupherusa 52 Polamilus 149 producta, Parlula 204 polionotus allophrys, Peromyscus 225 Potamonectes 1 69 productus. Hydroporus 169 poUonotus ammobates. Peromyscus 225 Polamopyrgus 1 23 productus. Nestor 196 polionotus niveivenlns, Peromyscus 225 polenziani. Presbylis 14 Profelis 17 polionotus pkasma, Peromyscus 225 POTERIIDAL 118 profundicola. Oryzias 106 polionotus trissyllepsis. Peromyscus 225 POTOROIDAE 4. 191 Progomphus 161 poUopareia, Eslnlda 69 Potorous 4. 191 Prolagus 193 polita, Mandarsna 142 poitsi. Etheosloma 1 1 pronoti. Mecistogaster 160 polleni. Paratilapia 1 12 polulentus. Stylurus 161 propinqua. Dysnomia 207 poUeni. Xenopiroslris 59 pouchel. Hemicycla 145 Propithecus 1 /7o///. Con^?05orfjr 6 poulsoni. Speoplatyrliinus 103 proserpina. Cyprinella 95 ;7o//i. Oxyiapia 1 12 powellu. Lampsitis 148 proserpina . Proserpinus 1 86 polops, Ameiva 81 poyntoni, Cacosternum 90 Proserpinus 186 Polposipus 173 praecelcus. Bothriembryon 134 Prosobonia 46, 195 Polyborus 194 praeclarus. Joiceya 181 protea. Partula 204 POLYCENTROPODIDAE 176 praeconis. Pseudomys 3 PROTEIDAE 92 polychromaticum, Enallagma 159 praecox. Melanotaenia 108 Proterhinus 213 polyctena, Formica 187 praecox. Mordacta 93 Proteus 92 Polygyra 1 40 praerosa. Aculopsis 200 Protoploea 184 POLYGY'RIDAE 140.231 praelumida . Pilula 137 Protoptila 175 Polygyriscus 140 Praomys 30 Protolrachia 143 polykomos. Colobus 13 pratensislmgncans. Formica 187 Prototroctes 102. 199 Polylamina 171 praitorum. Rhynchomeles 3 protracta. Partula 204 polylepis. Anabariltus 94 prallorum. Troides 180 proluberata . Beddomeia 1 20 polymorpfia, Pseudopalaina 118 Premnoplex 55 provocax. Lulra 17 polyodon, Helenoconclm 206 Presbylis 14 provosfi. Ochrotrichia 176 Polyodon 93 prespensis. Barbus 94 proximo. Partulina 131 POLYODONTIDAE 93 pretiosa. Calocala 186 proximo. Sinployea 206 Polyommalus 182 pretrei. Amazona 49 prunellei. Coeligena 52 polyphemi, Onthopfiagus 171 preussi. Cercopithecus 13 pryeri. Megalurus 62 polyphemus. Gopherus 74 Pnapella 199 Prymnbriareus 143 polyphemus. Limulus 151 pr/ce/ , Craterodiscus 1 4 przewalskii. Poradoxornis 62 Polyphylla 171 pricei. Ictalurus 100 przewalskii. Procapra 28 Polypleclron 42 Prielella 100 Psacadonotus 164 Polytelis 50 prigoginei. Clilorocichla 59 PSAMMASPIDIDAE 153 Pomarea 63 prigoginei, Nectarinia 65 Psammobates 75 Pomatias 119 prigoginei. Phodilus 5 psammophila. Sminlhopsis 3 POMATIASEDAE 119,200 primum. Crislilabrum 141 psorolena, Solatopupa 133 Ponapella 127 princeps. Coitus 109 pselaphon. Pteropus 9 ponapensis, Dendrotrochus 139 princeps. Melidectes 66 PSEPHENIDAE 172 ponapensis. Tornatellinops 132 principalis. Campephilus 54 Psephenus 111 ponapica, Nesopupa 133 pringlei, Aloeides 180 Psepholus 50. 196 ponapicus, Palikirus 137 pringlei. Lepidochrysops 181 Psephurus 93 ponceleli. Solomys 31 pringlei. Pilosis 182 Pseudacris 229 poncelelt, Tribolonoius 82 pringlei. Thestor 182 Pseudagrion 160 ponderosa. Cincinnalia 121 Prima 63 Pseudalmenus 235 ponderosa. Mandarina 142 Priodonles 5 Pseudammcola 123 Pongo 15 Prionailurus 16. 17, 219 Pseudanodonta 149 pontica, Vipera 85 Prionilurus 50 Pseudemoia 82 Ponloporia 23 Prionomys 30 Pseudemydura 11 ponlvillensis, Fluvidona 122 Prionops 59 Pseudemys 74 Poospiza 67 Pristidactylus 80 Pseudibis 38 Popelairia 53 Prisloceulhophilus 1 63 Pseudinon 158 275 1 5 3 81 11 1 1 Pseudobagrus 100 pulcherrimus. Psepholus 50 PYGOPODIDAE 79, 228 PYRALIDAE 185, 209, 213 Pseudobarbus 97 pulchra . A uriculella 1 3 Pseudocalyptomena 54 pulchra longicauda. Egernia 228 pyramidata. Gyroioma 201 Diplommalina 118 Pseudocampylaea 145, 206 pulchra nigra, Anniella 228 pyramis, PSEUDOaiEmiDAE 4 pulchra. Pteralopex 8 pyramis. Heleropoma 126 Pseudocheirus 4 pulchrus. Empicoris 166 pyramus. Poecilmilis 182 Pseudochelidon 5 8 pulitzeri, Macrosphenus 62 Pyreferra 186 PSELTDOCOCCIDAE 208 pu//a, Microgale 5 pyrenaicQ. Belgrandiella 120 Pseudocolopleryx 57 pullus. Carunculina 147 pyrenaica ornata. Ruptcapra 224 Pseudocopaeodes 233 />«ma 219,220 pyrenaica pyrenaica. Capra 222 Pseudocordylus 8 pumila. Gyrotoma 201 pyrenaica victoriae. Capra 222 Pseudocossyphus 63 pumila, Paranlica 184 pyrenaicus. Calemys 7 Pseudocolalpa 171 pumila ssp., Pseudorasbora 229 pyrenella. Pleurocera 129 Pseudodacnis 67 pumila, Videna 140 Pyrgina 135 pseudodolium, Orcula 133 pumilio. Myosciurus 28 Pyrgulopsis 124. 125 Pseudogobiopsis 1 1 pumilus. Pleropus 9 pyriforme. Pleurobema 149 pseudoincisus, Clossolepis 107 pumilus. Tarsius 1 Pyriglena 56 Pseudois 28 punae. Deinomimesa 187 pyroeis hersaleh. Poecilmilis 235 pseudomelaneus, Paranlica 184 punclalissima. Knipowilschia 1 15 pyrohypogasler. Hypopyrrhus 69 PseudomugH 108 punclalus, Falco 40 pyrrhoceplialus. Pliaenicophaeus 5 Pseudomys 31. 193 punclalus, Lacconectus 169 pyrrhops. Hapalopsillaca 49 Pseudonestor 68 punclalus. Spiienodon 78 Pyrrhura 50 Pseudopalaina 1 18 punclellum, Mecodema 208 P^JZ/jon 83 Pseudophoxinus 97 PUNCTIDAE 137 Fv.vii 75 Pseudophryne 89 punclipennis, Lacconeclus 169 quadraginlus. Pardalolus 65 Pseudopsectra 167 puncliperforata, Maulodonlha 205 quadrasi. Elasmias 131 pseudopuJchella , Aprasia 79 punctulispira. Boninosuccinea 138 quadrasi. Heleropoma 126 Pseudorasbora 229 Pungitius 109 quadrasi. Himeroconcha 137 Pseudorca 2 1 fungu 113 quadrasi. Nesopupa 133 Pseudoryx 28 punicea, Columba 47 quadrasi. Omplialotropis 111 PSEUDOSTIGMATIDAE 160 punicea. Trochidrobia 125 quadrasi. Succinea 138 Pseudolricula 1 23 Punlius 97. 98 Quadrasiella 127 pseudotrolli, Vitrea 140 /TU/X3 . Palaina 1 1 quadricolor. Dicaeum 65 pseusles. Helenoconcha 206 pupaeformis. Goniobasis 201 quadricornis, Myoxocepiialus 109 Psilotreta 111 pupiformis. Phrantela 123 quadricornis, Tetracerus 28 psittacea. Psilliroslra 68 /'up/Z/a 132, 203 quadrioculatum. Pseudagrion 160 psittacea, Treron 48 PUPILLIDAE 132, 203 quadripaludium . Mexilliauma 123 PSITTACIDAE 49, 195, 226 Pup/na 119 quadrivillalus auslralis. Tamias 225 Psittacuia 50, 196 PUPINIDAE 119 Quadrula 149 PsitfacuUrostris 50 Pupisoma 133 quadrulus. Somatogyrus 125 Psilliroslra 68 pupoides. Bythinella 121 quagga, Equus 192 Psophodes 63 pupoides, Nanocochlea 123 quarlesi. Bubalus 27 PSYCHODIDAE 174 pupukanioe, Aclmtinella 131 qualhlambae. Pseudobarbus 97 Psychomastalix 1 64 pupula, Belgrandiella 120 quensledli. Bythiospeum 121 psychopompus , Scytalopus 56 pupula. Pupilla 132 questroana. Amplirhagada 141 Pteralopex 8 puritana. Cicindela 168 quickelbergei, Lepidochrysops 181 PTERIIDAE 239 purpurea. Gila 96 quimpenana. Elona 144 Plerodroma 35, 36, 193, 226 pusilla. Auslrochlorilis 141 Quincuncina 149 Pteromys 29 pusilla. Galaxiella 102 Quiscalus 197 Pleronura 18 pusilla. Ocholona 32 quitobaquitae. Tryonia 126 PT1EROPODIDAE 7.191,217 pusilla. Palaina 118 rabieh. Picus 54 Pleropus 8. 9. 191, 217 pusillior, Hemisloma 122 rabinoi. Liolaemus 80 pterolropiana, Sphelerisla 111 puslulalus. Hydrosaurus 79 rabori, Napolhera 62 plhonera. Canariella 144 putealis. Stygobromus 156 rabori. Nyctimene 8 Plilinopus 48. 195 puteana, Moilessieria 123 raddei. Vipera 85 PTILONORhlYNailDAE 70 pulnamensis, Ochlhebius 170 radiaia, Geochelone 74 Plycfialaea 133 PYCNONOTIDAE 59. 196. 227 radiata. Parlula 204 Ptychobranchus 149 Pycnonolus 59 radialus. Etylhrotriorchis 39 Ptychocheilus 97 pycnum, Aphaostracon 1 19 radiceus. Carpococcvx 50 Plychochromoides 1 1 pycrofli. Plerodroma 36 Radiocentrum 138 Plychodon 205 Pygathrix 14, 219 radiolala. Parlula 134 pubescens. Polylamina 171 pygmaea. Goniobasis 201 radiolosus, Neomorphus 5 puda, /'ui/u 26 pygmaea. Melanolaenia 108 radiosus, Cyprlnodon 104 Fudu 26 pygmaea. Panda ka 1 15 rafflesia. Euscheman 177 Puffinus 36, 226 pygmaeus, Cotlus 109 raffrayana. Emballonura 9 pulchellus. Acrolophilus 164 pygmaeus, Napaeus 133 rafmesqueana, Lampsilis 148 pulcbellus. Caprimulgus 52 pygmaeus. Nycticebus 1 rahmi. Lophuromys 30 pulcher, Lacconectus 169 pygmaeus. Pongo 15 raiatensis, Parlula 204 pulcherrima. Achatinella 131 pygmaeus. Procyon 18 raimondii. Phytotoma 57 pulcfierrima. Papustyla 143 pygmaeus. Somatogyrus 125 raineyi. Crocidura 1 pulcherrima. Pelalura 161 pygmeus, Eurynorhynchus 45 rakiurae. Hoplodactylus 78 pulcherrimus. Psepholus 196 pygmeus. Phalacrocorax 37 RALLIDAE 43, 194. 226 276 5 1 1 1 8 Rallus 44 reticulata. Amastra 202 Rhynochetos 44 ramadeva. Lethe 184 reticulata. Eos 48 Rhysoconc/ia 205 Ramiheithrus 111 reticulata. Eusthenia 165 Rhytida 136 RAMPHASTIDAE 54 reticulata. Insulivitrina 140 RHYTIDIDAE 136 Ramphocinclus 59 reticulatus. Coeranoscincus 81 ricliardsoni liberiensts. Poiana 220 Ramphodon 53 reliformis. Bufo 87 riclmrdsoni, Phranlela 123 Ramphotyphlops 83 Relinella 140 rickseckeri. Hydrocliara 170 ramsayi, Aspidites 83 RETROPINNIDAE 102, 199 ricordi. Cyclura 80 ramsayi, Fluviopupa 122 retusa, Obovaria 148 nc/a. Hemidaina 163 ramuensis. Glossolepis 107 retusus, Chlamyphorus 5 ridgwayi. Buleo 39 /?ana 90, 198 reventazoni. Palaemnema 160 ridgwayi. Tfialurania 53 Rangifer 222 reverberii. Atelognathus 88 ridleyi. Hipposideros 9 RANIDAE 90, 198 re.v. Balaeniceps 31 riedelii, Tanysiptera 53 ramformts. Litoria 88 rex. Ogasawarana 200 Riekoperla 165 RAPHIDAE 195 re.r, Percina 1 12 rijersmai. Alsophis 83 Raphiomydas 1 75 reyniesii. Bylliinella 121 r/7e>/, Cyclura 80 reynoldsi. ^ap/i«5 195 Neoseps 82 n/cy/ . Poecilmitis 1 82 raptor. Paranyctimene 8 reynoldsiarm, Sphet crista 111 rimiculus ssp.. Catostomus 230 raricosta. Pomatias 1 19 Rftabdornis 65 rimosus. Lemiox 148 rarum. Aciagrion 159 RHABDORNITHIDAE 65 ringens. Diplommatina 1 1 Rasbora 98 Rhacliis 203 RIODINIDAE 235 raspaili. Tacheocampylaea 145 Rfjadine 168 ris/ , Progomphus 1 6 rastellus, Syncomistes 1 10 Rhagada 143 rw/ sakishimana. Planaeschna 232 rathbuni, Typhlomolge 92 Rivjgomys 3 risora. Alectrurus 57 Ratsirakia 114 Rfiamdia 101 n/a maltonii. Euphilotes 234 rattrayi, Anhydrophryne 90 Rhantus 169, 208 ritsemae. Lacconeclus 169 ffarru5 31, 193 RH.APHIDOPHORIDAE 163 riversiana. Xantusia 79 /?a/u/"i3 224 Riieinardia 42 nvulatus. Trichomyclerus 101 raveneliana, Alasmidonta 146 rhencola. Litoria 88 ^/vu/u.y 104 ravidus. Tardus 196 Riieobatrachus 89 roberli, Alloperla 208 ravivenlris. Reithrodontomys 31 Rlieocles 108 roberti. Gymnuromys 30 rayi, Moitessieria 123 Rlieodytes 11 roberli. Nesidiolestes 166 razae, Alauda 58 rheophilus, Taudactylus 90 roberlsi, Euaslacus 157 reaperi. Farula 176 Rhincodon 93 roberlsi. Zenacrchopterus 106 rec/a, Westraltrachia 143 RHINCODONTTIDAE 93 robusta, Actinella 144 recticulus, Ochthebius 170 Rhinichlhys 198, 229 robusta. Alasmidonta 207 rectum. Cristilabrum 141 Rhinoceros 25 robusta. Dubiraphia 172 rectunguis. Centropus 5 RHINOCEROTIDAE 25,221 robusta. Myslacina 192 recurvatum, Enallagma 159 Rliinoclemmys 14 robusta. Paniagenia 207 RECLliVIROSTRIDAE 45 RHINOCRYPTIDAE 56 robusta. Pyrgulopsis 124 reddeili. Rhamdia 101 Rhinocypha 158, 159 robusta ssp.. Gila 229 reddelli. Stygobromus 156 Rhinoderma 90 robuslus. Rtvulus 104 redfieldi. Partulina 131 RHINODER.VIATIDAE 90 rocfiussenii. Scolopax 46 Redigobius 1 1 RHINOLOPHIDAE 9 rockefelleri. Neclarinia 65 redimita, Xerarionta 146 Rfiinomyias 63 rockhamplonensis . Sphaerospira 143 Redunca 224 Rfunonicteris 9 rodericana. Alectroenas 195 REDUVIIDAE 166 Rliinoptilus 45 rodericana. Geonemerles 117 reevesii, Syrmaticus 42 Rhipidolesles 159 rodericanus. 'Necropsillacu:>' 195 regalis, Heliangelus 52 Rhipidura 63 rodericanus. Bebrornis 60 regalis. Hypseleotris 1 14 Rhithrodytes 170 rodericanus. Necrospar 197 regani. Chirosloma 106 Rhizosomichthys 1 99 rodolphei. Stachyris 64 regani, Neosalanx 101 Rhodacanthis 197 rodricensis. Pleropus 9 rehsei, Acrocephalus 60 Riiodacmaea 130 rodriguezensis, Plegma 139 reibischi, Bulimulus 135 Rhodeus 229 rogersi . Atlantisia 43 reighardi, Coregonus 102 rhodocorytlia, Amazona 49 Roimonlis 137 reisalpense, Bythiospeum 121 Rhodonessa 194 rolandiana. Moitessieria 123 Reithrodontomys 31, 226 rhombifer, Crocodylus 78 Romantchlhys 1 12 relevata. Leiostyla 132 rhombosomoides. Caimsichlhys 106 Romankenkius 199 relicta. Helenoconcha 137 RHOPALIDAE 166 Romerolagus 33 relicta. Myonycteris 8 Rhophodon 137 ronaldi, Beddomeia 120 relictus, Larus 46 Rhopornis 56 roosevelli. Anolis 79 relictus. Platysaurus 81 Rfryacophila 175. 208 roquellei, Phylloscarles 57 Relictus 98 RHYACOPHILIDAE 175, 208 rosae, Amblyopsis 103 remota, Partula 204 Rhyacornis 63 rosalia, Leontopilhecus 12 remotus. Conocepiialoides 163 rhynchida. Kenkia 1 17 Rosalia 1 73 remj/, Hypnophila 132 Rfiyncliochydorus 152 rosalinda. GerbUlus 29 remyi, Suncus 1 Rhynchocyon 33, 226 rosea, Acfialinella 201 Renea 119,200 Rliyncfiomeles 3 rosea. Partula 134 rc5, Ningbingia 142 Rhynciiomys 31 rosei. Capensibufo 87 rf^fs. Orliialicus 135 Rhynchopsitta 50 rose/, Heleophryne 87 resinus, Mandibularca 96 Rhyncogonus 174,208.213 roseicapilla. Ptilinopus 48 reslriclus. Cisticola 60 RHYNOCHETIDAE 44 rosenbergii . Gymnocrex 44 277 1 3 1 Formicarius 55 salebrosa. Lilhasia 129 roseus. Opislhopalus 188 rufifrons, 28 salifana. Partula 204 rosmarus laptevi. Odohenus 220 rufifrons. Gazelle Hyelornis 51 salimalii. Latidens 8 rossi, Apalaleslea 174 rufigulans. Lampsilis 148 Ca.-f//a 192 sahnasensis, rossi. Thgonoscula 208 ru/7na. Arborophila 41 salinus milleri. Cyprinodon 230 rossiana. Paryphanta 136 rufipectus. salinus salinus. Cyprinodon 230 rossmaessleri, Chilostoma 144 rufipennis. Neclarinia 65 5a/mo 103 rossouwi, Aloeides 180 rufipes, Phrynops 11 salmoides ssp-. Micropterus 230 rossouwi. Thestar 182 rufivenlris. Alsophts 83 SALMONIDAE 102, 199, 230 rostrata rostrala. Aprasia 228 rufivenlris. Saltator 67 salmonis. Beddomeia 120 rostratus. Galaxias 102 rufocinerea , Grallaria 56 62 Salmothymus 103 rostrogaleaius. Engaeus 157 rufogularis. Pachyccpiiala 35 Saltator 67 roswellensis. Pyrgulopsis 124 rufolavatus. Tachybapfus Euscarlhmus 57 saluposi. Mexilana 154 rolanus. Sempeidon 138 rufomarginalus. 51 salvadorii. Psittaculirostris 50 rolhschildi. Leucopsar 70 rufomerus. Chrysococcyx salvanius. Sus 25 rothschildi. Ornilhoptera 179 rufomger, SpUocuscus 4 Salvelinus 103, 199 rolhschildi. Phalanger 3 rufozonata, Pachystyla 206 sambavae. Acraea 185 rolula, Himeroconcha 137 rufula. Georissa 117 Samoana 134,204 rolulata. Ohovaria 148 rufum, Rlunoderma 90 samoensis. Pteropus 9 rolundata, Paranlica 184 ru/uA". Can/\y 15 sampsoni. Dysnomia 207 rolundatus. Sandracollus 170 rugensis, Metabolus 62 sanclacrucis. Nyclimene 191 rotundicauda. Carcinoscorpius 151 rugiferus, Bulimulus 135 sanctaecrucis. Zoslerops 66 rotiindicolUs. Dysticheus 174 rugosa. Deinacrida 163 sanctaehelenae. Cliaradrius 45 rourei. Nemosia 67 rugosiceps. Oceamdes 166 sanctaehelenae. Succinea 138 rousseloti, Dendroprionomys 29 ruii:/. /?u/:ia 65 sanclicrucis. Alsophis 198 rowelli bakerensis. Eremarionta 231 ffujtia 65 lowelH mccoiana. Eremarionta 231 rulieni. Miloderes 174 sandawanum. Graphium 178 Roweliia 67 rumppi, Agabus 168 sandbergeri, Bylhiospeum 121 rowleyi. Eutrichomyias 196 rupicapra asiatica, Rupicapro 224 Sandelia 115 ro.xellana bieti, PygalhrLx 219 rupicapra balcamca. Rupicapra 224 Sandracollus 1 70 roxellana, Pygathrlx 14 rupicapra carlusiana, Rupicapra 224 sandrius, Gomphus 161 Rualara 205 rupicapra caucasica. Rupicapra llA sandvicensis, Branta 38 rubecula, Poospiza 67 rupicapra lalrica. Rupicapra 224 ran(iM7ren5/5, Eleotns 1 13 rubella. Palaina 118 Rupicapra 224 sandwichensis. Porzana 195 rubellum. Pleurobema 149 rupicola. Lacerta 81 sandwichensis. Pterodroma 36 ruhens. Amaslra 132 ru/?/7/, Myomv^ 30 sanfelipensis. Capromys 32 ruhens. Orthelrum 162 ruschi. Abrawayaomys 29 sanfordi. Cyornis 61 rubescens. Gallicolumba 47 ruspolii, Tauraco 50 sanguinea. Laminella 132 rubicundus, Helixarion 139 Russalus 138 sanguineus. Rhachis 203 rubida. Rhinoclemmys 74 ruslica, Partula 204 sanguinichristi. Pisidium 151 rubiginosa, Prionailurus 16 ffun/us 98 ian/Avon^sc/. Pangasius 100 rubra, Foudia 69 ruwenzorii, Micropotamogale 5 sankara nar, Neptis 236 rubranura. Felexamia 167 ^uM'^nzor/iorfx 7 santaanae. Catostomus 99 rubricollis, Clmradrius 45 ruweli, Ploceus 70 santaecrucis. Gallicolumba 47 ruhripes. Odonlopodisma 164 ryo^tyuenii.? amamii, Coeliccia 232 santamariae. Cyprinella 95 ruhriforques, Anthreptes 65 ryaAyuenj/i' ryukyuensis. Coeliccia 232 jan/ove.s/n5, Aplonis 70 rubriventer. Eulemur 10 ^WJo/a 139 Sanzinia 83 rubrogenys, Ara 49 ryukyuensis asatoi, Stylogomphus 232 Sapheopipo 54 rubrum. Etheostoma 1 1 ryuAiyi/en^/.s watanabei. Stylogomphus 232 sarasinorum. Tamanka 1 15 rubrum, Pleurobema 149 sabahensis. Lacconeclus 169 sarasmorum. Xenopoecilus 106 ruehi. Cyornis 61 sabrinus coloralus. Glaucomys 224 saratogae. Belostoma 165 ruddi. Heteromirafra 58 sabrinus fuscus. Glaucomys 224 sardus. Prolagus 193 rudei, Necydalis 173 Sacramento, Anihicus 173 Sarotherodon 113 rw(:^(\s, Helaerina 159 Sadleriana 125 Sarothrura 44 rudis. Heferopholis 78 sadonis. Sorex 1 Sasakia 185 rudis. Jacksonena 142 saeronius. Bulimulus 135 5afan 100 rudis. Sinployea 206 5a^a 1 64 salanas. Colobus 13 rueppelli. Vulpes 15 sagittalus. Otus 5 salanas salanas. Chiropotes 218 ru/a, Formica 187 sagittirostris, Viridonia 197 satanas utahicki. Chiropotes 218 fu/a n/^ra, Aplodonlia 224 Saguinus 12, 217 SATirRNmiAE 186 ru/a phaea. Aplodonlia 224 Sfl/^a 224 satyavati. Lethe 184 ru/a, Trichocichia 64 Saimiri 1 SATYR IDAF 184,235 rufescens, Atrichornis 58 saintjohru, Maulodontha 205 Satyrodes 236 rufescens. Rhagomys 31 saAiaramyf. Pachypanchax 103 saundersi, Larus 46 ruficauda. Myrmeciza 56 saladonis. Notropis 96 sauveli. Bos 27 ruficaudatus , Lepilemur 11 Salamandra 92 ^Sauzieri 196 ruficeps. Eucerceris 187 SALAMANDRIDAE 92 ,vavc.¥(. Aegotheles 196 ruficeps, Luscinia 61 salamandroides, Lepidogalaxias 101 sawtelli. CoUocaiia 52 ruficeps, Paradoxorms 62 5a/ami5 185. 236 Saxicola 63 ruficollaris, Todirhamphus 53 salamonis. Gallicolumba 47 ^av, Zoraena 161 ruficollis, Aulomolus 55 SALANGIDAE 101 scalanna. Palaina 1 18 ruficoUis. Branta 38 Salanoia 17 scamandri . Hydrobia 1 22 ruficollis, Madanga 65 salaziensis. Clenophila 138 Scaphirhynchus 93 278 1 1 1 1 1 SCARABAEDDAE 170. 233 seeberi, Labeo 96 shoupi. Orconecles 156 Scafuriginichlhys 108 Selasphorus 53 showalleri. Anculosa 200 Sceloglaux 196 Selenarctos 19, 220 showalleri. Goniobasis 128 Scelotes 82 selina. Crocidura 1 showalleri. Lepyruim 122 Scepomycter 63 selium. Nesidiolestes 166 showalleri. Pleurocvra 129 schadenbergi , Atrophaneura 178 sellare. Etheostoma 199 Siacella 166 scliadenbergi. Craleromys 29 semicarinaia. Pariulina 131 siamensis. Crocodylus 78 schaeferi. Pseudois 28 semicaudata , Emhallonura 9 siamensis. Oreoglams 101 schalleri. Myosorex 1 semicostata , Ompiialolropis 127 sibayi. Silhouellea 1 15 schauinslandi , Caconemobms 164 semilirala, Tropidophora 200 Jicjt/, Terenura 56 schauinslandii . Monaclms 18 semipalmatus. Eleutherodactylus 88 Sicydium 115 scfiaumi shenandoah. Spiiaeroderus 233 semipalmatus. Limnodromus 45 Sicyopterus 115 Scliayera 164 semiplumbeus . Rallus 44 Sicyopus 115 scheepmakeri. Coura 47 semoni, Helixarion 139 sidamoensis, Heteromirafra 58 Schismatogobius 1 15 Semolilus 98 siemiradzkii . Carduelis 69 schistacea. Coracina 58 Semotrachia 143 sierrana. Telrix 165 schistacea. Zoothera 64 semperasper. Notropis 96 Siettilia 208 Schistura 98, 99 Semperdon 138 Sigmodon 226 schlegeli. Pseudocheirus 4 semperi. Leucopeza 68 signala. Belonlia 1 15 schlegelii, Tomistoma 78 semperi. Paludinella 123 signala. Emydura 11 schleiermacheri. Polyplectron 42 senegalensis, Tricliechus 24 signifer. Stypodon 198 schneideri. Bills 85 ^enf.v, Todirostrum 57 sijuensis. Schistura 99 schneideri. Pitta 58 senicula, Hypena 210 sikorae. Rheocles 108 schneideri. Tirade!phe 184 senilis, Cambusia 105 silenus. Macaca 13 schoellen. Mtcropanchax 105 sentaniensis. Chilalherina 106 Silhouellea 115 schoenigi. Paranttca 184 Sephanoides 53 silindensis. Aelhomys 29 schomburgki. Cervus 192 seplendecim. Magicicada 167 SILPHIDAE 170 Schouledenapus 52 seplendecula, Magicicada 167 SILURIDAE 100 schoutedeni , Schouledenapus 52 septenlrionalis. Lepiiemur 1 5/7urM5 100 schreiberi. Lacerla 81 seplenlrionalis. Ordlrachia 142 5/7u5, Gambelia 80 schrencki, Actpenser 93 seplima . Gompfius 1 6 sj/z/i. Rheobalrachus 89 schrenki, Perca 1 1 sequoicola consors, Helminlhoglypla 231 silvattca. Geoemyda 73 schuhi, Cinclus 59 sergenli. Somalogyrus 125 silveri. Clyptorhagada 142 schweizen. Vipera 85 seriatus. Psacadonolus 164 silveslris, Gallinula 43 SCIAENIDAE 112 Serica 111 simatus. Balrachoseps 91 SCINCIDAE 81, 197, 228 SERICOSTOMATIDAE 176 simensts. Cams 15 scindocataracta. Geminoropa 137 Senculus 70 similis. Engaewa 157 sciopteryx, Nesomimesa 1 87 Serinus 69 similis. Troglohyplmntes 152 scipio. Erebia 184 serpensinsula. Nadus 78 simoni. Aneuretus 186 scitula antiochensis, Perdita 236 serra. Barbus 94 simoniana. Moilessieria 123 SCILTRIDAE 28, 224 Serranochromis 1 13 simonyi. Callolia 80 Sciurus 224 serviliei. Onconolus 164 Simoselaps 84 sclaleri. Auslroglanis 100 SESIIDAE 177 Simoxenops 55 sclateri. Cercopilhecus 13 selaroi. Bradypodion 79 simplex. Branchinella 153 sclaleri. Clilorotalpa 6 seticoslatus. Helerexis 174 simplex. Crislilabrum 14 sclaleri. Lophophorus 42 selifrons. Xenornis 56 simplex, Pyrgulopsis 124 Sclerodermas 186 seltlins. Clenophila 138 Simpsoniconcfia 149 Scleropages 93 Selobaudinia 143 simrothi, Arion 206 SCOLOPACIDAE 45. 195 Selomedea 138 simsoniana. Fluvidona 122 Scolopax 46 setosa. Monadenia 146 simulator. Leiostyla 203 •5cops' 196 selosis. Mesacanthotelson 154 simum, Ceratotlierium 25 Scortum 1 10 selosus, Euaslacus 157 simum colloni, Ceralolherium 221 Scolopelia 5 selubalensis. Candtdula 144 simus. Cyprinodon 104 Scotorylhra 209 sexdenlala . Helenoconcha 206 simus. Hapalemur 10 scollae. Dendrolagus 4 sexlineata. Melanoiaenia 108 simus. Kogia 22 scratchleyi. Thryssa 94 sexnolalus. Dryobius 173 simus, Notropis 97 scripla callirostris, Trachemys 227 sexluberculaia . Podocnemis 11 sinaiiicus. Paragomphus 161 scrofa riukiuanus, Sus 111 seychellensis aldabrensis. Pteropus 217 sinclairi. Carelia 202 Sculpliferussacia 135 seychellensis, Coleura 9 sinensis. Alligator 11 sculpturalus, Bulimulus 135 seychellensis. Pelusios 11 Sinocyclocheilus 98 sculpturalus, Megacolabus 174 seychellensis. Tachycnemis 88 Sinployea 138, 206 sculula. Discus 138 Seychellibasis 232 Sinumelon 143 scutulata. Cairina 38 sliafferyi, Meliobba 142 sinuosa. Hirasea 205 Scytalopus 56 sharpei, Terenura 56 5inu5. Phocoena 22 secedens, Hyla 87 sfiaslae. Hydromantes 91 sipedon insularum. Nerodia 228 sechellarum. Copsyclms 61 shenandoah. Plelhodon 91 SIPHLONUREDAE 158,207 sechellarum. Foudia 69 shepardiana, Elliplio 147 Siphonorhis 52 sechellensis, Bebrornis 60 shepherdi. Tasmacetus 24 siquijorensis, Ixos 59 sechellensis, Sooglossus 91 Sheppardia 63 Strang, Puntius 98 sechurae. Dusicyon 15 Shijimiaeoides 235 sirinlarae, Pseudochelidon 58 seclusus, Paracymus 170 shorfridgei. Pseudomys 31 sirlalis telrataenia. Thamnophis 228 sedula. Prololrachia 143 shoslione. Pelocons 166 SISORIDAE 101 279 1 1 Pseudocordylus 81 Spanglerogyrus 170 spinosus, sisyphodemus. Eleutherodaclylus i spirizona, Amastra 132 sparsa. Quadrula 149 Siiia 64, 65 Polyodon 93 Spirorbula 145 SnriDAE 64 spatfiula. spirulina. Disculelia 144 spatulatus. Clinus 113 silula. Elapfie 83 spi-W/. Acanthoclielys 11 spaiulalus. Onchoielson 154 sivalikensis. Burmagomphus 160 Cyanopsttta 49 speciosa bohartorum. Philoliella 235 spLxii. sjoesledti. Papilio 179 197 speciosa. Gambusia 105 5/)(za Skiffia 105 Spizaetus 40 Speciosa, Geothlypis 68 sleighti. Belocephalus 163 Spizocorys 58 speciosa. Stachyris 64 sioatianus. Nephronaias 148 Pleropus 9 splendens. Ameca 105 smaragdilts. Tinostoma 209 speciosus, 171 Cristilabrum 141 splendens. Buprestis Smerina 185 spectaculum, 103 101 splendens, Cynolebias Sminlhopsis 3 spectrum, Osmerus Macromia 161 spectrum. Tarsius 11 splendens. 5m/7/u. Euathlus 151 Pupina 1 19 raps 65 splendens, smithi. Nemacheilus 98 Spel splendida. Neopliema 50 spekei. Gazella 28 smithi. Siacella 166 Amblyopsis 103 splendida. Parlulina 131 5mi7/ii. Thermosphaeroma 154 spelaea. 57 Spelaeodiscus 132 spodiurus, Pachyramphus 5mi//u. Trochidrobia 125 113 Spelaeornis 64 spongotroktis. Tilapia smithii. Stygobromus 156 205 spelaeotes. Lucifuga 103 sporadica, Orangia smithi, Neoplanorbls 130 spelaeus. Platymantis 90 Sporophila 67 sne///, Thapsia 139 Speleopenpatus 187 •sp/' . Cyprinodon 199 snelsoni. Nolropis 97 spelaeus. 92 5^/7.. Itodacnus 213 5noiW, Myrmotherula 56 spelaeus. Typhlotriton Spratellicypris 98 1 55 snyderae. Tilapia 113 Spelasorcliestia spraiti. Trochoidea 144 snyderi. Catostomus 99 Speleomanles 91 205 1 87 spurca. Ptychodon sodalis. Myotis 10 Speleopenpatus squall da. Spirorbula 145 soemmerringii. Gazella 28 spelunca, Physa 130 squamata. Poblana 108 jojt:oj(:en5/s, Anlhus 58 Spelungula 152 134 squamatiis. Mergus 38 solangiae, Sitta 65 spenceri. Bolhriemhryon 88 squamigera. Brachypteracias 54 Solaris. Dirce 186 spenceri, Litoria spenceri, Opisthotropis 84 squamosa. Tridacna 150 Solatopupa 1 33 squamulosa. Baccalena 141 solalus, Cercopitiiecus 13 Speocirolana 154 srilankensis. Punlius 98 Solenodon 5 Speoplatyrliinus 103 Retinella 140 SOLENODONTIDAE 5 Speothos 15 stabilei. Stachyris 64 Soliperla 165 Speyeria 185,236 5/ar>'i, Zelotypia \11 solitaria. Argiocnemis 159 Spliaerodactylus 79 Stagnicola 129 soUlaria, Pezophaps 195 Spliaeroderus 233 Slallingsia 178 solitaria. Samoana 134 SPHAEROMATIDAE 154 .s/am/nf U5, >\M'aou^ 1 14 solilarius. Atelognathus 88 Sphaerospira 143 stanauli. Noturus 100 soUtarius. Buteo 39 Splialloplana 117 slandingi. Phclsuma 79 solilarius, Raphus 195 Spharagemon 164 stapes. Quadrula 149 solilarius, Relictus 98 SPHECIDAE 187.236 Alabamaubria 172 soliiudum. Cristilabrum 141 SPHENISCIDAE 35 slarki. Taeniopteryx 165 Solomys 3 Spheniscus 35 srarjti. 5o/u^. Pyrgulopsis 125 Sphenocichla 64 Starnoenas 48 Troglocobitis 99 soluta, Wrayanna 127 Sphenodon 78 slarostini, Somalochlora 162 SPHENODONTIDAE 78 Steatomys 3 stebbinsi, Batrachoseps 91 Somaiogyrsus 1 25 Spheterisia 111 Somatogyrus 125 SPHINGIDAE 186.209,236 steerii. Centropus 51 Mandrillus 14 sleerii. Pitta 58 sompSiongsi . Barbus 94 sphinx. somuncurensis. Somuncuria 89 sphyurus. Underwoodisaurus 79 stegaria. Cyprogenia 147 Somuncuria 89 spiculosa, Ceralella 158 sleinbachi. Parides 180 sondaicus. Rhinoceros 25 spilocephalus stresemanni. Olus 227 stembachi, Sarolherodon 1 13 Sonorella 146 Spilocuscus 3. 4 steindachneri . Cichlasoma 112 SOOGLOSSIDAE 90 spiloptera. Porzana 44 steinslansana. Elliptio 147 Sooglossus 90, 91 Spilornis 40 stejnegeri. Hynobius 91 Sorex 7 spilola imbricata. Morelia 228 stejnegeri malonei. Trachemys 227 sorghophilus, Acrocephalus 60 spilota, Mogurnda 1 14 stejnegeri, Mesoplodon 23 SORICIDAE 6 spilola, Tasmanoplegas 176 stellmacki. Stygobromus 156 ioror, Odynerus 187 spina, Damochlora 141 STENASELLIDAE 154 sororcula, Tyto 51 spinachoides. Micropliis 109 S/^nW/a 21.22 Sosippus 152 spinata. Rhyacophila 175 Stenelmis 172,233 5o/a/ja 21 spinalus. Stygobromus 156 5/fno 22 soumagnei. Tyto 51 Spindasis 1 82 Stenobothrodes 165 5ou£a 21 spinicaudatus. Engaeus 157 stenoceplwla. Crocidura 1 iowerdyana, Achalinella 131 spinifer. Austrosaga 163 Stenodus 230 spadiceus. Dyacopterus 7 spinifera. Acanlhinula 132 STENOPELMATIDAE 163 spadix, Cephalophus 27 spinifera. Paralucia 182 Stenopelmatus 163 spadix, Dendrolagus 4 spinipennis. Hadramphus 174 STENOPSYCHIDAE 176 spaidingi, Achatinella 201 spinipes. Trogloltypttantes 152 Stenopsychodes 1 76 spaldingi. Ougapia 136 spinipinnis. Phocoena 22 Stenotrema 140, 231 spana. Epargyreus 177 spinosa. Elliptic 147 Stenotrupis 174 spangleri. Hydroporus 169 spinosa. Heosemys 73 stephani. Heterelmis 172 280 8 1 1 1 1 51 slephanidisi. Cobitis 98 Stygobromus 155, 156, 207 superficialis. Alaenius 171 stephenensis, Anagolus 173 stylodon. Erepta 206 supramontes, Speleomantes 91 stepheni, Poecilmilis 182 Stylogomphus 232 surda. Touil 50 stepheni. Theslor 182 STYLONISCIDAE 154 5u5 25, 192, 221 stepheni, Vini 48 Styloniscus 154 suspectum. Heloderma 83 stephensi, Dipodomys 29 Stylurus 161 suleri. Omphalotropis 127 stephensi. Hoplodactylus 78 stymphalicus, Pseudophoxinus 97 suteri. Peripaloides 188 Sterkia 133 Stypodon 198 sutilosa. Cupedora 141 Sterna 46 styriaca. Belgrandiella 120 suttkusi. Scaphirhynchus 93 sternalis, Engaeus 157 S/y-r 182 suturalis. Omphalotropis 127 sterrhopteron. Wetmorethraupis 68 subangulata. Lampsilis 148 suturalis. Partula 204 j/ewart/^oni. Dysnomia 207 subaspera, Rana 90 5wa/e5/, Turdus 64 stewartii. Achatinella 1 3 subcalliferus. Caseolus 144 swanepoeli. Lepidochrysops 181 sihenele slfienele. Cercyonis 235 subcavernula. Libera 205 swanepoeli . Poecilmilis 182 sthennyo, Erebia 184 subcrislalus. Conoiophus 80 swanepoeli, Theslor 183 Stictonetta 38 subcylindrica. Crypiazeca 132 5vvaz/cus. Lamprophis 84 stictoplera, Touil 50 subcylindrica , Lamellidea 131 swezeyt, Aeschrilhmysus 173 stilbocarpae, Hadramphus 174 subdetecta. Harmogenanina 206 ^wezev/. Nesilhmysus 173 stimpsoni. Sicydium 1 15 subequalum. Thermosphaeroma 154 swezeyt. Pseudopsectra 167 Stiobia 125 subflavus. Epicrates 83 swezeyi. Zorotypus 165 stiversiana miwoka.Helminthoglypta 23 subgutturosa marica. Gazella 223 swierstrai. Chiloglanis 101 stiversiana williamsi. Helminthoglypta sublaevis. Canlhocamptus 153 swierstrai, Francolinus 41 231 sublevata, Semotrachia 143 swiftii. Achatinella 131 stocki. Argonemertes 1 17 submaritima, Omphalotropis 127 swinhoei. Capricornis 27 slocktonensis. Tryonia 126 submissus. HelLrarion 139 sivinhoii. Lophura 42 Stomatepia 113 subniger. Pteropus 191 swynnertoni. Swynnertonia 64 Stonemyia 208 subpersonatus. Ploceus 70 Swynnertonia 64 stormi, Ciconia 37 subplicala. Idiomela 145 Syconycleris 9 slormi, Plethodon 91 subplicalus. Cfulonopsis 204 sylhetensis. Kachuga 73 slraminea. Palaua 138 subrosirata, Amastra 202 sylvanus. Hygrolus 169 sirauchi. Neurergus 92 subruficollis. Aceros 54 sylvanus. Macaca 13 sireber. Ztngel 112 subsimilis. Epigomphus 160 sylvestris. Gallirallus 44 streckeri illinoensis, Pseudachs 229 subsoror. Amastra 202 Sylvilagus 33, 226 streckeri. Lampsilis 148 subspinosus. Chaetomys 3 SyIvisa rex 1 strengi, Somatogyrus 125 sublecla. Petasina 143 Sympetrum 207 strenuus, Zoslerops 196 subtiia. Westrallrachia 143 Synallaxis 55 STREPTAXIDAE 135. 204 subtilis. Mautodonlha 205 Synanthedon 111 Streptocilta 70 subtilis. Sphalloplana 1 17 SYNBRANCHIDAE 109 stresemanni. Graphium 178 subtilis. Stygobromus 156 Syncaris 156, 207 stresemanni. Merulaxis 56 subtruncatus. Chilonopsis 204 Syncomistes 110 stresemanni, Zaralornis 57 SLIBULINIDAE 204 SYNGNATHIDAE 109, 199 stresemanni, Zavattariornis 71 subviridis. Lasmigona 148 Syngnathus 199 striata. Coxiella 121 Succinea 138, 206 SYNLESTIDAE 159 striata. Paratherina 108 SUCCnVEIDAE 138. 206 Syniheosciurus 29 striata, Vitrea 140 sudetica. Erebia 184 Synthliboramphus <^6 sthatipila. Omphalotropis 127 suenoae. Mandarine 142 syriaca. Calopteryx 159 striatulum, Etheostoma 1 1 suevica. Vallonia 133 Syrichtus 111, 178 striatum, Leiolopisma 82 SUIDAE 25, 192, 221 syrinx. Melisella 111 striatus. Chaetornis 60 sukatschewi, Garrulax 61 Syrmaticus 42 striatus fosteri, Epicrates 228 5u/a. Coracina 58 SYRPHIDAE 175 striatus. Simoxenops 55 sulcata. Nesosydne 167 szczytkoi. Leuctra 165 strigata kororensis, Palaina 231 sulewatlan. Paranlica 184 TABANIDAE 174. 208 strigata. Palaina 1 18 sulfusus. Nysius 166 tabellala, Discula 144 STRIGIDAE 51, 196,227 SULIDAE 36 Tacheocampylaea 145 strigidorsa. Mustela 18 sulpliuraria, Poecilia 105 tacheoides. Tacheocampylaea 145 strigirostris, Didunculus 47 sulpliurata, Emberiza 67 Tachybaptus 35 Strigops 50 sulphurea. Cacalua 48 Tachycnemis 88 strigosa goniogyra. Oreofwlix 231 sulphurius, Hydroporus 169 Tachygia 198 striolata. Palaina 1 18 sumatraensis, Capricornis 27 TACHYGLOSSIDAE 3 strobila. Pachysaga 164 sumatraensis sumatraensis, Capricornis Tachypleus 1 5 STROMBIDAE 239 222 taczanowskii . Nothoprocta 35 Strombus 239 sumatrana. Lutra 17 taczanowskii. Podiceps 35 stropfiium. Odonlophorus 42 sumatrensis. Dicerorhinus 25 Tadorna 38 5/ru»/. Theslor 182 sumichrasli, Bassariscus 18 taeniabronchum . Bradypodion 79 Strymon 182, 235 sumichrasti, Hylorc.'iilus 59 taeniata. Anculosa 128 Slupidogobius 1 15 sumnerensis, Cygnus 194 laeniata, Partula 204 Sluranyella 1 1 suncoides, Ruwenzorisorex 7 laeniatus. Ophidiocephalus 19 sturdeei. Pipistrellus 191 Suncus 7 Taenioides 1 1 sturio, Acipenser 93 Sundoreonectes 99 taeniolata. Achatinella 131 Sturnella 69 superba. Pitta 58 taeniolata, Palaina 118 STLTRNIDAE 70, 197 superbum. Spharagemon 164 TAENIOPTERYGIDAE 165 Stygionympha 1 84 superciliosa, Ophrysia 194 Taeniopteryx 165 281 1 1 11 1 teuszii. Sousa 21 tagmichensis, Napaeus 133 TAYASSUIDAt 25 levoroa, Tridacna 151 lagulichensis, Napaeus 133 taylori. Arius 101 lexana. CocliHopa 121 Taheilia 126 taylori. Nofurus 100 144 texana. Microcreagris 152 tahiliensis. Numenius 45 tecliformis, Discula lexanus. Asaphomyia 175 Taipidon 206 TEIIDAE 81, 197 /e.tanu.s. Haideoporus 168 laitianum. Pleurobema 149 Teinopalpus 180 185 /e.vanu5. Limnebius 170 takedai. Hynohius 91 /f(fa. Cymothoe 209 iexamis, Xyrauchen 99 TALPIDAE 7 telegrapha. Hedylepla 235 textilis. Amytornis 60 talpina. Parlulina 131 teleius burdigalensis. Maculinea teydea. Fringilla 69 Tamanka 115 teleius. Maculinea 181 tevsmannii. Treron 48 tamaragense, Conirostrum 68 Telespiza 68 Tfiaanumella 127 (amhusisiana. Idea 183 telfairii. Leiolopisma 82 tliaannmi. Acliatinella 201 Tam/a^ 224, 225 telfordi. Crocidura 7 tfiaidina, Bhulanitis 178 Tamiasciitrus 225 Telmaihenna 108. 109 tlialia. Crocidura 7 lanago, Tanakia 98 TELMATHERINIDAE 108 Tanakia 98 Telmatobius 89 //w//a. Parlula 204 Tlialurania 53 lanasi, Percina 112 Telmatobufo 89 Bradypodion 79 Tandanus 101 Telophoms 59 lliamnobales, Tandoma 140 temmincki. Catopuma 16 THAMNOCEPHALIDAE 153 Thamnomys 31 Tangara 67. 68 temminckii . Macroclemys 13 Thestor 183 Tliamnophis 84, 228 tanmunana , Turgemlubulus 143 tempe. 139 tanneh, Bulimulus 135 /enav. Somatogyrus 125 Tfiapsia 136. 206 tanneri. Vtabaenetes 163 TENEBRIONIDAE 172 Tliaumatodon lansaniana, Crocidura 7 lenebrosa, Carelia 202 Thaumatogryllus 164 159 lanlilus. Neoplanorbis 130 tenebrosus. Phyllastrepirns 59 Tfiaumaloneura 1 thedana. Torresitrachia 143 lantula. Serica 171 tenella , Auriculella 3 194 lanyceplialus. Calaxias 102 tenerifensis. Parmacella 140 tlteodori. Anas Tanysiplera 53 Tengchiena 139 Theodoxus 117 Taoniscus 35 lennenlii, Ceralophora 79 THERAPHOSIDAE 151 Taphrolesbia 53 /cnneii^f n5;5. Phoxinus 97 tlxermae. Zailzeva 172 TAPIR IDAE 24 tennesseensis, Somatogyrus 125 lliermalis, Pyrgulopsis 125 Tapirus 24. 25 TENRECIDAE 5 ihermophilum. Thermosphaeroma 154 tenuicostata. Sinployea 206 Thermophis 84 tappaniana . Parlulina 1 3 laprobana, Parantica 184 tenuimanus. Cherax 157 Thermospftaeroma 154 larabinii, Pardiglanis 100 tenuirostris, Numenius 45 tliermydromis. Speocirolana 154 tarandus pearyi. Rangifer 222 /enu/s, Co//U5 109 //le/o cedarbergae . Plmsis 235 larapacensis, Tropidurus 80 tenuis. Pseudobarbus 97 Tlieropithecus 14 /artfa, 0//5 45 tenuisculpta, Liardelia 139 Thersiles 143 tarichi. Chalcalburnus 95 tenuispira, Amastra 202 Theskelomensor 1 37 larneriaruis, Napaeus 133 Teramulus 108 thessala. Kmpowitschia 1 15 larravillensis, AllocSuxropa 137 TERAPOISfTIDAE 110 r/ie^j/or 182, 183, 235 TARSIIDAE 11 terebra, Parlulina 131 //w/fs, Partula 134 Tarsius 1 Terenura 56 tlubetana huangensis, Ochotona 226 tasanae. Rana 90 teretulus. Phenacobius 97 ihibetana. Macaca 13 Taskiria 176 Terpsiphone 64 tlubetana sikimaria. Ochotona 226 Taskropsyche 176 terrapen felis. Trachemys 111 lliibetanus gedrosianus, Selenarctos 220 Tasmacelus 24 Terrapene 74 llubelanus, Selenarctos 19 tasmaniae, Canthocamptus 153 terrestris, Zoothera 1% tholloni. Mesoperipatus 187 tasmaniae. Megalanura 158 terrisi, Rhynchopsilla 50 tliomaselli. Edenlulina 204 tasmanica. Apteropanorpa 174 terryi. Aeschritfimysus 173 thomasi betlmne-bakeri. Hemiargus 234 tasmanica. Beddomeia 120 tessellafa. Parlulina 131 ihomasi. Galagoides 11 tasmanicus, Bolhriemhryon 134 tessellatus. Cualac 104 thomasi. Microgale 5 tasmaniensis, Arachnocampa 174 tessellum, Syrichtus 178 thomasi. Ochotona 32 lasmaniensis. Edwardsina 174 testudinalis, Discula 144 thomasi. Urothemis 162 Tasmanipafus 1 88 TESTLIDINDDAE 74, 197, 227 thomassett. Nesomantis 90 Tasmanophlebia 158 Tej/urfo 75. 227, 228 Thomea 135 Tasmanopleclron 1 63 Tetracentrum 109 thomensis. Columba 47 Tasmanoplegas 176 Tetracerus 28 thomensis. Crocidura 7 tatahca mongolica. Saiga 224 telradaclyla, Allactaga 29 thomensis, Neciarima 65 /a/ei, Dactylopsila 5 lelradactylus sangi. Pelrodromus 226 tliomensis, Thyrophorella 135 /a/e/, Premnoplex 55 Tetradactylus 81. 198 Thomomys 225 lalricus. Spelaeodiscus 132 Tetranesodon 101 ihompsoni. Pyrgulopsis 125 tattawuppana. Clyplorhagada 142 Tetrao 42 thonglongyai, Craseonycteris 9 tatlersalli, Propilhecus 1 tetrax, Tetrax 45 tlioracicus. Cliaradrius 45 Taudaclylus 89. 90 Tetrax 45 THRESKIORNITHIDAE 37, 194, 226 TauTQCo 50 tetrica, Discula 206 Thripopliaga 55 tavala, Apatania 176 TETRIGIDAE 165 Throscodectes 164 /a>v/7an'/en5/5. Raitus 3 r^/Kr 165 Thryothorus 59 taxicolor bedfordi. Budorcas 222 Tettigarcla 167 Thryssa 94 taxicolor taxicolor, Budorcas 222 TETTIGARCriDAE 167 ihurslom. Samoana 134 taxicolor itbelana, Budorcas 222 Tettigidea 165 THYLACINIDAE 191 taxicolor whitei. Budorcas 222 TETTIGONIIDAE 163. 208 Thylacinus 191 282 1 9 1 Thylogale 4 /ou'nes/. Slylurus 161 TRIONYCHIDAE 77 Thyrophorella 1 35 lownsendi. Arclocephalus 18 Inparlilus. Saguinus 12 mYROPHORElXIDAE 135 lownsendi. Spiza 197 triplex. Ephemera 158 llrysi. Tilapia 1 13 townsendii. Plecolus 10 inpunclala. Euploea 183 ttarella, Ceomiira 144 toxopei. Cliarmosyna 48 tnquelra. Dysnomia 147 Tiaroga loxopei, 98 Paranlica 1&4 trisella. Etheostoma 1 1 tibialis, Anomala 171 Toxoles 112 iriserrala. Cylindraspis 197 tibiospina, Deinacrida 163 TOXOTIDAE 112 Trissexodon 145 ligerellus, Gobius 115 trabaiis, Villosa 149 //7\s//.s. Parlula 204 ligrinum californiense . Ambystoma 229 Trachemys 74, 227 irislrami. Oceanodroma 36 ligrinus, 16 Leopardus Trachypilhecus 14 Trilhemis 1 62 ?(,?r/5. Panlhera 16 Tragelaphus 28. 224 Triloclets 209 Tijuca 57 Tragopan 42 Tritogenia 213 Tilapia 113 TR.\GULIDAE 221 Irivialis. Pyrgulopsis 125 Tiliqua 82 Tragulus 221 tiivirgata Irilineata. Arctogalidia 220 limorensis. Ficedula 61 Iranquebarica viridissima, Cicindela 233 rrivittata. Kachuga 74 TINAMIDAE 35. 226 transpacificus. Hypomesus 101 Irocaz. Columba 47 Tinamus 35 Iranssylvanica. Podismopsis 164 Trochidrobia 125. 126 Tinosloma 209 Iranssylvanicus, Bienkotetrix 165 frochiformis. Beddomeia 120 liomanensis, Sundoreonecies 99 transvaalensis. Xenocalamus 84 TROCHILIDAE 52, 196 Tiradelphe 1 84 transversails. Theodoxus 117 T'-ochochlamys 139 Tirumala 184 /rai, Puntius 98 Trochoidea 144 Tischeria 209 ;m5A'( porno. Hyslerocarpus 230 Trochomorpha 139. 140 TISCHERIIDAE 209 traulmani. Noturus 100 TROCHOMORl>Hn)AE 139 ((Ve/, Lepidochrysops 181 Iraversi. Parypfianla 136 TROGIDAE 170 lithonus. Ornilhoplera 179 traversi. Petroica 63 troglocataractus, Nemacheilus 98 /(7/i>'i', Synallaxis 55 treculi. Micropterus 1 10 Troglocobitis 99 litteya. Puntius 98 Tremarclos 1 troglodytes, Aphodius 171 lityoides. Paranlica 184 Treron 48 troglodytes. Monadenia 146 tlahuacensts. Evarra 198 treurensis, Barbus 94 troglodytes. Pan 14 //a/oc/. /?on<3 198 trevelyani. Barbus 94 troglodytes verus. Pan 219 tobiasi. Hydropsyche 208 trevelyani. Chrysospalax 6 TROGLODYTIDAE 59 tobleri, Euploea 183 Triaenodes 209 Trogloglanis 100 toboroi. Papilio 179 Tribolonotus 82 Troglohyphanles 152 Todirhamphus 53. 227 Iricannala, Mclanochelys 74 TROGONIDAE 53 Todiroslrum 57 tricellulare. Heleragrion 159 rro/(^c5 180.234 tohiveana. Parlula 204 Tricliastoma 64 tropica. Bettongia 4 tokudae, Mogera 1 TRICHECHIDAE 24 iropicalis. Monaclms 192 lokudae. Pleropus 191 Trichechus 24 Tropidophora 119,200 Tokudaia 3 rr/f/uo 143, 144 Tropidoptera 1 32 tolotomensis. Roimonlis 137 Trichocichla 64 Tropidurus 80 Tolypeutes 5 TRiaiOMYCTERIDAE 101. 199 Tro-r 170 lomenlosus. Kunsia 30 Trichomyclerus 1 1 truchnasi, Nanoplectrus 176 Tomisloma 78 trichonis, Economidichlhys 1 14 /rut'/. Podogymnura 6 lomselli, Cupedora 141 TRICHONISCIDAE 154 nukana. Trukcharopa 138 ionkeana hecki. Macaca 218 trichopus. Zygogeomys 29 Trukcharopa 138 lopsiae. Beddomeia 120 thcholis. AUocebus 10 Truncatella 1 26 tormentosa. Tetligarcla 167 irictnctus, Tolypeules 5 TRUNCATELLIDAE 126 TornateUinops 132 Triclaria 50 Truncatellina 133 tornieri. Malacochersus 74 tricolor. Ara 195 truncatus. Chlamyphorus 5 lorobo. Oloplotosus 101 tricolor. Lyriolhemis 162 truncafus. Ospatulus 97 torosus, Dinornis 193 Tridacna 150, 151 truncatus, Tursiops 22 torquata. Delma 79 Tridacna derasa 150 Truncilla 149 torqimtus. Bradypus 5 TRIDACNIDAE 150 tryoni. Xerahonta 146 torqualus lucifer. CalHcebus 218 Iridactyla. Jacamaralcyon 54 Tryonia 126 (orqualus, Pedionomus 43 tridactyla, Myrmecophaga 5 tschapecki, Bythiospeum 200 torqualus torqualus. Cercocebus 218 Indeniala ssp., Lampetra 229 Tsilana 1 78 lorrei, Boromys 193 iridentaius. Tachypleus 151 tuberculata, Insuliviirina 140 torrenlium, Auslropolamobius 157 Iridonata, Triaenodes 209 tuberculata, Mystacina 10 Torreornis 68 Irifascialus. Nesomimus 59 tuberculatum . Heteropoma 126 Torresitrachia 143 Trigonopelasles 171 luberculatus, Hadramphus 208 lorreya, Cyciocosmia 152 Tngonoscula 174, 208. 233 tuberculosus. Pedostibes 87 torridus, Altila 57 trimaculalus. Hephaestus 1 10 tuerosi. Laterallus 44 lorringlom. Columba 47 ttimem, Poecilmilis 182 tularosa. Cyprinodon 104 TORTRICIDAE 177 Irimem soulheyae. Aloeides 234 Tuloloma 119 torulosa gubernaculum. Dysnomia 232 Trimenia 183 tumana. Lednia 165 torulosa rangiana, Dysnomia 232 Trimeresurus 85 lumba, Puntius 98 torulosa lorulosa, Dysnomia 232 Tringa 46 lumida, Beddomeia 120 /o/ae. Rhizosomichlhys 199 trinilatis, Hypolestes 159 tumida, Pilsbrycharopa 137 Toloaba 112 tnnofatus orarius, Zapus 225 lumidula, Omphalolropis 111 7"oii// 50 IriochUus. Raphiomydas 175 lumidulus. Jokajdon 137 toweri, Ataeniobius 105 Triodopsis 140, 141 lumuloides. Libera 205 283 1 51 1 2 71 vanuxemiana. Goniobasis 129 tumultuosos, Alsodes 88 t/ncifl 17 vanzoi. Cnemidophorus 81 lurbinata. Westraltrachia 143 Undenvoodisaurus 79 Alsodes 88 TXTRBINIIDAE 239 undulata. Chlamydolis 44 vanzolinii. vanzoUnii. Saimiri 13 Turbo 239 unicoior cfialltamensis. Haematopus 226 VARANIDAE 83,228 lurbotli, Anagofus 173 unicolor, Corvus 71 Varanu^ 83, 228 Turdoides 64 unicoior. Crotalus 85 Varecia 10 Tardus 64, 196. 227 unicolor, Cyanoramphus 49 vaWfl, Partula 134 Turgenitubulus 143 unicoior. Mesitornis 42 Varw 110 turgida, Acfiatinella 131 unicornis, Pauxi 41 variabilis, Partula 204 lurgida. Partula 204 unicornis. Rhinoceros 25 variabilis. Pariulina 131 lurgidula. Dysnomta 147 unifascialus. BuUmulus 135 varians. Goniobasis 201 lurgidula. Gonospira 136 unifilis. Podocnemis 11 unilamellala, Mautodontha 205 variata. Gomobasis 129 Turnagra 1 96 Varicorhtnus 98 turnerae, Beddomeia 120 f/n/o 149 varicosa, Alismodonla 146 lumeri. Eremomela 61 UNIONIDAE 146.207.231 Mesitornis 42 lumen, Hubbsina 105 uniplicata. Auriculella IQl variegata. variegata, Mogurnda 1 14 turneri, Posoriles 143 unipunclala, Rhyacophila 175 TITRNICIDAE 43 Uperoleia 90 variegala, Nannoperca 1 10 Tryonia 126 Turnix 43 uralensis, Formica 187 variegata, variegata, Varecia 10 turretella, Fontigens 122 Urampliisopus 1 54 variegaticeps, Alcippe 60 lurricula. Carelta 203 urania, Macromia 161 variegalus. Dicranopselaphus 172 turricula. Discula 144 uranidea, Percina 1 1 lurriplana, Gillenbergeri 145 Uranolliauma 183 variegatus, Thaumalogryllus 164 turritum. Heteropoma 126 Uraielornis 54 variumbiUcata . Rhysoconcha 205 Tursiops 22 Vrocissa 7 variui, Caconemobius 164 var/u5. Fregilupus 197 lurtoni. Chilonopsis 204 Urocyon 1 turloni. Nesopupa 203 urophtalmus ericymba. Cichlasoma 230 vfli/a. Wy/a 87 turloni. Unio 149 urophtiialmus. Acantfiocobitis 98 valerifloris. Rasbora 98 vcc/en5/5. Nematoslella 1 17 tuscumbia, Etheostoma 1 1 uropygialis, Zosterops 66 Tuxentius 235 urospinosus, Euastacus 157 vejdorskyi, Arion 146 Tylognalhus 98 Urothemis 162 velala, Brazieria 139 Tympanocryptis 228 URSIDAE 18, 220 vellerosus, Colobus 13 tympanum. Eulamprus 228 ursina. Lichnanthe 171 velozi, Plagiodontia 193 Speothos 15 Typhaeus 1 70 ursinii rakosiensis, Vipera 229 venalicus, Typhlatya 156 ursinus. Dendrolagus 4 vendia, Plentusia 143 Typhliasina 103 ursinus. Melursus 19 venezuelensis. Diglossa 67 Typhlobarbus 98 f/r5U5 19, 220 venus.Leto 177 Typhlogarra 98 usambarae, Charaxes 185 venu5/u5, Telmatobufo 89 Typhlomolge 92 usambarae . Crocidura 1 venu^/ui. Thamnomys 31 TYPHLOPIDAE 83. 198 usambarae. Uranolliauma 183 vepreculae. Hemisaga 163 typhlops, Iranocypris 96 usdagalun, Lirceus 154 verecundus. Cyprinodon 104 Typhlops 83. 198 usingeri. Pseudopseclra 167 Veritas. Milyeringa 1 14 Typhlosaurus 82 ussheh. Scolopelia 51 vermeilipinnis. Scaluriginichlhys 108 Typhlothton 92 ustulata. Baetica 163 Verm/vora 68 typica, Coracina 59 uslulala, Pariulina 131 vernalis. Archaeophylax 176 typicus. Cerrhosaurus 81 uslulalus. BuUmulus 135 vernoni. Helenodiscus 206 ry/7UJ. Rhincodon 93 Ulabaeneles 163 verreauxi, Propitfiecus 1 TYRANNIDAE 57,227 utahensis. Chaelarthria 170 verreauxii. Litoria 88 Tyrannus 57 utahensis. Hydroporus 169 verrucosa , Eunicella 1 1 Tyrrheniella 145 utahensis, Limnebius 170 verrucosa. Lilhasia 129 ry/o 51 utahensis. Physa 130 vf rrucoiuj, Sus 25 TYTONIDAE 51 utahensis. Siagnicola 129 verscfiureni. Malacomys 30 tylonis. Chlorotalpa 6 utahensis. Valvala 119 versicolor. Amazona 49 t/rfema 213 uvula. Gonospira 136 versicolor. Columba 195 uenoi. Rhinocypfia 159 vae . Felovia 3 verlebralis. Rana 90 ulielanus, Cyanoramphus 195 vagans. Conacmella 200 verlicornis. Epigomphus 160 ultima, Telespiza 68 Valencia 105 VERTIGINIDAE 133, 203 ultramarina. Vini 48 valeriae. Pristidactylus 80 Vcrr/^o 133 ullramontanum, Pisidium 151 valgum. Macrobaenetes 163 vertreesi, Ceraclea 177 t/ma 80 valida. Achat inella 201 verfree^/. Ochrotricliia 176 umbargae, Argiocnemis 159 validus. Dendrofryrax 25 verum. Pleurobema 149 umbiUcata, Amastra 202 Vallonia 132, 133 veruj. Procolobus 14 umbilicaia, LUhoglyphus 200 VALLONIIDAE 132 vervierii. Palacanlhilhiopsis 123 umbiUcata. Phrantela 123 valsanicola, Romaniclitliys 1 12 vesontiana. Bylhinella 121 umbilicaia. Pyrgina 135 Va/va/a 119 Vespericola 141 umbilicatus, Neoplanorbis 130 VALVATIDAE 119 VESPERTILIONIDAE 9, 191, 217 UMBRIDAE 101 va/jrouvercTiJis, Marmota 28 VESPIDAE 187 umbrina. Pseudemydura 11 vanderbilti. Malacocincla 62 vestitus, Phalanger 3 umbrinus emotus, Thomomys 225 Vanellus 45 vetiprovidenliae, Poecilia 105 t/mi5 174 VANGIDAE 59 vetulus, Dusicyon 15 uncatus, Semperdon 138 vanheumi. Melanotaenia 108 velulus. Pleropus 9 uncia. Uncia 17 vanhyningi, Cincinnalia 121 vexillarius. Paraxerus 29 284 1 1 8 vexillifer, Lipotes 23 VIVIPARIDAE 119 whartom. Splmerospira 143 vicina, Meliphaga 66 viviparus. Girardinichthys 105 wheeleri. Arkansia 146 Victaphanta 136 Viviparus \ 19 wheeleri. Somalogyrus 125 Victodrobia 1 26 vociferoides. Haliaeetus 39 whitakeri, Cyclodina 81 viclori, Lepidochrysops 181 voeitzkowi, Pleropus 9 whitei. Ditropis 1 1 victoria. Acanthaeshna 160 volans goldmani, Glaucomys 224 whiteleggei, Hemistoma 122 victoria, Goura 47 volans guerreroensis, Glaucomys 224 whitneyi. Pomarea 63 vo/(3n5 oaxace/wij, victoriae. Ploceus 70 Glaucomys 224 widdowsoni , Typhlogarra 98 victoriae. Sitta 65 volutina. Stonemyia 208 wiedii, Leopardus 16 victoriana, Setobaudinia 143 VOMBATIDAE 3 vv/V^//. Euproserpinus 186 victoriensis, Victodrobia 126 voratus. Brolomys 193 wigginsi, Catostomus 99 victus, Oligoryzomys 192 Vormela 220 wiktori. Malacolimax 140 vicugna. Vicugna 25 vor/e.r. Oreohelix 138 Wilfredomys 3 V/cu^ni3 25 vorticella. Ctenophila 138 wilkawillina umbilicata. Glyptorfiagada V/c/em2 140 vosmaeri. Cylindraspis 197 231 Vidumelon 143 vulcanorum, Sylvisorex 7 wilkensi, Mexistenasellus 154 v/g//. Buceros 54 Vulpes 15 wilkesiella. Phildoria 177 vilasboasi, Pipra 57 vulpina, Adiatinella 131 wilkinsi. Nesospiza 67 villosa. Nesocryptias 166 H'acca/miu'en5/.5, ElUptio 147 willardi obscurus, Crotalus 229 V/V/osa 149 tvaccamfni/s. Funduius 104 williamsi, Kimminsoperla 165 villosus, Chrysospalax 6 wagner/, Catagonus 25 Williamsonia 162 V/mfra 98 iva^mr/, Vipera 85 wiliiamsoniana, Aeshna 160 vinacea, Amazona 49 H'a/iA:eena. Nemours 165 willkommii. Chondrostoma 95 vinaceigula, Egretta 37 wahnesi. Parolia 71 wilmotensis. Beddomeia 120 vincerui, Chironius 83 u'cAen^/s, Gallirallus 194 wilsoni, Hadra 142 vincla, Leiostyla 132 waldenii. Dicrurus 70 wilsoni. Hemignathus 68 V/ni 48 walia. Capra 27 wilsoni, Palaina 1 18 violescens, Imperturbatia 136 walkeri. Gyrotoma 201 wilsoni, Palaua 138 V/pera 85, 229 walken. Liolaemus 80 wilsoni perkinsi, Celerio 236 VIPERID.\E 85. 229 walkeri. Pleurocera 129 wimmeri. Crocidura 7 vipio, Grus 43 walkeri. Potamonectes 169 Windbalea 164 V/Veo 69 walkeriana, Helminlhoglypta 145 winifredae. Scepomycter 63 VIREONIDAE 69 wallacei, Megapodius 40 winnecA^ami, Semotracfiia 143 v/rficerw. Lampsilis 148 wallacii. Habroptila 44 iv'/n/on/. Cryplochloris 6 virgata, Anculosa 128 wallengrenii, Trimenia 183 H'/i^ae. Beddomeia 120 virgata. Sterna 46 wallicliii. Catreus 41 w/i^e/eni/^. Oxyeleotris 1 14 virginianus clavium, Odocoileus 222 wallicus. Pezoporus 50 wo///, Bulimulus 135 virginianus, Polygyriscus 140 waltoni. Oreohelix 138 woUastoni, Leptaxis 145 virginiensis. Artogeia 180 wanameni/j. Glossolepis 107 wolterecki. Paratherina 108 virgulata. Partulina 132 wapiti, Etheostoma 1 1 Womersleymeria 158 viridans. Achatinella 131 wardi. Psiitacula 196 woodfordi. Nesoclopeus 194 viride, Windbalea 164 warneren5/5, Catostomus 99 Woodfordia 65 viridifacies, Erythrura 69 warreni. Diploglossus 82 woodi. Triclmstoma 64 viridigenalis, Amazona 49 walerhouseae . Beddomeia 120 woodruff] . Ataenius 171 viridis. Aeshna 160 walermayeri. Syngnathus 199 H'ooi/wm/, Zelotomys 31 viridis. Bythinella 121 watersi. Sarothrura 44 H'orces/f n, Tumix 43 viridis. Elaphrus 168 wattii, Vidumelon 143 Wravflnna 127 viridis, Eunice 151 watulih, Aethiothemis 162 wrightae, Rheocles 108 viridis. Helerocrossa 177 wawona. Atractelmis 172 wrightiana. Alasmidonta 146 Viridonia 197 webbiana, Lampadia 145 wroughtoni. Otomops 10 visagiei. Chrysochloris 6 weberi. Dermogenys 106 wumizusume. Synthliboramphus 46 vitellina, Geocrinia 89 Weberogobius 1 15 wykehami. Lepidochrysops 181 vitellinus. Rheobatrachus 89 wegnen. Paranlica 184 H-yAe/iami, Poecilmitis 182 vitianus. Ogmodon 84 >vei5/:e/. Paranlica 184 wyvilliana. Anas 38 vitiensis, Bracfiylophus 79 ivefciu'ae, Cincinnatia 121 xant/iicara. Cyprinella 95 viliensis, Platymantis 90 welaka. Notropis 97 xanthomelas. Megalagrion 160 vitrea, Paludinella 123 wellardi. Branchinella 153 xaniiiomus. Agelaius 69 Vi7rea 140 wellsi, Leptotila Al Xanthomyza 66 VITRINIDAE 140 wengerorum, Stygobromus 156 xanthophrys, Crossleyia 61 Vilrinula 206 wernen, Aclialinus 83 xanllwphrys. Pseudonestor 68 v/7/a. Mogurnda 1 14 werneri, Iguanognathus 84 xanlhops, Forpus 49 vittata. Achatinella 201 we55e/en5is, Planispira 143 Xantusia 79 vittata. Amazona 49 westermanni. Elachistodon 83 XANTIISIIDAE 79 vittata, Anculosa 200 •westlandica, Procellaria 35 xederoides. Throscodectes 164 vittata. Lepidomeda 96 Westraltrachia 143 XENICIDAE 58. 196 vittata. Lerista 82 Westriplectes 1 77 Xen/cu5 58, 196 vittata, Partula 204 M'e/mo/-£'/, Bulhraupis 66 Xenocalamus 84 vitulina mellonae. Phoca 220 vfe/morei. Rallus 44 xenodactylus, Leptopelis 88 vitulina stejnegeri, Phoca 220 Wetmorethraupis 68 Xenoglaux 51 Wverra 221 iveiva/faaj, Deronectes 168 Xenoligea 68 VrVERRIDAE 19, 220 wejmer/. Papilio 179 Xenoophorus 105 viverrinus. Prionailurus 17 whartoni, Ducula 47 Xenopirostris 59 285 1 1 1 Xenopoecilus 106 yorbalindae. Trtgonoscuia 208 Zenaida 48 xenopterus, Laierallus 44 yoSemite nsis yosemitensis, Monadenia 231 Zenarclioplerus 106 Xenopus 90 yoshiwarana. Ogasawarana 200 zenilhicus. Coregonus 102 Xenorms 56 youngi, Peltotrupes 171 Zenkerella 31 Xenospingus 68 youngi, Sinpioyea 206 zerda. Fennecus 15 Xenospiza 68 Yplhima 236 zerene bebrensii. Speyena 236 xenoihorax, Leptaslhenura 55 yunnanensls, Cuora 73 zerene hippolyta. Speyeria 236 Xenuromys 31 yunnanensis, Sitla 65 zerene myrileae. Speyeria 236 Xerarionia 146 Yunnanilus 99 zelides. Ballus 178 jcerces. Giaucopsyche 209 Zaglossus 3 zibelUna brachyura. Maries 220 Xeromys 3 Zailzeva 172 ziczac. Agarodes 176 xianggensis. Nemacheilus 98 Zalophus 220 ziegleri, Chilostoma 206 xiphares desmondi. Charaxes 236 zamicrus, Nesophontes 191 zigzac ponapense, Pleuropoma 231 xiphares xipfiares. Charaxes 236 zanzibaricus, Galagoides 1 zigzac zigzac, Pleuropoma 231 xiphidium, Palaina 1 18 zapahuirensis. Telmalobius 89 zimmert. Synallaxis 55 Xiphocolaptes 55 zapallarensis, Liolaemus 80 zimmermanni . Crocidura 1 Xipholena 57 zappeyi. Paradoxornis 62 Zingel 112 Xiphophorus 106 Zaprochdus 164 zionis. Pirysa 130 xiphos, Throscodectes 164 Zfl/jus 225 ZIPHIIDAE 23 xyleborus. Semperdon 138 Zaratornis 57 Ziphius 24 Xylotoles 208 zasliclus. Clenotus 81 zoe, Paraphlebia 159 xynoeliclus. Apfiaostracon 119 Zavattariornis 71 zonatus, Bostnchtbys 1 13 Xyrauchen 99 zealandicus . Cyanoramphus 195 ZONUIDAE 140 yammerana, Kimboraga 142 zebra. Ceplialophus 27 Zonocypretta 1 53 Yaquicoccus 1 26 zebra. Equus 24 Zoolhera 64, 1% yarreilil. Carduelis 69 zebra. Perdicella 202 zophonasies. Cambarus 156 yarrellii. Eulidia 52 ze/^ra zebra. Equus 221 Zoraena 161 yatesii, AmmoniieUa 136 zebrina, Eua 134 ZORO'nTIDAE 165 yayeyamensis, Asiagomphus 160 zebrina, Maulodontha 205 Zorotypus 1 65 yayeyamensis, Leptogomphus 161 zebrina. Perdicella 202 ZOSTEROPIDAE 65, 196 yerelinana, Lacuslrelix 142 zechi, Cryptomys 31 Zosterops 65, 66, 196 yersini. Carrulax 61 zeehanensis, Beddomeia 120 Zubovslda 165 yessahaiiensis, Coenocharopa 137 zeidleri. Fonscocftlea 122 zuliae, Phrynops 77 yildizae. Tiieslor 183 zeidlerorum, Jardinella 122 zuUichi. Agnades 180 yilongensis. Cyprinus 198 zelichi. Sporophila 67 ZYGAENIDAE 209 yinnietharra. Clenophorus 79 Ze/o/om v^ 3 Zv^o^eomvi 29 yniphora. Geochelone 74 Zelotypia 177 zv//. Cryptochloris 6 Zenacrchopterus 106 Zvzom)'^ 31 286 lUCN Species Survival Commission :i08 Survival Commission (bbC) is one o1 six volunteer commissions of lUCN - The World Conservation Union, a union of sovereign states, tiovernment agencies and non-governmental organizations. lUCN has three bash -v.ition objectives: iI to secure the conservation of nature, and especially of bi > ."jh diversity, as an essential foundation of the future; to ensure that where the earth's natural resources are used this is done in a wise, equitable and sustainable way; and to guide the development of human communities towards ways of life that are both of good quality and in enduring harmony with other components of the biosphere. The SSC's mission is to conserve biological diversity by developing and executing programmes to save, restore and wisely manage species and their habitats. A volunteer network comprised of 4,800 scientists, field researchers, government officials and conservation leaders from 169 countries, the SSC membership is an '. 'I'v ity unmatched source of infoir i biologic.ii and its conservation. As such, SSC meml)ers prov u. i. . ,.,.,. .ij and s< ! "i.i,. (.ounsel for conservation projects throughout the world and serve as resources to governments, International conventions and conservation organizations. The SSC has long been associated with the Red Data Book concept, which was originated by the former SSC Chair, Sir Peter Scott, in the mid-1960s. The Red Data Books are catalogues of information on sjsecies threatened with extinction, and they aim to focus attention of the plight of the earth's vanishing wildlife. The concept has iieen outstandingly successful and, over two decades later, many national, regional and global Red Data Books have been published, while many more countries are in the process of compiling their own lists of threatened species. The information provided in national and regional compilations Is inevitably more detailed than the global overview produced by SSC. The demand for a simple international list that categorises the status of globally threatened taxa is growing, partly as a result of the Increasing number of relevant international conventions, and it was to meet this need that the first lUCN Red List of Threatened Animals was published In 1986. Further editions appeared in 1988 and 1990, and this edition is a further update of the 1990 version. The SSC is currently in the process of revising and improving the lUCN Red List categories for threatened species, and it is hoped that the next version, to be published in 1996, will be based on the new categories. 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