c.^,y ^r-^ 1 Ag84te DA Chewing and Sucking United States Lice as Parasites of Department of Agriculture IVIammals and Birds Agricultural Research Service Technical Bulletin Number 1849 July 1997 0 jc: United States Department of Agriculture Chewing and Sucking Agricultural Research Service Lice as Parasites of Technical Bulletin Number IVIammals and Birds 1849 July 1997 Manning A. Price and O.H. Graham U3DA, National Agrioultur«! Libmry NAL BIdg 10301 Baltimore Blvd Beltsvjlle, MD 20705-2351 Price (deceased) was professor of entomoiogy, Department of Ento- moiogy, Texas A&iVI University, College Station. Graham (retired) was research leader, USDA-ARS Screwworm Research Laboratory, Tuxtia Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico. ABSTRACT Price, Manning A., and O.H. Graham. 1996. Chewing This publication reports research involving pesticides. It and Sucking Lice as Parasites of Mammals and Birds. does not recommend their use or imply that the uses U.S. Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin No. discussed here have been registered. All uses of pesti- 1849, 309 pp. cides must be registered by appropriate state or Federal agencies or both before they can be recommended. In all stages of their development, about 2,500 species of chewing lice are parasites of mammals or birds. While supplies last, single copies of this publication More than 500 species of blood-sucking lice attack may be obtained at no cost from Dr. O.H. Graham, only mammals. This publication emphasizes the most USDA-ARS, P.O. Box 969, Mission, TX 78572. Copies frequently seen genera and species of these lice, of this publication may be purchased from the National including geographic distribution, life history, habitats, Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, ecology, host-parasite relationships, and economic Springfield, VA 22161. importance. Information is given on modern methods of control of these lice on domestic animals, small The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) animals, poultry, and humans, as well as a historical prohibits discrimination in its programs on the basis of review of earlier methods of louse control. Also race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, included is a historical review of the scientific classifi- political beliefs, and marital or familial status. (Not all cation of these lice, including some of the disagree- prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with ment between various taxonomists. This publication disabilities who require alternative means for communi- should be a primary reference for medical and veteri- cation of program information (Braille, large print, nary entomologists, livestock managers, extension audiotape, etc.) should contact the USDA Office of specialists, domestic-animal researchers, and veteri- Communications at (202) 720-2791. narians. To file a complaint, write the Secretary of Agriculture, Keywords: chewing lice, sucking lice, Mallophaga, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC Anoplura, Menoponidae, Philopteridae, 20250, or call (1-800-245-6340 (voice) or (202) Trichodectidae, shortnosed cattle louse, human lice, 720-1127 (TDD). USDA is an equal employment louse control opportunity employer. Mention of trade names in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over others not mentioned. Issued July 1997 CONTENTS Preface ^ Order Mallophaga (Chewing Lice) 6 Suborder Amblycera /^ Family Abrocomophagidae 7 Family Boopiidae 7 Genus Heterodoxas 7 Family Gyropidae 11 Family Laemobothriidae 12 Family Menoponidae 18 Genus Menacanthus 20 Genus Menopon 25 Genus Trinoton 28 Genus Colpocephalum 28 Genus Neocolpocephalum 30 Genus Eomenopon 30 Family Ricinidae 30 Family Trimenoponidae 30 Suborder Ischnocera 36 Family Philopteridae 36 Genus Cuclotogaster 39 Genus Goniocotes 39 Genus Goniodes 43 Genus Lagopoecus 47 Genus Lipeurus 47 Genus Oxylipeurus 51 Genus Pectinopygus 51 Genus Quadraceps 55 Genus Rallicola 55 Genus Strigiphilus 55 Other Genera and Species 55 Family Trichodectidae 60 Genus Bovicola 61 Genus Trichodectes 97 Genus Damalinia 100 Genus Felicola 100 Genus Tricholipeurus 101 Suborder Rhynchophthirina 106 Family Haematomyzidae 106 Genus Haematomyzus 106 Order Anoplura (Sucking Lice) 113 Family Echinophthiriidae 113 Family Enderleinellidae 119 Family Haematopinidae 119 Genus Haematopinus 123 Family Hamophthiriidae 150 III Family Hoplopleuridae 150 Genus Hoplopleura 150 Genus Pterophthirus 154 Other Genera 154 Family Hybophthiridae 1 54 Family Linognathidae 158 Genus Linognathus 158 Genus Solenopotes 181 Family Microthoraciidae 187 Family Neolinognathidae 191 Family Pecaroecidae 191 Family Pedicinidae 191 Family Pediculidae 191 Family Polyplacidae 198 Family Pthiridae 201 Family Ratemiidae 205 Lice Control 209 Control of Lice on Domestic Animals 209 Control of Lice on Small Animals 215 Control of Human Lice 21 5 Control of Poultry Lice 21 7 References 220 Index 247 Appendix A A-1 Appendix B B-1 IV PREFACE Years ago, Manning Price and I began writing a book Gathering illustrations was an important part of book about livestock insects. After slowly learning about writing, and numerous people have helped with that. book writing and making some mistakes, we did write But we specifically mention Sam Wen Wang and Jan the book. But we were never able to complete all the Read at College Station, TX, and Rene Davis of ARS at chapters in a particular year. Manning, with little or no Weslaco, TX. help from me, wrote the chapter on livestock lice, and that chapter was in the hands of an ARS editor at the As for secretarial help, we were assisted by several time of his death. excellent and dedicated workers. Elizabeth Ann Andrus of Texas A&M University and Suzanne Thomas, Doris Although I had only the fuzziest acquaintance with lice, Ernst, and Virginia Moffitt of ARS were outstanding I undertook the task of putting that chapter into final assistants who must have privately grieved about our form—gathering up his collection of books, bulletins, bookwriting skills and deplored the slow pace at which reprints, etc., and then indexing and filing them in we worked. alphabetical order. (Manning didn't use index cards. He had an intimate acquaintance with his collection of publications and could pull any particular one out of the stack on his desk at any time.) My tasks of learning something about lice and organizing the literature certainly delayed the issuance of this book. At about the same time, it was decided that the original plan to publish a single book at this level of detail—and keep it up to date—was impractical. So we are publish- ing one group of insects at a time. This publication is the first. So now you know how I came to write with all the authority I could muster about all the crawly little critters that I had never really wanted to learn about. Inevitably, I did become interested in them, but if you find mistakes—and Tm sure that any very discerning reader will—they are my mistakes, not Manning's. All I could do was try to remain faithful to his concept of what people might want to know about lice—or per- haps it was his concept of what people ought io know about lice. This project of writing a book about livestock insects faltered and would certainly have failed except for the guidance and support of many ARS and Texas A&M University management-type people. To name only a few, there was T.W. Edminster, who first approved "Livestock Insects'' for publication by ARS. And Rex Johnston, Claude Schmidt, Bob Hoffman, and Roger Drummond provided ample support through the years. The people from ARS Information Staff labored with us from that beginning long ago. Junith Van Deusen in particular has been the patient and persevering editor on this project. I nsect taxonomists are not in complete agreement on mouthparts, Königsmann (1960) and Clay (1970) added the scientific classification of the small, wingless, their support to hlopkins' placement of all parasitic lice parasitic insects that are commonly known by the Old in a single order. However, they believed that Hopkins' English word "lice/' Apparently Packard (1887) was the suborder Mallophaga combined groups that are not first to suggest that parasitic lice are related to the free- close kin and that use of the name Mallophaga should living booklice or barklice (= psocids) (order be discontinued. The two classifications of Phthiraptera Psocoptera). Kellogg (1896, 1902), a prominent early are compared below: specialist in the classification of lice, agreed. It is now generally accepted that both chewing and sucking lice Hopkins (1949) Clay (1970) descended from psocidlike ancestors, and some ento- Order Phthiraptera Order Phthiraptera mologists have even placed all orders in the superorder Suborder Mallophaga Psocodea. The development of the parasitic habit by Superfamily Amblycera Suborder Amblycera Mallophaga and Anoplura was explained by Osborn Superfamily Ischnocera Suborder Ischnocera (1891 ) as having been a progression from the free-living Superfamily Rhynchophthirina Suborder Rhynchophthirina state to a semiparasitic form that sometimes fed on both Suborder Anoplura Suborder Anoplura plants and vertebrate hosts to the modern parasite. Symmons (1952), who studied the heads of both The heads of representatives of Clay's four suborders are booklice and parasitic lice, found that the tentorium illustrated in figure 2. (internal skeleton of the head) was well developed in Psocoptera and