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Tachinid (Diptera: Tachinidae) Parasitoid Diversity and Temporal Abundance at a Single Site in the Northeastern United States Author(S): Diego J

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Tachinid (Diptera: Tachinidae) Parasitoid Diversity and Temporal Abundance at a Single Site in the Northeastern United States Author(S): Diego J Tachinid (Diptera: Tachinidae) Parasitoid Diversity and Temporal Abundance at a Single Site in the Northeastern United States Author(s): Diego J. Inclan and John O. Stireman, III Source: Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 104(2):287-296. Published By: Entomological Society of America https://doi.org/10.1603/AN10047 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1603/AN10047 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY Tachinid (Diptera: Tachinidae) Parasitoid Diversity and Temporal Abundance at a Single Site in the Northeastern United States 1 DIEGO J. INCLAN AND JOHN O. STIREMAN, III Department of Biological Sciences, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, 235A, BH, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435 Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 104(2): 287Ð296 (2011); DOI: 10.1603/AN10047 ABSTRACT Although tachinids are one of the most diverse families of Diptera and represent the largest group of nonhymenopteran parasitoids, their local diversity and distribution patterns of most species in the family are poorly known. In this study, 2 yr of samples from a Malaise trap were used to analyze the local richness and temporal distribution of a tachinid community in southwestern Ohio. In total, 883 tachinid specimens were collected, consisting of 117 species belonging to 69 genera. The majority of the specimens were collected in fall, followed by summer and spring, with 67, 22, and 11%, respectively. Estimated rarefaction curves indicate a predicted species richness of 217 species and suggest that we have sampled only a fraction of the diversity of Tachinidae occurring at this particular site. The species recorded in this study represent 16 and 19% of the species that are likely to occur in the northeastern United States and Ohio, respectively. In North America, there have been few, if any, previous attempts to quantify the diversity of tachinids on a local scale. Our results provide a baseline for understanding the temporal and spatial diversity of these ecologically and agronomically important parasitoids. KEY WORDS Tachinidae, species richness, parasitoid diversity, temporal distribution, voltinism Diptera or true ßies are one of the most anatomically There have been several recent studies focused on varied and ecologically diverse groups of insects. This species diversity and temporal distributions of tachin- group represents 10Ð15% of the worldÕs biodiversity ids in the Palaearctic region, such as Belshaw (1992, (Brown 2005, Yeates et al. 2007) and contains 1993, 1994), Ford and Shaw (1991), Ford et al. (2000), Ϸ157,000 described species (Thompson 2008). Esti- Avci and Kara (2002), Cerretti et al. (2004), and Rich- mates of the total diversity of Diptera suggest that this ter (2005), but there are few such studies for speciÞc order contains a minimum of 1,000,000 (Brown 2001b) areas of the Nearctic region (OÕHara 2002, Strazanac to 1,700,000 species (Stork 1997), suggesting that et al. 2001, Strazanac and Butler 2005, Tooker et al. Ͼ90% of Diptera species remain undescribed. In the 2006, Stireman 2008). Nearctic region, which probably has the best known In the Nearctic region, the family Tachinidae in- fauna after the Palearctic region, an estimated 65% of cludes 1,345 described species, classiÞed in 304 genera Diptera have been described, Ͻ25% have been revised of which 20% are endemic to the region (OÕHara taxonomically, and less than one percent have been 2008). In this region, there have been several studies studied in detail (Thompson 2009). Thus, document- of the tachinid parasitoid communities associated with ing and describing the diversity of Diptera represents particular host groups. For example, tachinids attack- a special need to Þll the large void in our knowledge ing Lepidoptera in Canada (McGugan 1958), northern of insect diversity. United States (Schaffner and Griswold 1934), eastern The parasitic ßy family Tachinidae includes United States (Strazanac et al. 2001), and southeastern Ϸ10,000 described species worldwide, classiÞed into Arizona (Stireman and Singer 2003). Similarly, coarse Ͼ1,500 genera (Brown 2001a,b; Irwin et al. 2003; information on the spatial distribution of tachinids can OÕHara 2008). Although tachinids are one of the most be gleaned from regional catalogs (e.g., OÕHara and species-rich families of Diptera (Irwin et al. 2003) and Wood 2004), but these provide little indication of the represent the largest group of nonhymenopteran para- richness of particular tachinid communities. To our sitoids (Belshaw 1994), the ecology of most species in knowledge, there is only a single published study the family is poorly known. Currently, our knowledge (Stireman 2008) documenting in detail the richness is limited in terms of the diversity and distribution of and composition of a tachinid community at a partic- populations across time and space, especially in the ular geographic locale in North America (although see Nearctic and Neotropical regions (Stireman 2008). Strazanac and Butler (2005) for an multiyear analysis of the abundance of macrolepidoptera attacking Ta- 1 Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]. chinidae). This is unfortunate given the diversity of 0013-8746/11/0287Ð0296$04.00/0 ᭧ 2011 Entomological Society of America 288 ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA Vol. 104, no. 2 this group and their importance as parasitoids of other [Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maxim.]. The trap was insects (Stireman et al. 2006). Because tachinids be- monitored from 25 June until 17 November in 2008 and long to a higher trophic level, they may serve as sen- on 4 March until 12 November in 2009. It was peri- sitive indicators of the diversity and dynamics of pop- odically checked, once or twice per week, for the 2008 ulations of their host taxa. An understanding of how and 2009 seasons. Potassium cyanide was used as the tachinid communities vary over space and time can be killing agent in a dry trap head. Material collected in used as a proxy for understanding diversity patterns of the trap was taken to a laboratory at Wright State other insects, particularly Lepidoptera (Stireman et al. University, Dayton, OH, where specimens were 2006). Such information could provide an indication sorted, pinned, and identiÞed. of the health of ecological communities and poten- Identification. Tachinid specimens were initially tially inform local conservation efforts. Similarly, doc- sorted by morpho-species and then identiÞed to genus umenting occurrence/abundance patterns over time using the key to Nearctic genera of Tachinidae by can provide insight into tachinid life history, voltinism Wood (1987). Once the genus was identiÞed, species and developmental time, and potential host associa- identiÞcations were attempted using keys and descrip- tions, which could be used to assess their potential for tions from primary literature. Species designations biological control in forest and agricultural systems. were further reÞned or conÞrmed by comparison with Unfortunately, tachinids are a difÞcult group to iden- type or paratype specimens housed in the National tify, due in part to their great richness and diversity Museum of Natural History (NMNH) in Washington, and the incomplete taxonomic literature available for DC; the Canadian National Collection (CNC) in Ot- the identiÞcation of species. This remains an imped- tawa, ON, Canada; or both. For some particularly iment to their study and use as ecological indicators. difÞcult taxa (e.g., Lixophaga Townsend, Myopharus Here, we document and analyze the tachinid spe- Brauer & Bergenstamm, and Winthemia Robineau- cies richness obtained from a single trap over two Desvoidy), Þnal identiÞcations were made with the seasons and assess the temporal distribution of aid of Dr. D. M. Wood (Agriculture and Agri-Food abundance and voltinism of the tachinid commu- Canada). nity. This information provides a point estimate for Analysis. Estimated species accumulation curves understanding the geographic distribution of ta- (rarefaction curves) were calculated for sample and chinid diversity and potentially the diversity of their specimen accumulation. The 2008Ð2009 rarefaction host taxa. We also examine how tachinid abundance curve of samples and its 95% CL was calculated and and diversity varies seasonally and examine the phe- plotted using 1,000 permutations with the function nological patterns of a broad array of tachinid spe- “specaccum” from the vegan package (Oksanen et al. cies. Several new geographic records of Tachinidae 2007). Rarefaction curves using samples for individual also are documented. years were calculated using 1,000 randomizations with the
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