DOCSLIB.ORG

Subphylum: Hexapoda (Insects) Eg

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Subphylum: Hexapoda (Insects) Eg Subphylum: Hexapoda (insects) eg. roaches were the main insects of the time eg. some dragonflies had 2’ wingspans ~1.1 M species; probably millions more today insects have spread into all major habitats there are more species of insects than all other animal species dominant fauna of all freshwater and soil habitats à entire field of study = Entomology some live in deep underground caves most successful & widespread group of all life on top of world’s highest mountains adapted to land before most other terrestrial animals some insects live in unusual habitats: except for a few Chelicerates some flies occur by the millions in brine lakes eg. Great Salt (Devonian 390 MY) Lake, where hardly any other life forms are able to survive adaptations to land (even deserts): some insects live in hot springs up to 120º F (49º C) waxy cuticle varnish layer can close spiracles many species are found inside ice in anarctica extract & retain fluids from food and metabolism (some don’t need any liquid water at all) larvae of “petroleum flies” live in pools of petroleum around diapause & resistant eggs oil wells had 40 MY to evolve and diversify before serious a few insect species have been found breeding in brine vats competition for space and resources from other holding human cadavers at medical schools animal phyla the “short-circuit” beetle bores into lead cables à still no birds around yet but only a very few are truly marine; (Why?) à still not a lot of parasites of insects yet most are <2.5 cm (1/4”) by carboniferous (~300MY ago ) there many different àsmall size helps them escape enemies kinds of insects Animals: Arthropods-Hexapoda Ziser Lecture Notes, 2015.12 1 Animals: Arthropods-Hexapoda Ziser Lecture Notes, 2015.12 2 àneed very little food to sustain themselves A few kinds of insects have been semi-domesticated: range from < 1 mm to 25 cm honeybees eg. Atlas moth of India has a wingspan of almost 1 foot 3 trillion bees are kept and managed for pollenation and honey production eg. Walkingstick of India is up to 15” long silkworms (moth larvae spin coccoons of silk) insects invented agriculture & animal husbandry each coccoon is made from over a half mile of silk àmany ants and termites cultivate fungi within their burrows mealworms & crickets are used to feed pets (or humans) or for fishing bait à some ants guard aphids that let the ants “milk” them for nectar-like secretion Body Form st may have been 1 to invent slavery body in three parts: head, thorax and abdomen à there are ~35 species of “slave making ants” that regularly raid the nests of other ant species and take young back to Head their own colony large compound eyes there they work as they would in their home colony searching for food, raising young, etc several (usually 3) simple eyes (=ocelli) always very closely related species 1 pair of antennae ants will always do the work of whatever colony they are in when they emerge as adults many kinds of antennae were the first animals to fly eg. grasshoppers, crickets and cockroaches have long antennae à 130 MY before pterosaurs eg. butterflies have knob on end insects: 400 MY; devonian reptiles: 200 MY pterosaurs; late jurassic , eg. moths antennae are featherlike birds: 150 MY; coexisted with pterosaurs for~90MY bats: 54 MY (Eocene) Animals: Arthropods-Hexapoda Ziser Lecture Notes, 2015.12 3 Animals: Arthropods-Hexapoda Ziser Lecture Notes, 2015.12 4 antennae are very complex sense organs in which different segments control different wings are extensions of cuticle formed by aspects of an insects life: epidermis eg. in ants: Abdomen one segment detects nest odor and helps prevent an ant from entering the wrong colony segmented (10-11 segments) another segment identifies offspring of a specific queen reproductive organs another segment detects the ants own feeding females have pincher like or syringe like trail ovipositor to lay eggs another segment helps detect what is needed by the immature ants it is tending in some social insects it is modified into a stinger mandibles and other mouthparts for feeding Insect Movement Thorax most kinds of movement are created by muscular divided into three segments system (striated muscles like us) (pro- meso- & metathorax) insects have a more elaborate muscular system than à each with sclerites: any other invertebrate group tergum, pleura, sternum insects have more muscles than most animals including us each thoracic segment bears 1 pair of legs eg. humans have ~700 individual muscles; some insects have 900 or more muscle organs; some caterpillars à total 6 legs; thus hexapods have 4,000 most insects also have 2 pairs of wings on insects are remarkably strong, given their small size thorax Animals: Arthropods-Hexapoda Ziser Lecture Notes, 2015.12 5 Animals: Arthropods-Hexapoda Ziser Lecture Notes, 2015.12 6 eg. a bee can pick up 50 times its weight swimming (diving beetles, many insect larvae) eg. beetles are the strongest insects; up to 60 x’s their B. Wings weight [but their small size relative to weight makes them only appear strong most insects have two pairs of wings à if insects were as large as humans they would be little if any stronger than us] some use both pairs to fly (eg. butterflies) A. Legs some the 1st pair cover and protect second pair (eg. beetles) great diversity of leg types: a few have only 1 pair (flies, mosquitoes) insect legs are adapted for the same kinds of movements as vertebrates: a few are wingless (lice, fleas) walking, running, jumping, swimming, Insect Flight digging, climbing, grasping insects were the first animals to fly legs in 5 segments à 130 MY before any other animal sometimes modified for unsure of evolutionary origin of wings: jumping (grasshoppers, crickets, fleas) 1. originated as small flaps that first allowed gliding = “flying squirrel theory” eg. grasshoppers can jump 20 times length of st body 2. were 1 used as solar collectors to raise body temperature à equivalent jump for human would be 1/3rd length of football field later for gliding, then for flight eg. fleas are probably the best jumpers 3. originated from gills of aquatic forms many have can jump 8 “ high and 13 inches in length hinged gills on thorax à equivalent feat in human flying in most insects is like swimming for us à leap tall bldg in a single bound due to size and relative density of air storage of pollen (bees) wings are separate from legs and other Animals: Arthropods-Hexapoda Ziser Lecture Notes, 2015.12 7 Animals: Arthropods-Hexapoda Ziser Lecture Notes, 2015.12 8 appendages eg. the common housefly is one of most talented aerodynamicist on the planet don’t just move up and down à more maneuverable in flight than birds, bats or bees à common pattern resembles “butterfly eg. hoverflies are even better stroke” of human swimmers can make six turns a second direct and indirect flight muscles hover, fly strait up and down, backwards, do somersaults , land upsidedown etc the rate of wing beating varies considerably: yet: has brain smaller than a sesame seed fastest eg. midge >1000bps has only a dozen muscles for flying eg. housefly beat ~200bps eg. mosquito ~300bps but are loaded with sensors eg. honey bee ~ 190bps compound eyes wind sensitive hairs more typical beat: antennae eg. locust ~20bps three light sensors = ocelli eg. dragonfly ~25bps flight greatly improved dispersal ability slowly beating: eg. white butterfly ~12bps eg. swallowtail ~5bps some insects are able to migrate 1000’s of miles or fly at high altitudes: speed of insect flight also varies greatly: eg. monarch butterfly flies slowly (à 6 mph) from slowest insect flight speeds: but can fly 100’s of miles at a time eg. mosquitoes ~2mph eg. painted lady migrates 4000 miles eg. houseflies ~5 mph eg. butterflies ~6mph eg. some butterflies have been seen at 20,000’ eg. honey bee ~7 mph some wings are only temporary structures to quite fast eg. males and queen ants use wings only for mating flight, eg. hawkmoth ~35mph then they drop off eg. horse fly ~30mph eg. dragonflies à 25 mph Animals: Arthropods-Hexapoda Ziser Lecture Notes, 2015.12 9 Animals: Arthropods-Hexapoda Ziser Lecture Notes, 2015.12 10 Feeding & Nutrition d. some are predaceous insects feed upon almost every kind of organic substance e. some are parasitic most feed on plant juices and tissues the same basic mouthparts are modified in various = phytophagous ways to facilitate different methods of feeding: many feed on dead or decaying organic matter a. chewing mouthparts = saprophagous in many insects the mandibles are hardened into some are predaceous and attack other insects or “jaws” that are used to snip off pieces of plant or animal matter smaller invertebrates eg. many caterpillars feed on specific plants some are parasitic and feed on blood or living eg. dragonflies, some beetles have large strong tissues from temporary hosts mandibles b. siphoning mouthparts all insects share the same basic mouthparts: eg. butterflies & moths: the maxillae forms a long mandibles à jaws coiled food tube for sucking nectar hypopharynx à tongue labrum, labium à lips c. piercing mouthparts maxillae à helps to manipulate food eg. in biting flies the mouthparts resemble a beak for insects feed on a wide variety of foods: puncturing the skin eg. in mosquitoes, most of the mouthparts together a. most feed on plant juices and tissues form a long hollow tube, the labium directs this tube through the skin like a syringe to draw up blood b. others actually eat leaves, flowers and whole plants or animals d.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • EC06-1255 List and Description of Named Cultivars in the Genus Penstemon Dale T
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Historical Materials from University of Nebraska- Extension Lincoln Extension 2006 EC06-1255 List and Description of Named Cultivars in the Genus Penstemon Dale T. Lindgren University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/extensionhist Lindgren, Dale T., "EC06-1255 List and Description of Named Cultivars in the Genus Penstemon" (2006). Historical Materials from University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension. 4802. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/extensionhist/4802 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Extension at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Historical Materials from University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. - CYT vert . File NeBrasKa s Lincoln EXTENSION 85 EC1255 E 'Z oro n~ 1255 ('r'lnV 1 List and Description of Named Cultivars in the Genus Penstemon (2006) Cooperative Extension Service Extension .circular Received on: 01- 24-07 University of Nebraska, Lincoln - - Libraries Dale T. Lindgren University of Nebraska-Lincoln 00IANR This is a joint publication of the American Penstemon Society and the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension. We are grateful to the American Penstemon Society for providing the funding for the printing of this publication. ~)The Board of Regents oft he Univcrsit y of Nebraska. All rights reserved. Table
    [Show full text]
  • Classification of Living Things
    AN ACTIVE AUSTRALIAN SCIENCE 7 CURRICULUM MODULE AUS BS7 SU STRAND MODULE 1: CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS STUDENT’S NAME: TUTORIAL: TEACHER’S NAME: DATE: _______________________________________________________________________________________ AUS Biological Sciences 7: Science Understanding Strand Module 1: Key Conceptual Understandings • Students understand that the structure of an organism refers to the nature and arrangement of its body parts. • Students understand that living things have a particular structure or body organisation and particular ways of behaving and functioning by which they may be distinguished. • Students understand that classification is the process of sorting objects into groups based upon likeness between them, i.e., upon those characteristics that they have in common. • Students classify some familiar animals into different groups on the basis of both structural and functional characteristics using a dichotomous schematic chart provided to them by their teacher. • Students apply a classification scheme to sort some familiar plants into different groups on the basis of characteristics such as method of nutrition, structural features, and the way they reproduce. • Students classify, by referring to a dichotomous schematic chart, some familiar animals into different classes of vertebrates on the basis of type of fertilization and development of zygote. _______________________________________________________________________________________ An Introduction to Classification 1. A science fiction show on ABC3 is Dex Hamilton, Alien Entomologist. What do entomologists do? [1 mark] There are about one million species of insects living on earth. 2. How do biologists define the scientific word species? [2 marks] AUS BS7 SU STRAND: MODULE 1 © M. J. McGarry (2011) Page 1 • Science Concept: A species is a grouping of organisms that in nature are capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Species of Subgenus Passiflora, Series Serratifoliae (Passifloraceae) from the Brazilian Amazon
    Phytotaxa 208 (2): 170–174 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2015 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.208.2.6 Passiflora echinasteris: a new species of subgenus Passiflora, series Serratifoliae (Passifloraceae) from the Brazilian Amazon ANA KELLY KOCH1,2,3, ANDRÉ LUIZ DE REZENDE CARDOSO2* & ANNA LUIZA ILKIU-BORGES2 1Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo, Núcleo de Pesquisa Orquidário do Estado. Av. Miguel Estéfano, 3687, Água Funda, São Paulo-SP, Brazil. 2Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Coordenação de Botânica. Av. Perimetral, 1901, Montese, Belém-PA, Brazil. *Programa de Capacita- ção Institucional (PCI-CNPq). 3Author for correspondence, email: [email protected] Abstract Passiflora echinasteris from a secondary vegetation area on the Great Curve of the Xingu River, in the Brazilian Amazon, is newly described. It belongs to the series Serratifoliae with three other Brazilian species. The new species is illustrated and its affinities with related species are discussed, and a key to the Brazilian species of the series is provided. Key words: Brazilian Amazon, Belo Monte, Passion flower, Xingu River Introduction Passiflora Linnaeus (1753: 955) is a genus that could be easily used to demonstrate the need of taxonomic studies for several further groups of plants in the Amazon. As a result of only a few isolated taxonomic studies in the Brazilian Amazon, the number of new species of Passiflora recently increased as showed by Koch et al. (2013, 2014), as well as the register of new records. During the activities of the project “Survey and Scientific exploration of the Flora of the UHE Belo Monte” in the Xingu region, several individuals of a Passiflora of the series Serratifoliae Killip ex Cervi (1997: 30) were found.
    [Show full text]
  • William T. Stearn Prize 2010* the Tree As Evolutionary Icon
    Archives of natural history 38.1 (2011): 1–17 Edinburgh University Press DOI: 10.3366/anh.2011.0001 # The Society for the History of Natural History www.eupjournals.com/anh William T. Stearn Prize 2010* The tree as evolutionary icon: TREE in the Natural History Museum, London NILS PETTER HELLSTRO¨ M Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Cambridge, Free School Lane, Cambridge, CB2 3RH, UK (e-mail: [email protected]). ABSTRACT: As part of the Darwin celebrations in 2009, the Natural History Museum in London unveiled TREE, the first contemporary artwork to win a permanent place in the Museum. While the artist claimed that the inspiration for TREE came from Darwin’s famous notebook sketch of branching evolution, sometimes referred to as his “tree of life” drawing, this article emphasises the apparent incongruity between Darwin’s sketch and the artist’s design – best explained by other, complementary sources of inspiration. In the context of the Museum’s active participation in struggles over science and religion, the effect of the new artwork is contradictory. TREE celebrates Darwinian evolutionism, but it resonates with deep-rooted, mythological traditions of tree symbolism to do so. This complicates the status of the Museum space as one of disinterested, secular science, but it also contributes, with or without the intentions of the Museum’s management, to consolidate two sometimes conflicting strains within the Museum’s history. TREE celebrates human effort, secular science and reason – but it also evokes long- standing mythological traditions to inspire reverence and remind us of our humble place in this world.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Variety Rights Summary Plant Variety Rights Summary
    Plant Variety Rights Summary Plant Variety Rights Summary Table of Contents Australia ................................................................................................ 1 China .................................................................................................... 9 Indonesia ............................................................................................ 19 Japan .................................................................................................. 28 Malaysia .............................................................................................. 36 Vietnam ............................................................................................... 46 European Union .................................................................................. 56 Russia ................................................................................................. 65 Switzerland ......................................................................................... 74 Turkey ................................................................................................. 83 Argentina ............................................................................................ 93 Brazil ................................................................................................. 102 Chile .................................................................................................. 112 Colombia ..........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Towards a Management Hierarchy (Classification) for the Catalogue of Life
    TOWARDS A MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY (CLASSIFICATION) FOR THE CATALOGUE OF LIFE Draft Discussion Document Rationale The Catalogue of Life partnership, comprising Species 2000 and ITIS (Integrated Taxonomic Information System), has the goal of achieving a comprehensive catalogue of all known species on Earth by the year 2011. The actual number of described species (after correction for synonyms) is not presently known but estimates suggest about 1.8 million species. The collaborative teams behind the Catalogue of Life need an agreed standard classification for these 1.8 million species, i.e. a working hierarchy for management purposes. This discussion document is intended to highlight some of the issues that need clarifying in order to achieve this goal beyond what we presently have. Concerning Classification Life’s diversity is classified into a hierarchy of categories. The best-known of these is the Kingdom. When Carl Linnaeus introduced his new “system of nature” in the 1750s ― Systema Naturae per Regna tria naturae, secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species …) ― he recognised three kingdoms, viz Plantae, Animalia, and a third kingdom for minerals that has long since been abandoned. As is evident from the title of his work, he introduced lower-level taxonomic categories, each successively nested in the other, named Class, Order, Genus, and Species. The most useful and innovative aspect of his system (which gave rise to the scientific discipline of Systematics) was the use of the binominal, comprising genus and species, that uniquely identified each species of organism. Linnaeus’s system has proven to be robust for some 250 years. The starting point for botanical names is his Species Plantarum, published in 1753, and that for zoological names is the tenth edition of the Systema Naturae published in 1758.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylum Arthropoda
    Phylum Arthropoda General Characteristics of phylum shared by members of all subphyla: -chitinous, hardened exoskeleton that must be shed to grow -obvious segmentation (metamerism) -paired, jointed appendages on many segments Subphylum: Trilobita body plan: head, thorax, pygidium compound eyes antennae mandibles for feeding? branched (biramous) lappendages respiration by gills? able to roll up like pill bugs once most common arthropod, now completely extinct Subphylum: Myriopoda (centipedes, millipedes) body plan: head, long trunk lack compound eyes single pair of antennae mandibles for feeding Major Groups : unbranched legs on most segments Chilopoda (centipedes) respiration by tracheae Diplopoda (millipedes) Subphylum Chelicerata: (spiders, horshoe crab, scorpions, mites, ticks) body plan: cephalothorax, abdomen most lack compound eyes no antennae Major Classes : chelicerae for feeding (no mandibles) Merostomata (horshoe crabs) four pairs of unbranched legs Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, mites & ticks) respiration by gills, book lungs, book gills or tracheae Pycnogonida (sea spiders) Subphylum Crustacea: (crabs, shrimp, crayfish, barnacles, pill bugs, water fleas) body plan: cephalothorax, abdomen, tail compound eyes two pairs of antennae Major Classes : mandibles for feeding Malacostraca (shrimp, crab, pill bugs, amphipods) branched (biramous) appendages Branchiopoda (water fleas, brine shrimp, fairy shrimp) respiration by gills Maxillipoda (copepods, seed shrimp, barnacles) only subphylum that is mostly aquatic Subphylum: Hexapoda (beetles, flies, bugs, crickets, mayflies, dragonflies, moths, wasps, etc.) body plan: head, thorax, abdomen compound eyes single pair of antennae mandibles for feeding three pairs of unbranched legs Major Groups : two pairs of wings Apterygota (wingless insects; springtails, silverfish) respiration by tracheae Pterygota (flying insects; dragonflies, butterflies, etc) includes only invertebrates that can fly.
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Working Party for Ornamental Plants and Forest Trees
    TWO/30/4 ORIGINAL: English DATE: March 12, 1997 INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF PLANTS GENEVA TECHNICAL WORKING PARTY FOR ORNAMENTAL PLANTS AND FOREST TREES Thirtieth Session Svendborg, Denmark, September 1 to 5, 1997 TESTING THE FIRST VARIETY IN A SPECIES AND THE IDENTIFICATION OF VARIETIES OF COMMON KNOWLEDGE Document prepared by experts from New Zealand n:\orgupov\shared\document\two\two27 to 37\30\30-04.doc TWO/30/4 page 2 TESTING THE FIRST VARIETY IN A SPECIES AND THE IDENTIFICATION OF VARIETIES OF COMMON KNOWLEDGE Chris Barnaby, Examiner of Fruit and Ornamental Varieties, Plant Variety Rights Office, P O Box 24, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand Introduction New Zealand has experienced a number of problems in the DUS testing of the first variety in a species. In particular, a variety belonging to a species that is not present in New Zealand. When a variety is claimed as a first variety in the species, it is assumed that there are no varieties of common knowledge. This probably will be correct from a national view, however from an international view there may be varieties of common knowledge. The problem then is should the overseas varieties be considered and if yes, how can they be accurately and practically utilized as varieties for comparative DUS testing? In the course of tackling this problem in New Zealand, more general problems associated with the identification of varieties of common knowledge for all varieties under test were identified. From reports at the TWO, other countries are encountering similar problems. This document is intended to generate discussion and perhaps some practical solutions that would be useful to all UPOV member States.
    [Show full text]
  • Animal Phylum Poster Porifera
    Phylum PORIFERA CNIDARIA PLATYHELMINTHES ANNELIDA MOLLUSCA ECHINODERMATA ARTHROPODA CHORDATA Hexactinellida -- glass (siliceous) Anthozoa -- corals and sea Turbellaria -- free-living or symbiotic Polychaetes -- segmented Gastopods -- snails and slugs Asteroidea -- starfish Trilobitomorpha -- tribolites (extinct) Urochordata -- tunicates Groups sponges anemones flatworms (Dugusia) bristleworms Bivalves -- clams, scallops, mussels Echinoidea -- sea urchins, sand Chelicerata Cephalochordata -- lancelets (organisms studied in detail in Demospongia -- spongin or Hydrazoa -- hydras, some corals Trematoda -- flukes (parasitic) Oligochaetes -- earthworms (Lumbricus) Cephalopods -- squid, octopus, dollars Arachnida -- spiders, scorpions Mixini -- hagfish siliceous sponges Xiphosura -- horseshoe crabs Bio1AL are underlined) Cubozoa -- box jellyfish, sea wasps Cestoda -- tapeworms (parasitic) Hirudinea -- leeches nautilus Holothuroidea -- sea cucumbers Petromyzontida -- lamprey Mandibulata Calcarea -- calcareous sponges Scyphozoa -- jellyfish, sea nettles Monogenea -- parasitic flatworms Polyplacophora -- chitons Ophiuroidea -- brittle stars Chondrichtyes -- sharks, skates Crustacea -- crustaceans (shrimp, crayfish Scleropongiae -- coralline or Crinoidea -- sea lily, feather stars Actinipterygia -- ray-finned fish tropical reef sponges Hexapoda -- insects (cockroach, fruit fly) Sarcopterygia -- lobed-finned fish Myriapoda Amphibia (frog, newt) Chilopoda -- centipedes Diplopoda -- millipedes Reptilia (snake, turtle) Aves (chicken, hummingbird) Mammalia
    [Show full text]
  • Fishes Scales & Tails Scale Types 1
    Phylum Chordata SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA Metameric chordates Linear series of cartilaginous or boney support (vertebrae) surrounding or replacing the notochord Expanded anterior portion of nervous system THE FISHES SCALES & TAILS SCALE TYPES 1. COSMOID (most primitive) First found on ostracaderm agnathans, thick & boney - composed of: Ganoine (enamel outer layer) Cosmine (thick under layer) Spongy bone Lamellar bone Perhaps selected for protection against eurypterids, but decreased flexibility 2. GANOID (primitive, still found on some living fish like gar) 3. PLACOID (old scale type found on the chondrichthyes) Dentine, tooth-like 4. CYCLOID (more recent scale type, found in modern osteichthyes) 5. CTENOID (most modern scale type, found in modern osteichthyes) TAILS HETEROCERCAL (primitive, still found on chondrichthyes) ABBREVIATED HETEROCERCAL (found on some primitive living fish like gar) DIPHYCERCAL (primitive, found on sarcopterygii) HOMOCERCAL (most modern, found on most modern osteichthyes) Agnatha (class) [connect the taxa] Cyclostomata (order) Placodermi Acanthodii (class) (class) Chondrichthyes (class) Osteichthyes (class) Actinopterygii (subclass) Sarcopterygii (subclass) Dipnoi (order) Crossopterygii (order) Ripidistia (suborder) Coelacanthiformes (suborder) Chondrostei (infra class) Holostei (infra class) Teleostei (infra class) CLASS AGNATHA ("without jaws") Most primitive - first fossils in Ordovician Bottom feeders, dorsal/ventral flattened Cosmoid scales (Ostracoderms) Pair of eyes + pineal eye - present in a few living fish and reptiles - regulates circadian rhythms Nine - seven gill pouches No paired appendages, medial nosril ORDER CYCLOSTOMATA (60 spp) Last living representatives - lampreys & hagfish Notochord not replaced by vertebrae Cartilaginous cranium, scaleless body Sea lamprey predaceous - horny teeth in buccal cavity & on tongue - secretes anti-coaggulant Lateral Line System No stomach or spleen 5 - 7 year life span - adults move into freshwater streams, spawn, & die.
    [Show full text]
  • The Arithmetic of Genus Two Curves Arxiv:1209.0439V3 [Math.AG] 6 Sep
    The arithmetic of genus two curves 1 T. SHASKA 2 Department of Mathematics, Oakland University L. BESHAJ 3 Department of Mathematics, University of Vlora. Abstract. Genus 2 curves have been an object of much mathematical interest since eighteenth century and continued interest to date. They have become an important tool in many algorithms in cryptographic applications, such as factoring large numbers, hyperelliptic curve cryp- tography, etc. Choosing genus 2 curves suitable for such applications is an important step of such algorithms. In existing algorithms often such curves are chosen using equations of moduli spaces of curves with decomposable Jacobians or Humbert surfaces. In these lectures we will cover basic properties of genus 2 curves, mod- uli spaces of (n,n)-decomposable Jacobians and Humbert surfaces, mod- ular polynomials of genus 2, Kummer surfaces, theta-functions and the arithmetic on the Jacobians of genus 2, and their applications to cryp- tography. The lectures are intended for graduate students in algebra, cryptography, and related areas. Keywords. genus two curves, moduli spaces, hyperelliptic curve cryptography, modular polynomials 1. Introduction Genus 2 curves are an important tool in many algorithms in cryptographic ap- plications, such as factoring large numbers, hyperelliptic curve cryptography, etc. arXiv:1209.0439v3 [math.AG] 6 Sep 2012 Choosing such genus 2 curves is an important step of such algorithms. Most of genus 2 cryptographic applications are based on the Kummer surface Ka;b;c;d. Choosing small a; b; c; d makes the arithmetic on the Jacobian very fast. However, only a small fraction of all choices of a; b; c; d are secure.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomy and Go Fish! Background
    Anatomy and Go Fish! Background Introduction It is important to properly identify fi sh for many reasons: to follow the rules and regulations, for protection against sharp teeth or protruding spines, for the safety of the fi sh, and for consumption or eating purposes. When identifying fi sh, scientists and anglers use specifi c vocabulary to describe external or outside body parts. These body parts are common to most fi sh. The difference in the body parts is what helps distinguish one fi sh from another, while their similarities are used to classify them into groups. There are approximately 29,000 fi sh species in the world. In order to identify each type of fi sh, scientists have grouped them according to their outside body parts, specifi cally the number and location of fi ns, and body shape. Classifi cation Using a system of classifi cation, scientists arrange all organisms into groups based on their similarities. The fi rst system of classifi cation was proposed in 1753 by Carolus Linnaeus. Linnaeus believed that each organism should have a binomial name, genus and species, with species being the smallest organization unit of life. Using Linnaeus’ system as a guide, scientists created a hierarchical system known as taxonomic classifi cation, in which organisms are classifi ed into groups based on their similarities. This hierarchical system moves from largest and most general to smallest and most specifi c: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. {See Figure 1. Taxonomic Classifi cation Pyramid}. For example, fi sh belong to the kingdom Animalia, the phylum Chordata, and from there are grouped more specifi cally into several classes, orders, families, and thousands of genus and species.
    [Show full text]