Sociolinguistics (Code: Code Switching and Code Mixing)

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SOCIOLINGUISTICS (CODE: CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING)

Trisna Dinillah Harya Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Metro [email protected]

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to know the study of sociolinguistic in linguistics. Sociolinguistic is study that is concerned in the relationship between language and society with the goal of a better understanding of the structure of language and of how languages function in communication. In language, there is a code. A code is a system that is used by people to communicate with each other. When people want to talk each other, they have to choose a particular code to express their feeling. Related of it, this paper is written based on two points of code namely code switching and code mixing as a means of language variation in sociolinguistic, and it is used in daily activities. Person sometimes mix or switch their language when they communicate to the others both in bilingualism and multilingualism. Bilingual (bilingualism) is a person who uses two languages, while multilingual (multilingualism) is a person who uses more than a language. In other words, there is a situation where speaker deliberately change a code being used, namely code switching from one language to another language, or the situation where the people mix two languages when they speak or communicate with the other.

Keywords: bilingual, multilingual, code, code switching, code mixing

Abstrak: Tujuan dari artikel ini adalah untuk mengetahui kajian tentang sosiolinguistik dalam linguistik. Sosiolinguistik adalah ilmu mengenai hubungan antara bahasa dan masyarakat dengan tujuan pemahaman yang lebih baik dari struktur bahasa dan bagaimana bahasa itu berfungsi dalam komunikasi. Dalam bahasa, kita mengenal kode. Kode merupakan cara yang digunakan oleh orang-orang untuk berkomunikasi satu sama lain. Ketika orang ingin berbicara satu sama lain, mereka harus memilih kode tertentu untuk mengekspresikan perasaan mereka. Terkait dengan hal itu, artikel ini ditulis berdasarkan dua poin kode yaitu alih kode dan campur kode sebagai sarana variasi bahasa di sosiolinguistik, dan digunakan dalam kegiatan sehari-hari. Terkadang orang mencampur atau mengalihkan bahasa mereka ketika mereka berkomunikasi dengan orang lain baik dalam bilingualisme dan multibahasa. Bilingual (bilingualisme) adalah orang yang menggunakan dua bahasa, sementara multibahasa adalah orang yang menggunakan lebih dari satu bahasa. Dengan kata lain, ada situasi di mana sipembicara sengaja mengubah kode yang digunakan, yaitu pengalihan kode dari satu bahasa ke bahasa lain, atau situasi di mana orang-orang mencampur dua bahasa ketika mereka berbicara atau berkomunikasi dengan yang lain.

Kata Kunci: bilingual, multilingual, code, code switching, code mixing

Sociolinguistics (Code: Code Switching and Code Mixing)

INTRODUCTION The people usually choose different Society impinges on language, and codes in different situation. They may language impinges on the society. Hence, choose a particular code or variety there must be a relationship existing because it makes them easier discuss a between language and society. The particular topic, regardless where they are interdependency of these two entities, speaking. When talking about work or Language and society led to the school at home, for instance, they may study of sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics use the language that related to those is concerned with investigating the fields rather than the language used in relationship between language and society daily language communication at home. with the goal of a better understanding of Put simply, when choose code, they the structure of language and of how sometimes mix or switch their language languages function in communication. It when they communicate to the others. We is the study of all aspects of linguistics can see in bilingualism and applied towards the connections between multilingualism. Bilingualism is use two language and society, and the way we use languages (for example using Indonesian it in different language situations. and Javanese). However, defining Language is seen as a unifying force bilingualism is problematic since and a common ground among various individuals with varying bilingual people through which effective characteristics may be classified as communication is carried out. Language bilingual. While, a person called has an important part in human life and themselves as bilingualism when they has several usages for human as a mean of used more than two language (for communication and interaction in example using Indonesian, Javanese and community life. It means that language is English) in their communication. Both in a key of communication in connecting the bilingual or multilingual, sometimes they people, without a good language we mix or switch their language. would be unable to express our thoughts, As for code mixing, it occurs when ideas, feeling and we would not be able to the people incorporate small units (words share our knowledge. Based on that or short phrases) from one language to statement above, we can indicate that it is another one. It is often unintentional and impossible for the people to live together is often in word level. People can see that without communication. in code mixing, you do not alternate the Sometimes people want to whole sentence, but people only use one communicate only to certain people or word or two. This often happen community they belong to. To avoid the unintentionally, sometimes the people other community or people interfering have a bunch of lexicons that get jumbled their communication, they may try to in your brain, and person often use more exclude those people by using the than one language, but we do not realize language that not everybody it. knows/masters. A code is a system that is Based on the explanation about, the used by people to communicate with each purpose of this paper is to find out the other. When people want to talk each definition of code both code mixing and other, they have to choose a particular code switching from many experts, the code to express their feeling. It is a kinds and the example of both code symbol that is used by people to speak or mixing and code switching which is used communicate in a particular language, or by the people in their daily activities and dialect, or register, or accent, or style on conversation, also discuss about the different occasions and for different reason both bilingual or multilingual purposes of communication. switch or mix their language.

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DISCUSSION feeling. The code is a particular language, There are some concepts that dialect, style, register or variety. consist of definitions, kinds or types, According to Crystal (1987), code is example, and the other explanation that a set of conventions for converting one related to the topic of paper, they are as signaling system into another. In other following: words, a code is a system of rules that Code allow us to give in formation in symbolic People usually choose different cod form. Human language is also a code; es in different situation. They may choose consists of words that represent ideas, a particular code or variety because it events, and objects. When it put together makes them easier to discuss a particular in certain circumstances, it will help us to topic, regardless where they are speaking. communicate. It is likes system that is used by people to The term code refers to speech communicate with each other. When varieties or dialects in a language or even people want to talk each other, they have languages. This is widely used in the field to choose a particular code to express of linguistics, and it is studied always in a their feeling. It is a symbol of nationalism social context. Further, it is a signal used that is used by people to speak or by the speaker to convey some message. communicate in a particular language, or Richards Jack, et al., (1985) added that dialect, or register, or accent, or style on the term 'code switching' means switching different occasions and for different from one language variety to another purposes of communication. when the situation demands. In Sociolinguistics, code refers to a From those opinions of language or a variety of language. The the code given by many linguists abov term is useful because it is neutral. This e, we can make conclusion that a term is mainly used as a neutral label for code can be said as a language. The any system of communication involving code is a form of the language variation language and which avoids the that is used by a society to make sociolinguist having to commit himself to communication with other people. such terms as dialects, language or variety, which have special status in his Code-Switching theories. Many experts of linguistic give Wardaugh, (1998) also maintains definitions of cases code – switching. It is that a code can be defined as “a system give clarity needed to understand to us used for communication between two or about concept of meaning code- more parties used on any occasions.” switching. They are as following: When two or more people communicate Wardaugh, (1998) says a code switching with each other in speech, we can call the is a conversational strategy used to system of communication that they establish, cross or destroy group employ a code. boundaries; to create, to evoke or change Therefore, people are usually requir interpersonal relations with their rights ed to select a particular code whenever and obligation. And the metaphorical they choose to speak, and code – switching happens when there is a they may also decide to switch from o change in the perception, or the purpose, na code to another or to mix codes, or the topic of the conversation. In sometimes in very short utterances and it reference, with the factors, this type of means to. A code is a system that is used switching involves the Ends, the Act by people to communicate. When people Sequences, or the Key, but not the want to talk to each other, they have to situation. choose a particular code to express their

Sociolinguistics (Code: Code Switching and Code Mixing)

Hymess, (1986) also define code- lexicalization‟. It suggested that language switching has become a common term for or code choice in communities where alternate use of two or more language, or bilingualism or multilingualism is the varieties of language, or even speech norm should be analyzed in the context style. He mentions that code- switching is where the speech is produced. While the use of more than one language by Arifin, (2011) notes that three contextual communicants in the execution of a factors should be taken into account: 1) speech act. the relationship amongst speakers; 2) the According to Victoria and Rodman, setting where the talk takes place and; 3) (1983) code switching is a term in the topic being discussed. linguistics referring to using more than From the definitions above, it is one language or dialect in conversation. learned that code- switching is found Code-switching can be distinguished from more with bilingual or multilingual other language contact phenomena such speakers. Code- switching should be as loan translation (calques), borrowing, found in a single conversation. In other pidgins and creoles, and transfer or words, there is a situation where speaker interference. deliberately change a code being used, According to Myres and Scotton, namely by switching from one to another. (1993) the most general definition of code Yusuf, (2009) added “since English switching is this: the use of two language has gained the status as the world lingua varieties in the same conversation. Code- franca, there are lots of bilingual or switching can be distinguished from other multilingual speakers who do code – language contact phenomena such as loan switching from their native language or translation (calques), borrowing, pidgins mother tongue to English.” The first and creoles, and transfer or interference. example of code- switching below In this respect, he notes that not only involves „ showing language expertise „ contextual factors play a role in the code factor which is possibly combined with choice, but factors such as social identity the factor of „ raising status „. The other and educational background also affect examples are interpreted to be likely to the speaker‟s choice of code. entail other factors as well in addition to Fischer (1972: 85) suggests that code those factors. switching or inter-sentential code- An Indonesian bilingual switches alternation occurs when a bilingual from Indonesian to English, for the speaker uses more than one language in a example: single utterance above the clause level to Jangan lupa ya, it’s really hot and appropriately convey his/her intents. That absolutely gorgeous. Kamu pasti puas. language or code choice in communities David, (2008: 75-87) states that where bilingualism or multilingualism is cases of code- switching as above can be the norm should be analyzed in the classified in accordance with two context where the speech is produced. different classifications we called here, Ahmad (2009) also states that code they are grammatical and contextual mixing also called intra-sentential code classification. The grammatical switching or intra-sentential code- classification of code- switching is based alternation occurs when speakers use two on where in the sentence or utterance the or more languages below clause level switching appears while the contextual within one social situation. classification of code-switching is based Patterns of code switching are found on the reason why a bilingual switches. to be different from one another because The grammatical classification of several distinct processes such as result in three types of code- switching, „insertion‟, „alternation‟ and „congruent namely tag-code-switching, inter-

Trisna Dinillah Harya LENTERA: Jurnal Ilmiah Kependidikan, Vol. 11 (2018) 87-98 sentential code- switching, and intra- and multilingualism. Anyone who can sentential code-switching. speak more than one language chooses the language according to the circumstances Tag code- switching. in which the language will be A tag code-switching happens when comprehensible to the person addressed. a bilingual inserts short expressions (tag) A bilingual speaker tends to switch from different language at the end of rapidly from one language to another, in a his/her utterances. For example: certain condition and for certain reason. It An Indonesian bilingual switches occurs when environment forces the from English to Indonesian. speaker to switch his language into It’s okay, no problem, ya nggak? another that he has mastered well. Inter-sentential code-switching. An inter-sentential code-switching Code- Mixing happens when there is a complete The other phenomenon closely sentence in a foreign language uttered related to code switching is code mixing. between two sentences in a base Many experts of linguistic give language. definitions of cases code – mixing. It is An Indonesian bilingual switches give clarity needed to understand to us from Indonesian to English. about concept of meaning code- mixing. Ini lagu lama, tahun 60an. It’s oldies They are as following: but goodies, they say. Tapi masih enak Wardhaugh, (1998) states that code kok didengerin. mixing occurs when conversant use both Intra- sentential code-switching. languages together to the extent that they An intra-sentential switching is change from one language to the other in found when a word, a phrase, or a clause, the course of a single utterance. It means of a foreign language is found within the that the conversant just change some of sentence in a base language. There are the elements in their utterance. Code some example; mixing takes place without a change of An English bilingual switches from topic and can involve various levels of English to French, for example; language, e.g., morphology and lexical The hotel, il est grand, is really huge items. and unbelievably majestic. The concept of code – mixing is Unlike the grammatical used to refer to a more general form of classification, which is based on the language contact that may include cases position of the different code found in the of code-switching and the other form of utterances, the contextual classification is contacts which emphasizes the lexical based on the reason why people switch. items. This definition is found in the The classification divides two types of following excerpt. Muysken, (2000) code- switching, namely the situational defines that the term code-mixing to refer and metaphorical code- switching. to all cases where lexical item and Where a situational or contextual grammatical features from two languages code – switching appears when there is a appear in one sentence. And he also change in the situation that causes the defines in code- mixing pieces of one bilingual switches from one code to the language are used while a speaker is other. In regard to the factors of choosing basically using another language. a code suggested by Hymess, (1986) the While Gumperz (1982) defines in changing situations involved could be the code- mixing pieces of one language are settings, the participants, or the Norms of used while a speaker is basically using interaction. Code switching is the another language. The concept of code – inevitable consequence of bilingualism mixing is used to refer to a more general

Sociolinguistics (Code: Code Switching and Code Mixing) form of language contact that may include communities. In relation to the language cases of code-switching and the other and social groups, code mixing is a form of contacts which emphasizes the phenomenon of bilingual or multilingual lexical items. It is a mix of code that society. Bilingual or multilingual speakers occurs when conversant uses both as involved persons in using two or more languages together to the extent they languages are involved with two or more change from one language to other in the cultures, and of course, it is not separated course of single utterance. from the result of the language use. The According to Suwito, (1983) in using of two or more languages, personal code mixing, we can see the borrowing or social group, commonly named elements of sentence from one language bilingualism or multilingualism. The to other language. The writer uses two result can be mentioned as “chaos” of the language or more language to state their language system. thought, instruction, message, and While, according to Nababan (1984) experiment in order to that readers can code mixing happens when people mix receive what the writer has expresses. The two languages (or more) languages in concept of code mixing is used to refer to such speech act or discourse without any a more general from of language contact force to do mixing codes. It is as the that may include cases of code switching process whereby speakers indulge in code and the other form of contact which switching between languages of such emphasizes the lexical items. David adds rapidity and density, even within that different from the above standpoint, sentences and phrases that are not code mixing is going to be distinguished possible to say at any given time which here from code switching. With an language they are speaking. emphasis on the different grammatical There are some factors, that cause items involved as well as the association people do code mixing according to Kim with situation and topic found in the case, (2006:43). Some of them are: Geetha (2010) states that the questions 1) Bilingualism. It cannot be avoided below suggest a theoretical different that the ability to use to speak more between code mixing and code. than one language is a basic factor In relation to the language and of code mixing. Most of the world‟s social groups, code mixing is a population is bilingual or phenomenon of bilingual or multilingual multilingual. society. Bilingual or multilingual speakers 2) Speaker and partner speaking. as involved persons in using two or more Communication is the process of languages are involved with two or more expressing ideas between two cultures, and of course, it is not separated participants of conversation. from the result of the language use. The Speaker needs partner speaking to using of two or more languages, personal communicate and code mixing or social group, commonly named could appear if both use and bilingualism or multilingualism. The understand it well. result can be mentioned as “chaos” of the 3) Social community. An individual language system. Additionally, in code lives and cooperates in one mixing situation, to keep the speaker‟s community either in monolingual or prestige can be mentioned, because there bilingual community. Now most are no proper words to express the communities are bilingual that use speaker‟s mean. Code-mixing involves two languages in their interactions. the use of a Language 1 word in a In this case, an individual will be Language 2 utterance- a common influenced by social community occurrence in bilingual or immigrant directly.

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4) Situation. Usually code mixing  Aku benar-benar busy hari occurs in relax or informal situation. ini. (Busy as code mixing of This situation is closer with daily word in the sentence) conversation and for writers is also  Semalam, maaf aku enggak describe as their habitual bisa datang ke pestamu, communication. because I have many duties. 5) Vocabulary. There is not (because I have many duties appropriate word or when there is a as code mixing of clause) lack of vocabulary in one language.  Tinggal follows up di dalam The inability to find an appropriate nanti. (Follow up as code word or expression in one language mixing of phrase in the makes people change the word or sentence). phrase from one to another language The sentence codes mixing in this and it can be combined together. study are in the following form: 6) Prestige. Globalization era has lead a) Declarative. In declarative, the people must able to speak more than subject and predicate have normal one language, especially English. word order. The sentence ends with For many young people code period in writing and drop in pitch mixing becomes awn style which is in speech. For Example: “I want to hoped to be modern and educational sleep now. Capek gara-gara tadi one. They mix language because of pagi.” prestige. b) Interrogative. Interrogative includes Bilingual speakers may utilize code yes/no question, WH (What, when, mixing as a marker in group identity in why, where, when) question, and various intra-group bilingual subject question. For Example: communities. It may occur because “Yan, baju yang kamu pilih apa? speakers want to show their solidarity and Green or blue?” familiarity each other. And in principle, c) Imperative. Imperative sentence code mixing is the mixing from one usually contain the imperative of a language into the structure of other verb. “The imperative is used in language such as word, phrase, clause, request which according to and even sentence from a cooperative circumstances may range from activity where the participants in order to brusque commands to humble infer what is intended. In this case code entreaties, the tone generally mixing involves components of language serving as key to the exact meaning. such as word, phrase, clause, and even For Example: “Hurry up!! Aku mau sentence in the same utterance. pake motornya” According to Siregar (1996: 50), Based on the example above, it can code mixing divided into two kinds, intra- be seen that those are code mixing sentential mixing and extra-sentential sentences with single word, single clause, mixing. and single phrase. 1) Intra-sentential mixing 2) Extra-sentential mixing Intra-sentential mixing may range Normally extra-sentential mixing from the alternation of single words or occurs between sentences. Because it phrases to clauses within a single occurs at sentence boundaries, it requires sentence or utterance. Below some less complex syntactic interaction examples of code mixing in English- between two languages involved in code Indonesia: mixing. Code mixing divided in two kinds; such as Inner Code Mixing is that stemming from original language with all

Sociolinguistics (Code: Code Switching and Code Mixing) variation and outer Code Mixing is that Disana gak comfort gitu stemming from foreign language. Code Notime for study, soalnya mixing has some form; 1) word insertion pulang sekolah gak bisa (in fixation), 2) phrase insertion, 3) clause istirahat. Banyak kerjaan insertion, 4) expression/ idiom insertion, mau tiduran aja ga bisa. and 5) baster insertion (combining of Segen sama yang punya original and foreign language). rumah. Muysken (2000) explained more Teacher : Everyday? that code mixing is typically divided into Kasih : Iya, everyday. Malemnya three main types insertion (word or when I sleepy ya ga bisa phrase), alternation (clause) and belajar. Planning-nya sih congruent lexicalization (dialect) and the mau pindah gitu. most common occurrence of code mixing Mungkin next month, sir. variants in society is insertional code mixing. He suggests that there are three c) Congruent lexicalization of material main patterns of intra-sentential code from different lexical inventories mixing which may be found in bilingual into a shared grammatical structure. speech community – insertion, It is also the influence of dialect alternation, and congruent lexicalization. within language use. In another hand, the types of code mixing Example in Netherlands language. are: Gee mi een kiss (Give me a kiss) a) Insertion of material (lexical items Congruent lexicalization is most or entire constituents) from one often present in mixing between language into a structure of the dialects and between languages, other language. Insertion is the which are close to each other in constraint in the terms of structural structure. properties of some base or matrix With the scope as found in the structure. The process of code quotation, code-mixing can be used to mixing is conceived as something identify almost any linguistic mixed skin to borrowing and insertion of forms resulting from language contacts. an alien lexical or phrasal category Within this, there are three forms of into a given structure. The language contacts defined, namely difference is simply the size and alternation, which is roughly similar with type of element inserted – noun, code- switching, insertion, which refers to adjective, verb, and the like. the use of lexical items or entire For example: “Jangan suka nge- constituents from a foreign language. claim orang lainlah." (note that Reason to Switch or Mix the Languages "claim" is the English word inserted The people surely also have reasons in the Indonesian utterance). why he or she switches their native b) Alternation between structures from language into English. Saville-Troike languages. Alternation is the (1986: 69) states that reasons for constraint of mixing in terms of bilinguals or multi-linguals to switch or compatibility or equivalence of the mix their languages. They are: languages involved at the mix point, 1) To soften or strengthen request or and clause. For example in command dialogue: For Indonesian people, mixing and Teacher : What‟s your activities at switching bahasa Indonesia into home? English can also soften a request Kasih : Activities, e....saya because English is not their native sekarang kan kost pak. tongue so it does not sound as direct as

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bahasa Indonesia. However, code some well-known figures. In mixing and code switching can also Indonesian, those well-known strengthen a command since the figures are mostly from some speaker can feel more powerful than English-speaking countries. Then, the listener because he/she can use a because many of the Indonesian language that not everybody can. people nowadays are good at 2) Because of real lexical need English, those famous expressions The most common reason for or sayings can be quoted intact in bilinguals to switch or mix their their original language. languages is due to the lack of 3) Being emphatic about something equivalent lexicon in the languages. Usually, when someone who is When an English-Indonesian bilingual talking using a language that is not has a word that is lacking in English, his native tongue suddenly wants to he will find it easier to say it in bahasa be emphatic about something, Indonesia. And vice versa, when he/she, either intentionally or he/she has a word that is lacking in unintentionally, will switch from his bahasa Indonesia, he/she will use the second language to his first English term. If it putted Indonesian, language. Or, on the other hand, the meaning will be hazy/ vague, and there are some cases where people sometime it would not practice. For feel more convenient to be emphatic example, in Indonesia, the technical in their second language rather than topics are firmly associated English in their first language. and the topic itself can trigger a switch 4) Interjection (Inserting sentence or mix to/with English. fillers or sentence connectors) 3) To exclude other people when a Language switching and language comment is intended for only a limited mixing among bilingual or audience multilingual people can sometimes Sometimes people want to mark an interjection or sentence communicate only to certain people or connector. It may happen community they belong to. To avoid unintentionally or intentionally. the other community or people 5) Repetition used for clarification interfering their communication, they When a bilingual wants to clarify may try to exclude those people by his/her speech so that it will be using the language that not everybody understood more by the listener, knows. he/she can sometimes use both of Here are the reasons for bilinguals the languages that he masters saying or multilingual to switch or mix their the same utterance (the utterance is languages according to Hoffman said repeatedly). (1991:116): 6) Intention of clarifying the speech 1) Talking about a particular topic content for interlocutor People sometimes prefer to talk When bilingual talks to another about a particular topic in one bilingual, there will be lots of code language rather than in another. switching and code mixing occurs. Sometimes, a speaker feels free and It means to make the content of more comfortable to express their his/her speech runs smoothly and emotional feelings in a language can be understood by the hearer. that is not their everyday language. 7) Expressing group identity 2) Quoting somebody else Code switching and code mixing People sometimes like to quote a can also be used to express group famous expression or saying of identity. As it has been mentioned

Sociolinguistics (Code: Code Switching and Code Mixing)

previously, the way of "alih kode" and code mixing (campur communication of academic people kode) will inevitably occur. When you in their disciplinary groupings, are alternate between two (or more) obviously different from other languages during your speech with groups. In other words, the way of another bilingual person that means you communication of one community have code-switched. is different from the people who are Now we can see the difference out of the community. between code switching and code mixing. When you change language intentionally Differences Between Code Switching and you do it because of specific purposes and Code Mixing (e.g. the presence of third person that does From the explanation above, the not share the same language, or the difference between code mixing and code change of topic or situation), in other switching can be inferred. First, in code word the switch is functional, that means mixing, bilingual speakers seem to apply you code-switch. When you insert a piece some foreign words or phrases (pieces of of word other than that of your language, one language smaller than clause) while and you have no specific purpose or the other language (code) functions as the intention when doing that means you base. Second bilingual speakers are said code-mix. to code mixing (but not switch from one to another) when there is no topic that CONCLUSION changes, nor does the situation. At the beginning of this paper has Fasold (1996:192) explains one been described about sociolinguistics, the criterion to different code switching and study of language and society, which is code mixing. One creation that is concerned with investigating the sometimes offered to distinguish relationship between language and society switching from mixing is that the with the goal of a better understanding of grammar of the clause determines the the structure of language and of how language. By this criterion, if a person languages function in communication. In uses a word or a phrase from another sociolinguistic, there is language variation language, he has mixed, not switched. But include code. Code refers to a language or if one clause has the grammatical a variety of language. It is a system that is structure of one language and the next is used by people to communicate with each constructed according to the grammar of other. When people want to talk each another create a code. other, they have to choose a particular Code switching and code mixing code to express their is a symbol of living in a bilingual (or multilingual) nationalism that is used by people to community forces people to be able to speak or communicate in a particular speak in at least two different languages. language for different purposes of We will take Javanese as a case in point. communication (both spoken and Javanese people can speak Javanese, their written). Code is divided by two, namely mother tongue, and Indonesian as their code switching and code mixing. Code secondary or national language at a switching and code mixing living in a minimum. It is possible to find them bilingual (or multilingual) community speaking foreign languages too. As people forces people to be able to speak or have to speak different languages (or communicate in at least two different follow different speech levels; i.e. ngoko languages. Code switching is switching or krama in Javanese language) for the situation from one code to another. If different reasons, the so-called linguistic a speaker firstly uses code A (language) phenomena of code switching (you call it then she/he changes the code to code B

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(other language). While code mixing is Fasold. R. (1996). The Sociolinguistic of mixing two language or use both language Society. Oxford: Blackwell together to in single utterance. Publisher. Related to the topic and concept of paper, we can see that both code Geetha, V & Kamatchi, B. (2010). “Code switching and code mixing can be seen Mixing and Code Switching in both in written and spoken / oral Tamil Proverbs” Language in India language. In written language, can be Journal, www.languageinindia.com. found in newsletter, magazine, novel, Vol.10, No. 5, May 2010. short story etc. While in spoken/ oral language, we can find in TV program, Gumperz, J.J. (1982). Discourse radio, song, movie, teaching and learning Strategies: Studies in Interactional process etc. In these activities, the person Sociolinguistics 1. New York: as a bilingual or multilingual and use two Cambridge University Press. or more languages, for example: Indonesian, English and regional Hymess, Dell. (1986). Directions in language. Even, code switching and code Sociolinguistic: The Ethnography of mixing many used in technology, for Communication. Oxford: Basil example in internet, in social networking Blackwell. (facebook and Blackberry Messenger). Hoffman, C. (1991). An Introduction to REFERENCES Bilingualism. New York: Longman. Ahmad, B.H. (2009). “Teachers’ Code- Switching in Classroom Instructions Kim, E. (2006). “Reasons and for Low English Proficient Motivations for Code-Mixing and Learners” English Language Code-Switching” TESOL Journal. Teaching Journal. http://www.tesol-journal.com. www.ccsnet.org/journal.html. Vol. Vol.4, No.1, 2006. 2, No.2, 2009. Muysken, Pieter. (2000). Bilingual Ariffin, K & Husin, M S. (2011). “Code- Speech: A Typology of Code- switching and Code-mixing of Mixing. Cambridge: Cambridge . English and Bahasa Malaysia in University Press, 2000. Content-Based Classrooms: Frequency and Attitudes” Linguistic Myers Scotton, Carol. (1993). Social Journal. http://www.linguistics- Motivations of Codeswitching. journal.com_June-2011. Vol.5, Oxford: Clarendon.

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