Monograph Series on LANGUAGES and LINGUISTICS umber 15 • 1962 edited by E. D. Woodworth and R. J. Di Pietrc Raimonde Dallaire William Gage Paul L Garvin Paul M. Postal Eric P. Hamp, Moderator The Transformation Theory: Advantages and Disadvantages A. Richard Diebold, Jr. Code-Switching in Greek-English Bilingual Speech Einar Haugen Schizoglossia and the Linguistic Norm Colman L O'Huallachain, O.F.M. Bilingualism in Education in Ireland Norman A. McQuown Indian and Ladino Bilingualism: Sociocultural Contrasts in Chiapas, Mexico Fred W. Householder, Jr. Greek Diglossia William G. Moulton What Standard for Diglossia? The Case of German Switzerland William A. Stewart Functional Distribution of Creole and French in Haiti Charles A. Ferguson Problems of Teaching Languages with Diglossia KRAUS REPRINT CO. New York GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY 1971 INSTITUTE OF LANGUAGES AND LINGUISTICS Copyright © 1963 GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY PRESS THE INSTITUTE OF LANGUAGES AND LINGUISTICS GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 63-21238 Reprinted with the permission of the original publisher KRAUS REPRINT CO. A U.S. Division of Kraus-Thomson Organization Limited New York 1971 Printed in U.S.A. REPORT OF THE THIRTEENTH ANNUAL ROUND TABLE MEETING ON LINGUISTICS AND LANGUAGE STUDIES Elisabeth 3? Wobdworth Editor Robert J. DiJPietro Associate 5 GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY PRESS Washington, D. C. 20007 Copyright © 1963 GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY PRESS THE INSTITUTE OF LANGUAGES AND LINGUISTICS GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 63-21238 time to time the Institute of Languages and Linguistics, George- town University, 'publishes manu- scripts intended to contribute to the discipline of linguistics and to the study and teaching of languages. Manu- scripts should be addressed to: Dean Institute of Languages and Linguistics Georgetown University Washington, D. C. 20007 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Foreword __ vii INTRODUCTION Reverend Frank L. Fadner, S.J., Regent, Institute of Languages and Linguistics ix I. THE TRANSFORMATION THEORY: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES Panel—Raimonde Dallaire, William Gage, Paul L. Garvin, Paul M. Postal; Eric P. Hamp, Moderator 3 Discussion . 39 II. BILINGUALISM Code-Switching in Greek-English Bilingual Speech (Diebold) 53 Schizoglossia and the Linguistic Norm (Haugen) 63 Bilingualism in Education in Ireland (O'Huallachain) 75 Indian and Ladino Bilingualism: Sociocultural Contrasts in Chiapas, Mexico (McQuown) 85 III. NATIONAL LANGUAGES AND DIGLOSSIA Greek Diglossia (Householder) 109 What Standard for Diglossia? The Case of German Switzerland (Moulton) 133 Functional Distribution of Creole French in Haiti (Stewart) 149 Problems of Teaching Languages with Diglossia (Ferguson) 163 Appendix I Program of the Thirteenth Annual Round Table Meeting 181 Appendix II Index of Speakers.- 185 Appendix III Membership of the Thirteenth Annual Round Table Meeting... 186 v foreword The 13th Round Table Meeting brought a new feature to its program: the first session was a true Round Table discussion involv- ing four panel members and a moderator, with the Transformation Theory as the topic. The arguments and counter arguments became lively at times, and the editor has attempted to retain as much as possible of the vivid nature of that first session. Nevertheless, the account had to be edited and now contains verbatim renderings of the proceedings only to a limited degree. None of the linguistically- significant remarks have been omitted or altered except where it was necessary to make them more conformable to the standards of the Monograph Series. The papers presented in the other two sessions as well as the edited versions of the discussions which followed, are reproduced in full. The editor is happy to take this opportunity to thank the speak- ers who made the meeting a success—both the panel speakers and members of the audience who contributed questions and remarks. She also is indebted to the President of Georgetown University, The Very Reverend Edward B. Bunn, S.J., and to Dr. Robert Lado, Dean of the Institute of Languages and Linguistics, for their confidence, support and encouragement. She wishes to express her particular gratitude to her colleagues on the faculty of the Institute of Lan- guages and Linguistics and to staff members and students who helped loyally and generously to make the 13th Round Table Meet- ing worthy of its predecessors. ELISABETH DELORME WOODWORTH, Editor introduction Welcoming remarks by the REVEREND FRANK L. FADNER, S.J., Regent Institute of Languages and Linguistics Ladies and Gentlemen, Colleagues, Participants and Guests at George- town University's yearly Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Teaching: When your Chairman, Dr. Elisabeth Woodworth, to whom we are all indebted for the arrangement of this year's meeting with its captivating programme, wrote me in February reminding me of the forthcoming event, she began her remarks with a sigh: "A year passes so very quickly! Much faster than most of us like!" I agree with Dr. Woodworth's note of dismay at the rapid pas- sage of time which keeps us breathless in a race to keep from being overtaken unprepared. But I take issue with the implication that the flight of years necessarily brings regrets. Certainly this is not the case with the history of these most fruitful Round Table Meet- ings sponsored every year by our Institute of Languages and Lin- guistics. This is the thirteenth such venture, and looking back we cannot help but be impressed by the quantity of things we have learned here. The subjects have ranged from the practical evalua- tion of our Country's need for language study, the relation of Lin- guistic Science to educational psychology and classroom guidance, anthropology and the humanities, valuable speculation on meaning and language structure, language and culture, to the technicalities of Machine Translation. Certainly, it has been salutary for us to grow increasingly aware of our human smallness and our effective- ness in the awesome expanding universe of the Renaissance in which we now live. And certainly, this year we look forward to the next few hours which will be given over to the aspects, implications and possibilities of bilingualism. Some may complacently reflect on the present-day universality of the English language to which we were born—a tongue employed by a mere handful of a million and a half a bare nine centuries ago. Some may come up with the objection that the winning genius of our mode of speech -nakes a consideration of bil- ingualism and diglossia an impractical speculation, until they realize that each of us as a human being, in the very pursuit of universality itself, is called, somehow or other, to be another man, to know an- other world, to become "all things to all men." Your Chairman asked me for "a few welcoming words." They tell me that this great word welcome is the old Anglo-Saxon com- pound meaning literally a guest who comes so as to please another's will. In the name of the President and the Board of Directors of Georgetown University I call all of you here on these premises this morning just that. By way of an invocation, if you want, I think we should all ask the Almighty Father of us all and the source of all our wisdom to inspire us in these days of thoughtful dehberation. That is the enthusiastic wish of your hosts in these halls. PANEL I THE TRANSFORMATION THEORY: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES THE TRANSFORMATION THEORY PANEL RAIMONDE DALLATBE (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) WILLIAM W. GAGE (Center for Applied Linguistics) PAUL L. GARVTJST (Thompson Ramo Wooldrige, Inc.) PAUL M. POSTAL (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Moderator: ERIC P. HAMP (University of Chicago) MR. HAMP: Mr. Postal is going to give us a presentation which will deal with the aims of linguistics and the rationale of generative grammars. And then, after that, we will have a free discussion on the part of the panel. MR. POSTAL: I should like to begin by trying to embed the dis- cussion of the ideas of this session within the matrix of the develop- ment of grammatical studies in recent years as I see it. This descrip- tion is necessarily skeletal and oversimplified. Two questions have been systematically confused in almost all critical discussions of the topic of this panel. One is the question of whether adequate linguistic description must take the form of a generative grammar. The other is the question of whether an ade- quate theory of generative grammar must necessarily utilize trans- formational devices. One cannot really appreciate the second ques- tion unless one realizes that the answer to the first question must be 'yes*. Since this is not generally accepted, I should like to devote the following remarks to this point- We can note historically two different traditions of grammatical description. Traditional grammar had a significant aim, namely, to correctly describe the construction of properly formed sentences in the language under description. To this end it utilized various forms of rule, implicit and explicit, the best known of which are the ex- ample inflectional paradigms. Methodology was given almost no attention. From the point of view of serious linguistic theory, tra- ditional grammar was unsuccessful because of two fundamental flaws. First, traditional grammars do not in fact begin to tell one how to construct all and only the sentences in the language being described. Instead, they provide a few analyzed examples, a large set of sample paradigms, and a collection of typical word patterns often supplemented by many example-sentences. Most of the work of actually constructing sentences is left to the linguistic abilities of the intelligent reader. But it is just these abilities that we are interested in explaining in linguistics. And by depending on these in an essential way, traditional grammar fails to characterize or ex- plain them, and thus the ability of speakers to produce and under- stand sentences is left a mystery.