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ISSN: 1979-4975 PROGRESSIVE Vol. XII, No. 2 September 2017

ANALYSIS OF TYPES CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING BY THE SIXTH PRESIDENT OF REPUBLIC INDONESIA‘S SPEECH AT THE NATIONAL OF INDEPENDENCE DAY

Ary Iswanto Wibowo1, Idah Yuniasih2, Fera Nelfianti3

1STIBA Nusa Mandiri Tangerang/Sastra Inggris [email protected]

2ASM BSI Jakarta/Sekretari [email protected]

3ASM BSI Jakarta/Manajemen Administrasi [email protected]

Abstract - This research aimed to describe the use of code switching and code mixing in the speech of the spoken . The research used qualitative research. Data were collected from script documented and grounded theories to roll out several types of code switching and code mixing. In collecting data for the research, writer took a few steps such as, observing and reviewing the speech, and choosing the sentences containing code mixing and code switching. The theories were applied into object of the research that is former President of Republic Indonesia, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono‘s speech. As an official authority, the writer was attracted to analyze his speech during commemoration of 65th Independence Day. The result of this research found that the speech has categorized as kinds of code switching and code mixing. There were three types of code switching; tag, inter sentential, and intra sentential. In addition, there were also three types of code mixing that found in this research. They are insertion, alternation, and congruent lexicalization. Keywords: code switching, code mixing, speech

1. INTRODUCTION phenomenon situation investigated by a study of language called linguistic. In many parts of the world, human Sociolinguistic is one of field of being used more than one language to macro linguistic that study about the communication with each other. relationship between language and Indonesia is a one of the country which society, and how language is used in has multilingual is made up multilingual . Related of plurality of ethnic groups, cultures to the explanation, is and languages. So, it is common for the study of the development and the Indonesian people to speak with another level of use of language in society in language beside their mother language which there is a discussion about (mother tongue), , bilingual and multilingual languages. even a foreign language during their Actually, the concept of bilingualism communication in society. This and is the same.

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Bilingual and multilingual language is carefully the speeches of SBY, it can be regarding the use of state of more than found several English words, phrases, one language by a speaker when or clauses. There are many insertions of communicating with others. Moreover, English in SBY‘s speeches that in term of bilingualism and basically uses Bahasa. It is very multilingualism, code switching and interesting to be studied what types of code mixing often occur. Switch or mix code switching and code mixing in code a language into another language those speeches is. So, this is the reason is common situations in Indonesian why the writer interest to analyze it. people nowadays. It is happens in every Finally, the writer chooses —Analysis of gender, age, status and society. Code switching and Code mixing by Code switching and code mixing is The Sixth President of Republic the phenomena of code choice. The Indonesia‘s Speech at The National of code here means the way to expressing Independence Day“ as title in this something through the language using project. Furthermore, the writer hopes certain , , register or this research can give information about of language. Code switching and code code switching and code mixing mixing occurs in a daily life such as in phenomenon that happens in society conversations, an event like speeches, in life. a media (mass media and electronic The writer has found problems to be media), seminar, and so much more. discussed through this research. First, The writer chooses speeches, officials what the types of code switching and one to become the source or object in code mixing used in SBY‘s speech are this project. In this case, the speech is and the second is what the dominant from the former President of Indonesia, type of code switching and code mixing Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. found in SBY‘s speeches is. SBY is the sixth president of Furthermore, the writer also scoped and Republic Indonesia which is oftentimes limited his research by determining switch or mix his state‘s speech into types of code switching and code another language (especially in mixing and focusing on the sixty- English), whether a formal speech or an fifth commemoration Independence informal speech. The interesting one of Day by the sixth President of Republic the writer, when the writer reads Indonesia, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. structures and uses and the relationship between them, as well as into its 2. THEORETICAL REVIEW development through history and its

2.1 The Nature of Linguistic acquisition by children and adults. The Scholars have devised ways to scope of includes both language study human language, although there is structure (and its underlying grammatical still much more research to be done and competence) and language use (and its many mysteries to explore. The field of underlying communicative competence).“ scholarship that tries to answer how It could be said that the does language work is called linguistics. systematic research of human language Here are some definitions about including its structures, uses, and linguistics: relationship between human being. Another expert like Finegan Knowing a language also means (2012:22) explained that: knowing its structure and its use and —Linguistic is defines as the systematic how to use them appropriately. inquiry into human language into its

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In addition linguistic also meant explaining why we speak differently in the scientific study of language, is different social contexts, and they are informed by a long story of the study of concerned with identifying the social , and many of the ideas central functions of language and the ways it is to current linguistics theory go back to used to convey social meaning“. The ancient times Denham and Lobeck sociolinguistics is concerned with the (2010:18). This means that linguistic relationship between language and the theory is concerned with revealing the in which it is used. So, there is a nature of mental grammar which concern to explaining and identifying a represents speakers‘ knowledge of their language changes that spoken. language. On the other hand, Wardhaugh From some definitions above and Fuller (2015:1) state that linguistics is described anything related —Sociolinguistics is the study of our to language within the structure of everyday lives-how language works in language or the form of language. our casual conversations and the media Linguistic is a scientific discipline with we are exposed to, and the presence of established theories, analytic methods, societal norms, policies, and laws which and real-world applications. address language“. It means sociolinguistics is not a study of facts 2.2 The Nature of Sociolinguistic but the study of ideas about how Sociolinguistic is a field of member of a particular society may macro linguistics in linguistic study. influence the terms with our language Sociolinguistic is the study of the use. relation between language and society a 2.3. Code Switching and Code branch of both linguistics and Mixing . Sometime it called the Code or variety of language is . There are the the choice of words. By the existence of definitions of sociolinguistic from any the language varieties, some people sources: need to choose the code or interaction Wardhaugh (2006:13) says, strategy correctly to be used at random —Sociolinguistics is concerned with context. In this paper, the writer investigating the relationships between analyzes two types of code which are language and society with the goal code switching and code mixing that being a better understanding of the often occur in particular structure of language and how communication. In order, most of languages function in communication; Indonesian people have ability either to the equivalent goal in the sociology of speak and understand two languages or language is trying to discover how even more, they usually use more than social structure can be better understood one language to communicate with their through the study of language,..“ community. It shows that sociolinguistic 2.3.1. Code Switching investigates how social structure —Code switching is defines as influences the way people communicate the use of more than one language, and how language functioned in society. variety, or style by speaker within an Further on Holmes (2001:1) utterance or discourse, or between defines that —Sociolinguists study the different interlocutors or situations relationship between language and (Romaine, 1992:110)“. It means society. They are interested in switching the code occurs when there is

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more than one language in In this kind of code switching, tags, communication. The speaker uses his or exclamation and certain set phrases in her ability in another language, style, one language are inserted into an dialect or anything it served by the utterance otherwise in another, as when speaker depends on the addresses in a Panjabi/English says: —It‘s a nice day, different occasions. hana?“ (hai na? isn‘t it). The word According to Heller in Lowi —hana“ in Panjabi is as a tag. (2005), —Code switching is views as a 3) Establishing continuity with the bilingual/multilingual practice that is previous speaker used not only as a conversational tool, This kind of code switching occurs to but also as a way to establish, maintain continue the utterance of the previous and delineate ethnic boundaries and speaker, as when one Indonesian identities“. It means code switching is speaker speaks in English and then the not only to convey a conversations other speaker tries to respond in English activity, but also to coverage all aspect too. in society meaning. For example: According to Holmes (1992:50), Speaker 1 : What a traffic! We will —Code switching occurs when the get old in the road speaker shifted their language from one Speaker 2 : Yup, you are absolutely language to another. Code switching is right. Setiap hari maceeet. switched essentially between In these types of code switching, the sentences“. It means bilingual speakers changes of language occurs in the changes his or her utterance into another structure of clause or sentence language when they spoke. This boundary, insertion with tags, language changes may take a number of exclamation and certain set of phrases, different forms, including alteration of even the switch occurs to continue the sentences, phrases from both languages utterance of the previous speaker. succeeding each other and switching in Another discussion about types long narrative. of code switching according to 2.3.2. Types of Code Switching Poplack in Romaine (1995:122-123), Hoffman (1991:112) shows defines three main types of code some types of code switching based on switching which are: the juncture or the scope of switching 1. Tag switching, is simply the insertion where language take place, there are: of a tag in one language in an 1) Inter sentential code switching utterance which is entirely in the This kind of code switching occurs other language, e.g. you know, I between clause or sentence boundary, \mean, right? where each clause or sentence is in one 2. Inter sentential switching, involves a language or other, as when Spanish- significant amount of syntactic English bilingual says: —Tenias zapatos complexity and conformity to the blancos, un poco, they were off-white, rules of both languages; therefore you know“. speakers performing this kind of In this example, the guy first speaks in switching are usually fairly proficient Spanish and then switches the code in the participating languages. using English clause in the end of the 3. Intra sentential switching refers to the conversation. switching that occurs inside the same 2) Emblematic code switching clause or sentence which then contains elements of both languages.

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This type of switching appears to distinct grammatical (sub) system involve special principles governing across sentence boundaries within the how the and morphology of same speech even…code mixing is the both languages may interacted and embedding of various linguistic unit consequently adopted only by such as affixes (bound morphemes), bilinguals with high levels of words (unbound morphemes), phrases fluency. and clauses from a cooperative activity It is clearly seen that, in code where the participants, in order to infer switching, there is no adaptation or what is intended, must reconcile what integration of words or clauses from one they hear with what they understand. language into the other. What occurs is It means that the common thing simply a switch in the language. between these two codes is that the term 2.3.3. Code Mixing of code switching emphasizes switching According to Maschler in Grin, from one language to another, while the seminar paper (2006, 21 pages), defines term of code mixing often emphasizes code mixing or a mix code as —Using hybridization. two languages such a third, new code 2.3.4. Type of Code Mixing emerges, in which elements from the According to Suwito (1983:76), two languages are incorporated into a code mixing is divided into two types: structural definable pattern“. It means a) Inner code mixing, in which happens the code mixing hypothesis states that because elements insertion from when two code switched languages original language with all its constitute the appearance of a third code . it has structural characteristics special to b) Outer code mixing, in which occurs that new code. because of elements insertion Hoffman in the book of stemming from foreign language. Introduction to Bilingualism identifies a It means that the first language of few reasons for people to do code the speaker in this case, national mixing. As Habib (2014:8-9), cites language is inserted with his or her own —These reasons are talking about a language (original language) or inserted particular topic, quoting somebody else, with a foreign language from the being emphatic about something, speaker background. inserting sentence fillers (interjection), Types of code mixing, according to repetition use for clarification, Muysken (2000:1) divided into three expressing group identity, main types: softening/strengthening request, 1. Insertion (word phrase) excluding other people when a Approaching that depart from the comment is intended for only a limited notion of insertion new to constraint in audience, and because of real lexical term of the structural properties some need“. It defines that code mixing base or matrix structures. Here the served some reason for people to do process of code mixing is conceived as code mixing. People involved in something borrowing. For example, conversation and the context where the nanti siang jadi meeting di mana? conversation is taken place. 2. Alternation Bokamba as cited in Bima (2012): Approaches departing from Code mixing is defines both concept alternation view the constraint on thus: Code switching is the mixing of mixing in terms of capability or words, phrases and sentences from two equivalence of the language involved at

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the switch point. Example such English- then, whether insertion, alternation or Indonesian, —ngeprint berapa lembar congruent lexicalization have to do with sih, butuhnya“. the linguistic typology of the language 3. Congruent lexicalization (dialect) involved. The notion of congruent Based on the types of code lexicalization underlies the study of mixing above, the code which involves style shifting and dialect/standard in language is on the form of pieces variation rather than bilingual language (words or phrases) and the code does use proper. For example, —hey, how are not have automatic function of one you? I‘m Sam. Senang bertemu anda. language. Furthermore, one of these Nice to meet you. type or pattern will usually dominate, These three basic processes are though not necessarily to the exclusion constrained by different structural of other pattern or other type. conditions and in different ways in specific bilingual settings. Altogether, as documents of a diverse nature and 3. METHOD length. This does not mean that This research involves a qualitative data cannot produce valuable qualitative descriptive study, that results, but it does mean that processing produces descriptive data in the form of such sizeable and heterogenous datasets words written that taken by a script‘s can involve a lot of work. speech. As stated in Dörney (2007:19) —qualitative data which usually involves As mentioned before that recorded spoken data (for example, qualitative data is transformed into a interview data) that is transcribed to textual form œ for example, interview textual form as well as written (field) transcriptions-and the analysis is done notes and documents of various sorts“. primarily with words. Thus, qualitative data analysis is inherently a language- Data collecting came from based analysis. Dörney (2007:243) original speech transcript. It had been implied qualitative research is iterative, choosen and filtered based on the using a nonlinear, ”zigzag‘ pattern: w variables-stated (code mixing and code move back and forth between data mixing). In contrast with quantitative collection, data analysis and data data, the qualitative data is rather interpretation depending on the difficult to be collected. In qualitative emergent results. As Hesse-Biber and research there are no explicit restrictions Leavy (2006:370) point out, ”A little bit on what can be considered ”data‘ and as of data can go a long way in gathering Richards (2005) concludes, the meaning‘. From this explanation could researcher in qualitative project often be said that during analysis section, the starts out by treating everything around data may distract the researcher because topic as potential data. of the data are too much.

A serious problem in qualitative In analysis the writer used research can be too much data, which is grounded theory to elaborate the data. augmented by the fact that ”qualitative As explained by Dörney (2007:260), the data are messy records‘ usually main point about ”theory‘ is that consisting of a mixture of field notes, researchers should go beyond merely transcripts of various recordings as well describing or categorizing the target

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phnomenon and should offer some basic understanding of the principles, relationships, cause and /or motivs underlying it.

Table 3.1 Types of Code Switching and Code Mixing in the 65th Speech Script

Code Code No. Case Switching Mixing Type (CS) (CM) 1. check and balance Insertion of conjunction phrase √ 2. the quiet revolution Intra sentential (reiteration) √ 3. credit rating Insertion of noun phrase √ 4. top-down Intra sentential (reiteration) √ 5. change and continuity Intra sentential (reiteration) √ 6. de-bottlenecking Insertion of verb √ 7. short-term-ism Intra sentential (reiteration) √ 8. debottlenecking Insertion of verb √ 9. mind-set Intra sentential (reiteration) √ 10. pro-growth Intra sentential (reiteration) √ 11. pro-job √ Intra sentential (reiteration) 12. pro-poor √ Intra sentential (reiteration) 13. pro-environment √ Intra sentential (reiteration) 14. good governance Intra sentential (reiteration) √ 15. prosperity Intra sentential (reiteration) √ 16. development for all Intra sentential (reiteration) √ 17. Millennium Development Goals Intra sentential (untranslatability) √ 18. prudent Insertion of adjective √ 19. the driving force Intra sentential (reiteration) √ 20. justice for all Intra sentential (reiteration) √ 21. fair Insertion of adjective √ 22. all directions foreign policy Intra sentential (reiteration) √ 23. a million friends, zero enemy Intra sentential (reiteration) √ 24. harmony among civilizations Intra sentential (reiteration) √

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4. DISCUSSION 13) ...... …Kita harus bekerja lebih keras lagi untuk mencapai sasaran Millenium 4.1. Analysis of Data Development Goals (MDGs) yang telah th kita sepakati. Ke depan kita harus 4.1.1 Code Switching on the 65 sungguh… speech script 14) …...harus dapat menjadi kekuatan pendorong, the driving force, .... 1) ....…Tidak mengejutkan bila ada yang mengatakan bahwa ini sesungguhnya 15) Maknanya, keadilan harus diberikan untuk adalah revolusi diam-diam, atau —the quiet semua, justice for all. Meskipun demikian, revolution“. hukum harus pula…....

2) …Program anti-korupsi kita lakukan 16) ...... , kita kini dapat menempuh —politik secara sistematik, berkesinambungan, luar negeri ke segala arah“, atau —all mulai dari atas, top-down, directions foreign policy“…

3) …Reformasi Gelombang Kedua mempunyai 17) … Kita dapat mempunyai —sejuta kawan, aspek ganda: perubahan dan tanpa musuh“, —a million friends zero kesinambungan, change and continuity.… enemy“.

4) …Dan, karena demokrasi di manapun sering 18) …...... ,kita dapat berkontribusi mengakibatkan sindrom pemikiran jangka- untuk terciptanya kerukunan antar- pendek, atau short-term-ism,.... peradaban,—harmony among civilizations“, di Abad ke-21. 5) ...., tidak ada bangsa yang berhasil melakukan transformasi besar tanpa 4.1.2 Code mixing on the 65th speech dimulai dengan perubahan cara pandang, perubahan mind-set. script 6) ...... kita perlu terus secara 1) Dalam sepuluh tahun pertama…Kita telah kreatif dan cekatan mendapatkan peluang menciptakan sistem check and balances untuk meningkatkan pembangunan yang yang sehat antara lembaga legislatif, pro-pertuimbuhan, pro-growth,… eksekutif dan judikatif…

7) … pro-lapangan kerja, pro-job,… 2) ...... , cadangan devisa Indonesia kini 8) … pro-penurunan kemiskinan, pro-poor,… mencapai lebih dari US$78 miliar, rupiah terus stabil, angka kemiskinan terus 9) …...... dan pro-lingkungan, menurun, credit rating Indonesia terus pro-environment. membaik

10) ....., sehingga pegawai negeri benar-benar 3) .....100 hari Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu II, menjadi agen perbahan dalam menciptakan kita telah mengidentifikasi berbagai tata-kelola pemerintahan yang baik, good sumbatan, de-bottlenecking atas peraturan governance.,… perundangan yang menghambat...

11) Pilar pertama adalah kesejahteraan atau 4) Segala upaya percepatan, de-bottlenecking prosperity… ini akan sia-sia kalau kita tidak melakukan perubahan yang paling hakiki, perubahan 12) … Prinsip dasar kita adalah cara pandang. —Pembangunan untuk Semua“, Development for All. Tidak ada gunanya 5) ....., pemerintah akan terus melanjutkan pembangunan kalau… kebijakan makro-ekonomi yang terukur dan prudent. …

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From the table above shows that 6) Itulah pentingnya penegakan hukum yang code switching occurred 18 times in fair, yang tidak menaruh toleransi terhadap praktik mafia hukum dalam intra sentential switching. All code bentuk apapun. switching type which occurred in SBY‘s speech is intra sentential switching, non of inter sentential switching and emblematic or tag switching. President used kind of insertion-code 4.2. The Discussion of the Research mixing on his speech which occured six Findings times. While, the two others code mixing were not used. Table 4.1 The Result of Code Switching Frequent of type of code switching Table 4.2 The Result of Code Mixing The Inter Intra Tag Frequent of type of code mixing 65th Sentential Sentential The Insertion Alternation Congruent Script - - 18 65th lexicalization Speech Script 6 - - Speech The usage of code switching and code mixing had been delivered by the 5. CONCLUSION sixth President of Republic Indonesia‘s At the end of the result, the writer speech, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono at jumped into conclusion that The the sixty fifth commemoration President was likely to use intra independence day in the House of sentential types of code switching. From Representative (DPR). As the result, the the speech that he uttered, he probably writer found the data to be discussed. used the code of language to emphasize The dominant type of code switching the words that he said. As the was intra sentential. It was used by explanation mentioned, that intra eighteen times. The other two types sentential was simple utterance without were not used. any associate topic change. It appears as Another result finding was code a glance of translation or adopted onlly mixing. The President also used code by bilinguals with high level of fluency. mixing on his speech. In fact, The

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