Institute of the Estonian Language KNAB: Place Names Database 2012-10-11 Northern Thai / ᨣ0/ᨾ.ᩬᨦ Kam Mueang transliteration and romanization: KNAB 2012

I. Consonant characters

̄ ṭ 1 ᨠ k ka 17 ᨰ ’h tha 33 ᩀ y ya ̄ ṇ 2 ᨡ kh kha 18 ᨱ na 34 ᩁ r ha ̄ ̣ ̄ 3 ᨢ kh kha* 19 ᨲ t ta 35 ᩂ v lue ̄ 4 ᨣ k ka 20 ᨳ th tha 36 ᩃ l la ḳ 5 ᨤ h kha 21 ᨴ t ta 37 ᩄ ł lue 6 ᨥ kh kha 22 ᨵ th tha 38 ᩅ w wa ṣ̄ 7 ᨦ ng nga 23 ᨶ n na 39 ᩆ sa ̄ ̄ 8 ᨧ c cha 24 ᨷ b ba 40 ᩇ s' sa ̄ ̄ ̄ 9 ᨨ ch sa 25 ᨸ p pa 41 ᩈ s sa ̄ ̄ 10 ᨩ ch cha 26 ᨹ ph pha 42 ᩉ h ha ̄ ḷ 11 ᨪ s sa 27 ᨺ f fa 43 ᩊ la ṣ 12 ᨫ sa 28 ᨻ p pa 44 ᩋ x a ḥ 13 ᨬ ñ nya 29 ᨼ f fa 45 ᩌ ha ṭ̄ 14 ᨭ a ta 30 ᨽ ph pha 46 ᩓ lä lae ṭ̄ 15 ᨮ ha tha 31 ᨾ m ma 47 ᩔ þ tha ḍ 16 ᨯ da 32 ᨿ ý nya

II. Independent vowel characters

̱ ̱ ̱ ̱ 1 ᩍ i i 3 ᩏ u u 5 ᩑ e e ī̱ ̱ ū̱ ̱ ̱ ̱ 2 ᩎ i 4 ᩐ u 6 ᩒ o o

III. Abbreviated vowel characters and vocalic nuclei (ᨠ stands for any consonant)

ă ū ̱ 1 ᨠᩡ a 8 ᨠᩪ u A ā ̱ ̱ 2 ᨠᩣ a 9 /ᨠ e e ă 3 ᨠ. i i 10 /ᨠᩡ e e ī ̱ ̱ 4 ᨠᩦ i 11 ᩯᨠ ä ae ă 5 ᨠᩧ ü ue 12 ᩯᨠᩡ ä ae ű ̱ ̱ 6 ᨠᩨ ue 13 ᩰᨠ o o ă 7 ᨠᩩ u u 14 ᩰᨠᩡ o o Northern Thai Page 1

15 ᩱᨠ ai ai 24 /ᨠᩭ ia ia ă ă 16 ᩲᨠ ài ai 25 /ᨠᩭᩡ ia i 17 ᨠ0ᩣ å am 26 /ᨠᩬᩨᩋ üa uea ̱ ă ă 18 /ᨠᩣ ao o 27 /ᨠᩬᩨᩡ üa ue ̱ 19 /ᨠᩢᩣ au au 28 /ᨠᩬ. ö oe ̱ ă 20 ᨠᩬ0 ò o‘ 29 /ᨠᩬ.ᩡ ö oe ă 21 ᨠᩬ0ᩡ ò o‘ 30 ᩱᨠᩭ ai’y ai 22 ᨠᩝᩫ ?B ua ua 31 ᩱᨠᨿᩭ aiy’y ai B ă ă 23 ᨠᩝᩫᩡ ? ua u 32 /ᨠᨿᩭ ey’y ai

A After some characters a tall form is used, e.g. ᨣ kā. B The lower sign should be a subscript of ᩅ w (full ring).

IV. Tone marks and other symbols

1 ᨠ1 ´ ´ 2 ᨠ3 ` ` A 3 ᨠ7 ‘ ( ) B 4 ᩕᨠ ’r -r B 5 ᨠᩖ ’l -l A Indicates that the character is not pronounced. B Special subscript forms.

V. Numbers : 0, ; 1, < 2, = 3, > 4, ? 5, @ 6, A 7, B 8, C 9.

Notes 1. Northern Thai, or Lanna (ᨣ0/ᨾ.ᩬᨦ Kam Mueang [kam ˧ mɯŋ˧]) is now more often written in Thai script; the script here, Tai Tham or Lanna is the traditional script. Tai Tham is also used to write Khün and Tai Lue (in the latter alongside with the New Tai Lue script). 2. Consonants are divided into three classes; the 1st class comprises all characters transliterated with a macron, the 2nd class has b, ḍ, y and the 3rd class all the others. 3. Consonants may also be used as subscripts that are usually smaller copies of the main character (for exceptions see Table IV). They are not distinguished in transliteration, as they usually follow a consonant without an inherent vowel. If needed, e.g. after a vowel, an apostrophe may be added before the consonant. 4. Tai Tham is not yet adequately supported in Unicode, the font used here (Lanna Alif) is not working properly in Word as regards subscripts and the positions of some vowels (but it seems to work e.g. in Firefox).

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Comparative table of Tai Tham and Thai consonants

̄ ̄ ᨠ k ก ᨬ ñ ญ ᨸ p ป ᩄ ł ฦ ̄ ṭ̄ ̄ ᨡ kh ข ᨭ a ฎ ᨹ ph ผ ᩅ w ว ̄ ̣ ṭ̄ ̄ ṣ̄ ᨢ kh ฃ ᨮ ha ฐ ᨺ f ฝ ᩆ ศ ḍ ̄ ᨣ k ค ᨯ ฑ,ด ᨻ p พ ᩇ s' ษ ḳ ṭ ̄ ᨤ h ฅ ᨰ ’h ฒ ᨼ f ฟ ᩈ s ส ṇ ̄ ᨥ kh ฆ ᨱ ณ ᨽ ph ภ ᩉ h ห ̄ ḷ ᨦ ng ง ᨲ t ต ᨾ m ม ᩊ ฬ ̄ ̄ ᨧ c จ ᨳ th ถ ᨿ ý ย ᩋ x อ ̄ ḥ ᨨ ch ฉ ᨴ t ท ᩀ y ย ᩌ ฮ ᨩ ch ช ᨵ th ธ ᩁ r ร ᨪ s ซ ᨶ n น ᩂ v ฤ ṣ ᨫ ฌ ᨷ b บ ᩃ l ล

Sources 1. Lanna Alphabet (Tua Mueang). — Omniglot, http://www.omniglot.com/writing/lanna.htm , 2012-10-10. 2. Tai Tham alphabet . — Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org , 2012-10-10.

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