Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive
Theses and Dissertations
2012-03-07
Punjabi Tonemics and the Gurmukhi Script: A Preliminary Study
Andrea Lynn Bowden Brigham Young University - Provo
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BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Bowden, Andrea Lynn, "Punjabi Tonemics and the Gurmukhi Script: A Preliminary Study" (2012). Theses and Dissertations. 2983. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2983
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ǣ Ǥ ǡ ʹͲͳʹ ̹ʹͲͳʹǤ
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ǡ Ǥǡ
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Table of Contents 1. Introduction....... 1
1.1. PunjabiandLexicalTone....... 1
1.2. PreviousResearch....... 2
1.3. ProposalofthisResearch....... 5
1.4. ProposedTonogenesis....... 7
1.5. ThesisOutline....... 8
2. Ethnography....... 9
2.1. ThePunjabRegion....... 9
ʹǤͳǤͳǤ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻ
ʹǤͳǤʹǤ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳ
2.2. LanguageInformationandHistory....... 11
3.0. Critique....... 14
3.1. Tones....... 14
͵ǤͳǤͳǤ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͷ
͵ǤͳǤʹǤ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͷ
3.2. DatafromPreviousResearch....... 19
3.3. VowelLengthandPreviousResearch....... 21
3.4. OrthographicConsiderations....... 22
3.5. ProposedSolution....... 23
4. Method/Results....... 26
4.1. Methodology....... 26
ͶǤͳǤͳǤ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ
ͶǤͳǤʹǤ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͺ
ͶǤͳǤ͵Ǥ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͻ
ͶǤͳǤͶǤ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͻ
4.2. Results....... 29
ͶǤʹǤͳǤ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵Ͳ
ͶǤʹǤʹǤ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ʹ
ͶǤʹǤ͵Ǥ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵͵
4.3. RelationshipofPhonemestoGurmukhi....... 34
ͶǤ͵ǤͳǤ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵Ͷ
ͶǤ͵ǤʹǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵
4.4. TonesinPunjabi...... 37
ͶǤͶǤͳǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ͺ
ͶǤͶǤʹǤ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͳ
ͶǤͶǤ͵ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶ͵
5.0. Analysis....... 46
5.1. WordǦMedialEnvironments....... 46
ͷǤͳǤͳǤ ǦǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶ
5.2. WordǦInitialEnvironments....... 50
ͷǤʹǤͳ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷͳ
ͷǤʹǤͳǤͳǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷͳ
ͷǤʹǤʹǤ Ǧ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷʹ
ͷǤʹǤʹǤͳǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷʹ
ͷǤʹǤʹǤʹǤ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷ͵
ͷǤʹǤʹǤ͵ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷ
ͷǤʹǤʹǤͶǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷ
ͷǤʹǤʹǤͷǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷͺ
ͷǤʹǤ͵ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷͻ
ͷǤʹǤ͵ǤͳǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͲ
6. Conclusion...... 62
References....... 65
AppendixA:InformedConsent...... 70
AppendixB:PunjabiLanguageStudyInformation...... 72
Scholarship/CriticalLanguage....... 72
Program....... 72
DiscoveryofTonePattern....... 74
AppendixC:GurmukhiScript...... 76
IndexofTables
ͳǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵
ʹǣ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
͵ǣ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͲ
ͶǣǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͶ
ͷǣ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ͳ
ǣ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ʹ
ǣ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵͵
ͺǣ ȂǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ͷ
ͻǣ ȂǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵
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ͳʹǣ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͺ
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Ǧ Ǥ
ǡ Ǧ
Ǥ Ǧ
ǡ
ǡ ȋǡͳͻͳȌǤǡ
ǡ
ǡ ǡǦ
ǡ Ǥ ǡ
Ǥ
ȋǡͳͻͺͺȌǤ
ȋͳͻͷȌǡ
Ǥ ǡ
ǡǡǡ
ȋǡͳͻͷȌǤ
ǦǦǤǡ
ȋǡʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ
ͳͷ
ǡ
Ͷ Ǥ
͵ǤͳǤͳǤ Ǥ
ȋ ǡͳͻʹȌȋǡͳͻͻͷȌǤȋͳͺͺͺȌ
ȋʹͲͲͻȌ Ǥ
ȋͳͻʹȌȂǤ
Ǧǡ ǡ
ǡǤǦ ȋͳͻʹȌǡ
ȋʹͲͲȌǡȋͳͻʹǡͳͻͺʹȌǡȋͳͻͺͳȌǡȋͳͻͻȌǡ ȋͳͻͻͳȌǡ
ȋͳͻͻͳȌǡȋʹͲͲʹȌǤȋͳͻͻͷȌ
ǡ ǡǡǦ
ǡǤ
͵ǤͳǤʹǤ Ǥ
ǤȋʹͲͲȌǡ
ǡ
Ǥ ǡ
ǡ
ǡ
ǡǤ
ͳ
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ ȋͳͻʹȌȋͳͻͺʹȌ
Ǥ
ǡ Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ ȋͳͻʹȌǡ
ǡ
Ǥǡ ǡ
ǡ
ǤȋͳͻͻȌ
Ǥǡ Dz
ǡȏȐ
ǡǡdzȋǤ͵ȌǤ ǡ
ǣ
Dz ǡ
ǡ
ǤǤǤ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǡǡ
ͳ
Ǥ
ǤdzȋǤ͵ͺȌ
ǡ
Ǥ ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ Ǥdz
ȋǤ͵ͻȌ
Ǥ
ȋͳͻͻͷȌ ǡǡDzǤǤǤ
Ǥ
dzȋǤͺͷȌǤ
ȋͳͻͻͳȌ ǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ ȋͳͻͺȌǡȋͳͻͻͳȌǡȋʹͲͲʹȌǤ
DzȏȐǡ ǡ
dzȋǤͻͲȌǡ
ǤDzhǡ ǡ
Ǣhǡ dzȋǤͳͲͺͷȌǡ
ǤDz
ȋͳͻͷǡͳͻͻȌǡ ǡ
dzȋǤ͵ȌǤ
ͳͺ
ǡ
ǡ ǡ
ǤȋͳͻͺͳȌ
ǡ Ǥ ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ ǡ
ǡǡ
ǡ
ǤȋͳͻʹȌ
Ǥ ǣ
Dz ǡ
Ǧǡ
ǮǯȋưȌ
ȋƴȌ Ǥ
Ǯǯ ǡ
ǦǤ ǡ
Dz Ϊdz
Dz Ϊdz
ǤdzȋǤȌ
ͳͻ
ǡ
Ǥ
͵ǤʹǤ Ǥ
Ǥ͵
ǡǡ
Ǥ
ʹͲ
ȋͳͻͻͳȌ ȀljȀ ȀòljȀ ȀóljȀ Ǯǯ Ǯǯ ‘leper’ ȋʹͲͲʹȌ ȀljȀ ȀòRaȀ ȀóRaaȀ Ǯǯ Ǯǯ ‘leper’ ȋͳͻͻͷȌ ȀኇȀ ȀòኇȀ Ȁoҳ ኇȀ Ǯǯ Ǯǯ Ǯǯ Ȁޝ/ ȀòޝȀ Ȁoҳ ޝȀ Ǯǡǯ Ǯǯ Ǯǯ ȀȀ ȀèȀ ȀeҳȀ Ǯǯ Ǯǯ Ǯǯ Ȁኇኇ ȀǮ ǯ Ȁኇòኇ Ȁ Ȁኇoҳ ኇ Ȁ Ǯǡǯ Ǯǯ Ȁ Ȁ Ȁ òȀ Ȁ oҳ Ȁ Ǯ ǯ Ǯǯ Ǯ ǯ
͵ǣ
ȋͳͻͻͳȌǡȋʹͲͲʹȌǡȋͳͻͻͷȌ
Ǥ
ȏưȐ
Ǥ ȏƴȐ
ȏҶȐ Ǥ
ʹͳ
ǡ
ǡǯ Dzdz
Dzdz Ǥ
Ǥ ǡ
Ȃ
Ǧ Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
͵Ǥ͵Ǥ Ǥ
ǡ
ǡǤ ȋͳͻͺͷȌDz
dz
Ǥ ǡ
ǡǤ ǡǡ
Ǥǡ
ȋǡͳͻͷȌǤǡ
Ͷǡ Ȃ
Ǥ
Dz ǡdzDz
ǡǦǤdz
ʹʹ
ǦȀȀǡ
ȀȀǤ ǡ
ǡȀǡǡᖜȀ ǡ
Ȃ Ǧ
Ǥ Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
͵ǤͶǤ Ǥ
ǡ
ǡDz dzȋ ǡ
ʹͲͳͳȌǤ ǢǡǤ
ǡ
ǡ ȋǡʹͲͳͳȌǤ
ǡ ǡ
ͳ ȋ ǡʹͲͳͳȌǤ
ǡ
Ǥ ǡǡDz
ǡdzǤ
ȋ ǡʹͲͳͳȌǤ
ǡ ǡǯ
Ǥ
ʹ͵
ǡ ǡǡ
Ǥ ǡǤǡ
ǣǡǡǡǡ
Ǥ ǡ
ǡ ǡ ǡ
ǡ ǡǡ
ǡ
Ǥ ͳ
ǡ
Ǥ
͵ǤͷǤ Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥǡ ǡ
ǡǡǤ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ʹͶ
ͳǤ BdYRa bBNJ Ac ȋͳͻͻͳȌ Ǥ ȀùȀ Ȁܼܼܳ/ Ǯǯ Ǯ ʹǤ ǯ ʹǤ _ La=dMa _NJ Ia ȀȀǤ ȀȀ Ȁᖠaݜ݅a/ ȀᖠݚaȀ Ғ Ǥ Ǯǯ Ǯ ǯ ȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍ ͳǤ GcZ bGn? Ǥ ᖠᖠȀݏȀݕìᖠȀ Ȁݕܼ Ǯǯ Ǯǯ ʹǤ ͳǤȏȐ IiË Ni_cR ȀȀ Ǥ ȋǡ ǦǤ ȀݚòᖠȀ ȀݜÇǁᖠȀ ͳͻͺʹȌ Ǯ ǯ Ǯǯ ͳǤ ^ dBMa Ǥ Ȁúăܳݳư݅ᖠȀ Ǯǯ ʹǤ VeYa ȀùȀ Ǥ Ǯǡǯ
ͶǣǤ ǣBGLQV
ʹͷ
Ǥ
ǡ ͳǤ
ǡ
ǢʹǤ
ǡ
Ǣ͵Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ʹ
ͶǤ ȀǤ
ǡǤ
ǡ
ǡ Ǥ
Ǥ
ͶǤͳǤ Ǥ
ǣ ǡ
ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
ͶǤͳǤͳǤ Ǥ
ǡ
ǡ ǡ
Ȃ Ǥ
ǡǡǡǡ ǡ ǡ
Ǥǯ
Ǥ
ǦǦ ȋ ǡʹͲͳͲȌǯ
Ǧ ȋʹͲͲȌǤ
ʹ
ǦǦǤ
Ǧǡ
Ǥ ǡ Ǧ
ǯ Ǥ
ǡ Ǧ
Ǥ Ǧ
ǡ
Ǥ
Ǧǡ
Ǧ
Ǥ
ǦǡǤ ǡǡ
Ǧǡǡ
ǡ tipiǡ
bindiǤ
ǡǦ Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ ǡ
Ǥ ǡ
Ǥ
ǡǡ
ǡ Ǥ
ʹͺ
Ȃ
ǡǡ Ǥ
ͶǤͳǤʹǤ Ǥ
ǡǦ ǡ
Ǥ ǡ
ǡ Ǥ
ǡ ͳͻͷͶǤ
ǦǤ ǡ
Ǥ ǡ
ǡ ǡǤ
ǡ ǡǡ
ǯ ǡǡ
Ǥ ǡ
ǡ ǡ ǡǡ
Ǥ ǯ ǡ
ǡǡ
Ǥǡ
ǯǤ
ͳͻͺͶǯǤ ͳͻͺͷǡ
ǡ
ǡ Ǥ
Ǥ
ǡǤ
ʹͻ
Ǥ
ͶǤͳǤ͵Ǥ Ǥ
ǯǡ
Ǥ
ǡ ǡ
Ǥ Ǧ
ǡ Ǥ
ǣ ǦͺʹͲǤ ǡ
Ǥ ǡ
Ǥ
ͶǤͳǤͶǤ Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ ǡǤͳǤǤͳͲǤ
ǡ Ǥ ǡ
ǡͷǤʹǤʹͷǤ
ͶǤʹǤ Ǥ
ǡ
͵Ͳ
ǡ
Ǥ
ͶǤʹǤͳǤ Ǥ
Ǥ
ǡ
ǡ
Ǥͷ
Ǥ
͵ͳ
?IMa @a?a AiM B dAe /Ȁ Ȁܳݜ݅/ Ȁǁ ăܳހȀᖠݚᖠ݅Ȁ Ȁ Ǯ ǯ Ǯǯ Ǯǯ Ǯǯ Dcna bENJ Z FcV bGn? ᖠᖠȀݏᖠȀ ȀݕܼހȀ ȀݕܼᖠȀ ȀᖵݏȀݕ Ǯǯ Ǯǡǯ Ǯǯ Ǯǯ IiË JĄ ?a KAa LiA aݜưܳȀܩݜǁăܳȀ Ȁܩ/ ȀހȀݚᖠȀ Ȁݚ Ǯǯ Ǯ ǯ Ǯǯ Ǯ ǯ Ng] OgZa PfA QcYf ìȀހȀ Ȁࡧ ܳᖠȀ Ȁࡧܭހݕᖠ Ȁࡧޞܭࡧ Ǯǯ Ǯǯ Ǯǯ Ǯǯ Sd]a? TdZf UhGa Va\d? Ȁ ȀᖵȀ ȀݝᖠᖠȀހȀݕᖠȀ Ȁ Ǯǯ Ǯ ǯ Ǯ ǯ Ǯ
]i@a ]Nc RDhnRa Wfm Ȁ ȀᖵᖠȀݏȀ Ȁݕ Ȁ ȀᖠݕހȀݜ Ǯ ǯ Ǯ ǯ Ǯǯ Ǯǯ
XNcW \aZ _ F e EdYa ᖠȀ ȀݝȀ Ȁᖠ݄ᖵȀ ȀݕݜȀޝȀᖠ Ǯǯ Ǯǯ Ǯǯ Ǯǯ ͷǣ ǣBGLQV ͵ʹ
ͶǤʹǤʹǤ Ǥ
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥǡ
ǡ ǡȏΪȐ
ǦǤ
ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ݚ ݕ ހހݕ ހݚ ހ ހ ܩ ᖵ ܳ ݄݅ă ݕ ȋȌ ᖵ Ȁ ݏ ǡǦǡ ݝ ǣ
ͷǡǤ
ȀȀǡ
ȀᖵȀȀᖵȀǤ
ǡ ǡ ȀᖠȀ
ȀᖠᖵȀǤ
͵͵
Ǧ Ǥ
ǮǡǯǤ
ǡ ǣ ǡ
ǡ ǡ Ǥ
Ǥ
ͶǤʹǤ͵Ǥ Ǥ
ͷ
Ǥ
Ǧ Ǧ Ǧ ܼ ݜ ᖠȀᖴ Ǧ ܭ ᖜ ǣ
ǡǣȀȀǡȀȀǡȀݜȀǤ
ǡ Ǥ
ǡǡᖠǡᖴǡݜȀܭȀܼǡ ȀǡǡᖜǡǡȀ
Ǥ Ǥ
ͷ
ǡ
͵Ͷ
Ǥ ǡ Ǥǡ
Ǧ Ǥ
ǡ
ǡ ǡ
ǡ Ǥ
Ȃ
Ǥ
ͶǤ͵Ǥ Ǥ
Ǥ
ͶǤ͵ǤͳǤ Ǥ
Ǧ ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ ǡ
Ǧ Ǥ
ǡ ǡ
ȀȀǮSYǯǡȀSȀǦ ǡǮSǯ
ǡȀȀǤ
ǡ
ȋ Ȍǡ ȀᖠȀǤ
ǣ
͵ͷ
S ȀȀ N ȀȀࡧ I ȀݚȀ D ȀݕȀ ? ȀȀ ȀހȀ @ ȀހȀ E ȀݕހȀ J ȀݚހȀ O ȀࡧހT Ȁ UȀȀ P ȀȀࡧ K ȀܩȀ F ȀᖵȀ A ȀܳȀ V ȀހȀ Q ȀࡧހȀ L ȀܩހȀ G ȀᖵހȀ B ȀܳހȀ W ȀȀ R ȀȀ M Ȁ݅Ȁ H Ȁ݄Ȁ C ȀăȀ o ȀȀ ^ ȀȀ ] ȀݕȀ m ȀᖵȀ Ȁ Y ȀȀ n ȀݏȀ ȀǦȀ ȀݝȀ Z [ X ȀȀ _ ȀȀ \ ȀȀ ͺǣ Ȃ
Ǥ DzܭܼdzǡDzǤdz
ǡ
ǤǦ
ǡ Ǥ ͺǡ
ǡ
ǡ ǡ
ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
ͺǡ
ǦǦǯ
͵
Ǥ
Ǥ Ǥ
ͶǤ͵ǤʹǤǤ
ǡ
Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ
ǡ
ǡ ǣ} ȀݏȀǡ 5 ȀܭݏȀǡ | ȀݏȀǤ
ǡDzdzǡ
ǡ 5 ȋܭݏȌǡ
Ǥ ǡ
ǡǤ
Ǥ ǡ
Dzᖠdzǯ
Ǥ ͻǤ
͵
ȀȀ ȋȌ ȏᖠȐ 5 ? ȏȐ 6 ía ?a ȏܼȐ 7 bí b? ȏȐ 8 íc ?c ȏݜȐ 9 íd ?d ȏȐ : íe ?e ȏȐ ; íf ?f ȏܭȐ < íg ?g ȏȐ = íh ?h ȏᖜȐȀȏݜȐ > íi ?i
ͻǣ Ȃ
ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ ǡǡȀܼȀǡ ǡ
Ǥǡǡ
ǡ ǡ Ǥ
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
ͶǤͶǤ Ǥ
͵ǡ
ǡ
͵ͺ
Ǥ
ǡ Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ ǡ ǡ
ǡǦǤ
ǡ ͳͲǤ
ǡ
Ǥǡ
ǡ ǡ
Ǥ ǡ
Ǥ
ǡǡȋƴȌ
ǦǡȋưȌǦ
Ǥ
ͶǤͶǤͳǤǤ
ǡ
Ǥ
Ǧ
Ǥ
Ǧǡ
Ǥ
͵ͻ
Ǧǡ
Ǥ
ͶͲ
b^NJ ?a b^NJ @ ^aA ^ dBMa
ᖠȀ Ȁúăܳݳư݅ᖠȀޝᖠȀ ȀހȀܼȀ Ȁܼ Ǯ ǯ Ǯǯ Ǯǯ Ǯǯ
WfD WEe6 WFMa bWNJ G
ȀݕᖠȀ ȀᖠݕȀ Ȁ ᖵᖠ݅Ȁ ȀéᖵݳưȀ Ǯǯ Ǯǯ Ǯ ǯ Ǯǯ
ZaI ZaJc ZKa9Ma WhLa
àȀܩݜǁ݅Ȁ ȀóܩȀ ȀᖠހݚޞݚᖠȀ ȀޞȀ Ǯǡǯ Ǯ ǡ ǯ Ǯǯ Ǯǯ
WNa WOa W Pa WQe
Ȁ ȀᖠȀ ȀݳƴùȀހȀᖠȀ Ȁᖠ Ǯǯ Ǯǯ Ǯǡǯ Ǯǯ
ZdSN bWoN PUcY ZVMa
ݳư݅ȀހᖠȀ ȀݳƴޞȀᖠᖠȀ ȀܼᖠᖠȀ Ȁᖠ Ǯ ǯ Ǯǯ Ǯ ǯ Ǯ ǯ
ͳͲǣ ǣBGLQV
Ͷͳ
Ǥǡ
ǡǤ
ͶǤͶǤʹǤ Ǥ
Ǥ
ǡǡ ǫ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǦǤ
Ͷʹ
ȀȀ ?cYNc @cY AcAa Bc^c
giigaa
ȀᖠȀࡧ ȀހȀ /ܳܳȀ ȀìȀ
Ǯǯ Ǯ ǯ Ǯ ǯ Ǯ
ǯ ȀȀ DfD? Ef? FfU GfZMa
chhek ȀݕݕᖠᖠȀ /ݕᖠȀ ȀᖵᖠȀ Ȁݕèᖠ݅Ȁ Ǯǯ Ǯǯ Ǯ ǯ Ǯǯ ȀȀ Ih?Ya JĄ ?a KAa LhZM
òᖠ݅ᖠȀܩ/ ÙăܳȀܩ/ ȀހݚᖠȀ /ݚ/
Ǯǯ Ǯ ǯ Ǯ ǯ Ǯǯ ȀܧȀ Nina Oi_ PiZN QiZf
ݜ/ Ȁࡧ ݜᖠᖠȀ Ȁaࡧ ݜҒ ȀހȀ ȀࡧݏȀࡧ ݜ Ǯǯ Ǯǯ Ǯǯ Ǯǯ ȀȀ Se? TdZf UeIa VeYa
Ȁ ȀݚȀ ȀùȀހᖠȀ ȀޞȀ
Ǯǯ Ǯ ǯ Ǯǯ Ǯǡǯ
ͳͳǣ ǣBGLQV
Ͷ͵
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
ͶǤͶǤ͵ǤǤ
ǡ
Ǥͳʹ
Ǧ ǡ
Ǥ
ͶͶ
ȀȀ ? @a?a AaU BaB
ހ ܳޞᖠ ހޞܳހᖠ Ǯ ǯ Ǯ ǯ Ǯǡǯ Ǯǯ ȀܼȀ bDYal bENJ Zn bFAYa bGF?
ݕܼᖠᖠ ݕܼܳᖠ Ǯǡǯ ᖵܼܳᖠ ݕܼᖵᖠᖠ Ǯǯ Ǯǯ Ǯ ǯ ȀᖠȀ Ǩ JNJ Kc KNJ ?a L Ac
ᖠăܳܩ ᖠܩ ހܩᖠހݚ Ǯ ǡ ǯ Ǯ ǯ Ǯ ǯ ȀȀ Na?c OaZc Pa7Ya Qa\a
ݝހᖠࡧ ࡧ ހࡧ ޞ ࡧ Ǯǯ Ǯǯ Ǯǯ Ǯ ǯ ݜȀ Ǩ ,ܭȀ SgY\c TgZa9 UgJMa
ݚᖠ݅ܭ ݜܭ ݝܭ Ǯǯ Ǯǯ Ǯǯ
ͳʹǣ ǣBGLQV
Ͷͷ
ȀȀݜȀܭȀ
Ǥ Ǥǡ
ǡ ǡ ǡ
Ǥ ǡ
ǡ Ǥ
ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
Ͷ
ͷǤͲǤ Ǥ
ǡ Ǥ
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
ͷǤͳǤ ǦǤ
Ǥ
Ǧǡǡ
ǦǤ ǡǦ
ǦǦǤ
Ͷǡ ǡ
ǡ ǡ ǡǤ
ǡ ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ Ǧ Ǧǡ
ǦǤȋͳͻͺȌ
Ǥ Ǧǡ
Dz ΪΪ
ȋȌdzȋǤͳͷͶȌǤǡ
Ͷ
Ǧ Ǧ
ǦǤ
ǡ Ǥ
ͷǤͳǤͳǤ ǦǤ
ǡ
Ǥ
ͺǡ ǡ ǡ
Ǥǡǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ªΪº Î ȏȂǤǤȐ Ȁ ̴̴ « » ¬ΪǤǤ¼
ǦǤ
Ǥ
Ͷͺ
^iAaN ^ dBMa
ᖠȀ Ȁúăܳݳư݅ᖠȀܳܧȀ Ǯǯ Ǯǯ WFMa WGc
Ȁ ᖵᖠ݅Ȁ ȀaǁƴᖵìȀ Ǯ ǯ ᦤᦤ ZKa9Ma WhLa
àȀܩݜǁ݅Ȁ ȀóܩȀᖠ Ǯǯ Ǯǯ W Pa WQe
ȀᖠȀࡧ Ȁݳƴdࡧ ùȀ Ǯǡǯ Ǯǯ Z Ua ZVMa
ȀᖠȀ Ȁݳƴݳư݅Ȁ Ǯǡǯ Ǯ ǯ
ͳʹǣ
ǡ ǡ
BȋᦘᖠᢕᖠȌǡGȋᖮᦘᖠᖵᖠȌǡLȋᖰᦘᖠᖝᖠȌǡQȋӁᦘᖠӁ ᖠȌǡVȋᦘᖠᖠȌǡ
Ͷͻ
ǣ
Ǥ ǡ ͳ
ʹǡ ͳʹǤ
ͳǡ ʹ
ǡ
Ǥ
ͳǣȀᖠ Ȁ
ͷͲ
ʹǣȀᖠƴ ᖠư ᢡȀ
ʹ
ȀȀǡ ͳ ǡ
Ǥ ͳ
ǡ
ʹ Ǥ
ͷǤʹǤ Ǧ Ǥ
ǦǤ ǡ
ǡ ǦǤ
ǦǤǡ
Ǧ ǡ Ǥ
ͷͳ
ͷǤʹǤͳ Ǥ
ͷǤͳ
Ǥ
ǦǤ
Ͷǣ
ªΪº Î ªǦº Ȁ ̴̴͓ « » « » ¬ΪǤǤ¼ ¬ǦǤǤ¼
ǦǤ
Ǥ
ͷǤʹǤͳǤͳǤǤ
ǡǡǡ
ǡ
Ǥ Ǧǡ
Ȃǡ
ǤǤ
ªº Ǧ Î ȏǦǤǤȐ Ȁ ̴̴͓ «Ǧ» «Ϊ» ¬ΪǤǤ¼
ͷʹ
ǡǤ
Ǧ ǡ
ǡ ǡ
Ǥ
ͷǤʹǤʹǤ Ǧ Ǥ
Ǧǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ͷǤʹǤʹǤͳǤǤ
ǡ Ǧǡ
ȀܳȀȀȀǤ
ǡ ȀȀȀܼȀǤ
ͷ͵
ͳǣ ʹǣ
?cYNc Bc^c
ȀᖠȀࡧ ȀìȀ Ǯǯ Ǯ ǯ ͵ǣ Ͷǣ b?NaU bBNJ Ac
ȀܼᖠȀࡧ Ȁܼܳi/ Ǯǯ Ǯ ǯ
ǡ ǡ
Ǥ
ͶǤ
ǡ Ǥ
ͷǤʹǤʹǤʹǤ Ǥ
ǡ
ȀݕȀǤǡ
ǡ ȀȀȀܼȀǤ
ͷͶ
Form 5: ǣ
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PunjabiLanugageǤȋʹͲͲͻȌǤ Ǥ ǤȋʹͲͳͳȌͷȀʹȀʹͲͳͳǡʹͲͳͳǡ ǣȀȀǤǤȀȀ ǤȋʹͲͳͳȌʹǡʹͲͳͳǡʹͲͳͳǡǣȀȀǤ Ǥ ǤȋʹͲͳͳȌʹǡʹͲͳͳǡʹͲͳͳǡ ǣȀȀǤǤȀȀ ̴ ȋ ȌǤȋʹͲͳͳȌͶȀͳͷȀʹͲͳͳǡ ǣȀȀǤǤȀȀ̴ȋ Ȍ ǡǤȋͳͻͺͷȌǤ ǣ Ǥ OceanicLinguisticsSpecialPublications,20ǡͳͷͻǦͳͳǤ ǡǤǤȋͳͻͻȌǤAComparativePhonologyofHindiandPanjabiǤǣ Ǥ ǡǤǤȋͳͻͷȌǤǤIndianLinguistics,17ǡͳ͵ͻǦͳͶ͵Ǥ ǡ ǤȋͳͻͺʹȌǤTeachYourselfPunjabiǤǣǤ ǡǤǤȋͳͻʹȌǤAnIntroductoryCourseinSpokenPunjabiǤǣ Ǥ ǡǤ ǤȋͳͻʹȌǤǤJournaloftheRoyalAsiaticSocietyof GreatBritainandIreland,2ǡʹͻͻǦ͵ͲͳǤ ǡǤ ǤȋͳͻʹͻȌǤǤBulletinofthe SchoolofOrientalStudies,UniversityofLondon,5ȋ͵ȌǡͷͳͻǦͷʹʹǤ ǡǤ ǤȋͳͻʹͻȌǤǡ ǤBulletinoftheSchoolof OrientalStudies,UniversityofLondon,5ȋ͵ȌǡͷͳͳǦͷͳ͵Ǥ ǡǤǤȋʹͲͲͲȌǤPunjabi:AcognitiveǦdescriptivegrammarǤǣǤ ǡ ǤȋͳͻͷȌǤIndoǦAryan:FromtheVedastoModernTimesȋǤǡǤȌǤǣ ̵̵ǦǤ
ǡ ǤǤȋͳͻͻͳȌǤCompendiumoftheWorld'sLanguagesȋǤ ǣȌǤǣ Ǥ ǡǤȋͳͻʹȌǤǦ ǦǤBulletinoftheSchoolofOrientalStudies, UniversityofLondon,4ȋʹȌǡ͵ͳͷǦ͵ʹ͵Ǥ ǡǤǤǡǤ ǤȋʹͲͳͳȌǤ ʹͺ ʹͲͳʹǡʹͲͳʹǡǣȀȀǤȀ ǡǤǤȋͳͻͺȌǤTone:AnLinguisticSurveyǤǣ Ǥ ǡǤǤǤȋʹͲͲͻȌǤLearnPunjabiin30DaysǤǣ Ǥ ǡ ǤǤȋͳͻͲȌǤ ǤAnthropologicalLinguistics,2ȋȌǡͳͳǦͳͺǤ Ǥǡ ǤǤǡ ǤǤ ǤȋͳͻʹȌǤAStartinPunjabiǤǣǤ ǡǤǤȋǤȌȋʹͲͳͲȌǦǦ Ǥǣ ̵ǤǤ ǡ ǤȋͳͻͳͺȌǤ Ǧ ǤBulletinoftheSchoolofOrientalStudies,Universityof London,1ȋʹȌǡͶǦͺͳǤ ǡǤȋʹͲͲͶȌǤThePhonologyofToneandIntonationǤǣ Ǥ ǡǤȋͳͻͻͲȌǤTonalPerceptioninSpeechǤǣǤ ǡǤǤȋͳͻͺͷȌǤATheoryofPhonologicalWeightǤ ǣ Ǥ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǤȋʹͲͲȌǤTeachYourselfPanjabiǤǣ Ǥ ǡǤȋͳͻʹȌǤElementsofAcousticPhoneticsǤ ǣ Ǥ ǡǤȋͳͻͳȌǤPreliminariestoLinguisticPhoneticsǤ ǣ Ǥ ǡǤȋͳͻͷȌǤACourseinPhoneticsǤǣ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤPhoneticAnalysis:AndIntroductiontoFieldworkandInstrumental TechniquesǤǣ Ǥ
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ǡǤȋʹͲͲͷȌǤVowelsandConsonantsǤǣ Ǥ Ǥǡ ǤǤȋͳͻͻȌǤTheSoundsoftheWorld'sLanguagesǤǡǣ Ǥ ǡ ǤȋͳͻͺͲȌǤThePhoneticDescriptionofVoiceQualityǤǣǤ ǡǤȋͳͻȌǤSpeechPhysiologyandAcousticPhonetics:AnIntroductionǤǣ Ǥǡ Ǥ ǡǤǡǤǤǤȋͳͻͺͺȌǤSpeechPhysiology,SpeechPerception,andAcousticPhoneticsǤ ǣǤ ǡǤǤȋͳͻͻͷȌǤThePhonologyandMorphologyofPanjabiǤǣ ǤǤ ǡǤǤȋͳͻͻͳȌǤTheIndoǦAryanLanguagesǤǣǤ ǡǤȋʹͲͲͶȌǤTheIndusAryansandtheVedicCultureǤǣ Ǥ ǡǤǤȋͳͻͺȌǤTheTheoryofLexicalPhonologyǤǣǤǤ ǡǤǤȋʹͲͲȌǤDescribingMorphosyntaxǤǣǤ ǡǤǤȋͳͻͶͺȌǤToneLanguagesǤǣ Ǥ ǡǤǤȋͳͻͷȌǤToneLanguagesǤǣ Ǥ ǡǤȋͳͻͺȌǤToneinLexicalPhonologyǤǣǤǤ ǡǤȋͳͻͻȌǤIndia'sNationalWritingǤǣǤ ǡǤǤȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤǤ ǤǤǤǤ ȋǤȌǡTheIndoǦAryanLanguagesȋǤͷͺͳǦʹͳȌǤ ǣǤ ǡǤǤȋͳͻʹȌǤTeachYourselfPunjabiǤǣǤ ǡǤȋͳͻͳȌǤPanjabiGrammarǤǣ Ǥ
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ǡǤ ǤȋͳͻͺͳȌǤThePanjabiLanguage:ADescriptiveGrammarȋ ǤǤǡǤȌǤ ǣƬǤ ǡǤǤȋͳͻȌǤ ǦǤBulletinoftheSchoolofOriental andAfricanStudies,UniversityofLondon,30ȋͳȌǡ͵ǦͺʹǤ ǡǤǤȋͳͻͲȌǤ Ǧ ǤBulletinoftheSchoolofOrientalandAfricanStudies,UniversityofLondon,33ȋͳȌǡͳͳǦ ͳͺǤ ǡ ǤǡǤǤȋͳͻͻ͵ȌǤThePhonologyofTone:TheRepresentationofTonalRegisterǤ ǣ Ǥ ǡǤȋͳͻͺͲȌǤǤLinguisticInquiry,11ȋͳȌǡʹͷͺǦʹͲǤ ǡ ǤǤǡǤǤǤȋͳͻͺȌǤ ǤJournalof Linguistics,22ȋͳȌǡͳͶͷǦͳǤ ǡǤ ǤǤȋʹͲͲʹȌǤToneǤǣǤ
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