A Comparative Study of Shan and Standard Thai Morphology
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Schwa Deletion: Investigating Improved Approach for Text-To-IPA System for Shiri Guru Granth Sahib
ISSN (Online) 2278-1021 ISSN (Print) 2319-5940 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering Vol. 4, Issue 4, April 2015 Schwa Deletion: Investigating Improved Approach for Text-to-IPA System for Shiri Guru Granth Sahib Sandeep Kaur1, Dr. Amitoj Singh2 Pursuing M.E, CSE, Chitkara University, India 1 Associate Director, CSE, Chitkara University , India 2 Abstract: Punjabi (Omniglot) is an interesting language for more than one reasons. This is the only living Indo- Europen language which is a fully tonal language. Punjabi language is an abugida writing system, with each consonant having an inherent vowel, SCHWA sound. This sound is modifiable using vowel symbols attached to consonant bearing the vowel. Shri Guru Granth Sahib is a voluminous text of 1430 pages with 511,874 words, 1,720,345 characters, and 28,534 lines and contains hymns of 36 composers written in twenty-two languages in Gurmukhi script (Lal). In addition to text being in form of hymns and coming from so many composers belonging to different languages, what makes the language of Shri Guru Granth Sahib even more different from contemporary Punjabi. The task of developing an accurate Letter-to-Sound system is made difficult due to two further reasons: 1. Punjabi being the only tonal language 2. Historical and Cultural circumstance/period of writings in terms of historical and religious nature of text and use of words from multiple languages and non-native phonemes. The handling of schwa deletion is of great concern for development of accurate/ near perfect system, the presented work intend to report the state-of-the-art in terms of schwa deletion for Indian languages, in general and for Gurmukhi Punjabi, in particular. -
418338 1 En Bookbackmatter 205..225
Glossary Abhayamudra A style of keeping hands while sitting Abhidhama The Abhidhamma Pitaka is a detailed scholastic reworking of material appearing in the Suttas, according to schematic classifications. It does not contain systematic philosophical treatises, but summaries or enumerated lists. The other two collections are the Sutta Pitaka and the Vinaya Pitaka Abhog It is the fourth part of a composition. The last movement gradually goes back to the sthayi after completion of the paraphrasing and improvisation of the composition, which can cover even three octaves in the recital of a master performer Acharya A teacher or a tutor who is the symbol of wisdom Addhayoga One of seven kinds of lodgings where monks are allowed to live. Addhayoga is a building with a roof sloping on either one side or both. It is shaped like wings of the Garuda Agganna-sutta AggannaSutta is the 27th Sutta of the Digha Nikaya collection. The sutta describes a discourse imparted by the Buddha to two Brahmins, Bharadvaja, and Vasettha, who left their family and caste to become monks Ahankar Haughtiness, self-importance A-hlu-khan mandap Burmese term, a temporary pavilion to receive donation Akshamala A japa mala or mala (meaning garland) which is a string of prayer beads commonly used by Hindus, Buddhists, and some Sikhs for the spiritual practice known in Sanskrit as japa. It is usually made from 108 beads, though other numbers may also be used Amulets An ornament or small piece of jewellery thought to give protection against evil, danger, or disease. Clay tablets have also been used as amulets. -
THE Tal of MUONG VAT DO NOT SPEAK the BLACK Tal
THE TAl OF MUONG VAT Daecha 1989, Kanchana Panka 1980, Suree Pengsombat 1990, Wipawan DO NOT SPEAK THE Plungsuwan 1981, Anculee Buranasing BLACK TAl LANGUAGE 1988, Orapin Maneewong 1987, Kantima Wattanaprasert & Suwattana Theraphan L-Thongkum1 Liarnprawat 1985, Suwattana (Liampra wat) Damkham & Kantima Wattana prasert 1997, Oraphan Unakonsawat Abstract 1993). A word list of 3,343 items with Standard In most of these previous studies, Thai, English and Vietnamese glosses especially by Thai linguists, a Black Tai was used for eliciting the Black Tai or variety spoken at one location is Tai Dam language data at each of the described and in some cases compared twelve research sites: ten in northern with the other Tai or Lao dialcets spoken Vietnam, one in northern Laos, and one in nearby areas. The Black Tai varieties in central Thaialnd. The data collected spoken in Laos and Vietnam have never at two villages in Muong Vat could not been investigated seriously by Thai be used for a reconstruction of Old linguists. Contrarily, in the works done Black Tai phonological system and a by non-Thai linguists, generallingusitic lexicon because on a phonological basis characteristics of the language are and a lexical basis, the Tai dialect of attempted with no emphasis on the Muong Vat is not Black Tai, especially location where it is spoken. In other the one spoken at Ban Phat, Chieng Pan words, a description and explanation of sub-district and Ban Coc Lac, Tu Nang the so-called Common Black Tai is their sub-district, Son La province, Vietnam. major aim. Introduction Not only Thai linguists but also Thai anthropologists and historians are The Black Tai (Tai Darn, Thai Song, Lao interested in the Black Tai of Sip Song Song, Lao Song Dam, Phu Tai Song Chou Tai. -
LINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVES of THAI CULTURE by Peansiri Vongvipanond
LINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVES OF THAI CULTURE by Peansiri Vongvipanond This paper was presented to a workshop of teachers of social science organized by the University of New Orleans, USA (Summer 1994) 1. Introduction Culture is a complex phenomenon, a sum total of behavior and belief of a society. This paper is an attempt to offer a partial description of the culture of "khon thai" or Thai people as reflected in the Thai language. 2. The "mai-pen-rai" people "Mai-pen-rai" can be approximately translated as "It does not really matter." or "It is not a problem.” The expression reflects Thai people's attitude towards themselves, the people they come into contact with and the world around them. Almost everybody and everything is acceptable to the Thais. Objections and conflicts are to be avoided at all cost. Thai people are known for their tolerance and compromising nature. This cultural trait can perhaps be traced back to the linguistic experience of the Thai people. Thai people is a sub group in the language community in which the various languages of the Tai- Kadai family are spoken. The Tai-Kadai speakers live in an area which stretches east-west from the Southern coast of China to Assam in the North of India and north-south from Yunnan and Kwangxi in the South of China to the Indonesian Archipelago. When Tai-kadai speakers from different groups meet and start to communicate in their own languages, they can reach a certain degree of mutual intelligibility, especially at the lexical level. It does not take long after that for these Tai-Kadai speakers to feel a sense of solidarity or even kinship for reasons which will become clear later in this paper. -
The Union Report the Union Report : Census Report Volume 2 Census Report Volume 2
THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census The Union Report The Union Report : Census Report Volume 2 Volume Report : Census The Union Report Census Report Volume 2 Department of Population Ministry of Immigration and Population May 2015 The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census The Union Report Census Report Volume 2 For more information contact: Department of Population Ministry of Immigration and Population Office No. 48 Nay Pyi Taw Tel: +95 67 431 062 www.dop.gov.mm May, 2015 Figure 1: Map of Myanmar by State, Region and District Census Report Volume 2 (Union) i Foreword The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census (2014 MPHC) was conducted from 29th March to 10th April 2014 on a de facto basis. The successful planning and implementation of the census activities, followed by the timely release of the provisional results in August 2014 and now the main results in May 2015, is a clear testimony of the Government’s resolve to publish all information collected from respondents in accordance with the Population and Housing Census Law No. 19 of 2013. It is my hope that the main census results will be interpreted correctly and will effectively inform the planning and decision-making processes in our quest for national development. The census structures put in place, including the Central Census Commission, Census Committees and Offices at all administrative levels and the International Technical Advisory Board (ITAB), a group of 15 experts from different countries and institutions involved in censuses and statistics internationally, provided the requisite administrative and technical inputs for the implementation of the census. -
UC Irvine UC Irvine Electronic Theses and Dissertations
UC Irvine UC Irvine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Educated into Violence: The Colonial Origins of Separatist Rebellion Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8vw019fk Author Mendoza, Mary Anne San Mateo Publication Date 2020 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Educated into Violence: The Colonial Origins of Separatist Rebellion DISSERTATION submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Political Science by Mary Anne San Mateo Mendoza Dissertation Committee: Professor Jeffrey Kopstein, Chair Associate Professor Sara W. Goodman Assistant Professor Heidi Hardt 2020 © 2020 Mary Anne San Mateo Mendoza DEDICATION For Angelyn Mendoza, who has been my main source of comforting pasta, never-ending lipstick, and pep talks into the wee hours of the night just to get me through all of these pages; For Jai Dave, who came into this madness late but didn’t let the prospect of it scare him off and instead fit into all the parts of my life so seamlessly that it still doesn’t feel real; For my Model UN alumni family who celebrated every triumph with dim sum and always understood when I needed some time away from our brunch bunch to get work done (Go Leos!); For Juli Minoves-Triquell, who sparked my interest in academia by his example of what a professor can do and for becoming such a valued mentor, colleague, and friend; For Misbah Hyder and Shauna Gillooly, who made sure that -
A Classified Lexicon of Shan Loanwords in Jinghpaw
Asian and African Languages and Linguistics No.11, 2017 A Classified Lexicon of Shan Loanwords in Jinghpaw∗ Kurabe, Keita Japan Society for the Promotion of Science / ILCAA, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies Jinghpaw is a Tibeto-Burman language primarily distributed in northern Burma, while Shan is a Tai-Kadai language whose distribution partially overlaps with that of Jinghpaw. The aim of this paper is to provide a classified lexicon of Shan loanwords in Jinghpaw, which are borrowed into Jinghpaw due to close cultural and linguistic contact. This paper also provides a brief overview of linguistic situation in the Jinghpaw-speaking area, followed by descriptions of linguistic properties of Shan loanwords in terms of phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. Keywords: Jinghpaw, Shan, language contact, loanwords, lexical borrowing 1. Introduction 2. Linguistic situation in northern Burma 3. Linguistic properties of Shan loanwords 4. Classified lexicon of Shan loanwords 1. Introduction Jinghpaw is a Tibeto-Burman (TB) language primarily distributed in northern Burma (Myanmar), but whose distribution is broad, stretching from the upper Brahmaputra valley of northeastern India across northern Burma, and beyond the Sino-Burmese border into far western Yunnan. The Jinghpaw people have had a long-term symbiotic relationship with the Tai-speaking Shan people whose distribution partially overlaps with that of the Jinghpaw. Although Jinghpaw and Shan are genetically unrelated, Jinghpaw has absorbed a large number of lexical items from Shan, with which it has been in close cultural and linguistic contact for the past centuries. The aim of this paper is to provide a classified lexicon of Shan loanwords adopted by Jinghpaw, mainly collected by the author as a part of historical-comparative and contact linguistic Kurabe, Keita. -
Negative Markers in Dialects of Northern Thai
Intercultural Communication Studies XIX: 3 2010 Rungrojsuwan Negative Markers in Dialects of Northern Thai Sorabud Rungrojsuwan, Mae Fah Luang University Negative markers in Thai are often used as a tool for lexical classification (either verbs or non-verbs). However, forms and functions of this type of words are rarely mentioned in Thai reference grammar books. The present study aims to investigate the realization and syntactic characteristics of negative markers in dialects of Northern Thai. Using Thai Concordance Program, example sentences where negative markers occur were elicited from a narrative corpus of dialects of Northern Thai. Results show that there are two subdialects of Northern Thai (Lower and Upper Northern Dialects) which used different forms of negative markers /mâj/ and ɔ/, respectively. In relation to syntactic characteristics, it was found that negative markers are used as (1) pre-modifiers (/mâj/ and ɔ/) indicating negati ve meani ng and ( - /) indicating non-negative meanings (either question or persuasion). Moreover, it was claimed that the two types of negative markers are two allomorphs of the same morpheme because they occur in complementary distribution. In relation to meaning, the relationship between negative and non-negative meanings is proposed. Future study on grammaticalization is also suggested in order to prove the relationship between the negative and non-negative forms. Negative Markers in Dialects of Northern Thai Thailand is a country which is rich with cultures and languages. In terms of geography, different dialects of Thai are used in different areas while Standard Thai is used as the official language. In terms of linguistic similarity and difference, it can be said that communication between Thai people from different dialects could be, to some extent, effective. -
ED 206 7,6 AUTHOR V Understanding Laotian People
DOCU5ANT RESUME ED 206 7,6 OD 021 678 AUTHOR V Harmon, Roger E. and Culture. TITLE Understanding Laotian People, Language, Bilingual Education ResourceSeries. INSTITUTION Washington Office of the StateSuperintendent of Public Instruction, Olympia. SPONS AGENCY Office of Education (DREW)Washington, D.C. PUB.DATE (79) NOTE 38p. ERRS PRICE MF11/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *adjustment (to Environment): AsianHistory: Bilingual Education; Comparative Education;*Cultural Influences: Elementary SecondaryEducation; English (Second Language): *Laotians: *Refugees;*Second Language Instruction ABSTRACT This is a guide for teachersand administrators to familiarize them with the Laotianpeople, language and culture. The first section contains a brief geographyand history of Laos, a discussion of the ethnic and lingustic grpupsof Laos, and information on the economic andreligious life of these groups. Section two describes the Laotianrefugee experience and considers life in the some of the adjustmentsLaotians must make for their new United States. This section alsoexplains elements of the international, national and local supportsystems which assist Indochinese refugees. Sectionthree gives a brief history ofthe educational system in Laos, andthe implications for educational Suggestions for needs of Laotians nowresiding in the United States. working with Laotianp in'the schoolsand some potential problem areas of the are ale) covered. Thelast section presents an analysis Laotian language. Emphasis isplaced on the problems Laotianshave with English, -
Finite-State Script Normalization and Processing Utilities: the Nisaba Brahmic Library
Finite-state script normalization and processing utilities: The Nisaba Brahmic library Cibu Johny† Lawrence Wolf-Sonkin‡ Alexander Gutkin† Brian Roark‡ Google Research †United Kingdom and ‡United States {cibu,wolfsonkin,agutkin,roark}@google.com Abstract In addition to such normalization issues, some scripts also have well-formedness constraints, i.e., This paper presents an open-source library for efficient low-level processing of ten ma- not all strings of Unicode characters from a single jor South Asian Brahmic scripts. The library script correspond to a valid (i.e., legible) grapheme provides a flexible and extensible framework sequence in the script. Such constraints do not ap- for supporting crucial operations on Brahmic ply in the basic Latin alphabet, where any permuta- scripts, such as NFC, visual normalization, tion of letters can be rendered as a valid string (e.g., reversible transliteration, and validity checks, for use as an acronym). The Brahmic family of implemented in Python within a finite-state scripts, however, including the Devanagari script transducer formalism. We survey some com- mon Brahmic script issues that may adversely used to write Hindi, Marathi and many other South affect the performance of downstream NLP Asian languages, do have such constraints. These tasks, and provide the rationale for finite-state scripts are alphasyllabaries, meaning that they are design and system implementation details. structured around orthographic syllables (aksara)̣ as the basic unit.1 One or more Unicode characters 1 Introduction combine when rendering one of thousands of leg- The Unicode Standard separates the representation ible aksara,̣ but many combinations do not corre- of text from its specific graphical rendering: text spond to any aksara.̣ Given a token in these scripts, is encoded as a sequence of characters, which, at one may want to (a) normalize it to a canonical presentation time are then collectively rendered form; and (b) check whether it is a well-formed into the appropriate sequence of glyphs for display. -
Final Report
Prevention of Human Trafficking in Children, Youth and Women FINAL REPORT 06 June 2017 – 06 June 2018 Promoting the Rule of Law Project Grant Number:PRL-G-008-002 Implemented by: Mawk Kon Local Development Organization Nang Voe Phart Ph. 08423943, 095250848 Khattar Street, MyoThit Ward (3), Keng Tung Tsp, Eastern Shan State, Myanmar. Accomplishments In Milestone A, we had fully executed grant agreement, prepared detailed monthly work plan for all activities, two staffs had attended of key organization staff Project-sponsored USAID Rules & Regulations Training at Yangon. And We were prepared draft suitable core group identified/ forming workshop including agendas, invitees list, handouts and other deliverable materials and also we were prepared IEC draft design such as Pamphlet, Vinyl, Planners and Cap. We had created organizational bank account for these Prevention of Human Trafficking in Children and we also met the target with grant agreement. In Milestone B, We had identified and formed core group workshops at Keng Tung and Tachileik Township. We can be formed (11) core group in Keng Tung and (6) core group in Tachileik, cumulative total (2) times. Totally participants are male (33) & female (21) and involved in each core group workshop. Therefore some core group were actively participated, can be made for networks in these workshop, it directly depend on migration & trafficking events at Thailand and some country and then its encourage to participate for next awareness, campaign & TOT training relevant with migration and human trafficking. In these two workshops, we were only distributing/ supporting handouts but we didn’t used any other deliverable materials. -
13Th ICLEHI and 2Nd ICOLET Osaka Apr 2019 Proceedings
RUNNING HEAD: CULTURAL LEXICAL LOSS OF ISAN LANGUAGE IN THAILAND 13th ICLEHI 2019 Osaka 070-065 Chedtharat Kongrat Cultural Lexical Loss of Isan language in Thailand Chedtharat Kongrat,* Rattana Chanthao Department of Thai Language, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kean University, Mittraparp Road, Khon Kaen, Thailand *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract This article aims to analyse the cultural lexical loss of Isan language as a regional language in Thailand. According to an influence of the standard Thai language toward its regional languages lead the loss of regional lexicons especially cultural lexicons. The lexicons loss in terms of linguistic perspective is used to explain the level of loss. The 5 levels of dialect loss developed by Chanthao (2016) is the framework of this research. The 70 Isan lexicons being 3 domains; appliances, instrument objects, and tradition were the data. They were collected by dictionaries and key informants. These lexicons were checked by 50 teenagers being between 20-25 years old living in Khon Kaen province, Thailand as the sampling group. The research finding was found that the 32 Isan lexicons have been used by speakers or they are being not loss or alive but there are 38 lexicons being in 5 levels of loss. Most of lexicons or 16 lexicons is in the highest level. There are 10 lexicons in the lowest level. There are 6 lexicons in high level, 3 lexicons being in medium level and 3 lexicons in low level. The lexical loss key factors of Isan language are an influence of Thai standard as only one language used in school, official as well as mass media.