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Glossary

Abhayamudra A of keeping hands while sitting Abhidhama The Abhidhamma Pitaka is a detailed scholastic reworking of material appearing in the Suttas, according to schematic classifications. It does not contain systematic philosophical treatises, but summaries or enumerated lists. The other two collections are the Sutta Pitaka and the Pitaka Abhog It is the fourth part of a composition. The last movement gradually goes back to the sthayi after completion of the paraphrasing and improvisation of the composition, which can cover even three octaves in the recital of a master performer Acharya A teacher or a tutor who is the symbol of wisdom Addhayoga One of seven kinds of lodgings where monks are allowed to live. Addhayoga is a building with a roof sloping on either one side or both. It is shaped like wings of the Garuda Agganna-sutta AggannaSutta is the 27th Sutta of the Digha Nikaya collection. The sutta describes a discourse imparted by the Buddha to two Brahmins, Bharadvaja, and Vasettha, who left their family and caste to become monks Ahankar Haughtiness, self-importance A-hlu- mandap Burmese term, a temporary pavilion to receive donation Akshamala A japa mala or mala (meaning garland) which is a string of prayer beads commonly used by , Buddhists, and some Sikhs for the spiritual practice known in as japa. It is usually made from 108 beads, though other numbers may also be used Amulets An ornament or small piece of jewellery thought to give protection against evil, danger, or disease. Clay tablets have also been used as amulets. This is a kind of Thai Buddhist blessed item Ananda The pleasure of understanding a work in all its aspect

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 205 L. Ghosh (ed.), – Cultural Interactions, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-3854-9 206 Glossary

Anjalimudra Anjali is Sanskrit for ‘divine ’, ‘a gesture of reverence’, ‘benediction’, and ‘salutation’, and is derived from anj, meaning ‘to honour or celebrate’. means ‘seal’ or ‘sign’. The meaning of the phrase is thus ‘salutation seal’ Antara A composition in Indian music consists of four parts. The second part is antara. The raga composition is gradually delineated within the framework of permissible note in the scale, which in the ‘antara’ takes up the upper tetrachord and establishes the image of the raga Antarala The antechamber immediately adjoining the garbhagrha (sanctum sanctorum), forming the entrance framework for the main shine Anthropomorphic status Nature of anthropomorphism, .. attribute human form or personality to God Ariyakas In the early nineteenth century, Rama IV or Maha (1851– 1868) invented a new called Ariyakas based on the Roman Arth-mandapa/ Arthamandapa/ Ardhamandapa A (closed) pillared hall between the garbagriha (sanctum sanctorum) or antarala (an intermediate space) and the temple exterior or other mandapas ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations Ashtamandalaka sutra A group of eight , known as the Ashtamahabodhisattva. This formed a part of the Ashtamandalaka sutra Astamahabodhisattva iconography A group of eight Bodhisattvas in is known as the Ashtamahabodhisattva. They are Kshitigarbha, Sarvanivarana-vishkambhin, Manjusri, Vajrapani, , , Avalokitesvara, and Akasagarbha Asthana-mandapa An assembly hall in a temple At thamahasangiti Akkarasamsodhana The nine , especially the Eighth Saṅgayana, ‘council’ called ‘At thamahasaṅgiti Akkharasaṃsodhana’ Atman Self Commentaries on the Buddhist canon, Tipitaka Aurea Cheronesus This term coined by Ptolemy meaning Avatara Incarnation Bhadrasana Bhadrasana is a basic yoga pose suitable for beginners. It is a great asana for meditation as it is comfortable and can be held for extended periods of time. Practising bhadrasana calms the mind and brings about feelings of groundedness. It also activates the muladhara (root) chakra A Buddhist monk Glossary 207

Bhuta Supernatural creatures, demons BIMSTEC Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation BIST-EC Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand Economic Cooperation Bodhisattvas In Mahayana Buddhism, boddisattva is a Sanskrit term for anyone who, motivated by great compassion, generates , which is a sponta- neous wish to attain for the benefit of all sentient beings Buddho Awakened; Supreme Enlightenment or Wisdom; , the ninth incarnation of Vishnu Caitya-grha A Buddha shrine Candi A Hindu or Buddhist Javanese temple, as well as it can refer to a ,a vihara, a bathing site, and a cave Celestial Buddhas The idea of exalted divine beings known as celestial Buddhas can be found in several Mahayana Buddhist traditions. Celestial Buddha is a heavenly being who was once a human being who had achieved such an advance level of spiritual development and awakening that once they died they no longer needed to re-embody on the earth Chakra Disc placed in the hands of Vishnu Chakravarti Chakravartin (Sanskrit cakravartin, Pali cakkavattin) is an ancient Indian term used to refer to an ideal universal ruler who rules ethically and benevolently over the entire world. Such a ruler's reign is called sarvabhauma Cham kalan The term Champa refers to a collection of independent Cham polities. Champa was an Indic civilization that flourished along the coast of what is now central and southern Vietnam for roughly one thousand years between 500 and 1500 AD. A Cham temple complex consists of several different kinds of buildings. The Kalan was the brick sanctuary, typically in the form of a tower, used to house the deity. The mandapa was an entry hallway contiguous with a sanctuary Chan The Chan is derived from Pali and Sanskrit metres and is based on the Vuttodaya, a Sri Lankan treatise on Pali Prosody. It was developed during the Ayutthaya period and became a prominent poetic form, but declined afterwards until it resurfaced in 1913 revival Chanda Chanda is a poetic in Sanskrit. It is factor that can have positive or negative result depending upon the mental factors that are conjoined with Cheingmai Pannasa A monk, who used to reside in Chiang Mai, composed in mixed Pali a collection of fifty Jatakas stories under the Lokapannasa-Jataka. In , this was called Cheing Mai Pannāsa 208 Glossary

Cit-jai A mix of cit in Pali as well Sanskrit and jai in Thai. It means observing the mind and sustaining the mind in the right way Citta/ Mana Mind Coronation Ceremony Ceremony of crowing sovereign consort Cosmic cycle Universal life cycle of the universe Cultural diplomacy The exchange of ideas, information, art, and other aspects of culture among nations and their people in order to foster mutual understandings Damaru When Lord Shiva performed the cosmic dance to destroy the evil in the universe, he had a percussion instrument in his hand. This instrument is called damaru which gave birth to rhythm Devalayamahakshetra Sukhotai King Luthai built two large cubicle edifices, one for the Buddha and the other for Shiva and Vishnu. These two statues are generally identified as those having once been enshrined Devalayamahakshetra, Luthai’s brahmanical shrine Dhammamandapa The original term of dhammasala Dhammayoun The present term for dhammasala in Burmese. It is a community hall for religious purposes, including preaching Dhammasa/ Dhammasala A hall for people to listen to dharma Dharmacakra The is one of the Ashtamangala of such as , Buddhism, and . It has been represented in the Buddhist dharma, Gautama Buddha's teaching of the path to , since the time of early Buddhism Dharmachakrapravartana Sutta It is the Setting in Motion of the Wheel of the Dharma Sutra or Promulgation of the Law Sutra. It is a Buddhist text that is considered to be a record of the first teaching given by Gautama Buddha after he attained enlightenment Dharmarajamandapa The triple-celled cave temple with massive pillars belongs to Mahendravarman’s time. The cave temple contains inscription in Pallavagrantha which gives the name of the temple as AtyantakamaPallavesvara-griham Dhrupad A style of Indian classical music Digha-Nikaya The Digha Nikaya is a Buddhist scripture. This is the first collec- tions in the SuttaPitaka Dvarapala A figure of person guarding the door Dvaravati Ancient kingdom of Southeast Asia flourished from the sixth to the late eleventh century. Dvaravati itself played an important role in introducing Buddhism and particularly to the region Glossary 209

Erawan Shrine Hindu shrine in Bangkok, where a statue of Phra Phrom, the Siamese representation of Hindu God Brahma, has been consecrated FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation Food access Access by individuals to adequate resources (entitlements) for acquiring appropriate food for a nutritious diet Food availability Availability of sufficient quantities of food of appropriate quality, supplied through domestic production or imports Gandhakuti The perfumed chamber of the Buddha at the Monastery, India. As here the Buddha received many flower offerings, the sweet perfumed chamber or gandhakuti in Pali became its name. Gandha means smell or scent Gandhavamsa The Gandhavamsa is a volume of seventeenth century Pali litera- ture by Nandapanna that describes the post-canonical of Burma and Ceylon Ganthabharana-Tika Ganthabharana-Tika is a subcommentary on a grammatical work Ganthabharana written by Ariyavaṃsa who settled in Ava of Myanmar during the reign of King Naṇapati (A.C. 1442–1468) Garbhagriha or Garbhagruha (garbhagṛha) The sanctum sanctorum, the inner- most sanctum of a Hindu temple where resides the murti (idol or icon) of the primary deity of the temple. Literally, the word means ‘womb chamber’, from the Sanskrit words, garbha for womb and griha for house Gharanas The diversification of styles of performing music leading to the division into different schools which are called gharanas GHI Global Hunger Index Grantha The is known as Grantha. The is one of the earliest southern scripts to emerge from the . It further evolved to the script. It also greatly influenced the Tamil and Guha A cave, cave shrine, tomb Gu-hpaya A cave temple Guru vandana Song of praise to a teacher by students Hammiya A rectangular building with projecting balconies and a roof of wood or plaster, supported by wooden beams and rafters Harihara An image where the Gods Vishnu and Siva are combined Hayagriva Hayagriva means horse headed. It is said Lord Narayana assumed this form to kill two demons who, by Lord Bramha’s blessings, could not be killed by any human being except a horse-headed man. These demons had stolen sacred during samudramanthan. Like Narsimha avatar, Lord Vishnu took this form and killed these demons 210 Glossary

Household food poverty Capacity of people to access to foods by their trading power Indianized Imposing Indian civilization over the indigenous population Indigenization The process of Indian cultural expansion in Southeast Asia was accomplished by peaceful means Intensification The planting of a large number of crops combined with an increased labour force, fertilizers, insecticides, and pesticides to get products as much as possible Isvara Ruler of the country Jama Coat worn by Mughal monarchs Kalok Mon term, applying to , benevolent spirit, spirits of the dead, hungry ghosts, supernatural creatures, demons, and the aboriginal inhabitants Kalan Main tower temple in a sanctuary of the Cham who belong to the Austronesian language group in Vietnam Kaleyaka A kind of incense that came from Suvarnabhumi Kalyana-mandapa An assembly hall dedicated to ritual marriage celebration of the lord and goddess -mandapa Kana is a Burmese and Mon term referring to a temporary pavilion used for the kalok dance of the Mon. It is parallel in meaning to mandapa in Pali Kana-mandapa-kyi/ mandapa-kana-kyi A large temporary pavilion; kyi in Burmese means large Kap consists of lyrical poetry. These lyrical poetries are of three types. One is Kap. It is quatrains of rhyming , always six syllables to the line in case Karerikutika/ Karerikuti One of the principal buildings at the Jetavana Monastery, India, built by Anathapindika. A mandapa of Kareri (varuna) trees stood at the entrance to the kutika, hence its name Karerimandalamala A hall where monks sit and hold dharma discussions Karma The sum of a person’s actions in one of his successive states of existence, determining his fate in the next Kharoshti script script is an ancient script used in north-western part of the Indian subcontinent Khlong The khlong is the oldest Thai poetic form. It requires markings of certain syllables. In khlong, a stanza has a number of lines depending on the type. It is usually regarded as an advanced and sophisticated poetic form Glossary 211

Khmer alphabet The Khmer alphabet or Khmer scripts used to write the (the official language of Cambodia). It is also used to write Pali in the of Cambodia and Thailand. It was adapted from the Pallava script Khon Mask Play, the contents of Khons, is derived from Ramayan Klon In the generic sense, klon originally referred to any type of poetry. In the narrow sense, it refers to a recently developed form where a stanza has four wak, each with the same number of syllables. It is usually considered an original Thai form Konerimandapa An unfinished five-celled rock-cut Siva temple in Mamallapuram with pillars supported by couchant lions Kotikalmandapa A rock-cut cave temple dedicated to the goddess Durgain Mamallapuram. The rock-cut façade has two supporting pillars and two pilasters in Mahendravarman style of architecture with an octagonal shaft built over a cubical base, and a similar top Krishnamandapa/ Mandapa of Krishna/ Krishna mandapam A cave temple at Mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram), on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal, in the Kancheepuram district of the state of , India Kshatriya The warrior class in the Vedic caste system Kumbha stupa A stupa is a mound-like or hemispherical structure containing relics that is used as a place of meditation Kuti A small cottage or cell for a monk or a hermit Lalitasana An art of sitting Maha Pirit Ceremony One day ceremony of chanting in Sri Lanka. Pirit in Sinhalese is equivalent to paritta in Pali Maha-mandapa The biggest and the tallest mandapa when there are several mandapas in a temple; maha means big Mahapadana Sutta The fourteenth sutta of the Digha Nikaya. It provides an account of the general events on the past lives of the seven previous Buddha Mahayana Buddhism One of the two major traditions of Buddhism now were practised especially in , Tibet, Japan, and . The tradition emerged around the first century A.D. and is typically concerned with personal spiritual practice and the ideal of the Mahishamardinimandapa/ Mahishasuramardhini Mandapa (also known as Yampuri) A rock-cut cave temple dating from the late seventh century of the in Mamallapuram. It was called Mahishasuramardhini cave as it depicted a relief of the goddess Durga battling the demon Mahisha 212 Glossary

Maleyyatthara-sutta It is a Buddhist book which contains the biography of Thera Maleyyathera A mandala is a spiritual and ritual symbol in Indian religious, repre- senting the universe. In common use, Mandala has become a genetic term for any diagram, chart, or geometric pattern that represents the cosmos metaphys- ically or symbolically, a microcosm of the universe Mandapa/ mandap/ mantapa/ mandapam A porch-like structure, usually including pillars, through the (gopuram—ornate gateway) and leading to the temple's sanctum sanctorum (garbhagriha) Mandap Image houses Mangala-sutta The Mangala Sutta is a discourse of the Buddha on the subject of ‘blessings’. In this discourse, the Buddha describes ‘blessings’ that are whole- some personal pursuits or attainments, identified in a progressive manner from the mundane to the ultimate spiritual goal A is a sacred utterance, a numinous sound, a , word or , or group of words in Sanskrit believed by practitioners to have psychological and spiritual powers. A mantra may or may not have syntactic structure or literal meaning Milasasana The Milasasana, a , which was written at Nabbisipura as a source book for Siamese Buddhism Mon manuscripts The Mon manuscript is a Brahmi-derived alphabet used to write Mon and may be the source script of the writing systems of Burmese and Shan languages, as well as for other languages of Burma such as S’gaw, Eastern and Western Pwo, Geba, Palaung, and Red Karen languages, although it is not the only script that has been used for these languages. The is also used for the liturgical languages of Pali and Sanskrit Monarchical system Sovereign with the title of king, queen, , empress or equivalent who is the supreme ruler Mondop yot cetiya A square building with a stepped pyramidal roof and sur- mounted by stupa Mondop yot prang A square building with a stepped pyramidal roof and sur- mounted by Thai prasat Mukhamandapa A porch or front hall of a temple Mukha Ardhamandapa A technical term of Hindu temple architecture. Ardhamandapa (half a pavilion) leads to the main hall (mandapa) of a temple. It also refers to the enclosed portion in front of a shine. The main Ardhamandapa is called Mukha Ardha Mandapa Glossary 213

Mukhapatha The art of improvisation, one of the aesthetic concepts in the oral culture, is called Mukhapatha Mundane The music which is worldly is called Mundane Myriad clay tablets Myriad clay tablets were used as a writing medium especially for writing in characters on wet clay and then dried up in sun and air and can be reused Naga A divine snake Nandi-mandapa A pavilion with a statue of a sacred bull Nandi, looking at the statue or the lingam of Siva in a Siva temple Nirat The best-known Thai poetry. It is usually written in the form of several cantos in Kap form Nirvana Extinction of individuality and absorption into the supreme spirit, beatitude Nissanka Malla Mandapa/ Lata Mandapaya A pillared pavilion for paritta chanting and worshipping tooth relics on special occasions at the sacred quad- rangle in Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka Niti Niti is a collection of maxims and philosophical thoughts and collection of proverbs by Phra Ruang. There also exists a vast range of stories of tales, dealing with mythology and history Nikaya In Paḷithe word means ‘volume’. Commonly, it is used in reference to the of the Sutta Piṭaka in the Buddhist cannon as well as refers to the monastic divisions of Buddhism Nok Khum It is a book which recounts genesis of the human being Octagonal headdress Eight angled head dress muang Dhoti-like trousers made of plain, long, blue-coloured silk cloth used for royal ceremonies and Buddhist ceremonies Paccekabuddhas A Pratyekabuddha or paccekabuddha, literally ‘a lone Buddha’, ‘a Buddha on his own’,or‘a private Buddha’, is one of the three types of enlightened beings according to some . The other two types are and Sammasambuddhas Pancasikhorn/ Pancasikhorn In Thai classical music, the main tonal system consists of five tones which are similar to pentatonic scale in Western music. The conception of penta-centric is represented by head-shaped figure. Pancasikhorn means five mountains which figuratively represent tonal groups of penta-centric in music. Hence, the symbol of god so-called Pancasikhorn is the representative of all melodies 214 Glossary

Panchapandavamandapa An unfinished cave temple situated in Mamallapuram. Had it been finished, it would have been the largest of all the cave temples of the Pallavas Pannasa Jataka A classical Burmese collection of 50 stories of the previous lives of the Buddha or Jatakas. Although some of the stories are based upon those in the Pali Jataka, they are generally not regarded as canonical Paragandharva/ Parakonthan The god worshipped by all Thai musicians as the Guru (teacher) of all rhythm is Paragandharva or Parakonthan in Thai. It is shown as whiteface man head with tiara of the sage Paritta Paritta, generally translated as ‘protection’ or ‘safeguard’, refers to the Buddhist practice of reciting certain verses and scriptures in order to ward off evil fortune or dangerous conditions, as well as to the specific verses and dis- courses recited as paritta texts Paritta mandapa/ pirit mandapaya A temporary pavilion erected for the paritta chanting ceremony Pasada A rectangular building Patimaghara An image house by combining the words patima and ghara in Pali meaning image and house, respectively Patimokkha In Theravada Buddhism, the Patimokkha is the basic code of monastic discipline, consisting of 227 rules for fully ordained monks () and 311 for nuns (bhikkhunis). It is contained in the Suttavibhanga, a division of the VinayaPitaka Phachongkraben Indian dhoti-like trousers for everyday use Phanaanang Sarong-like tube skirt with the front pleated in the centre area worn by Siamese women Phallus status Image of the penis, venerated in religious system as symbolizing generative power in nature Phra Barun Hindu God Varun Phra In Hindu God Indra Phra Isuan Hindu God Siva Phramaha mondop A great mondop (a square building with a stepped pyramidal roof) Phra Narai Hindu God Narayana, or Vishnu Phraphim/ Brahbim Common Thai term for clay tablet meaning sacred printed image Glossary 215

Phra Phrom Hindu God Brahma Phra Ruisi In Thai classical music, kindness, compassion, and sympathy are represented by the head-shaped figure of the sage called PhraRuisi. The face of the figure looks like an old sage with moustache and long beard showing warmth and compassion Phrayika Large-brimmed hat with a gold and diamond decorated pin derived from Persian and Mughal ornaments Pirab In Thai classical music, the anger is shown by the head-shaped figure of demon called Pirab whose face looks very serious and solemn Prajna Direct insight into the truth taught by the Buddha, as a faculty required to attain enlightenment Prang A Thai tower superstructure adapted from a Khmer prasat Prasat A Khmer and Thai term meaning castle, palace, or temple Hungry ghost Ragas The Indian classical music which is associated with rituals. It maintains accuracy of pronunciation, chastity of production and the chant-like intonation, and movement of the song in the spirit of magical rites Rajabandityasathan It is a dictionary. The literary theories and technical vocab- ulary of Sanskrit are found in Rajabandityasathan Rajasuya A sacrifice performed by a in order to establish his supremacy over other king by way of the brahmanical rites or pujas performed by the king Ramanujamandapa One of the numerous rock-cut cave temples in Mamallapuram. It has been built approximately in 640–674 A.D. The rock-cut temple has three cells. The largest one in the middle is staked off with two columns and two pilasters, all adorned with horned lions (vyalas) typical for mandapams in Mamallapuram Ranga-mandapa An assembly hall, a type of mandapa in a Hindu temple Ratana-mandapa Gem-decorated pavilion Ratchapataen Long-sleeved jacket Reclining Vishnu Image of Vishnu lying in more or less horizontal or recumbent position Rukkhamula ‘The fact to remain beneath a tree’; rukkha means tree; mula means root. The bhikkhu who takes the habit to remain beneath a tree is called ‘rukkhamulika’ 216 Glossary

Sachcha/ Samcha/ Sanchaka Clay images discovered from , other building structure, and caves Sacred water Holy water used in worship Saddavisesa It is a dictionary of Pali terms which were used in studying the three kinds of the Pitaka. It consists of 35 volumes Saddhamma-Sangaha Collection of the Good Laws Sala A hall, a pavilion, a shed, and a house. It also means a study and making hall and a preaching hall The samaṇera is a Pali language derivative of the Sanskrit term sramaṇa (‘strenuous’) which indicates an ascetic practitioner Samapadasthanakaposture Style of standing of a deity Samsara Series of lives Sanchari It is the third part of a musical composition. In the sanchari, both the tetrachords are combined, when a free and unrestricted play of all the fixed notes of the raga is put into commission for elevating its mood to a grandiose level and sublime colourfulness The Buddhist monastic order, traditionally including monks, nuns, lay- men, and laywomen Sangitiyavamsa It is a book relating to the history of caring for Buddhism, Buddhist history writing in early modern Thailand and particularly how histo- riography was one of the genres of ethical writing in the Buddhist world of Southeast Asia Sankha Conch shell, one of Vishnu’s attributes Sat-chaya Perfect image and also reproduced image SEATO Southeast Asia Treaty Organization Senakut A type of Persian jacket for formal and winter wear introduced around the end of seventeenth century Shan Ethnic group of the Upper Myanmar Shan dialect Shan dialect means Shan language, which is the native language of and spoken mostly in , Burma. It is also spoken in pockets of in Burma, in northern Thailand, and decreasingly in Shensi Ethnic group as the Laos of the Lao Kingdom to the north-east of Thailand Sila Moral virtues Glossary 217

Sivalinga Aniconic representation of God Siva Sloka A couplet of Sanskrit verse, especially one in which each line contains 16 syllables Sri-Dvaravati-shvarapunya Meritorious deed of the ruler of Dvaravati Sthayi The composition of the Indian music consists of four parts. The first stanza or movement is called sthayi. It is sung with the word of the song set in particular raga andtala, followed by a note-by-note impromptu improvisation of the raga composition Stupas A dome-shaped building erected as a Buddhist shrine Sukhodaya script From an inscription at Sukhodaya, it is known that King had invented the Sukhodaya script based on a cursive form of the Khmer writing, which appeared to be borrowed from Cambodian script Suttana The Suttanta Pitaka is a collection of all the discourses in their entirely delivered by the Buddha on various occasions. It is divided into five different collections known as Nikaeyas Suvarnabhumi/ Suvarnadvipa Sanskrit records referred Southeast Asia as Suvarnabhumi/Suvarnadvipa. It means the land of Gold or the Golden Island Swatow dialect The Shantou dialect, formerly known as the Swatow dialect, is a dialect mostly spoken in Shantou in Guangdong, China. It is a subdialect of Min Nan Chinese and sometimes a subdialect of Teochew Min Tala It is the rhythm in which the raga is composed and played Tamradevarupa A brahmanical iconological treatise written during the reign of King Rama III as a guide for artisans Tapon Percussion instrument, which is like a guru who controls all performances related to rhythm Thai Noi The art of writing of northern Thailand was derived from Mon, and these Mon-based scripts are called Thai Yuan Thai Nuea Northern Thai who lived in the low lands of the valleys is predomi- nately inhabited by the Thai which is generally called Thai Nues Thai Yuan The art of writing of northern Thailand was derived from Mon, and this Mon-based script is called Thai Yuan Thang In Thai music, Thang are the melody form of vocal and instrumental music Theravada Buddhism A stream of Buddhism Theye dharma verse Production of small clay images from seals or moulds applied to the teachings of Buddha 218 Glossary

Tribhanga posture Tribhaṅga or Tribunga is a (tri-bent pose) standing body position or stance used in the traditional Indian sculpture, art, and Indian clas- sical dance form Trimurti The three Indian Gods, i.e. Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva Triyambvay Tripavay Ceremony Ceremony for peaceful correlation of Brahmanism and Buddhism Trya em/ Trya A house of dharma or a school of dharma for preach- ingdharma. The term was used during Pagan period in Myanmar Tshatsha Tibetan word for Sachcha Uposathagga The assembly hall Utilization Utilization of food through adequate diet, clean water, sanitation, and health care to reach a state of nutritional well-being where all physiological needs are met Vahana-mandapa A pavilion with a statue of the mount or vehicle of a god. Vahana denotes the being, typically an animal or mythical entity; a particular Hindu deity is said to use as a vehicle Vairocana Vairocana is a celestial Buddha who is often interpreted as the Dharma body of the historical Buddha. Vairocana is also seen as the embodiment of the Buddhist concept of emptiness. Vairocana is considered as Primordial Buddha Vaisya A caste in the caste system that is the traders who intermarried with local women and impressed the indigenous people with their goods and culture Buddhism Vajrayana Buddhism is the tantric corpus of Buddhism. Vajrayana refers to one of three vehicles or routes to enlighten Varada Mudra Varada Mudra is a mudra, and it indicates a gesture by the hand and symbolizes dispensing of boons. For varadamudra, right hand is used. It is held out, with palm uppermost and the fingers pointing downwards Varahamandapa The Varaha Cave Temple (also known as Adivaraha) is dated to the seventh century. The side walls have carved sculpture panels of Vishnu as Trivikrama and Vishnu in the incarnation of Varaha, the boar, lifting Bhudevi, the earth goddess Vatuka Bhairaba Siva in one of his terrible aspects Vessantara Jataka The Vessantara Jataka is one of the most popular apadanas of Theravada Buddhism. The Vessantara Jataka tells the story of one of Gautama Buddha's past lives, about a compassionate , Vessantara, who gives away everything he owns, including his children, thereby displaying the virtue of perfect charity. It is also known as the Great Birth Sermon Glossary 219

Vihara A or monastery Vipassana- Meditation The Visuddhimagga is the ‘great treatise’ on Theravada Buddhist doctrine written by Buddhaghosa approximately in 430 CE in Sri Lanka Vitarka mudra A style of hand posture Votive Tablets Clay tablets are popularly known as votive tablets. This tablet is produced as a result of a vow. Votive tablets often represent images of Buddha or Buddhist deities, and some of them could be treated as object of art. These have religious and social connotations Yajyopavita A brahmanical sacred thread Ye Dhamma Monogram of Buddha’s teachings written on images Yin-Yang Thai classical music is similar to the Chinese symbol of Yin-Yang. According to Chinese belief, Yin is the symbol of peace and tranquillity, whereas Yang represents strong feelings such as enthusiasm and dislike. This universe originated from the time when Yin and Yang mixed together properly Index

A , 5, 187, 200 Abhayamudra, 18 Bodhisattvas, 5, 6, 39, 40, 43–45, 47 Abhidhama, 126 Borneo, 15 Abhidhammatthavi-bhāvanī-Pañcikā- Brahmana, 4, 138, 158 Atthayojanā, 128 Brahmanical divinities, 2, 4 Abhog, 116 Brahmi script, 141, 142, 145 Addhayoga, 61 Buddhaghosa-Nidān, 129 Adi Varaha mandapa, 56 Buddho, 102 Aganpati, 107 Aggañña-sutta, 128 C Amulets, 37 Caitya-grha, 72 Anjalimudra, 43 Cakra, 18, 27 Anthropomorphic status, 17 Cambodia, 4, 123–125, 127, 129, 132, 140, Ariyakas, 126 150, 151, 154, 158, 191 Arthasastra, 14, 102 Celestial Buddhas, 43 Arth-mandapa, 54 Chainat Province, 16 ASEAN, 186, 191 Chaiya, 5, 191 Ashtamandalaka sutra, 41 Chakri Dynasty, 17, 96, 157 Ashta Shakthi mandapa, 55 Cham kalan, 56 Astamahabodhisattva, 40, 41 Chan, 124, 153 Asthana-mandapa, 54, 55 Chao Amphawa, 125 , 66, 71, 127 Chao Ayutthaya, 125 Aurea Cheronesus, 4, 13 Chao Phraya, 38, 124, 162 Avalokiteśvara, 5, 39, 42, 43 Chao Phya Chakri, 17 Avatar, 17, 184, 198 Chao Ratchaburi, 125 Ayurveda, 102, 190 Chiang Mai Pannāsa, 128 Ayutthaya, 16, 17, 21, 28–30, 88, 93–96, 102, Chintz, 93–96 125, 126, 129, 141, 150, 154, 157, 190, 191 Chitte, 94 Chola art, 23 B Chryse (golden) Island, 4 Bali, 15 Coedes, George, 144 Bang Wang Phai inscription, 18 Cola–Śakarāja, 129 Ban Khaek, 198 Cold war, 11, 182, 183, 185 Bhadrasana, 43–45, 50 Coronation Ceremony, 198 Bharata Natya Shastra, 7, 121 Cultural Diplomacy, 4, 11, 181–183, 185, 186, Bharata Rishi, 7, 112 190, 192, 195, 196, 200 Bīja Maṅgala Ceremony, 131 BIMSTEC, 186, 194 D BIST-EC, 186 Dīgha-Nikāya, 128

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 221 L. Ghosh (ed.), India–Thailand Cultural Interactions, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-3854-9 222 Index

Damaru, 7, 112 K Dev Samaj Mandir, 188 Kalan, 56, 72 Dhammamandapa, 53, 77, 80, 81, 83 Kaleyaka, 14 Dhammasa, 77, 79, 80 Kalok, 68, 69, 83 Dhammasala, 53, 77, 79–81, 83 Kalyana-mandapa, 54, 55 Dhammayoun, 81 Kammatthana, 106 Dharmachakrapravartana mudra, 43 Kana-mandapa, 68, 69 Dharmaraja mandapa, 56 Kana-mandapakji/ mandapa-kana-kyi, 69 Dhrupad, 116 Kap, 153, 154 Dong Khon, 16 Karerikuti, 53, 57, 58, 60, 72, 83 Dong Si Mahapot, 19, 20, 22, 25 Karerimandalamala, 57, 59 Dupont, 18 Kathakali, 192 Dvarapala, 18, 208 Kelani , 66 Dvaravati, 35, 137–139, 142, 143 Kharoshti script, 38 Dvārāvatī Votive Tablets, 5 Khenkhap, 88 Khlong, 153, 154 E Khmer, 8, 10, 56, 71, 72, 107, 124–126, 136, Erawan Shrine, 189 138–141, 144–146, 149, 151, 152, 183, 185, 191 F Khmer inscription, 16 Fa-hsien, 80 Khmer school of art, 26 Food and Agriculture Organisation of the Khon, 120, 157 United Nations (FAO), 163, 166–168 Khon dance, 156 Funan, 136, 137, 142 , 66 King Boromaraja I, 16 G King Boromaraja II, 129 Gandhakuti, 57, 60 King Boromo Trailokanat, 127 Gandhavaṃsa, 130 King , 88, 91, 94, 96, 97, 99, Garbha griha, 53, 54 100, 129, 152, 155 Garuda, 96, 188 King Luthai, 27 Global Hunger Index (GHI), 167, 168 King Phra, 29 Grantha, 141, 142 King Rama III, 95, 156 Grilled Sticky Rice Ceremony, 106 King Rama V, 126, 153, 184 Guha, 63 Kitchens of the world, 8, 9, 161, 162, 168, 174 Klon, 153 H Koneri mandapa, 56 Hammiya, 61 Kosambakuti, 57 Harihara, 24, 26 Kotikal mandapa, 56 Household food poverty line, 171 Kram Samdet Phra Paramānujit Jinnorot, 130 Krishna-mandapa, 56 I Krommaluang, 97 ICCR, 190, 192, 196, 199 Krommamun, 97 Indianised, 136, 151 Kshatriya, 4, 137, 138 Indianization, 136, 137, 151, 183, 184 Kulap, 88 Indravijara, 156 Kumbha stūpa, 46 Isthmian tract, 19 Kuti, 57, 72, 105

J L Jama, 97, 100 Lahakumbhi-Jātaka, 130 Jataka, 10, 123, 135, 154–156 Lalitasana, 22 Jetabon Monastery, 129 Lao-Yo-dialects, 150 Lokapannāsa-Jātaka, 128 Index 223

Look East Policy, 11, 182, 183, 186 Nandi-mandapa, 54 Lopburi, 38, 145 Natyashasatra, 102 Nikaya, 81 M Nimi-Jātaka, 130 Mahābodhi, 128 Nirat, 153, 154 Mahādhammarāja Monastery, 129 Nissanka Malla Mandapa, 68 Mahānaradakassapa-Jātaka, 130 Niti, 153 Mahāthera Dhammadinna, 130 Nok Khum, 153 Mahāyāna Buddhism, 5 Mahabodhi, 108 P Maha-mandapa, 54 Pañcatantra, 135 Mahapadana sutta, 60, 61 Padakkama-Yojanāsaddattha-bhedacintā, 130 Maha Pirit Ceremony, 68 Pallava art, 47 Mahayana Buddhism, 139 Pa muang, 88 Mahisasuramardini, 5 Pancasikhorn, 112 Mahishamardini mandapa, 56 Pancatantra, 158 Malay Peninsula, 41, 43, 124, 125, 162 Panchapandava mandapa, 56 Mandalamala, 57 Pannasa-Jataka, 154, 156 Mandapa/mandap/Mantapa/Mandapam, 54 Paragandharva, 113 Mango Grove Monastery, 27 Parakonthan, 113 Manusmrti, 106 Paritta, 67, 68, 81, 83, 131 Mātikas, 128 Pasada, 61 Mātikatthasarūpa-Dhammasanganī, 128 Patimaghara, 57 Meenakshi Nayakar mandapa, 55 Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, The, 13 , 124 Petchaburi, 20, 23, 30 Menam, 124, 140 chong kraben, 88, 92 Milasasana, 121, 212 Pha haa nang, 92 Minnanthu Monastery, 78 Phahurat, 198 Moha bodhi, 72 Phallus status, 17 Mon, 10, 39, 45, 66, 68, 69, 103, 124, 125, Phra Barun, 17 136, 138, 140, 144, 146, 149, 151, 155, 183 Phra In, 17 Monarchical system, 15 Phra Isuan, 17 Mondop yot cetiya, 70 Phra maha mondop, 72 Mondop yot prang, 70 Phra Narai, 17, 29 Mon Manuscripts, 127 Phra Phai, 31 Mount Meru, 31 Phra phim, 36 Mridangam, 113 Phra Phrom, 17, 29, 30 Mudai Pillai mandapa, 55 Phra Pikanesvara, 29 Phaniat Chantaburi, 25 Phra Ruisi, 113 Mukha-mandapa, 54, 55 Phra yika, 97 Mukhamatthakathā, 128 Pirab, 113 Mukhapatha, 121 Pong Tuk, 18 Mundane, 39, 120 Pralambapadasana, 18 Myriad clay tablets, 38 P’ Prang Sam Yot, 27 My Son, 56 Prasat, 56, 71, 72 Prasat Khao Noi, 25 N Prasat Muang Phai, 25 Naga, 46, 66 Ptolemy, 4, 13 Nakhon Pathom, 38, 139, 143, 146 Pudu mandapa, 55 Nakhon Si Thammarat, 39, 147 Nalanda University, 187 R Nanakitti, 127, 129–131 Ragas, 112, 117, 120 224 Index

Rajasuya, 16 Suttana, 126, 217 Ramadhipati I, 28 Suvarnabhumi, 13, 14, 137 Ramakien, 153, 155–157, 190 Suvarnadvipa, 13 Ramanuja mandapa, 56 Swatow dialect, 132 Ranga-mandapa, 55 Ratana-mandapa, 66 T Ratcha pataen, 88 Talad, 88 Rattanakosin Period, 152, 157 Talaing, 125 Reclining Vishnu, 26 T’ammarājaLut’, 131 Rīpasiddhi, 127 Tamradevarupa, 28 Robe-presentation ceremony, 106 Tapon, 113 Ruesi, 113 Terracotta, 22, 138 Rukkhamula, 63 Thai Khon Dance, 192 Thai National Food Commission, 167, 170, S 171 Sachcha/Samcha/Sanchaka, 36 Thai Noi, 149 Saddavisesa, 126 Thai Nuea, 125 Sakyamuni Buddha, 41 Thai Yuan, 149 Sala, 58 Thang, 114–116 Samapadasthanaka, 17 Thera Brahmarājapañña, 129 Sampeng, 198 Thera Māleyyathera, 130 Sangha, 78, 187 Thera Ratanapañña, 128, 129 San Ta Pa Deng, 28 Thera Saddhammasiri, 130 Sating Pra, 20, 21 Thera Uttararāma, 128 School of Srivijayan art, 20 Theravada Buddhism, 16, 123, 139 SEATO, 185 There Sīlavaṃsa, 131 Senakut, 95 Tipitaka, 66, 70, 71, 83 Shakyamuni, 101–103 Traibhumikatha, 154 Shan dialect, 151 Traiphum Phra Rung, 131 Shensi, 124 Tribhanga, 18, 43 Shwezayan Pagoda, 66 Triyambvay Tripavay Ceremony, 29 Si chon, 20 Tsha tsha, 36 Sihala-Sasanal, 129 Sihinga-Nidan, 129 Sila, 102, 105, 106 Udumbaragiri forest monastery, 81 Silom, 29, 198 UNICEF, 167 Soft power, 200 Uposathagga, 105 Sonkhla Museum, 22 Uppātasanti, 131 Sri Maha Mariamman temple, 29 U thong, 18, 28, 139, 141 Sri Mahasot, 18 Sri Thep, 18, 45 V Stucco, 138 Vahana-mandapa, 55 Stupa, 27, 68, 70–72, 83, 107 Vairocana, 39 Sukhodaya, 27, 28, 125, 129, 131, 139, 141 Vaisya, 138 Sukhothai dynasty, 144 Vajrayāna Buddhism, 39 Sukhothai mondop, 53, 72, 77, 83 Varada mudrā, 42 Sukhothai school of art, 25 Vasantatilaka, 156 Sukhumvitthat, 198 Vatuka Bhairaba, 21 Surasihanuth, 129 V brah, 151 Surat Thani, 20 Veera Vasanthar Rayar mandapa, 55 Surya, 13, 17, 18, 20, 21, 30, 102 Veluvana vihara, 81 Sushruta, 102 Vessandon Ceremony, 106 Index 225

Vessantara jataka, 156 Mahathat, 27 Vihara, 29, 53, 61, 71, 72, 77, 83 Wat Suthat, 17 Vipassana-bhavana, 103 WHO, 167, 168 Visakhapuja, 131 Wieng Sra, 19 Vitarka mudra, 18, 43 Vo Cahn inscription, 141 Y Votive tablets, 37, 39, 138 Yajyopavita, 24 Yaksha, 17, 28 W Yamaka, 127 Wat Asokaram, 71 Ye Dharmā, 5 Wat Burapharam, 71 Yingluck Shinawatra, 186 Wat Mahadhatu, 20 Yin-Yang, 113