Glossary Abhayamudra A style of keeping hands while sitting Abhidhama The Abhidhamma Pitaka is a detailed scholastic reworking of material appearing in the Suttas, according to schematic classifications. It does not contain systematic philosophical treatises, but summaries or enumerated lists. The other two collections are the Sutta Pitaka and the Vinaya Pitaka Abhog It is the fourth part of a composition. The last movement gradually goes back to the sthayi after completion of the paraphrasing and improvisation of the composition, which can cover even three octaves in the recital of a master performer Acharya A teacher or a tutor who is the symbol of wisdom Addhayoga One of seven kinds of lodgings where monks are allowed to live. Addhayoga is a building with a roof sloping on either one side or both. It is shaped like wings of the Garuda Agganna-sutta AggannaSutta is the 27th Sutta of the Digha Nikaya collection. The sutta describes a discourse imparted by the Buddha to two Brahmins, Bharadvaja, and Vasettha, who left their family and caste to become monks Ahankar Haughtiness, self-importance A-hlu-khan mandap Burmese term, a temporary pavilion to receive donation Akshamala A japa mala or mala (meaning garland) which is a string of prayer beads commonly used by Hindus, Buddhists, and some Sikhs for the spiritual practice known in Sanskrit as japa. It is usually made from 108 beads, though other numbers may also be used Amulets An ornament or small piece of jewellery thought to give protection against evil, danger, or disease. Clay tablets have also been used as amulets. This is a kind of Thai Buddhist blessed item Ananda The pleasure of understanding a work in all its aspect © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 205 L. Ghosh (ed.), India–Thailand Cultural Interactions, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-3854-9 206 Glossary Anjalimudra Anjali is Sanskrit for ‘divine offering’, ‘a gesture of reverence’, ‘benediction’, and ‘salutation’, and is derived from anj, meaning ‘to honour or celebrate’. Mudra means ‘seal’ or ‘sign’. The meaning of the phrase is thus ‘salutation seal’ Antara A composition in Indian music consists of four parts. The second part is antara. The raga composition is gradually delineated within the framework of permissible note in the scale, which in the ‘antara’ takes up the upper tetrachord and establishes the image of the raga Antarala The antechamber immediately adjoining the garbhagrha (sanctum sanctorum), forming the entrance framework for the main shine Anthropomorphic status Nature of anthropomorphism, i.e. attribute human form or personality to God Ariyakas In the early nineteenth century, King Rama IV or Maha Mongkut (1851– 1868) invented a new script called Ariyakas based on the Roman alphabet Arth-mandapa/ Arthamandapa/ Ardhamandapa A (closed) pillared hall between the garbagriha (sanctum sanctorum) or antarala (an intermediate space) and the temple exterior or other mandapas ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations Ashtamandalaka sutra A group of eight Bodhisattvas, known as the Ashtamahabodhisattva. This formed a part of the Ashtamandalaka sutra Astamahabodhisattva iconography A group of eight Bodhisattvas in Mahayana Buddhism is known as the Ashtamahabodhisattva. They are Kshitigarbha, Sarvanivarana-vishkambhin, Manjusri, Vajrapani, Maitreya, Samantabhadra, Avalokitesvara, and Akasagarbha Asthana-mandapa An assembly hall in a temple At thamahasangiti Akkarasamsodhana The nine Buddhist Councils, especially the Eighth Saṅgayana, ‘council’ called ‘At thamahasaṅgiti Akkharasaṃsodhana’ Atman Self Atthakatha Commentaries on the Pali Buddhist canon, Tipitaka Aurea Cheronesus This term coined by Ptolemy meaning Southeast Asia Avatara Incarnation Bhadrasana Bhadrasana is a basic yoga pose suitable for beginners. It is a great asana for meditation as it is comfortable and can be held for extended periods of time. Practising bhadrasana calms the mind and brings about feelings of groundedness. It also activates the muladhara (root) chakra Bhikkhu A Buddhist monk Glossary 207 Bhuta Supernatural creatures, demons BIMSTEC Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation BIST-EC Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand Economic Cooperation Bodhisattvas In Mahayana Buddhism, boddisattva is a Sanskrit term for anyone who, motivated by great compassion, generates bodhicitta, which is a sponta- neous wish to attain Buddhahood for the benefit of all sentient beings Buddho Awakened; Supreme Enlightenment or Wisdom; Gautama Buddha, the ninth incarnation of Vishnu Caitya-grha A Buddha shrine Candi A Hindu or Buddhist Javanese temple, as well as it can refer to a stupa,a vihara, a bathing site, and a cave Celestial Buddhas The idea of exalted divine beings known as celestial Buddhas can be found in several Mahayana Buddhist traditions. Celestial Buddha is a heavenly being who was once a human being who had achieved such an advance level of spiritual development and awakening that once they died they no longer needed to re-embody on the earth Chakra Disc placed in the hands of Vishnu Chakravarti Chakravartin (Sanskrit cakravartin, Pali cakkavattin) is an ancient Indian term used to refer to an ideal universal ruler who rules ethically and benevolently over the entire world. Such a ruler's reign is called sarvabhauma Cham kalan The term Champa refers to a collection of independent Cham polities. Champa was an Indic civilization that flourished along the coast of what is now central and southern Vietnam for roughly one thousand years between 500 and 1500 AD. A Cham temple complex consists of several different kinds of buildings. The Kalan was the brick sanctuary, typically in the form of a tower, used to house the deity. The mandapa was an entry hallway contiguous with a sanctuary Chan The Chan is derived from Pali and Sanskrit metres and is based on the Vuttodaya, a Sri Lankan treatise on Pali Prosody. It was developed during the Ayutthaya period and became a prominent poetic form, but declined afterwards until it resurfaced in 1913 revival Chanda Chanda is a poetic metre in Sanskrit. It is factor that can have positive or negative result depending upon the mental factors that are conjoined with Cheingmai Pannasa A monk, who used to reside in Chiang Mai, composed in mixed Pali a collection of fifty Jatakas stories under the title Lokapannasa-Jataka. In Myanmar, this was called Cheing Mai Pannāsa 208 Glossary Cit-jai A mix of cit in Pali as well Sanskrit and jai in Thai. It means observing the mind and sustaining the mind in the right way Citta/ Mana Mind Coronation Ceremony Ceremony of crowing sovereign consort Cosmic cycle Universal life cycle of the universe Cultural diplomacy The exchange of ideas, information, art, and other aspects of culture among nations and their people in order to foster mutual understandings Damaru When Lord Shiva performed the cosmic dance to destroy the evil in the universe, he had a percussion instrument in his hand. This instrument is called damaru which gave birth to rhythm Devalayamahakshetra Sukhotai King Luthai built two large cubicle edifices, one for the Buddha and the other for Shiva and Vishnu. These two statues are generally identified as those having once been enshrined Devalayamahakshetra, Luthai’s brahmanical shrine Dhammamandapa The original term of dhammasala Dhammayoun The present term for dhammasala in Burmese. It is a community hall for religious purposes, including dharma preaching Dhammasa/ Dhammasala A hall for people to listen to dharma Dharmacakra The dharmachakra is one of the Ashtamangala of Indian religions such as Jainism, Buddhism, and Hinduism. It has been represented in the Buddhist dharma, Gautama Buddha's teaching of the path to Nirvana, since the time of early Buddhism Dharmachakrapravartana Sutta It is the Setting in Motion of the Wheel of the Dharma Sutra or Promulgation of the Law Sutra. It is a Buddhist text that is considered to be a record of the first teaching given by Gautama Buddha after he attained enlightenment Dharmarajamandapa The triple-celled cave temple with massive pillars belongs to Mahendravarman’s time. The cave temple contains inscription in Pallavagrantha which gives the name of the temple as AtyantakamaPallavesvara-griham Dhrupad A style of Indian classical music Digha-Nikaya The Digha Nikaya is a Buddhist scripture. This is the first collec- tions in the SuttaPitaka Dvarapala A figure of person guarding the door Dvaravati Ancient kingdom of Southeast Asia flourished from the sixth to the late eleventh century. Dvaravati itself played an important role in introducing Buddhism and particularly Buddhist art to the region Glossary 209 Erawan Shrine Hindu shrine in Bangkok, where a statue of Phra Phrom, the Siamese representation of Hindu God Brahma, has been consecrated FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation Food access Access by individuals to adequate resources (entitlements) for acquiring appropriate food for a nutritious diet Food availability Availability of sufficient quantities of food of appropriate quality, supplied through domestic production or imports Gandhakuti The perfumed chamber of the Buddha at the Jetavana Monastery, India. As here the Buddha received many flower offerings, the sweet perfumed chamber or gandhakuti in Pali became its name. Gandha means smell or scent Gandhavamsa The Gandhavamsa is a volume of seventeenth century Pali litera- ture by Nandapanna that describes the post-canonical Pali literature of Burma and Ceylon Ganthabharana-Tika Ganthabharana-Tika is a subcommentary on a grammatical work Ganthabharana written by Ariyavaṃsa who settled in Ava of Myanmar during the reign of King Naṇapati (A.C. 1442–1468) Garbhagriha or Garbhagruha (garbhagṛha) The sanctum sanctorum, the inner- most sanctum of a Hindu temple where resides the murti (idol or icon) of the primary deity of the temple. Literally, the word means ‘womb chamber’, from the Sanskrit words, garbha for womb and griha for house Gharanas The diversification of styles of performing music leading to the division into different schools which are called gharanas GHI Global Hunger Index Grantha The Pallava script is known as Grantha.