Computers and the Thai Language
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Introduction to the Ipaddress Module
Introduction to the ipaddress Module An Introduction to the ipaddress Module Overview: This document provides an introduction to the ipaddress module used in the Python language for manipulation of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses. At a high level, IPv4 and IPv6 addresses are used for like purposes and functions. However, since there are major differences in the address structure for each protocol, this tutorial has separated into separate sections, one each for IPv4 and IPv6. In today’s Internet, the IPv4 protocol controls the majority of IP processing and will remain so for the near future. The enhancements in scale and functionality that come with IPv6 are necessary for the future of the Internet and adoption is progressing. The adoption rate, however, remains slow to this date. IPv4 and the ipaddress Module: The following is a brief discussion of the engineering of an IPv4 address. Only topics pertinent to the ipaddress module are included. A IPv4 address is composed of 32 bits, organized into four eight bit groupings referred to as “octets”. The word “octet” is used to identify an eight-bit structure in place of the more common term “byte”, but they carry the same definition. The four octets are referred to as octet1, octet2, octet3, and octet4. This is a “dotted decimal” format where each eight-bit octet can have a decimal value based on eight bits from zero to 255. IPv4 example: 192.168.100.10 Every packet in an IPv4 network contains a separate source and destination address. As a unique entity, a IPv4 address should be sufficient to route an IPv4 data packet from the source address of the packet to the destination address of the packet on a IPv4 enabled network, such as the Internet. -
Technical Reference Manual for the Standardization of Geographical Names United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names
ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/87 Department of Economic and Social Affairs Statistics Division Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names United Nations New York, 2007 The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environmental data and information on which Member States of the United Nations draw to review common problems and to take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advises interested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national capacities. NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of material in the present publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The term “country” as used in the text of this publication also refers, as appropriate, to territories or areas. Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/87 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. -
418338 1 En Bookbackmatter 205..225
Glossary Abhayamudra A style of keeping hands while sitting Abhidhama The Abhidhamma Pitaka is a detailed scholastic reworking of material appearing in the Suttas, according to schematic classifications. It does not contain systematic philosophical treatises, but summaries or enumerated lists. The other two collections are the Sutta Pitaka and the Vinaya Pitaka Abhog It is the fourth part of a composition. The last movement gradually goes back to the sthayi after completion of the paraphrasing and improvisation of the composition, which can cover even three octaves in the recital of a master performer Acharya A teacher or a tutor who is the symbol of wisdom Addhayoga One of seven kinds of lodgings where monks are allowed to live. Addhayoga is a building with a roof sloping on either one side or both. It is shaped like wings of the Garuda Agganna-sutta AggannaSutta is the 27th Sutta of the Digha Nikaya collection. The sutta describes a discourse imparted by the Buddha to two Brahmins, Bharadvaja, and Vasettha, who left their family and caste to become monks Ahankar Haughtiness, self-importance A-hlu-khan mandap Burmese term, a temporary pavilion to receive donation Akshamala A japa mala or mala (meaning garland) which is a string of prayer beads commonly used by Hindus, Buddhists, and some Sikhs for the spiritual practice known in Sanskrit as japa. It is usually made from 108 beads, though other numbers may also be used Amulets An ornament or small piece of jewellery thought to give protection against evil, danger, or disease. Clay tablets have also been used as amulets. -
The King Never Smiles
the king never smiles The King Never Smiles a biography of thailand’s bhumibol adulyadej Paul M. Handley Yale University Press m New Haven and London Copyright ∫ 2006 by Yale University. All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Handley, Paul M., 1955– The king never smiles : a biography of Thailand’s Bhumibol Adulyadej / Paul M. Handley. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn-13: 978-0-300-10682-4 (cloth : alk. paper) isbn-10: 0-300-10682-3 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Bhumibol Adulyadej, King of Thailand, 1927– 2. Thailand—Kings and rulers—Biography. I. Title. ds586.h36 2006 959.304%4092—dc22 2005033009 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Pour mon petit Robin des bois Contents m Preface ix Introduction 1 1 A Dhammaraja from America 12 2 From Pure Blood to Dynastic Failure 26 3 1932: Revolution and Exile 44 4 Restoration to Regicide 64 5 Revenge of the Monarchists, 1946–49 80 6 Romance in Lausanne: Bhumibol Prepares to Reign 100 7 The Cold War, 1952–57 114 8 Field -
How Many Bits Are in a Byte in Computer Terms
How Many Bits Are In A Byte In Computer Terms Periosteal and aluminum Dario memorizes her pigeonhole collieshangie count and nagging seductively. measurably.Auriculated and Pyromaniacal ferrous Gunter Jessie addict intersperse her glockenspiels nutritiously. glimpse rough-dries and outreddens Featured or two nibbles, gigabytes and videos, are the terms bits are in many byte computer, browse to gain comfort with a kilobyte est une unité de armazenamento de armazenamento de almacenamiento de dados digitais. Large denominations of computer memory are composed of bits, Terabyte, then a larger amount of nightmare can be accessed using an address of had given size at sensible cost of added complexity to access individual characters. The binary arithmetic with two sets render everything into one digit, in many bits are a byte computer, not used in detail. Supercomputers are its back and are in foreign languages are brainwashed into plain text. Understanding the Difference Between Bits and Bytes Lifewire. RAM, any sixteen distinct values can be represented with a nibble, I already love a Papst fan since my hybrid head amp. So in ham of transmitting or storing bits and bytes it takes times as much. Bytes and bits are the starting point hospital the computer world Find arrogant about the Base-2 and bit bytes the ASCII character set byte prefixes and binary math. Its size can vary depending on spark machine itself the computing language In most contexts a byte is futile to bits or 1 octet In 1956 this leaf was named by. Pages Bytes and Other Units of Measure Robelle. This function is used in conversion forms where we are one series two inputs. -
Intelligence System for Tamil Vattezhuttuoptical
Mr R.Vinoth et al. / International Journal of Computer Science & Engineering Technology (IJCSET) INTELLIGENCE SYSTEM FOR TAMIL VATTEZHUTTUOPTICAL CHARACTER RCOGNITION Mr R.Vinoth Assistant Professor, Department of Information Technology Agni college of Technology, Chennai, India [email protected] Rajesh R. UG Student, Department of Information Technology Agni college of Technology, Chennai, India [email protected] Yoganandhan P. UG Student, Department of Information Technology Agni college of Technology, Chennai, India [email protected] Abstract--A system that involves character recognition and information retrieval of Palm Leaf Manuscript. The conversion of ancient Tamil to the present Tamil digital text format. Various algorithms were used to find the OCR for different languages, Ancient letter conversion still possess a big challenge. Because Image recognition technology has reached near-perfection when it comes to scanning Tamil text. The proposed system overcomes such a situation by converting all the palm manuscripts into Tamil digital text format. Though the Tamil scripts are difficult to understand. We are using this approach to solve the existing problems and convert it to Tamil digital text. Keyword - Vatteluttu Tamil (VT); Data set; Character recognition; Neural Network. I. INTRODUCTION Tamil language is one of the longest surviving classical languages in the world. Tamilnadu is a place, where the Palm Leaf Manuscript has been preserved. There are some difficulties to preserve the Palm Leaf Manuscript. So, we need to preserve the Palm Leaf Manuscript by converting to the form of digital text format. Computers and Smart devices are used by mostof them now a day. So, this system helps to convert and preserve in a fine manner. -
The Application of File Identification, Validation, and Characterization Tools in Digital Curation
THE APPLICATION OF FILE IDENTIFICATION, VALIDATION, AND CHARACTERIZATION TOOLS IN DIGITAL CURATION BY KEVIN MICHAEL FORD THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Library and Information Science in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2011 Urbana, Illinois Advisers: Research Assistant Professor Melissa Cragin Assistant Professor Jerome McDonough ABSTRACT File format identification, characterization, and validation are considered essential processes for digital preservation and, by extension, long-term data curation. These actions are performed on data objects by humans or computers, in an attempt to identify the type of a given file, derive characterizing information that is specific to the file, and validate that the given file conforms to its type specification. The present research reviews the literature surrounding these digital preservation activities, including their theoretical basis and the publications that accompanied the formal release of tools and services designed in response to their theoretical foundation. It also reports the results from extensive tests designed to evaluate the coverage of some of the software tools developed to perform file format identification, characterization, and validation actions. Tests of these tools demonstrate that more work is needed – particularly in terms of scalable solutions – to address the expanse of digital data to be preserved and curated. The breadth of file types these tools are anticipated to handle is so great as to call into question whether a scalable solution is feasible, and, more broadly, whether such efforts will offer a meaningful return on investment. Also, these tools, which serve to provide a type of baseline reading of a file in a repository, can be easily tricked. -
1 Powers of Two
A. V. GERBESSIOTIS CS332-102 Spring 2020 Jan 24, 2020 Computer Science: Fundamentals Page 1 Handout 3 1 Powers of two Definition 1.1 (Powers of 2). The expression 2n means the multiplication of n twos. Therefore, 22 = 2 · 2 is a 4, 28 = 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 is 256, and 210 = 1024. Moreover, 21 = 2 and 20 = 1. Several times one might write 2 ∗ ∗n or 2ˆn for 2n (ˆ is the hat/caret symbol usually co-located with the numeric-6 keyboard key). Prefix Name Multiplier d deca 101 = 10 h hecto 102 = 100 3 Power Value k kilo 10 = 1000 6 0 M mega 10 2 1 9 1 G giga 10 2 2 12 4 T tera 10 2 16 P peta 1015 8 2 256 E exa 1018 210 1024 d deci 10−1 216 65536 c centi 10−2 Prefix Name Multiplier 220 1048576 m milli 10−3 Ki kibi or kilobinary 210 − 230 1073741824 m micro 10 6 Mi mebi or megabinary 220 40 n nano 10−9 Gi gibi or gigabinary 230 2 1099511627776 −12 40 250 1125899906842624 p pico 10 Ti tebi or terabinary 2 f femto 10−15 Pi pebi or petabinary 250 Figure 1: Powers of two Figure 2: SI system prefixes Figure 3: SI binary prefixes Definition 1.2 (Properties of powers). • (Multiplication.) 2m · 2n = 2m 2n = 2m+n. (Dot · optional.) • (Division.) 2m=2n = 2m−n. (The symbol = is the slash symbol) • (Exponentiation.) (2m)n = 2m·n. Example 1.1 (Approximations for 210 and 220 and 230). -
A History of Siamese Music Reconstructed from Western Documents 1505-1932
A HISTORY OF SIAMESE MUSIC RECONSTRUCTED FROM WESTERN DOCUMENTS 1505-1932 This content downloaded from 96.9.90.37 on Thu, 04 Feb 2021 07:36:11 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Introduction The writing of music history, the chief activity of the musicologist, depends almost entirely on the existence of written documents. Historical studies of various musics of the world have appeared wherever there are such documents: Europe, China, Japan, Korea, India, and in the Islamic cultural area of Western Asia and North Africa. Mainland Southeast Asia, however, has remained much of a musico-historical void since little has remained besides oral traditions and a few stone carvings, although Vietnamese music is an exception to this statement. The fact that these countries have so few trained musicologists also contributes to the lack of research. In the case of the Kingdom of Thailand, known before 1932 as Siam, little has been attempted in the way of music history in languages other than Thai, and those in Thai, also not plentiful, remain unknown to the outside world.l Only the European-trained Prince Damrong has attempted a comprehensive history, but it is based as much on tradition and conjecture as on concrete evidence and is besides quite brief. David Morton's classic study of Thai traditional music, The Traditional Music of Thailand, includes some eighteen pages of history, mostly based on oral traditions, conjecture, circumstantial evidence from neighboring musical cultures (Cambodia, China, and India), and some from the same documents used in this study. At least three reasons can be given for the lack of historical materials originating in Thailand. -
Development of the Sinhalese Script from 8Th Century A.D. to 15Th Century A.D~
Development of the Sinhalese Script from 8th Century A.D. to 15th Century A.D~ HE clti:f factor that ~ed to the, a~pearance in ~eylon of what may be descnbed as the Sinhalese Scnpt was the influence of the Pallava T Grantha Script of South India on the Brahmi Script which was prevalent in Ceylon upto almost tile seventh century. In my paper on the Palaeographical Development 0, the Brahmi Script in Ceylon from the jrd century B.C. to the seventh century A.DJ an attempt was made to indicate the circumstances that led to the contact between the Pallavas and the Sinha- lese. Table I attached to this paper shows the extent to which the Pallava Script has brought about the transformation of the later Brfihmi Script of Ceylon into what came to be called the Sinhalese Script. This table has been compiled from the characters m the following inscriptious« :- -, A. 1. Nagirikanda inscription of Kumilradasa, (c. 570-579 A.D.). 2. Inscriptions near Burrow's Pavilion, (c. 7th century), 3, Nilagama inscription of ~roggallana II, (c. 6°3-(22), -.-.·.·.-.lj.' -- 1. Uniuersity of Ceylon ltccicio, \'01. YII, No, 4-. :;~ 2. The alphabet used in each of the records of the period covered is not represented in Table II, which is intended to gi\'c in broad outline the clcvclopmcnt of the script during the period 8th to r yth century. The Tables I and II and Fig. I were drawn by Mr. L. Prcrnat ilaka., an undergradu- ate member of the Sinhalese Department of the l:nivcrsity. -
Principles of Romanization for Thai Script by Transcription Method
EKONF.94hNF.41 22 August 2002 Original: English Eighth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names Berlin, 27 August-5 September 2002 Item 16 (a) of the provisional agenda" WRITING SYSTEMS: ROMANIZATION Principles of Romanization for Thai Script by Transcription Method (Submitted by Thailand) * E/CONF.94/1 PRINCIPLES OF ROMANIZATION FOR THAl SCRIPT BY TRANSCRIPTION METHOD 1. INTRODUCTION This romanization system for Thai had been revised by the Roya1 lnstitute and declared by the governrnent of Thailand as the national standard romanization system on 14 September 2000. By this systern, the speech sounds are transcribed regardless of original spelling' and voice tones e.g. %..w~t=chan, w?: = phra, LLfh = kaeo 2. TRANSCRIPTION OF CONSONANTS AND VOWELS 2.1 CONSONANTS - THAl ROMANIZED CONSONANT CHARACTER EXAMPLE NOTES: INlTlAL FINAL n k k ni = ka, un = nok 1. Phonetically h is the syrnbol for "[email protected] kh' k %?I= kho, !Y = suk ispirated sound ( sound followed b = kho, ;@ = yuk by a puíf of air when pronounced). 8~9= khong,a8l% = rnek rhus h that follows k p t behaves 9 ng ng YIR= ngarn, WS$= song jccording to the following * One rnust bear in mind that Romanization of Thai in this case ernploys a transcription method, nota transliteration rnethod. Thus, a tone mark, a diacritic rnark including a silencing mark, and vowel length are completely ignored. lt means that one who can transcribe Thai words muct correctly know how to read them orto pronounce them. There are many words that carry a character/ characters) which is/ are not pronounced such as filulasi (? is silent), wTMU (U is silent), &flW,$ (am6 are silent), al! ( is silent), ~Pd'Wfi; (RT are silent) and there are also q a number of words in Thai where a syllable with an intruding vowel [a] must be inserted such as dá.?asiuI [pratthana] (9 is silent and [tha] is inserted), and %u? [rattana] ([tal is inserted.) when pronouncing them. -
On the History of Thai Scripts Hans Penth
Dr. Hans Penth giving his address to the audience or the Oriental Dr. Navavan Bandhumedha talking about the different Tai Hotel on 10 July 1986. Languages at the Oriental Hotel on 10 July 1986. On the History of Thai scripts Hans Penth (From lecture delivered during a meeting of groups were living scattered over a vast area, that the Siam Society, held at the Oriental Hotel, on borrowing of local Man letters by local Thai groups Thursday, 10 July 1986) had the effect to produce, right from the outset, a number of slightly different local proto-Thai scripts Dr. Pe nth pointed out in his introductory which were spread out over a large geographical remarks that the history of the alphabets used by area. the Thais throughout Southeast Asia was still insufficiently known but there were many theories. (3) In the decades around 1300 A.D., efforts He hoped he would be excused if he too come up to reform the old proto-Thai script were made in with certain ideas concerning the origin and both Sukhothai and Chiang Mai. These efforts mark development of the scripts used by tlie Thais, from the turning point from proto-Thai script to modern Assam in the west to Tongking in the east, and from Thai script. Yunnan in the north to Thailand in the south, and (4) Also during the decades before or around referred listeners for further information to his article 1300 A.D., the Thais of Sukhothai and the Thais included in H.R.H. Galyani Vadhana's book on of Chiang Mai did something else that was identical: Yunnan.