DOCSLIB.ORG

Technical Reference Manual for the Standardization of Geographical Names United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Technical Reference Manual for the Standardization of Geographical Names United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/87 Department of Economic and Social Affairs Statistics Division Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names United Nations New York, 2007 The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environmental data and information on which Member States of the United Nations draw to review common problems and to take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advises interested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national capacities. NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of material in the present publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The term “country” as used in the text of this publication also refers, as appropriate, to territories or areas. Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/87 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. E.07.XVII.5 ISBN: 978-92-1-161500-5 Copyright © United Nations, 2007 All rights reserved Printed in United Nations, New York Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names Foreword In the late 1940s, the United Nations cartographic services, through the Economic and Social Council, sought expert advice on a standardized means of writing geographical names. The goal was to achieve clear communication through United Nations maps and documents, and thereby avoid ambiguity and confusion in spelling or name application. More than 50 years have now elapsed, with both the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN) and the United Nations Conferences on the Standardization of Geographical Names pursuing the objectives of geographical names standardization across the world. During this period, the advances in digital technology have been enormous and have changed the way we function, but it remains a well-established fact that international standardization with regard to geographical names is based on the tenets of national standardization. In addition to encouraging the formation of national authorities, the members of the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names have worked hard to facilitate and promote the work of such authorities. The creation of Group of Experts working groups to consider particular areas of common concern has been particularly significant in terms of addressing such issues as: romanization systems; toponymic data exchange and formats; country names; toponymic terminology; and training courses in toponymy. Some other working groups completed their work and, after reporting back to the Group of Experts, were disbanded. However, in the case of the first-mentioned working groups, efforts have been ongoing for many years and will no doubt continue for the foreseeable future. Considerable progress has been made in their areas of concern—for example, in the realm of standards and formats—in respect of providing guidance to those administering or using geographical names throughout the world. During 2002, the United Nations published the Glossary of Terms for the Standardization of Geographical Names,1 an outgrowth of the work of the Group of Experts Working Group on Toponymic Terminology. Later the same year, the Eighth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names adopted resolution VIII/15,2 in which the Conference, inter alia, requested the United Nations Statistics Division to publish two manuals on Group of Experts-related material during the biennium 2004–2005. The first to be published, entitled Manual for the National Standardization of Geographical Names,3 was prepared under the auspices of the Working Group on Publicity and Funding and includes basic material useful for the Working Group on Training Courses in Toponymy. The second publication is the present reference manual, which focuses on the more technical aspects of geographical names standardization. The contents of this manual are primarily the results of the efforts of three Group of Experts Working Groups: on Romanization Systems; on Country Names; and on Toponymic Data Files and Gazetteers (with its companion, the Working Group on Toponymic Data Exchange Formats and Standards which was active from 1996 to 1998 specifically for the 1 United Nations publication, Sales No. M.01.XVII.7. 2 See the report of the Eighth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names, Berlin, 27 August–5 September 2002 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.03.I.14), chap. III. 3 United Nations publication, Sales No. E.06.XVII.7. iii Foreword purpose of documenting toponymic data standards). Grateful thanks are expressed to the dedicated UNGEGN experts who compiled the material and toiled over the details to ensure their accuracy. Special acknowledgement is extended to the convenors of the working groups for coordinating the endeavours of those specialists and for ensuring that the texts were suitable for publication. They are: • Peeter Päll (Estonia)...................................................Romanization Systems • Randall Flynn (United States of America).................Toponymic Data Files and Gazetteers • Roger Marsden (United Kingdom of.........................Toponymic Data Exchange Formats Great Britain and Northern Ireland)........................ and Standards • Sylvie Lejeune (France).............................................Country Names and, recently, Leo Dillon (United States) In addition, crucial input into the publication, and ongoing assistance in resolving outstanding problems, were provided by Paul Woodman and Caroline Burgess (United Kingdom). With the continuous expansion of technical capabilities and communication media, authoritative geographical names are sought for accurate reporting, geo-referencing and inclusion in geographical information systems. In our increasingly knowledge-seeking and media-aware world, it is important for the Group of Experts to work hand in hand with other organizations that also address issues of technical standards. During the past few years, these UNGEGN working groups have formed liaisons with relevant committees of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and with the Unicode Consortium. Such channels for the exchange of ideas and information should prove to be of mutual benefit. We trust that this technical reference manual will be a source of useful information for those who deal with the many questions pertaining to geographical names and data standards. Helen Kerfoot Chair, United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names 2006 iv Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names Overview The Technical Reference Manual for the Standardization of Geographical Names is divided into three parts, presenting users with three distinct types of information. Part one: Romanization systems for geographical names Over the years many methods have been devised to convert non-Roman writing systems to the Roman alphabetic script. Aside from the fact that they may be unscientific, the wide variety of approaches have led to considerable difficulties in respect of communication. The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names Working Group on Romanization Systems has had the important task of recommending to the Group of Experts and to the United Nations Conferences on the Standardization of Geographical Names, single systems of romanization, based on scientific principles, for each of the languages using non-Roman scripts. In part one of the Manual, romanization systems are presented for 28 languages/scripts recommended by the United Nations and 17 that are still under discussion. Work on this aspect of international standardization continues for other non-Roman languages. The Working Group on Romanization Systems maintains a website that can be consulted for updates to this information. The web address is http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/. Part two: Toponymic data transfer standards and formats The creation of toponymic databases and the dissemination of the information through gazetteers—printed or digital—are considered fundamental to the operation of national geographical names standardization programmes. Promotion of consistency in developing and maintaining data fields and in the representation of the data in gazetteers is important. In recent years, the question of toponymic standards for character set encoding and data exchange formats has been a subject of study by the Group of Experts. The report of the Group of Experts Working Group on Toponymic Data Exchange Formats and Standards (document E/CONF.91/CRP.11) was presented to the Seventh United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names in New York in 1998. Part two of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Universal Declaration of Human Rights
    Hattak Móma Iholisso Ishtaa-aya Ámmo'na Holisso Hattakat yaakni' áyya'shakat mómakat ittíllawwi bíyyi'ka. Naalhpisa'at hattak mómakat immi'. Alhínchikma hattak mómakat ishtayoppa'ni. Hookya nannalhpisa' ihíngbittooka ittimilat taha. Himmaka hattakat aa- áyya'shahookano ilaapo' nanna anokfillikakoot nannikchokmoho anokfillihootokoot yammako yahmichi bannahoot áyya'sha. Nannalhpisa' ihíngbittookookano kaniya'chi ki'yo. Immoot maháa'chi hattakat áyya'sha aalhlhika. Nannalhpisa' ihíngbittooka immoot maháahookya hattakat ikayoppa'chokmat ibaachaffa ikbannokmat ilaapo' nanna aanokfillikakoot yahmichi bannahoot áyya'sha. Hattak mómakat nannaka ittibaachaffa bíyyi'kakma chokma'ni. Hattak yaakni' áyya'shakat nannalhpisa'a naapiisa' alhihaat mómakat ittibaachaffa bíyyi'kakma nanna mómakat alhpi'sa bíyyi'ka'ni. Yaakni' hattak áyya'shakat mómakat nannaka yahmi bannahoot áyya'shakat holisso holissochi: Chihoowaat hattak ikbikat ittiílawwi bíyyi'kaho Chihoowaat naalhpisa' ikbittooka yammako hattakat kanihmihoot áyya'sha bannakat yámmohmihoot áyya'sha'chi. Hattak yaakni' áyya'shakat mómakat yammookano ittibaachaffahookmaka'chi nannakat alhpi'sa bíyyi'ka'chika. Hattak mómakat ithánahookmaka'chi. Himmaka' nittak áyya'shakat General Assemblyat Nanna mómaka nannaka ithánacha ittibaachaffahookmakoot nannaka alhíncha'chikat holisso ikbi. AnompaKanihmo'si1 Himmaka' nittakookano hattak yokasht toksalicha'nikat ki'yo. Hattak mómakat ittíllawwi bíyyi'kacha nanna mómaka ittibaachaffa'hitok. AnompaKanihmo'si2 Hattakat pisa ittimilayyokhacha kaniyaho aamintihookya
    [Show full text]
  • A Survey of Orthographic Information in Machine Translation 3
    Machine Translation Journal manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) A Survey of Orthographic Information in Machine Translation Bharathi Raja Chakravarthi1 ⋅ Priya Rani 1 ⋅ Mihael Arcan2 ⋅ John P. McCrae 1 the date of receipt and acceptance should be inserted later Abstract Machine translation is one of the applications of natural language process- ing which has been explored in different languages. Recently researchers started pay- ing attention towards machine translation for resource-poor languages and closely related languages. A widespread and underlying problem for these machine transla- tion systems is the variation in orthographic conventions which causes many issues to traditional approaches. Two languages written in two different orthographies are not easily comparable, but orthographic information can also be used to improve the machine translation system. This article offers a survey of research regarding orthog- raphy’s influence on machine translation of under-resourced languages. It introduces under-resourced languages in terms of machine translation and how orthographic in- formation can be utilised to improve machine translation. We describe previous work in this area, discussing what underlying assumptions were made, and showing how orthographic knowledge improves the performance of machine translation of under- resourced languages. We discuss different types of machine translation and demon- strate a recent trend that seeks to link orthographic information with well-established machine translation methods. Considerable attention is given to current efforts of cog- nates information at different levels of machine translation and the lessons that can Bharathi Raja Chakravarthi [email protected] Priya Rani [email protected] Mihael Arcan [email protected] John P.
    [Show full text]
  • Miaa Rregulli I Shendetit Kimik
    MIAA RREGULLI I SHENDETIT KIMIK Që prej ditës së parë të stërvitjes në vjeshtë, dhe deri në përfundimin e vitit akademik ose evenimentit të fundit në atletikë (kushdo që është e fundit), një nxënës nuk duhet, pavarësisht sasisë, që të përdorë, konsumojë, shesë/blejë, ose të japë; pije që përmbajnë alkool; çdo produkt duhani (përfshirë cigaret elektronike); marijuanë; steroide; ose çdo substancë të kontrolluar. Ky rregull përfshin edhe produkte si "Jo Alkoolike ose afër birrës". Nuk është shkelje nëse një nxënës posedon një drogë (ilaç) të përcaktuar ligjërisht, e dhënë nga doktori i tij/saj për përdorim vetjak. Ky standart shtetëror minimal i MIAA nuk ka për qëllim të bëjë një "faj nga shoqërimi", p.sh shumë nxënës atletë mund të jenë pjesëmarrës në një festë ku vetëm disa e shkelin këtë standart. Ky rregull përfaqëson vetëm një standart minimal mbi bazë të të cilit shkollat mund të krijojnë kërkesa më të rrepta. Nëse një nxënës që ka shkelur këtë rregull dhe nuk është në gjendje që të marrë pjesë në sporte ndërshkollore për shkak të një dëmtimi ose mësimeve, dënimi nuk do të hyjë në fuqi derisa nxënësi të jetë në gjendje që të marrë pjesë prapë në sport. DENIMET/NDERSHKIMET MINIMALE: Shkelja e Parë: Kur Drejtori konfirmon, pas dhënies së mundësisë që nxënësi të dëgjohet, se ka ndodhur një shkelje, nxënësi duhet të humbasë të drejtën për të marrë pjesë në garat ndërshkollore të rradhës (sezon i rregullt dhe turne) për një total prej 25% të të gjitha garave ndërshkollore në atë sport. Nuk lejohet asnjë përjashtim për një nxënës që merr pjesë në një program trajtimi.
    [Show full text]
  • Unicode Request for Cyrillic Modifier Letters Superscript Modifiers
    Unicode request for Cyrillic modifier letters L2/21-107 Kirk Miller, [email protected] 2021 June 07 This is a request for spacing superscript and subscript Cyrillic characters. It has been favorably reviewed by Sebastian Kempgen (University of Bamberg) and others at the Commission for Computer Supported Processing of Medieval Slavonic Manuscripts and Early Printed Books. Cyrillic-based phonetic transcription uses superscript modifier letters in a manner analogous to the IPA. This convention is widespread, found in both academic publication and standard dictionaries. Transcription of pronunciations into Cyrillic is the norm for monolingual dictionaries, and Cyrillic rather than IPA is often found in linguistic descriptions as well, as seen in the illustrations below for Slavic dialectology, Yugur (Yellow Uyghur) and Evenki. The Great Russian Encyclopedia states that Cyrillic notation is more common in Russian studies than is IPA (‘Transkripcija’, Bol’šaja rossijskaja ènciplopedija, Russian Ministry of Culture, 2005–2019). Unicode currently encodes only three modifier Cyrillic letters: U+A69C ⟨ꚜ⟩ and U+A69D ⟨ꚝ⟩, intended for descriptions of Baltic languages in Latin script but ubiquitous for Slavic languages in Cyrillic script, and U+1D78 ⟨ᵸ⟩, used for nasalized vowels, for example in descriptions of Chechen. The requested spacing modifier letters cannot be substituted by the encoded combining diacritics because (a) some authors contrast them, and (b) they themselves need to be able to take combining diacritics, including diacritics that go under the modifier letter, as in ⟨ᶟ̭̈⟩BA . (See next section and e.g. Figure 18. ) In addition, some linguists make a distinction between spacing superscript letters, used for phonetic detail as in the IPA tradition, and spacing subscript letters, used to denote phonological concepts such as archiphonemes.
    [Show full text]
  • Methods for Estonian Large Vocabulary Speech Recognition
    THESIS ON INFORMATICS AND SYSTEM ENGINEERING C Methods for Estonian Large Vocabulary Speech Recognition TANEL ALUMAE¨ Faculty of Information Technology Department of Informatics TALLINN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Dissertation was accepted for the commencement of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering on November 1, 2006. Supervisors: Prof. Emer. Leo Vohandu,˜ Faculty of Information Technology Einar Meister, Ph.D., Institute of Cybernetics at Tallinn University of Technology Opponents: Mikko Kurimo, Dr. Tech., Helsinki University of Technology Heiki-Jaan Kaalep, Ph.D., University of Tartu Commencement: December 5, 2006 Declaration: Hereby I declare that this doctoral thesis, my original investigation and achievement, submitted for the doctoral degree at Tallinn University of Technology has not been submitted for any degree or examination. / Tanel Alumae¨ / Copyright Tanel Alumae,¨ 2006 ISSN 1406-4731 ISBN 9985-59-661-7 ii Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The speech recognition problem . 1 1.2 Language specific aspects of speech recognition . 3 1.3 Related work . 5 1.4 Scope of the thesis . 6 1.5 Outline of the thesis . 7 1.6 Acknowledgements . 7 2 Basic concepts of speech recognition 9 2.1 Probabilistic decoding problem . 10 2.2 Feature extraction . 10 2.2.1 Signal acquisition . 11 2.2.2 Short-term analysis . 11 2.3 Acoustic modelling . 14 2.3.1 Hidden Markov models . 15 2.3.2 Selection of basic units . 20 2.3.3 Clustered context-dependent acoustic units . 20 2.4 Language Modelling . 22 2.4.1 N-gram language models . 23 2.4.2 Language model evaluation . 29 3 Properties of the Estonian language 33 3.1 Phonology .
    [Show full text]
  • The Power of Advertising the Billboard Publishing Co
    AUSTRALIA Mf MABTIM C. BEEiniAV. 11< Oi»tl«r»»»k itr#*!, Bfiaaf Sydney, May 17-’ —Th* cooler weether U conuna alona and, IIn miny Inetencee, buelneee appears to he improi>Tinit at tbc rarious tbcatera The Power of Advertising and picture houHCS.I. Romp of tbe latter bad not been doina »o. 'well of late. .Talk Mu-^arove. <•roiitln of Harry O. Mtiagrore, nbo recent l.T returned from Soutb Africa* la office of the circuit, which Pear’s for the Bath and Ivory for iiii» al the Sjdney ja aitiiated at the Tlroll Theater. Arranae- Iwd ^1 norant any more the Wash Tub. ments have just lu-en completed by itr. Mua- froTC for direct reprei ■entatlon with the 1. V. who denies the It has put Arrow Collars T. A., I/'odon. fc.and™ -IlarrinKton Miller baa been around your neck and Ingersolls installed In the same biilldlnE as thta oraanisa- tion so that he ran bc Johnny-on-the apot. as around your wrist. it were, He will be Harry O. Miisarove's Advertising has personal replirceentatlTp and no better man could It has filled you full of Shrcd- hare been secured for the lioKition, a* he for made the Victrola Dog famous. tlcd and Flaked Foods, Canned nunr rears o»'euiiip<l a prominent pOKition in the entertainment field of this country and Advertising has made the sig¬ \"cgclal)lcs, Fruits and Meats, retired well and tnil.v flnaneial. nature of Thomas A. Edison an then sold you Bayer’s to rid you (Icne Carr, brother of Alex Carr, arriyed here nnostentatioiisly last week and will try and image stamped on nearly every of headaches.
    [Show full text]
  • Combining Diacritical Marks Range: 0300–036F the Unicode Standard
    Combining Diacritical Marks Range: 0300–036F The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0 This file contains an excerpt from the character code tables and list of character names for The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0. Characters in this chart that are new for The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0 are shown in conjunction with any existing characters. For ease of reference, the new characters have been highlighted in the chart grid and in the names list. This file will not be updated with errata, or when additional characters are assigned to the Unicode Standard. See http://www.unicode.org/charts for access to a complete list of the latest character charts. Disclaimer These charts are provided as the on-line reference to the character contents of the Unicode Standard, Version 4.0 but do not provide all the information needed to fully support individual scripts using the Unicode Standard. For a complete understanding of the use of the characters contained in this excerpt file, please consult the appropriate sections of The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0 (ISBN 0-321-18578-1), as well as Unicode Standard Annexes #9, #11, #14, #15, #24 and #29, the other Unicode Technical Reports and the Unicode Character Database, which are available on-line. See http://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/UCD.html and http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports A thorough understanding of the information contained in these additional sources is required for a successful implementation. Fonts The shapes of the reference glyphs used in these code charts are not prescriptive. Considerable variation is to be expected in actual fonts.
    [Show full text]
  • Arabic Alphabet - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Arabic Alphabet from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    2/14/13 Arabic alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Arabic alphabet From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia َأﺑْ َﺠ ِﺪﯾﱠﺔ َﻋ َﺮﺑِﯿﱠﺔ :The Arabic alphabet (Arabic ’abjadiyyah ‘arabiyyah) or Arabic abjad is Arabic abjad the Arabic script as it is codified for writing the Arabic language. It is written from right to left, in a cursive style, and includes 28 letters. Because letters usually[1] stand for consonants, it is classified as an abjad. Type Abjad Languages Arabic Time 400 to the present period Parent Proto-Sinaitic systems Phoenician Aramaic Syriac Nabataean Arabic abjad Child N'Ko alphabet systems ISO 15924 Arab, 160 Direction Right-to-left Unicode Arabic alias Unicode U+0600 to U+06FF range (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf) U+0750 to U+077F (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0750.pdf) U+08A0 to U+08FF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U08A0.pdf) U+FB50 to U+FDFF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf) U+FE70 to U+FEFF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFE70.pdf) U+1EE00 to U+1EEFF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1EE00.pdf) Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols. Arabic alphabet ا ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_alphabet 1/20 2/14/13 Arabic alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia غ ف ق ك ل م ن ه و ي History · Transliteration ء Diacritics · Hamza Numerals · Numeration V · T · E (//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Arabic_alphabet&action=edit) Contents 1 Consonants 1.1 Alphabetical order 1.2 Letter forms 1.2.1 Table of basic letters 1.2.2 Further notes
    [Show full text]
  • 4500 Series: Natural Resources (Range Management)
    • • REQUEST FOR RECORDS DISPOSITION AUTHORITY To: NATIONALARCHIVES & RECORDSADMINISTRATION Date Received 8601 ADELPHI ROAD, COLLEGE PARK, MD 20740-6001 1. FROM(Agencyor establishment) NOTIFICATIONTO AGENCY U. S. De artment of the Interior t--;;2-.--:M-:-;A:-;J;:::O;:::R-;;S"'U;;:;B~-D"'IV-;;-IS;;-IC::O:-;-N;------------------------lln accordancewith the provisionsof 44 U.S.C. 3303a. the Bureau of Indian Affairs dispositionrequest.includingamendmentsis approvedexceptfo t--;;......,..".,..,,==--:::-:-7:-:-::-::-:=.,..,-------------------------litems that may be marked 'disposition not approved' 0 3. MINORSUB-DIVISION 'withdrawn"in column10. Office of Trust Res onsibilities 4. NAMEOF PERSONWITH WHOMTO CONFER 5. TELEPHONE Terr V~dW 202) 208-5831 6. AGENCY CERTIFICATION I hereby certify that I am authorized to act for this agency in matters petaining to the disposition of its records and that the records proposed for disposal on the attached it- pagers) are not needed now for the business of this agency or will not be needed after the retention periods specified; and that written concurrence from the General Accounting Office. under the provisios of Title 8 of the GAO Manual for Guidance of Federal Agencies. [Z] is not required has been requested. DATE Ethel J. Abeita Director, Office of Trust Records 9. GRS OR SUPERSEDED 10. ACTIONTAKEN (NARA 7. ITEMNO. JOB CITATION USE ONLY) Please See Attached. This schedule covers the 4500, Natural Resources (Range Management). -=--~;~ L /u:..-fL SIGNATURE OF DIRECTOR BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS 115-109 STANDARDFORM115 (REV. 3-91) PRESCRIBED BY NARA 36 CFR 1228 · e .-. ~t:1 ::;'0 ;::. ..... 0' t» 0 o~ .. n ~(I) co :;;~ 'j. ~ 6t:! '-I) sa. :;d C'II C"l 0 ""t c.
    [Show full text]
  • Shahmukhi to Gurmukhi Transliteration System: a Corpus Based Approach
    Shahmukhi to Gurmukhi Transliteration System: A Corpus based Approach Tejinder Singh Saini1 and Gurpreet Singh Lehal2 1 Advanced Centre for Technical Development of Punjabi Language, Literature & Culture, Punjabi University, Patiala 147 002, Punjab, India [email protected] http://www.advancedcentrepunjabi.org 2 Department of Computer Science, Punjabi University, Patiala 147 002, Punjab, India [email protected] Abstract. This research paper describes a corpus based transliteration system for Punjabi language. The existence of two scripts for Punjabi language has created a script barrier between the Punjabi literature written in India and in Pakistan. This research project has developed a new system for the first time of its kind for Shahmukhi script of Punjabi language. The proposed system for Shahmukhi to Gurmukhi transliteration has been implemented with various research techniques based on language corpus. The corpus analysis program has been run on both Shahmukhi and Gurmukhi corpora for generating statistical data for different types like character, word and n-gram frequencies. This statistical analysis is used in different phases of transliteration. Potentially, all members of the substantial Punjabi community will benefit vastly from this transliteration system. 1 Introduction One of the great challenges before Information Technology is to overcome language barriers dividing the mankind so that everyone can communicate with everyone else on the planet in real time. South Asia is one of those unique parts of the world where a single language is written in different scripts. This is the case, for example, with Punjabi language spoken by tens of millions of people but written in Indian East Punjab (20 million) in Gurmukhi script (a left to right script based on Devanagari) and in Pakistani West Punjab (80 million), written in Shahmukhi script (a right to left script based on Arabic), and by a growing number of Punjabis (2 million) in the EU and the US in the Roman script.
    [Show full text]
  • A Könyvtárüggyel Kapcsolatos Nemzetközi Szabványok
    A könyvtárüggyel kapcsolatos nemzetközi szabványok 1. Állomány-nyilvántartás ISO 20775:2009 Information and documentation. Schema for holdings information 2. Bibliográfiai feldolgozás és adatcsere, transzliteráció ISO 10754:1996 Information and documentation. Extension of the Cyrillic alphabet coded character set for non-Slavic languages for bibliographic information interchange ISO 11940:1998 Information and documentation. Transliteration of Thai ISO 11940-2:2007 Information and documentation. Transliteration of Thai characters into Latin characters. Part 2: Simplified transcription of Thai language ISO 15919:2001 Information and documentation. Transliteration of Devanagari and related Indic scripts into Latin characters ISO 15924:2004 Information and documentation. Codes for the representation of names of scripts ISO 21127:2014 Information and documentation. A reference ontology for the interchange of cultural heritage information ISO 233:1984 Documentation. Transliteration of Arabic characters into Latin characters ISO 233-2:1993 Information and documentation. Transliteration of Arabic characters into Latin characters. Part 2: Arabic language. Simplified transliteration ISO 233-3:1999 Information and documentation. Transliteration of Arabic characters into Latin characters. Part 3: Persian language. Simplified transliteration ISO 25577:2013 Information and documentation. MarcXchange ISO 259:1984 Documentation. Transliteration of Hebrew characters into Latin characters ISO 259-2:1994 Information and documentation. Transliteration of Hebrew characters into Latin characters. Part 2. Simplified transliteration ISO 3602:1989 Documentation. Romanization of Japanese (kana script) ISO 5963:1985 Documentation. Methods for examining documents, determining their subjects, and selecting indexing terms ISO 639-2:1998 Codes for the representation of names of languages. Part 2. Alpha-3 code ISO 6630:1986 Documentation. Bibliographic control characters ISO 7098:1991 Information and documentation.
    [Show full text]
  • 5892 Cisco Category: Standards Track August 2010 ISSN: 2070-1721
    Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) P. Faltstrom, Ed. Request for Comments: 5892 Cisco Category: Standards Track August 2010 ISSN: 2070-1721 The Unicode Code Points and Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA) Abstract This document specifies rules for deciding whether a code point, considered in isolation or in context, is a candidate for inclusion in an Internationalized Domain Name (IDN). It is part of the specification of Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications 2008 (IDNA2008). Status of This Memo This is an Internet Standards Track document. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5892. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.
    [Show full text]