THE ACCENTUAL SYSTEM OF THAI POLYSYLLABIC WORDS
Udom Warotamasikkhadit1
Abstract 1. Introduction Many Thai grammarians seem to ignore intonational rhythms that exist in the At present, the pronunciation of Thai pronunciation of Thai words. It is language is in a state of chaos. No one erroneous to think that Thai words are knows for sure how to pronounce certain monotonous and without rhythms. The words in the Thai language. If one looks Thais have pronounced words with fixed through the Dictionary of the Royal pronunciation patterns for years but many Institute ofB.E. 2525, one will find words grammarians and Thai scholars ignore with more than one pronunciation more them. At the moment pronunciation of often than one will find in an English, the language is chaotic because many Thai French, or German dictionary. Nowadays people do not know how to pronounce radio and television announcers often Thai words. They often make the wrong mispronounce words and are influential cuts at morpheme or word boundarie::s. sources of mispronunciation. If you tum The Royal Institute rules for the on two different radio stations, you will pronunciation of Thai words concerning find two different pronunciations of the the gemination of the final consonant of a same word. It is very confusing for young syllable with an inserted [a] in conjoining children who must decide which one is words, as found in the dictionary of the correct. The Royal Institute of Thailand Royal Institute of B.E. 2525, must be held seems to compromise that two responsible for these problems. This paper pronunciations are acceptable. points out the word rhythms of Thai as found in daily speech of the Thai people. 2. The origin of the problems
We cannot really blame the radio and television announcers for their mispronunciations. They have to take the oral diction examination administered by the Department of Public Relations and supervised by the Royal Institute of Thailand in order to acquire an announcer certificate. The Department of Public Relations of Thailand follows pronunciation rules written in the Dictionary of the Royal Institute of B.E. 1 Professor Emeritus, Ramkhamhaeng 2525 and usually invites representatives University.
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from the Royal Institute to be present This statement is incorrect on during the oral diction examination. Thus, several co unts. Firstly, some the Royal Institute of Thailand cannot conjoining Thai words must be avoid being blamed for causing the pronounced with the syllable final pronunciation chaos that is rampant in gemination plus an intruding /a/, Thailand these days. such as rmJ'IjU [krommakht,m] 'the title of the prince of the There are a number of reasons why people fourth rank' (a Cambodian and a consider the Royal Institute to be the origin of the problems (Phasit Chitphasa. Thai word), YJUYl~Yio [thunnasap] 1998). ' money invested; collateral or funds used as capital' (a Thai and 2.1 The pronunciation rules on a Sanskrit word), ff')')YI~-3 [s(}.ppha page (7) of the Dictionary of sil)] 'all the things', (a Sanskrit the Royal Institute of B.E. 2525 (6th edition) says; "Conjoining and a Thai word), &n1u [sakkawan) Pali-Sanskrit words must be read ' even one day' (a Thai and a according to the principles-i.e. the Thai word). Secondly, certain word final must be geminated conjoining Pali-Sanskrit words are together with an intruding /a/. not pronounced with a syllable The pronunciation of this type final gemination plus an intruding of words is provided, such as Ia!, such as i'tJUll'l [ chaynaat] 'the Yll~tum')lJ [Yll~uu:::th] [thaarunna name of a province in Central kam], "!'IJUl!;jn1')lJ ["!fl'IJ::Ul~fl::nl] Thailand', UYJlJlilU [p(}.thumthaanii)
[ S~Jkkh(}.naa~kam ], 11.hi')')lJ [1tJtl:: 'the name of a province north of Bangkok', v;;fllJl') [pnid{itrnaan) ~1] [ruupp(}.tham] and another type 'one who conquered Mara, i.e. that can be pronounced two the Buddha' (a modified Sanskrit ways -- i.e. the pronunciation word (by changing a /v/ to a /ph/) according to the principles and the pronunciation according to popular and a Sanskrit word), nmtinEJru usage, where the pronunciation [phaaprak] 'image' (a Sanskrit and according to the principles will a Sanskrit word), l!'b'WlJU'):::LYlff come first, such as 1.h ~i~fflfffll [matchimpratheet] ' India' (a Pali [U')::l11f1~fflf1, U')::l11f1fflf1] [pr(}.WC;lt- and a Sanskrit word). Thirdly, not
' ' .., d only conjoining words must be tjs(}.at, prawatsaatJ. lJ1H.JlJfff1Ei l pronounced with the syllable final [11 fl Yl::: tJlJ lJ::: ftf1 Ell' iT~ Yl:: tJlJ fff1 Ell] gemination plus an intruding /a/, [mattayommasi~ mattayoms~k this phenomenon occurs within Sll3], ~fl lJfll')W [~"lJlJ :: mu, ~fllJflll:J] the word itself, such as lJ'Utl [mukhaya) 'the first; a chief; one [?~Jdommakaan, ?~Jdomkaan ]". principal or superior one; that
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which is in, coming from has become 'Vi [ph] m certain or belonging to the mouth, or face; words. Thus, it is impossible that being at the head, or at to pronounce Thai words in the beginning' from Sanskrit the same way the Hindus 'mukhya' where khy is written as pronounce Pali-Sanskrit words. a combined character and no /a/ The Thais pronounce Pali is present between kh and y, i'm.J1 Sanskrit words according to [rattanaa] 'gem' from Pali 'ratana' the Thai pronunciation system. It is no use to try to retain the Pali and Sanskrit 'ratna', 1'lfty1 [witcha Sanskrit pronunciation. We must yaa] 'a wise or learned man' from accept that all borrowed words Sanskrit 'vijiia', i'l:ltl! /wits~nu/ from Pali or Sanskrit are now Thai 'Vishnu' but the syllable final words, and follow the Thai gemination plus an intruding Ia! pronunciation rules. appears in all the preceding three words in Thai. 2.3 Most Thai scholars of the Thai language ignore the importance 2.2 The compilers of the of word rhythms or lack Dictionary of the Royal Institute an understanding of the nature allow too much influence of the of the Thai language. If one Pali-Sanskrit pronunciation over surveys the textbooks on Thai Thai words. We all know that grammar or on the Thai language a long time ago the Thais changed from the Ayuddhya periods up the pronunciation of Pali-Sanskrit to present, word rhythms and characters to suit their pronunciation prosody have never been an system. For example, fl, ~ ' 'lf, lll, <¥1, issue, with the exception of poetry meters found in Chindamani, I'll, l'l, li, 'Vi, or i1 is no longer a voiced where again modern · Thai consonant. {), ~ , '1'1, I'll, ru , '1:1 , or w is textbooks had misinterpreted the heavy and light scheme as no longer a retroflex, and certain intended by the authors of characters, such as {) [t] has Chindamani. It would be more become [d], ~ [t] has become~ [d], appropriate to incorporate linguistic 2 knowledge in an explanation of [p] has become 'U [b] , and 1 [ v ] u Thai pronunciation. Research on phonology and prosody (Gandour 1976, Haas 1964, Henderson 1973, 2 Hiranburana 1971, Luangthongkum v written as 1 in Thai is a voiced labio-dental 1977, Luksaneeyanawin 1983, consonant in Sanskrit and it can cluster with r Noss 1972, Sagarik 1965, or q such as vrddhi or 1t]Yln. Since 1 cannot Sutadarat 1978, Thawisomboon cluster with r in Thai, 1 is changed to l'i for the 1955, Warotamasikkhadit 1965, reason that they both have the same point of 1967, 1999) has been conducted articulation at bilabial in order to suit the Thai by Thai and foreign scholars, but phonological system.
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it is ignored by the Royal Institute /phraam/ 'Brahman' where l1 is of Thailand. It is hard to believe that the compilers of the silent, LnfJ'S~ /k.iat/ 'honor' where 'S Dictionary of the Royal Institute and ~ are silent, and ~tJl'lHi'l;i have not heard about this research that clearly establishes the l?inthanuu/ where 'VI'S are silent in importance of word rhythms and Thai. prosody in the Thai language. 3.4 The phonological hiatus must 3. Nature of the language coincide with a morpheme boundary such as ~ilffll1n~ 3 .1 The Thais prefer to pronounce /ratwisaahaklt/ 'state enterprise', four-syllable words as three l'VlfJlm /witthayaa/lGxm/ 'resource syllable words, a phenomenon also found in many other languages, person'. For example, in the English words vegetable or comfortable the 4. Points of articulation overrule second syllable is omitted. In the gemination rules Thai case, tJ'Ul11.J~ /nonbqrii/ 'the name of a province adjacent Point of articulation plays a very to Bangkok in the north', or important role in gemination rules of the Thai language. It must be noted that the /inthfmuu/ 'epaulet' is ~tJl'lH'I;i following rules are very crucial to pronounced with three syllables gemination rules. instead of four. 4.1 If the point of articulation of 3.2 Syllable omission or syllable the final consonant of the contraction often appears in rapid preceding syllable is at the same or connected speech, for example place or close to the point of vhr hn /pnitlook/ 'the name of articulation of the initial of the a province in northern Thailand' following syllable, gemination of the final consonant of the for Yill~ iM /pnits~nulook/, lJl11'~v preceding word is not needed. We /mah~alay/ 'university' for can see in nlJl'ln /kamphon/ lJl11ll'lfJl~v /mah~awitthayaalay/, 'woolen cloth', where the final h:~''Uln /rooiJbaan/ 'hospital' for lJ /m/ of the preceding syllable has i 'S .:JVWl'I.Jln /rooi)phayaabaan/. the same point of articulation with the initial VI /ph/ of the following
3.3 A silent character in a word syllable, ell~n'lll /?aarakkh~a/ is found in many languages including Thai such as debt where 'protect, guard', where the final n b is silent, salmon where I is silent /k/ of the preceding syllable has in English. For example l'I'Sll1lJW the same point of articulation with
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the initial '\J /kh/ of the following 4.3 When the two points of syllable, i'vttl'l'l /chaynaat/ 'the articulation are far apart, the name of a province north of tongue must be placed at a neutral Ayuddhya', where the point of position before pronouncing the articulation of the final1.1 /y/ of the next syllable. For example ff't1ml1' preceding syllable is close to the /si}.ppi}.daal 'week.J. tJ /p/ has the initial tl In! of the following point of articulation at the bilabial syllable. which is far front and ~ /d/ has the point of articulation at the 4.2 Tongue moving forward is alveolar which is further in the easier than moving backward, for mouth. The tongue must be placed example i'vttl'l'l /chaynaat/ 'the at a neutral position /a/ before name of a province north of pronouncing the following syllable Ayuddhya', and i'l.ltJil /chayya beginning wfth /d/. Thus, gemination phuum/ 'the name of a province in of the final /p/ of the preceding syllable is needed. the northeastern Thailand'. 1.1 /y/ in ii.Jttl'l'l /chaynaat/ has the point of 5. Gemination rules articulation at the palatal and tl In! 5.1 Gemination rules will never has the point of articulation at apply in the following cases: the alveolar which are considered very close to each other and 5.1.1 When two of the same the tongue moves forward, consonants stand next to gemination is not needed. i'1.11Jil each other, for example /chayyaphuum/ 'the name of a ff'mn /sammaa/ 'rightly', province in the northeastern V 3Some traditional Thai gra!lllnarians who cling to Pali-Sanskrit pronunciation often tell Thai students to pronounce this word as /sapdaa/ because it comes from ff'tlYl /sapta/ 'seven' in Sanskrit and no gemination with an intruding Ia! is present in Sanskrit. 36 Downloaded from Brill.com10/06/2021 10:19:56AM via free access MANUSYA: Journal ofHumanities 3.2, 2000 5.1.2 When a consonant of the 5 .1.5 When u In! stands before same series4 stands m front of another consonant any consonant, except n 5 of the same series, for /kl and u /n/ , for example example nty'll'l /kanchaa/ nu~n /kanyaa! 'girl', 'b''Wl..J 'marijuana', UYln /slt/ /chonmat 'age', nun-nqCfl 'right(s), privilege(s)'. /sansakrl.t/ 'Sanskrit'. 5 .1.3 When 11 stands in front 5.2 Gemination within a word. of ~' for example lfY'aJj Gemination rules can be established for multi-syllable /s~tthii/ 'a millionaire', words as follows: eJnll~lu /?athitthaan! 'to make a wish, to pray'. 5.2.1 If the preceding part of a word ends with a 5 .1.4 When .:~ /rj/ stands before nonseries consonant and the second part of it any consonant, for example begins with a series n'l1" fkaiJWOn/ 'worry' consonant or a nonseries n.:~ml /s1IJh~raa! 'lioness'. consonant, the final of the preceding part of the word must be geminated and an /a/ 1s inserted after it, for example m·Hnv = 'I..Jn + 'I:::Vltl /banni~ 'lecture', 1lff'Ul =11ft+ 4There are five series of consonant and several n-:::u1 /waatsanaa/ 'fate, nonseries consonants in the Thai as follows: luck', tlft11'l = eJ"+ft:::n.:~ Series Consonants velar n 'IJ ('ll) (Tl) fl ~ ~ /?onhiween/ 'confusing, alveopalatal I) ~ ~ ('11) Ill ty chaotic', ijfn = ijrr + retroflex (t)) !'] ~ '11 101 tu rr:::1 /?atsawa/ 'a horse'. alveolar (~) 9'1 (I '11 1i 'U bilabial (11) u fl CFI) l~ (vl) fl lJ Nonseries Consonants 5'1!'-uii /chonminii/ is pronounced with a (J ~ " 1 gemination of -u /n/ plus an intruding vowel /a/. ff \J tY l1 W' (V) (!l) ii-um /thinnako:m/ is also pronounced with a The characters in parentheses are Thai characters added to the Sanskrit characters. gemination of -u /k/ plus an intruding vowel /a/. 37 Downloaded from Brill.com10/06/2021 10:19:56AM via free access The Accentual System of Thai Polysyllabic Words 5.2.2 If the preceding part of 5.3 Gemination rules for a word ends with a series conjoining words. Gemination consonant and the second rules for conjoining words follow part of it begins with the same rules for a single word, a nonseries consonant, but 5.1.5 is ignored, for example the final of the preceding 'lfU'I.J'Vl = 'll'U + u::'I.J'Vl /chonnabot/ part of the word must 'rural area'. be geminated and an /a/ is inserted after it, for The gemination rules for conjoining words example ~un1n = ~w + are overruled by three-syllable word w ::11 n /?unna hit/ 'an rhythms in 7. If the conjoining words contains three syllables, gemination rules ornament or decoration 5.2 will be ignored, for example for the head, a crown, a turban, a diadem, ~W'Kt;)n /?unhaphuurn/ 'temperature', not a coronet, a chaplet, or /?unnahaphuurnl, Ll'l~·n. .J~ /phetburii/ 'the a wreath', ~uhnu = ~u + name of a province west of Bangkok near u::1~ntl /?uppalook/ Ratburi', ~l'lf~~ /raatburii/ 'the name of a 'temporarily appointed by province west of Bangkok and east of consensus' Petburi'. 5.2.3 If the preceding part of a 6. Syllable structure of Thai word ends with a series words consonant and the second part of it begins with a Syllable structure of Thai words can be consonant of different classified into eight levels of syllable series, the final of the structure ranging from the heaviest to the preceding part of the word lightest. must be geminated and an Ia! is inserted after it, for 6.1 A syllable composed of an example 1Vl1Ul = 1Vll + Vli::Ul initial (or an initial cluster) and a long diphthong with or without a /watthanaa/ ' grow', i'lfil = final, or an initial (or an initial i'lf + 'b'::il / witchanii/ cluster) and a short vowel, t1'1:: /ua/, w:: lei, wtJ:: Ia/, LtJl:: hi, /sakk~!¥ 'Sanskrit', ~'!.low) Lev:: /ial, t~tJ:: /ial, ut~:: Ire!, 1tJ:: !of = ~u + u::olJfi /?uppatharni is considered the first level of heavy syllable structure or the 'to patronize, to support, heaviest syllable structure, to assist'. for example ~~~VlJ~\PilJ /triam?udom/ 38 Downloaded from Brill.com10/06/2021 10:19:56AM via free access MANUSYA: Journal of Humanities 3.2, 2000 'preuniversity', l'YI~ fl h /phliacay/ short vowel with a sonorant final is considered the fifth level of 'to be exhausted at heart' heavy syllable, for example ~ru CJ111 rl nnn~1111~ /m?>c?J/ 'fitting, suitable', /can than/ 'a rafter' , UfJlJ 1 m~ l 'lf~ /p6che/ 'excellent'. /~anaa/ 'eye', ~hfity /samkhan/ 6.2 A syllabi~ composed of ' important', W1Wl') /?awlaan/ an initial (or an initial cluster) 'magnificent, large'. and a long vowel with a sonorant final is considered the 6.6 A syllable composed of an second level of heavy syllable initial (or an initial cluster) and a structure, for example ~CJ~'W1~11 short vowel with a stop final is /ch:S::>unaauram/ 'the telegraph considered the sixth level of heavy plant, whose small leaflets make syllable, for example mllJft /kats~ curious jerky movements', 1TUclilJ monl 'foul, dirty', ~1ll1 1 /?itch~ /waansiin/ 'the day before 'to envy'. yesterday'. 6.7 A syllable composed of an 6.3 A syllable composed of an initial (or an initial cluster) and a initial (or an initial cluster) and a short vowel which is not a blank long vowel with a stop final is or CJ~ /a/, e1~ /ua/, W ~ /e/, WCJ~ / ';}/, considered the third level of heavy syllable structure, for example 1m~ 1-:J /, LVfJ~ /ia/, L~ CJ~ /ia/, uCJ~ ')11Jfi11J /raapkhaap/ 'to have been Ire/, 1 6~ /o/ without a final is completely subdued', 1nm.h~V\,j considered the seventh level of heavy syllable structure, for /16okpdtth1ip/ 'the world's radiant rays--i.e. a title for the Buddha', example~') ~ /c1ra/ 'lasting a long 1rr~tJ')~ffl'YI /soot prasaat/ 'the time, lengthy' , ~~u ~ /phiriyal auditory nerve'. 'strength, vigor'. 6.4 A syllable composed of an 6.8 A syllable composed of an initial (or an initial cluster) and a initial (or an initial cluster) and long vowel without a final is a vowel /a/ is considered the considered the fourth level of eighth level of heavy syllable heavy syllable, for example mn structure or the lightest syllable structure of all, for example /kaakii/ 'a female crow; khaki', 11 ~ /cal 'will' , '!fd1 /chanii/ 1J'lf1 /buuchaa/ 'to pay homage to, 'gibbon'. to adore' . A syllable containing a vowel /a/ always 6.5 A syllable composed of an becomes a light syllable. initial (or an initial cluster) and a 39 Downloaded from Brill.com10/06/2021 10:19:56AM via free access The Accentual System ofThai Polysyllabic Words The relative degree of light/heavy syllable Kho Kham Chan follows the above is applied in the word of two syllables light/ heavy scheme. or more. If a lower level syllable stands next to a higher level syllable, by applying 7. Word rhythms to the leftmost of the word first, the lower level syllable becomes a light 7.1 One-syllable words. syllable and the other syllable becomes a Prominence must be placed on heavy syllable. For example, 1J1u /manoo/ one-syllable words, no matter whether it is a light or heavy 'mind, heart', ~:::mJn /tabrerek/ 'a kind of syllable, with exceptions of a hard wood tree', where the second syllable preverb such as ll::: /c 40 Downloaded from Brill.com10/06/2021 10:19:56AM via free access MANUSYA: Journal of Humanities 3.2, 2000 example 'lf'w:; /chami/ 5.2 will be ignored. There are three types of three-syllable 'to win', ~~:; /ptua/ words. 'fort, town'. If both open syllables are a heavy 7.3 .I The most popular pattern syllable of the same level, of the three-syllable words the last syllable takes contains prommence on prominence, for example the first syllable and the ~m /?iikaa/ 'crow', nft1 last syllable. If the second syllable is a light syllable /weelaa/ ' time' . If the first and the first syllable does syllable is an open long not contain the syllable vowel such as, ~m niikaa/ eJ /a/, prominence ·will be 'crow', and nftl /weelaa/ placed on the first and the 'time', the long vowel will last syllable, for example be shortened to Iii and /e/ n5vl /kariyaa/ 'verb', respectively as /?ikaa/ and m•Jmmn.J /phetkaseem/ /welaa/. The shortened vowel must be pronounced 'the name of the highway without a glottal stop at the from Bangkok to the syllable end. south', LW 'bTI..J~ /phet burii/ 'the name of a province 7.2.2 When the first syllable and west of Bangkok', the second syllable are n1wvu~1 /phaapphayon/ a heavy syllable of the same level, but not an 'movie', 11:;~:;u:; /mataba/ open syllable, both 'a kind of Muslim food:. syllables take prominence, 111~t1 /maalinii/ 'a female for example v~m~ /ftityaat/ florist', ~1'lf'I.J~ /raatburii/ 'taking a long time', 'a province west of iJ~U~ lsi1UIJSOIJI 'of high Bangkok', 11m.Jl /waatsanaa/ civil dignity, stateliness, having majestic grandeur', 'fortune, fate, luck', ~n1~~ mm:;nn:; /m?Jc?J/ 'fitting, /saawl.ttrii/ 'a Vedic poem suitable, elegant, appropriate, of praise and prayer to the proper for the occasion'. Sun', "!5v:; /suri)'j/ 'the sun', 5Vl15Wft 17itthl.phon/ 7.3 Three-syllable words. The most favorite word pattern for the 'influence, power'. Thais is the three-syllable word pattern. If a conjoining word can 7.3.2 If the first syllable of the be pronounced with three three-syllable words is eJ syllables, the gemination rules in /a/ preceding a light 41 Downloaded from Brill.com10/06/2021 10:19:56AM via free access The Accentual System ofThai Polysyllabic Words syllable, prominence will 7.4 .1 The popu Jar pattern for be placed on the .second four-syllable words is to and the third syllable, for place prominence on the example ()~nTi nathlkaan/ second and the last syllable. If the first and ' abbot', a~mv /?athlbaay/ the third syllable is a light ' to explain'. syllable, or the second syllable is a heavy syllable, 7.3.3 If the first syllable of prominence is placed on the three-syllable words the second and the last IS a light syllable and syllable, for example the second syllable is ~in~ :: mv Itawakta bua y / a heavy syllable, ' some nonsense matter prommence is placed on the second and the lJ'Yj1J1ilU /p<).thumthaanii/ last syllable, for example 'the name of a province ~t)llm lklldaathaan/ 'top', adjacent to Bangkok m the north', vn!iYUfllJ 1J~::111umm:: /pracuapm~/ /phanatnikhom/ 'a town in 'to be coincident', 'V'WTUlC'l Chonburi', lJ'lfWlJlJ ~:: t'Vl ff /phayaabaan/ 'to nurse' /matchimpratheet/ 'India', ~~~nm /phlchltmaan/ 'one ff.nnnmu /saphaawakaan/ who conquered Mara, i.e. the Buddha', ~m~ /sumaalii/ 'situation', ~'Vi~HU!J ~ /slJphanbtJrii/ 'the name 'flower', 1J 1-wl1v /manoomay/ of a province west 'mental, spiritual', fflJ1-wi!-wl1' o f Bangkok', WHWG HHJ' /samaanchlm/ 'agreement, /?aret?am/ 'delicious'. congruence', ff.:jCJJlru1i /saiJkhaanat/ 'the conunand 7.4.2 If the first and the third of the Patriarch to syllable of the four syllable word are a light Bhuddist monks'; ~ D'1im~ syllable, prommence 6 /?ubatheet/ 'accident' . IS placed on the first, the third, and 7.4 Four-syllable words. There the la~t syllable. It IS are four types of four-syllable possible that there may words as follows: be a light to heavy syllable shift occurring within the word, for example 6Some people will pronounce it as /?ubatfiheet/ /ceett<).naarom/ 'intention, as a four syllable word. 42 Downloaded from Brill.com10/06/2021 10:19:56AM via free access MANUSYA: Journal of Humanities 3.2, 2000 purpose', i'~il'Ufl~ 'a shower of rain · that wets only those who want lnitthamontriil 'cabinet to be wet as compared to minister', drops of rain collected on lraatchabandit/ 'member lotus leaves', 11'll'U1i11lJ of the Royal Academy', lwatth 43 Downloaded from Brill.com10/06/2021 10:19:56AM via free access The Accentual System ofThai Polysyllabic Words References Bee, Peter. I 975. Restricted Phonology in Sagarik, P. 1965. An Analysis ofthe Certain Thai Linker-Syllables. 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