Revitalizing Endangered Languages

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Revitalizing Endangered Languages Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.40.219, on 30 Sep 2021 at 21:18:31, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/ADCBBA31190F259BA13525C769E92A9A Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.40.219, on 30 Sep 2021 at 21:18:31, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/ADCBBA31190F259BA13525C769E92A9A Revitalizing Endangered Languages Of the approximately 7,000 languages in the world, at least half may no longer be spoken by the end of the twenty-first century. Languages are endangered by a number of factors, including globalization, education pol- icies, and the political, economic, and cultural marginalization of minority groups. This guidebook provides ideas and strategies, as well as some background, to help with the effective revitalization of endangered languages. It covers a broad scope of themes including effective planning, benefits, well- being, economic aspects, attitudes, and ideologies. The chapter authors have hands-on experience of language revitalization in many countries around the world, and each chapter includes a wealth of examples, such as case studies from specific languages and language areas. Clearly and accessibly written, it is suitable for nonspecialists as well as for academic researchers and students interested in language revitalization. This book is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core. justyna olko, director of the Center for Research and Practice in Cultural Continuity at the University of Warsaw, is engaged in revitalizing the Nahuatl language in Mexico and works with activists supporting other endangered languages, especially in the area of Poland. Her current research focuses on the relationship between heritage language use, health, and well-being. She is the author of Insignia of Rank in the Nahua World (2014) and coeditor of Integral Strategies for Language Revitalization (2016). julia sallabank’s language revitalization work started with her heritage language, Guernesiais, in 2000, and spread worldwide. She teaches docu- mentation and revitalization at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London. She has written Attitudes to Endangered Languages (2013) and, with Peter Austin, Endangered Languages: Beliefs and Ideologies (2014) and the Cambridge Handbook of Endangered Languages (2011). Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.40.219, on 30 Sep 2021 at 21:18:31, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/ADCBBA31190F259BA13525C769E92A9A Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.40.219, on 30 Sep 2021 at 21:18:31, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/ADCBBA31190F259BA13525C769E92A9A Revitalizing Endangered Languages A Practical Guide Edited by Justyna Olko University of Warsaw Julia Sallabank SOAS, University of London Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.40.219, on 30 Sep 2021 at 21:18:31, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/ADCBBA31190F259BA13525C769E92A9A University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia 314–321, 3rd Floor, Plot 3, Splendor Forum, Jasola District Centre, New Delhi – 110025, India 79 Anson Road, #06–04/06, Singapore 079906 Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781108485753 DOI: 10.1017/9781108641142 © Justyna Olko and Julia Sallabank 2021 This work is in copyright. It is subject to statutory exceptions and to the provisions of relevant licensing agreements; with the exception of the Creative Commons version the link for which is provided below, no reproduction of any part of this work may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. An online version of this work is published at doi.org/10.1017/9781108641142 under a Creative Commons Open Access license CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 which permits reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for noncommercial purposes providing appropriate credit to the original work is given. You may not distribute derivative works without permission. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons .org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 All versions of this work may contain content reproduced under license from third parties. Permission to reproduce this third-party content must be obtained from these third-parties directly. When citing this work, please include a reference to the DOI 10.1017/9781108641142 First published 2021 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Olko, Justyna, editor. | Sallabank, Julia, editor. Title: Revitalizing endangered languages : a practical guide / edited by Justyna Olko, University of Warsaw ; Julia Sallabank. School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. Description: Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2021. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020027565 (print) | LCCN 2020027566 (ebook) | ISBN 9781108485753 (hardback) | ISBN 9781108724500 (paperback) | ISBN 9781108641142 (epub) Subjects: LCSH: Language revival. | Language maintenance. | Language policy. | Language revival–Case studies. | Endangered languages–Case studies. Classification: LCC P40.5.L357 R48 2021 (print) | LCC P40.5.L357 (ebook) | DDC 306.44–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020027565 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020027566 ISBN 978-1-108-48575-3 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.40.219, on 30 Sep 2021 at 21:18:31, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/ADCBBA31190F259BA13525C769E92A9A Contents List of Figures page x List of Contributors xiii Acknowledgments xvii Welcome! 1 justyna olko and julia sallabank Part I Planning to Revitalize 7 1 Why Revitalize? 9 lenore a. grenoble 1.1 Endangered Languages and Well-being 23 patrick heinrich 1.2 Benefits for Communities: The Case of the Black Tai Community in Thailand 24 sumittra suraratdecha 1.3 Language Revitalization Benefits in Wilamowice 27 justyna majerska-sznajder 1.4 Reading Ancestral Texts in the Heritage Language 30 justyna olko 2 What Do We Revitalise? 33 julia sallabank and jeanette king 2.1 Wymysiöery´s 46 tymoteusz kro´ l 2.2 Language Purism in Nahua Communities 47 justyna olko 3 Ethical Aspects and Cultural Sensitivity in Language Revitalization 49 joanna maryniak, justyna majerska-sznajder, and tymoteusz kro´ l 3.1 Being a Helper: A Few Ethical Considerations for Conducting Research with Indigenous Communities 60 aleksandra bergier v Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.40.219, on 30 Sep 2021 at 21:18:31, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/ADCBBA31190F259BA13525C769E92A9A vi Contents 4 Planning a Language Revitalization Project 62 susan d. penfield 4.1 Doing Things with Little Money 69 werner herna´ ndez gonza´ lez 5 Getting Funding and Support 72 nicholas q. emlen 5.1 Attitudes of NGOs in Guatemala toward the Inclusion of Indigenous Languages in the Workplace 80 ebany dohle Part II Practical Issues 83 6 Types of Communities and Speakers in Language Revitalization 85 jose´ antonio flores farfa´ nandjustynaolko 6.1 The Community of Wymysoü 99 tymoteusz kro´ l 6.2 What Is Community? Perspectives from the Mixtec Diaspora in California 100 griselda reyes basurto, carmen herna´ ndez martı´nez, and eric w. campbell 6.3 An Introspective Analysis of One Year of Revitalization Activities: The Greko Community of Practice 102 maria olimpia squillaci 7 Attitudes and Ideologies in Language Revitalisation 104 nicole dołowy-rybin´ ska and michael hornsby 7.1 Language Ideologies in an Endangered Language Context: A Case Study from Zadar Arbanasi in Croatia 117 klara bilicmes ˇtricandlucijas ˇimicˇ ic 7.2 Attitudes towards Guernesiais 119 julia sallabank 7.3 What’s the Point of Manx? 120 adrian cain 7.4 Emotions and Relationships in Language Revitalisation and Maintenance 123 soung-u kim 7.5 Nahuatl Language Ideologies and Attitudes 124 justyna olko 8 Some Considerations about Empowerment and Attitudes in Language Revitalization 127 werner herna´ ndez gonza´ lez 8.1 Empowerment and Motivation in the Revitalization of Wymysiöery´s 133 tymoteusz kro´ l 8.2 Language Activism 135 nicole dołowy-rybin´ ska Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core.
Recommended publications
  • Armenian Secret and Invented Languages and Argots
    Armenian Secret and Invented Languages and Argots The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Russell, James R. Forthcoming. Armenian secret and invented languages and argots. Proceedings of the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:9938150 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#OAP 1 ARMENIAN SECRET AND INVENTED LANGUAGES AND ARGOTS. By James R. Russell, Harvard University. Светлой памяти Карена Никитича Юзбашяна посвящается это исследование. CONTENTS: Preface 1. Secret languages and argots 2. Philosophical and hypothetical languages 3. The St. Petersburg Manuscript 4. The Argot of the Felt-Beaters 5. Appendices: 1. Description of St. Petersburg MS A 29 2. Glossary of the Ṙuštuni language 3. Glossary of the argot of the Felt-Beaters of Moks 4. Texts in the “Third Script” of MS A 29 List of Plates Bibliography PREFACE Much of the research for this article was undertaken in Armenia and Russia in June and July 2011 and was funded by a generous O’Neill grant through the Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies at Harvard. For their eager assistance and boundless hospitality I am grateful to numerous friends and colleagues who made my visit pleasant and successful. For their generous assistance in Erevan and St.
    [Show full text]
  • Re-Creating Indigenous Architectural Knowledge in Arctic Canada and Norawy
    Protection of cultural heritage 9 (2020) 10.35784/odk.2085 RE-CREATING INDIGENOUS ARCHITECTURAL KNOWLEDGE IN ARCTIC CANADA AND NORAWY MACKIN Nancy 1 1 dr Nancy Mackin, University of British Columbia and University of Victoria, Canada https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5427-3202 ABSTRACT: Long resident peoples including Gwich’in, Inuvialuit, Copper Inuit, and Sami, Coast Salish and others have learned over countless generations of observation and experimentation to construct place-specific, biomimetic architecture. To learn more about the heritage value of long-resident peoples’ architecture, and to discover how their architecture can selectively inform adaptable architecture of the future. we engaged Inuit and First Nations knowledge-holders and young people in re-creating tradition-based shelters and housing. During the reconstructions, children and Elders alike expressed their enthusiasm and pride in the inventiveness and usefulness of their ancestral architectural wisdom. Several of the structures created during this research are still standing years later and continue to serve as emergency shelters for food harvesters. During extreme weather, the shelters contribute to a potentially widespread network of food harvester dwellings that would facilitate revitalization of traditional foodways. The re-creations indicate that building materials, forms, assembly technologies, and other considerations from the architecture of Indigenous peoples provide a valuable heritage resource for architects of the future. KEY WORDS: Indigenous, Arctic architecture, Inuit architecture, reconstructions, heritage 58 Nancy Mackin 1. Introduction and research questions Tradition-based shelters have always been part of life in the high Arctic, where sudden storms and extreme cold pose serious risks to food harvesters, scientists, and other people out on the land.
    [Show full text]
  • Ehrensperger Report
    American Name Society 51st Annual Ehrensperger Report 2005 A Publication of the American Name Society Michael F. McGoff, Editor PREFACE After a year’s hiatus the Ehrensperger Report returns to its place as a major publication of the American Name Society (ANS). This document marks the 51st year since its introduction to the membership by Edward C. Ehrensperger. For over twenty-five years, from 1955 to 1982, he compiled and published this annual review of scholarship. Edward C. Ehrensperger 1895-1984 As usual, it is a partial view of the research and other activity going on in the world of onomastics, or name study. In a report of this kind, the editor must make use of what comes in, often resulting in unevenness. Some of the entries are very short; some extensive, especially from those who are reporting not just for themselves but also for the activity of a group of people. In all cases, I have assumed the prerogative of an editor and have abridged, clarified, and changed the voice of many of the submissions. I have encouraged the submission of reports by email or electronically, since it is much more efficient to edit text already typed than to type the text myself. For those not using email, I strongly encourage sending me written copy. There is some danger, however, in depending on electronic copy: sometimes diacritical marks or other formatting matters may not have come through correctly. In keeping with the spirit of onomastics and the original Ehrensperger Report, I have attempted where possible to report on research and publication under a person’s name.
    [Show full text]
  • America's Languages
    AMERICA’S LANGUAGES Investing in Language Education for the 21st Century COMMISSION ON LANGUAGE LEARNING COMMISSION ON LANGUAGE LEARNING AMERICA’S LANGUAGES Investing in Language Education for the 21st Century american academy of arts & sciences Cambridge, Massachusetts © 2017 by the American Academy of Arts & Sciences All rights reserved. isbn: 0-87724-112-0 This publication is available online at https://www.amacad.org/language. The views expressed in this publication are those held by the contributors and are not necessarily those of the Officers and Members of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Please direct inquiries to: American Academy of Arts & Sciences 136 Irving Street Cambridge, ma 02138-1996 Telephone: 617-576-5002 Fax: 617-576-5050 Email: [email protected] Web: www.amacad.org Contents Acknowledgments v Preface vii Executive Summary viii Key Findings of this Report Key Recommendations of the Commission Introduction 1 Section 1: Building Educational Capacity 8 Section 2: Involving Local Communities, Businesses, and Philanthropies 20 Section 3: Developing Heritage Languages and Revitalizing Native American Languages 22 Section 4: Encouraging International Study and Cultural Immersion 27 Conclusion 30 Endnotes 32 Congressional Letters 39 Commissioner Biographies 43 Acknowledgments America’s Languages: Investing in Language Education for the 21st Century is the American Academy’s response to a bipartisan request from four members of the United States Senate and four members of the House of Representatives to examine the
    [Show full text]
  • Harman, Chip, Ed. ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines For
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 289 345 FL 017 059 AUTHOR Stansfield, Charles W., Ed.; Harman, Chip, Ed. TITLE ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines for the Less Commonly Taught Languages. A Familiarization Project for the Development of Proficiency Guidelines for Less Commonly Taught Languages. INSTITUTION American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages, Hastings-on-Hudson, N.Y.; Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C. SPONS AGENCY Department of Education, Washington, DC. PUB DATE 87 "GRANT G008540634 NOTE 207p. PUB TYPE Collected Works - General (020) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC09 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS African Languages; Arabic; Bibliographies; Hindi; Indonesian; Information Sources; Interviews; Introductory Courses; *Language Proficiency; *Language Tests; Material Development; Oral Language; *Standards; *Testing Problems; *Test Use; *Uncommonly Taught Languages IDEnTIFIERS *ACTFL ETS Language Proficiency Guidelines ABSTRACT A collection of papers on the use of the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL) Proficiency Guidelines for instruction and testing in less commonly taught language& includes: the 1986 ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines; "Testing Speaking Proficiency: The Oral Interview" (Pardee Lowe, Jr., Judith E. Liskin-Gasparro); a review of the Interagency Language Roundtable Oral Proficiency Interview (Pardee Lowe, Jr.); "Adapting the ACTFL/ETS Proficiency Guidelines to the Less Commonly Taught languages" (Irene Thompson, Richard T. Thompson, and David Hiple); "Materials Development for the Proficiency-Oriented Classroom" (Jeannette D. Bragger); a "Topical Bibliography of Proficiency-Related Issues" (Vicki Galloway, Charles W. Stansfield, and Lynn E. Thompson); "Arabic Proficiency Guidelines" (Roger Allen); "A Model of Proficiency-Based Testing for Elementary Arabic" (R. J. Rumunny); "The Arabic Guidelines: Where Now?" (Roger Allen); "The Application of the ILR-ACTFL Test Guidelines to Indonesian" (John U.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender Dimensions of Development Interventions and Human Security for Indigenous People in Chittagong Hill Tracts
    Gender Dimensions of Development Interventions and Human Security for Indigenous People in Chittagong Hill Tracts Shahana Nasrin Ph.D. Researcher (Session: 2011-2012) Registration No. 143 and Associate Professor Institute of Social Welfare and Research University of Dhaka Dhaka-1205 A thesis submitted for the fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Social Welfare Institute of Social Welfare and Research University of Dhaka Dhaka-1205 May 2017 Certificate from the Supervisor This is to certify that the thesis entitled Gender Dimensions of Development Interventions and Human Security for Indigenous People in Chittagong Hill Tracts done by Ms. Shahana Nasrin is an original research work. The views expressed in the thesis are originated from field-based data and is entirely her contribution. The thesis has not been submitted anywhere else for any purposes, e.g., degree or publications. This may be submitted to the examiners to evaluate for conferring the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Social Welfare. (Dr. Muhammad Samad) Professor Institute of Social Welfare and Research University of Dhaka Dhaka-1205 i Declaration I hereby solemnly declare that this thesis represents my own work based on field-based data, except where due acknowledgment is made, and that it has not been previously included in a dissertation or report submitted to any university or other tertiary institution for a degree, diploma or other qualification. (Shahana Nasrin) Ph.D. Researcher (Session: 2011-2012) and Associate Professor Institute of Social Welfare and Research University of Dhaka Dhaka-1205 ii Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude and sincere thanks to a number of people and organizations for their cooperation and good advice to complete the study.
    [Show full text]
  • The Maintenance of Malaysia's Minority Languages Haja
    THE MAINTENANCE OF MALAYSIA’S MINORITY LANGUAGES HAJA MOHIDEEN BIN MOHAMED ALI Department of English Language & Literature International Islamic University Malaysia [email protected] Abstract Malaysia, especially the states of Sabah and Sarawak are home to numerous indigenous languages. According to the Ethnologue Report for Malaysia (2009), Sabah is said to have 52 and Sarawak 46 languages. But among these many languages, many are spoken by a small population. These are in danger of facing extinction due to migration, attitudinal, social, educational and economic factors, mainly. This situation is similar to the many languages which are dying today worldwide. Since the Malay language (Bahasa Malaysia) is a potent force in bringing together the various Bumiputra and Muslim groups, the fate of native languages of these disparate groups is uncertain or worse doomed to die. However, measures by speakers of indigenous languages who comprise a sizeable number, for example, in the case of Sabah, Kadazan, Bajau, Bisaya and Murut languages may still be saved if they are maintained through concerted efforts by the affected communities and if government agencies help to play their part. This paper will discuss the various practical steps that may be undertaken by concerned individuals, the elders and leaders of the target minority communities themselves, language scholars and the state and federal governments to help maintain the minority indigenous languages, with particular emphasis on those from Sabah and Sarawak. Key words- minority language, identity, linguistic diversity, survival, loss Introduction Multilingualism and multiculturalism are indeed assets for a country and its people. The two contribute to the versatility and heterogeneity of a country‟s human landscape.
    [Show full text]
  • A Dictionary of Kristang (Malacca Creole Portuguese) with an English-Kristang Finderlist
    A dictionary of Kristang (Malacca Creole Portuguese) with an English-Kristang finderlist PacificLinguistics REFERENCE COpy Not to be removed Baxter, A.N. and De Silva, P. A dictionary of Kristang (Malacca Creole Portuguese) English. PL-564, xxii + 151 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 2005. DOI:10.15144/PL-564.cover ©2005 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. Pacific Linguistics 564 Pacific Linguistics is a publisher specialising in grammars and linguistic descriptions, dictionaries and other materials on languages of the Pacific, Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia, East Timor, southeast and south Asia, and Australia. Pacific Linguistics, established in 1963 through an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund, is associated with the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies at The Australian National University. The authors and editors of Pacific Linguistics publications are drawn from a wide range of institutions around the world. Publications are refereed by scholars with relevant expertise, who are usually not members of the editorial board. FOUNDING EDITOR: Stephen A. Wurm EDITORIAL BOARD: John Bowden, Malcolm Ross and Darrell Tryon (Managing Editors), I Wayan Arka, Bethwyn Evans, David Nash, Andrew Pawley, Paul Sidwell, Jane Simpson EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD: Karen Adams, Arizona State University Lillian Huang, National Taiwan Normal Peter Austin, School of Oriental and African University Studies
    [Show full text]
  • Abstracts 1A
    Transnational Italies: Mobility, Subjectivities and Modern Italian Cultures Conference, The British School at Rome, 26-28 October 2016-10-24 ABSTRACTS 1A - “Moving Borders, Moving Identities” Panel submitted by Eden McLean, Borut Klabjan, Vanni D’Alessio, Maura Hametz Chair: Loredana Polezzi Panel Overview Transnational studies have traditionally concerned themselves with the movement of goods, ideas, and people along and across borders, but not with the movement of the borders themselves. This panel seeks to position the movement of borders as a vital component of any conversation about what it means to be transnational, particularly in Europe’s era of the world wars. The four papers proposed here use case studies from the multiethnic—and transnational— borderlands of northeastern Italy (Trieste, Fiume/Rijeka, the Carso, and Alto Adige) to explore questions of Italian identity, citizenship, and state formation in the first half of the twentieth century. In the years directly following World War I, Italy sought to “redeem” the Italian identity of the populations living in the territories it acquired from the former Austro-Hungarian Empire. As the following papers will show, it sought to do so by imposing an official definition of Italian-ness on resident populations through the simultaneous processes of modifying language, education, and public space and subverting the presence of alternative national or ethnic affiliations. All of these efforts worked not only to transform the cultural landscape of these borderlands, but also to establish the very definition of what it meant to be Italian, at least on the edges of the Italian nation-state. Borut Klabjan, European University Institute and University of Primorska [email protected] “’Italianize it!’ National Homogenization in Interwar Trieste/Trst/Triest” After World War I, newly acquired borderlands played a key role in the national symbolism of post-war Italy.
    [Show full text]
  • Wooden Architecture's Role in Maintaining Eco Sustainability Dr
    مجلة العمارة والفنون العدد الرابع عشر Wooden Architecture's role in maintaining eco sustainability Dr. Yousef Abdulsalam Teacher - Faculty of Fine Arts. Damascus University - Faculty of fine Arts – Interior Design Dept. [email protected] Synopsis : Wood played an important and vital role in the construction of buildings as a structural material in the design of structures, frames, coverings and finishes of buildings from outside and inside or structural foundations. These wooden structures included temples, religious shrines, huts and dwellings in hot , temperate and cold regions, depending on the availability of forest trees and as materials for rapid construction that can be dismantled and installed , The value of timber arises from its natural properties and specifications as a building material . Wood is characterized by a variety of properties in terms of density, specific gravity, size and operability. Wood has an important environmental role, as the availability of its resources enhances the opportunities for its investment in commercial activities. The research deals with the variety of applications of wood construction in various uses, externally and internally, and in different climates and structural structures of roofs, walls, floors and covers. Wood is renewable, recyclable and environmentally degradable without contaminants. This research is a presentation guide and a global tour of some of the world's national architecture, which can simply be described as the architecture of peoples, Designed and built by communities,
    [Show full text]
  • MANDE LANGUAGES INTRODUCTION Mande Languages
    Article details Article author(s): Dmitry Idiatov Table of contents: Introduction General Overviews Textbooks Bibliographies Journals and Book Series Conferences Text Collections and Corpora Classifications Historical and Comparative Linguistics Western Mande Central Mande Southwestern Mande and Susu- Yalunka Soninke-Bozo, Samogo, and Bobo Southeastern Mande Eastern Mande Southern Mande Phonetics Phonology Morphosyntax Morphology Syntax Language Contact and Areal Linguistics Writing Systems MANDE LANGUAGES INTRODUCTION Mande languages are spoken across much of inland West Africa up to the northwest of Nigeria as their eastern limit. The center of gravity of the Mande-speaking world is situated in the southwest of Mali and the neighboring regions. There are approximately seventy Mande languages. Mande languages have long been recognized as a coherent group. Thanks to both a sufficient number of clear lexical correspondences and the remarkable uniformity in basic morphosyntax, the attribution of a given language to Mande is usually straightforward. The major subdivision within Mande is between Western Mande, which comprises the majority of both languages and speakers, and Southeastern Mande (aka Southern Mande or Eastern Mande, which are also the names for the two subbranches of Southeastern Mande), a comparatively small but linguistically diverse and geographically dispersed group. Traditionally, Mande languages have been classified as one of the earliest offshoots of Niger-Congo. However, their external affiliation still remains a working hypothesis rather than an established fact. One of the most well-known Mande languages is probably Bamana (aka Bambara), as well as some of its close relatives, which in nonlinguistic publications are sometimes indiscriminately referred to as Mandingo. Mande languages are written in a variety of scripts ranging from Latin-based or Arabic-based alphabets to indigenously developed scripts, both syllabic and alphabetic.
    [Show full text]
  • Petit Manuel Unix®
    Août 2010 Petit Manuel Unix® Jacques MADELAINE Département d’informatique Université de CAEN 14032 CAEN CEDEX La première édition de ce manuel décrivait SMX un Unix développé à l’INRIA pour la machine française SM90, la deuxième édition une adaptation pour SPIX, un Unix pour SM90 basé sur System V et développé par Bull. Il a été ensuite modifié et corrigé pour SunOS l’Unix de Sun Microsystems, puis pour Solaris. La cinquième version a été adaptée pour tenir compte des particularités du système GNU-Linux. Un chapitre supplémentaire dédié aux accès réseau a été ensuite ajouté. Rappelons que presque toutes les commandes décrites vont fonctionner comme indiqué sur tout système Unix commercial (Solaris, HP-UX, AIX, ...) ou libre (Linux, OpenBSD, FreeBSD, NetBSD, ...). Mes remerciements à Sara Aubry pour sa relecture attentive etàFrançois Girault pour avoir fourni la mise en tableau des commandes d’emacs. Mes remerciements à Davy Gigan pour m’avoir poussé à publier la version html en octobre 2003. 1 INTRODUCTION() INTRODUCTION() 2Petit manuel Unix 2002 INTRODUCTION NOM intro − introduction to the mini manual − introduction au petit manuel DESCRIPTION Ce manuel donne les principales commandes de Unix. Unix est une famille de systèmes d’exploitation ; les commandes décrites existent, sauf précision contraire, sous Linux et Solaris, les deux systèmes disponibles au département. Seules les principales options sont données, reportez-vous au manuel en ligne pour une liste exhaustive.Chaque commande est décrite par trois sections : NOM qui donne le nom de la commande, son nom en anglais (le nom Unix étant un mnémonique anglais ne correspondant pas toujours bien aveclefrançais) et en français.
    [Show full text]