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Petit Manuel Unix® Août 2010 Petit Manuel Unix® Jacques MADELAINE Département d’informatique Université de CAEN 14032 CAEN CEDEX La première édition de ce manuel décrivait SMX un Unix développé à l’INRIA pour la machine française SM90, la deuxième édition une adaptation pour SPIX, un Unix pour SM90 basé sur System V et développé par Bull. Il a été ensuite modifié et corrigé pour SunOS l’Unix de Sun Microsystems, puis pour Solaris. La cinquième version a été adaptée pour tenir compte des particularités du système GNU-Linux. Un chapitre supplémentaire dédié aux accès réseau a été ensuite ajouté. Rappelons que presque toutes les commandes décrites vont fonctionner comme indiqué sur tout système Unix commercial (Solaris, HP-UX, AIX, ...) ou libre (Linux, OpenBSD, FreeBSD, NetBSD, ...). Mes remerciements à Sara Aubry pour sa relecture attentive etàFrançois Girault pour avoir fourni la mise en tableau des commandes d’emacs. Mes remerciements à Davy Gigan pour m’avoir poussé à publier la version html en octobre 2003. 1 INTRODUCTION() INTRODUCTION() 2Petit manuel Unix 2002 INTRODUCTION NOM intro − introduction to the mini manual − introduction au petit manuel DESCRIPTION Ce manuel donne les principales commandes de Unix. Unix est une famille de systèmes d’exploitation ; les commandes décrites existent, sauf précision contraire, sous Linux et Solaris, les deux systèmes disponibles au département. Seules les principales options sont données, reportez-vous au manuel en ligne pour une liste exhaustive.Chaque commande est décrite par trois sections : NOM qui donne le nom de la commande, son nom en anglais (le nom Unix étant un mnémonique anglais ne correspondant pas toujours bien aveclefrançais) et en français. SYNTAXE donne la syntaxe. Les parties entre crochets ([ ]) sont optionnelles. Les noms en caractères gras désignent la commande ou des options. Les arguments en italique désignent des noms de fichiers, les autres arguments sont en police normale. Les arguments de contrôle sont traditionnellement, sous Unix, introduits par le caractère tiret (-), et sont composés d’une seule lettre, ex. : -alx.Avecles commandes GNU est apparu la possibilité de donner l’option de contrôle en format long (un mot) introduit par deux tirets ; on est obligé alors de donner les options une par une, cela donnera sur l’exemple précédent : --all --long.Les commandes qui suivent le standard GNU doivent avoir les options --help et --version qui donnent respectivement une petite aide en ligne et le numéro de version de la commande sans l’exécuter. DESCRIPTION est la section qui donne les effets de la commande et de ces arguments. Ce document se termine (uniquement dans la version papier) par quelques pages de manuels originales de GNU/Linux : dash(1), ed(1), gawk(1), join(1), sed(1), sort(1). La page de ed contient en particulier la définition des expressions régulières utilisées par grep. Pour finir nous donnons les tables des codes ASCII et iso-latin9 obtenues comme page du manuel standard asciii(7) et iso_8859_15(7) et les pages de manuel unicode(7) et utf-8(7). Les commandes sont regroupées en chapitres : GESTION DE L’ACCÈS UTILISATEUR login stty passwd ACCÈS EN RÉSEAU rsync ssh scp sshfs MANIPULATION DE RÉPERTOIRES cd mkdir rmdir MANIPULATION DE FICHIERS a2ps ar basename bzip2 cat comm compress convert cp cut diffexpand gzip head iconvlpmore paste pr recode sox split tail tar tee tr uniq wc MANIPULATION D’ATTRIBUTS DE FICHIERS chgrp chmod chown ln mv rm touch PARCOURS DE HIÉRARCHIE df du find locate whereis which LANGAGES cc cl f77 hugs javacpcperl php python OUTILS DE DÉVELOPPEMENT cpp cplus-dem doxygen eclipse gdb gprof grep indent javadoc ld ldd lint makenetbeans nm nmap od patch prof ranlib size strace strip time EXÉCUTION DE PROGRAMMES echo kill killall nice nohup script sleep DEMANDES D’ÉTATS date file id ls ps pwd rusers tty users w who DIVERS Petit manuel Unix 2002 3 INTRODUCTION bc cal expr man test COMMUNICATION ENTRE USAGERS mail mesg talk write OUTILS RÉSEAUX ftp sftp web-browsers MESURES ET SURVEILLANCE DE SYSTÈME arch free fuser host lsof netstat perfmeter rup top uname uptime vmstat ÉDITEURS DE TEXTES emacs nano vi COMPOSEURS DE TEXTES grofflatex OUTILS GRAPHIQUES 4Petit manuel Unix 2002 GESTION DE L’ACCÈS UTILISATEUR NOM login − login − connexion SYNTAXE login [utilisateur] DESCRIPTION Enregistre la connexion d’un utilisateur au système. Vérifie le mot de passe et établit l’identité de l’utilisa- teur et celle du groupe auquel il appartient. Fait l’initialisation du terminal. Établit le catalogue de travail. Annonce la présence de courrier.Affiche les messages du jour.Exécute le fichier « .login » de l’usager. Lance l’interpréteur de commande ou un autre programme initial suivant ce qui est indiqué dans le fichier «/etc/passwd ». Si ce programme est un shell, ce dernier exécutera le fichier « ˜/.profile » ou « ˜/.bash_pro- file » s’il s’agit de bash ; notons que par défaut au département le bash_profile se contente d’exécuter le «.bashrc » de l’utilisateur. NOM stty − set terminal type − positionner des options de terminal SYNTAXE stty [options] DESCRIPTION Positionne certaines options d’entrées-sorties pour le terminal. Les options sont données en argument de la commande. Sans argument cette commande donne l’état actuel du terminal. Voici quelques options : -a imprime toutes les options du terminal (à utiliser seul). vitesse change la vitesse de transmission. En général vitesse est 1200, 9600 ou 19200. ctrlcar c «c» devient le caractère de contrôle donné. Si « c» est précédé du chapeau « ˆ»,lavaleur utilisée est le caractère de contrôle correspondant. Voici la liste des contrôles possibles avec leur valeur par défaut : erase annulation du dernier caractère (DEL). kill annulation de la ligne (ˆU). werase annulation du dernier mot (ˆW). eof fin de fichier (ˆD). eol fin de ligne (ˆJ). intr interruption , envoie le signal SIGINT(ˆC). quit quit, envoie le signal SIGQUIT (ˆ\). start caractère de contrôle de flux :reprend l’affichage (ˆQ). stop caractère de contrôle de flux :arrête l’affichage (ˆS). susp suspend la tâche courante (ˆZ). rprnt réaffiche la ligne courante (reprint) (ˆR). flush prise en compte immédiate de l’entrée (ˆO). lnext supprime le sens particulier du caractère suivant (ˆV). echo fait l’écho de tout caractère tapé (pas d’écho avec -echo). echoe fait l’écho du caractère « erase » de façon telle que le caractère annulé soit effacé d’un écran vidéo (fonctionne très mal sur un terminal papier). Pas d’écho spécial de « erase » av ec -echo. echok envoie (n’envoie pas avec -echok)uncaractère de nouvelle ligne sur réception du caractère «kill ». icanon les caractères sont disponibles après réception d’une fin de ligne. Les caractères erase, kill, rprnt et werase sont traités. -icanon les caractères erase, kill, rprnt et werase n’ont plus de signification particulière. Le code du car- actère eof indique le nombre de caractères à taper pour qu’ils soient disponibles. Il suffit de prendre « ˆA » pour eof pour que les caractères soient immédiatement disponibles au Petit manuel Unix 2002 5 GESTION DE L’ACCÈS UTILISATEUR programme : $stty -icanon eof « ˆA » Si on veut que le programme gère l’écho lui même (comme more, vi, emacs, ...), faire : $stty -icanon eof "ˆA" -echo Cf raw. isig les caractères INTR et QUIT envoient des signaux. -isig les caractères INTR et QUIT n’envoient pas de signaux. ixon permet (ne permet pas avec -ixon)d’arrêter la sortie avec«ˆS » et de la faire repartir avec «ˆQ». ixany permet de faire repartir la sortie avecn’importe quel caractère. Seul « ˆQ » est autorisé avec -ixany. ixoff demande que le système envoie (n’envoie pas avec -ixoff)les caractères de contrôle de flux (« ˆS » et « ˆQ ») quand la file d’entrée est presque vide ou pleine. tabs préservelecaractère de tabulation (« ˆI »). Av ec -tabs ou tabs3,les caractères de tabulation sont remplacés par des espaces (un taquet de tabulation toutes les 8 colonnes). lcase ne transforme plus les minuscules en majuscules. Utile si on a tapé un nom de login en majus- cules. Les options suivantes sont les combinaisons qui sont le plus souvent utilisées : sane positionne des options jugées « saines » par le système. Étant donné qu’en général la ligne n’est pas « saine », il faut taper stty sane entre des control-J et non des retours-chariot. raw littéralement : le mode cru ; tous les caractères sont disponibles immédiatement au programme sans traitement de erase ou kill. Attention ceci est valable aussi pour ˆD donc on ne peut plus spécifier fin de fichier,etbien sûr pour ˆC et on ne peut plus arrêter l’exécution en envo yant un sig- nal à l’aide du clavier.Pour lancer un programme qui veut gérer toutes les entrées faire : stty raw; programme; stty sane Ainsi après la fin d’exécution du programme, stty sane remet tout en place. NOM passwd − password − mot de passe SYNTAXE passwd DESCRIPTION Change le mot de passe de l’usager.L’ancien mot de passe est demandé et le nouveau mot de passe est demandé deux fois. Un mot de passe doit avoir au moins 6 caractères, dont au moins 3 caractères alphabétiques et un caractère spécial ou numérique. Rappelons qu’il faut choisir son mot de passe comme n’étant pas un mot d’un dictionnaire français ou étranger. Lorsque la station est cliente NIS (Network Information System), la commande passwd va enfait changer le mot de passe valable sur toutes les stations du réseau. 6Petit manuel Unix 2002 ACCÈS EN RÉSEAU NOM rsync − remote file synchronisation − synchronisation de fichiers à distance SYNTAXE rsync [options] source... [destination] rsync [options][utilisateur@]hôte:source... [destination] rsync [options] source... [utilisateur@]hôte:destination DESCRIPTION rsync permet de synchroniser des arborescences de fichiers sur la même machine (première forme d’appel), ou depuis ou vers des machines distantes (les deux dernières formes d’appel).
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