The White Mans Foot in Kansas

“THE WHITE MAN’ S FOOT A IN KANS S .

AN ADDRES S

hn B D un bar o Bloom eld B o N . J. J . y , f ﬁ , ,

PA N I L LA R P BLI N Y KAN A THE W EE V GE , E U C C O U T , S S , P M B R 27 1 6 L BRA I N NE S E TE E , 90 , CE E T G THE O HUN D RE D TH ANNIVE RS ARY O F THE FL A IN KANS A G S .

Pu blished by the

Kansas tate Historical ociet S S y.

A E PRI N I N FF S T T T G O IC E , E O P KA 1908 . T ,

1 7 7 6 X Reprinted from Volume ,

i n Kansas H storical Coll e ctio s .

’ W M) 09 1 THE CENTENNIAL C ELEBRATIO N AT PI KE ’ S A PAWNEE VILL GE .

N M a 1906 b the 14th o f y , , the people of Repu lic City held a public meet

ing under the auspices of the Pa nee H istorical Society , and unani , w m o us ly resolved to celebrate the one hundredth anniversary of the visit of 0 18 6 . Lieut . Zebulon Montgomery Pik e to their neighborhood in the fall of ’ b 26 I t was further determined to have a four days cele ration , September to 26 t h ’ 27th 29 , 1906 ; that Wednesday , the , be Woman s day ; Thursday , the , t h e 28 th m t h e 29 th H istorical day ; Friday , , Grand Ar y day ; and Saturday , , ’ Pik e s day . The following committee on ﬁnance was agreed upon by the V . . b meeting : H . H . Smith and M . C . Polley , Republic City ; A W ale , We

N . ber ; O . H . Durand , . H . Angle , Elizabeth A Johnson , Republic City ; and l Thomas Charles . of Bel eville . This committee was authorized to give

Kansas , for her ﬁrst centennial , a demonstration as nearly equal as possible

29 1806 . to the event which happened at the Pawnee village September ,

A fter the meeting the aforesaid committee appointed other committees , as follows :

. . J. W . e n e ral A rran e m en ts : . . . . G g N H Angle , H H Smith , T J Charles .

S . S . . Ambrose , E . D . H aney , A . B . Evans , W . Lower , and Eddy

M u s ic ...... : Mrs Eva Moore , D r D . E Foristall , Mrs J W Am brose , and

E . . H . Clark

A variety of entertainment features were provided . Four batteries of r United States arti llery were sent f om Fort Riley , and an elaborate program a rranged . Everything was in perfect readiness on the opening day . The w hic h s tands park , underneath the hill upon the monument , was amply pro i v d e d . with booths , platforms , and seats The weather for the four day s a 29 th was ideal , and the attendance large , culmin ting , on Saturday , the , with an enormous crowd . The village Site and park is two miles from the b an d . nearest railroad , at Repu lic city , is accessible only by wagon travel

Several bands from neighboring towns were in attendance . 26th ’ M Wednesday , the , Woman s day , was in charge of Mrs . J . D . c Far ’ o f land . president the W oman s Kansas Day Club . The ceremonies opened ’ !

. . . . . t with A Woman s G reeting , by Mrs E W H och Mrs Noble L . Pren is ’ b spok e in behalf of the Kansas Federation of Women s Clu s ; M rs . Charles

’ - E . Adams , of Superior , Neb . , ex president of the National Woman s Relief S “ ! b Corps , pok e on Good Citizenship ; M rs . Al ert H . H orton , o f Topeka , “ M n . c Le a representing Mrs Donald , president general , spok e of the Daug h I n ters of the American Revolution . the afternoon , Mrs . Lilla Day Monroe , f o f Topek a , represented the Kansas Equal Su frage Association , Mrs . Eva M . ’ Murphy , of Good and , th Kansas Woman s Christ an T mp ranc U n on l e i e e e i , ’

. . and Mrs Cora G Lewis , of Kinsley , the Woman s Kansa s Day Club , in a n “ "

A . . address , Romance Century M rs Elma B . Dalton , of W inﬁeld , spok e in behal f of the Ladies of the Grand Army of the Republic . These papers exhibited the progress and accomplishments of women during the one hundred years under the ﬂag . 27 September , H istorical day , the following addresseswere given : The K S Hi ri l i 4 ansas tate sto ca S oc ety .

’

W hite Man s Foot in Kansas , written by Prof . John B . Dunbar , of Bloom “ l r J . M s . ﬁe d , N . , and read by . Cora G Lewis , of Kinsley ; The Pawnees , ! As I Kn ew Them , by James R . Mead . of Wichita , read by M . C . Polley , ’ member of the legislature from R e pu bl ic co unty ; Characters and Incidents ! of the Plains , by William E . Conn elley , of Topek a . read by Mrs . Elma B . “ t Tw o Y Dal on , of W infield ; and The First ears of Kansas , an address by

Geo . W . Martin , secretary of the State H istorical Society . Rev . D r . J . A . Sutton closed the exercises of the day with an able address on “ Providence ! n i History . m a Capt . Patrick H . Coney , department com ander of Kans s , was president e 28 “ o f the day Septemb r The Grand Army of the Republic , Its Attain w as t ments and Its Mission , the subj ec of an address by Captain Coney .

- a . . C pt . Charles E Adams of Superior , Neb , ex department commander of that state , next Spok e on Patriotism and H on . W . A . Calderhead , member n of Congress from the ﬁ fth district , closed the day with a stirri g address .

. l By order of State Supt I . L . Day hoff , every public schoo in Kansas de voted an hour this Friday afternoon to the story of “ Pik e and the Flag the school children of Kansas acting in unison with the services at

Pawnee village . 29th n o Saturday , the , was the real anniversary of the incide t which c 29 1 06 t curred at the Pawnee village September , 8 , as related by Lieu enant “ Pike : After a Silence of some time an old m an arose , went to the door , re took down the Spanish flag , brought it , and laid it at my feet ; he then eive d e c the American ﬂag , and levated it on the staff which had lately borne the standard of his Catholic majesty . This gave great satisfaction to the Osage and Kans , both of whom decidedly avow themselves to be under

American protection . l The people of the surrounding country for miles , even across the ine into Nebraska , seemed to have quit business for the day , and passed into the grove until there was scarcely room to contain them . Wagons , car ria e s s o g , guns and horses were thick that inextricable confusion would have resulted but for the creditable management of the local committees . “ ! Gov . E . W . H och made an address on This Country of Ours . Gomer

1 ff t i o T . Dav es gave an account of the neighborhood e or s to establ sh the l ca

he s te r I tion of the village ; and H on . C Long , U nited States senator , ar in rived time from Colorado Springs , where he made the principal address b 2 th at a lik e cele ration on the 7 , to mak e an address on the subj ect of “ ! 23d 29th . Kansas . Colorado celebrated from the to the of September

r b - Several exhibition drills we e given y the Second , Twenty second and

- Thirty ﬁfth batteries of artillery , under command of Captain Mott . On ’ - ﬂa Pik e s day the g was raised over the vi llage Site with military honors , and a Short address was made by Governor H och . ’

e . After the close of Senator Long s Speech , G orge W M artin , Secretary as : of the State H istorical Society , spoke follows

’ w a n t The Woman s Kansas Day Club s organized to ﬁ ll a lo g felt wan . is For many years we have had a Kansas D ay Club , that , an organ ization b 2 h w as t for cele rating the 9t of January , the day Kansas admit ed into the

Union . But that is a Republican partisan organization , limited to men a who , in addition to ssuming vast credit , discuss party policies , and put

' lw l u t e l o r a a a s a b so . up a j ob two , or perhaps three ; nyhow , y y selﬁsh A ’ at P ke w ee V C entennial C el e bration i s Pa n illag e . 5

E b th e a rected y Sta te of Kans s ,

1 9 0 1 . m th e e u l To ark site of t h e Pawne Re p b ic , where

’ ' L I E L T . Z anu m x I I K E M . ca u se d t h e S pa n ish ﬂag to b e l o wered ’ ﬂ a I n l te d b a nd the g of t he Sta tes to e ra ised .

2 9 1 8 0 6 . Se p tember , K S Hi ori l S o i 6 ansas tate st ca c ety .

couple of years ago some women , who thought they had as much interest in the natal day of our state as the men , concluded to organize along patri otic lines solely . Their purpose is to cultivate state pride among women , and at the same time as far as possible Secure due credit for their sisters in

- the wonderful history mak ing peculiar to Kansas . At their ﬁrst meeting they presented to the State H istorical Society a very rich painting of Sara

. w T D . Robinson , the wido of the ﬁrst governor of the state , still living . They resolved that their work for this year Should be some assistance to ’ this delightful success , the celebration of Pik e s visit to Republic c ounty , and an acknowledgment of the ﬁrst act of United States sovereignty over h im Kansas and Colorado asserted by on yonder hill . So we have here with us from all parts of the state eighteen or t wenty m embers of this woman ’ s organization . Besides assisting here , this body caused meetings to be held 5000 yesterday afternoon in school districts of Kansas , where the story of

Pik e and the ﬂag in Republic county was told . to more than a quarter of a ? million children . Can you grasp what that means W hile the Grand Army

' e n ir l i from this platform was giving patriotic lessons , the t e popu at on of the state was acting in unison with you . Could anything be more inspiring ? or serviceable The women have struck the k ey - note of patriotism and usefulness .

Most people have a funny idea of history . They think it comes from governors , senators , politicians , and those who obtain some notoriety . off l They are . It comes from you fo ks who work on the farms . True , r i f the e must be leaders and bosses , but you stop for a season or two rais lk ing corn and alfal fa and wheat . the leaders and bosses will have to wa — out . The greater part of history is made by the daily toil ers people in the humbler walks of life .

The State H istorical Society , as compared with Similar institutions , has i a remark able collection , and s doing a remarkable work . There are from 1 00 to 200 visitors roaming through the corridors of the state - house every day . Many of them are travelers and Sightseers from other states . I talk with a great many of them . They tell stories about men whose pictures

on ask . are the wall , and they many questions On the walls , among the _ portraits of many eminent characters in Kansas history , we have a life

M r - size photograph of s Elizabeth A. Johnson . The question is universally i asked , Why s that woman here among these governors and other distin ! g uish e d men ? I have repeated the story probably a thousand times i n the i M rs . h s past ﬁve or Six years , that Jo nson the wife of a farmer in Republic county ; that sh e Spent years in searching for the village Site where Lie u t e n of 22 ant Pike caused this change ﬂags , with only American soldiers amid 1400 350 t h e d Indians , and Spanish cavalrymen lurking around in neighborhoo ; that She bought the land to k eep it from being plowed up ; that sh e pre sented it to the state ; that She induced the legislature to Spend $3000 in ’ mark ing the Si te . I have told this to eastern women , who did n t have the slightest idea that any such thing ever occurred on these prairies , and they b e ’ stood before me a solutely thrilled . A farm r s wife to do this , out i n the

n t country , with farms only surroundi g it ; and n ot in some elegan city park

I believe they thought more of this ac t than that of twenty soldiers . They “ universally responded , Surely this woman is enti tled to a place in a his ! t orical m o me n collection . I could na e a sc re or more of , on the same walls , t who all comb ined have not done as much entitling them to a place here . ' i l l b ra ion Pik w e Vill C entenn a C e e t a t e s Pa ne ag e . 7

Now is it any wonder that our sisters of the Woman ’ s Kansas Day Club are so interested in the Pik e celebration , and that they want the record made complete in the adoption of a resolution acknowledging faint credit for one to whom much credit is due . Representing the State H istorical Society , which will preserve a full account of this splendid occasion , I now call upon

M rs . Lewis . f r. l l M rs . J . M . Lewis , j , o fered the fo lowing reso ution E E WH R AS , The supreme glory of the state is the sacred spot where the

flag is first exalted in the name of our country ; therefore , we believe the site of the Pawnee village , being the Spot where Lieutenant Pik e first raised the stars and stripes in our state , should be held in reverence in the hearts of every loyal Kansan ; therefore , be it

Res l ved o , That we , the people assembled to commemorate the ﬁrst cen t e nnial anniversary of the removal of the Spanish ﬂag from the soil of the

U nited States , hereby express to Mr . and M rs . George Johnson our sincere appreciation and loving gratitude for preserving for us and our children the place where our beloved flag was first raised . W e believe that the lowering of the flag of one nation and the establishment of the sovereignty of another , in the name of peace and without bloodshed , to be one of the things that consecrates our state and lights the way to the universal peace which is the

l . . . hope of Christian civi ization Therefore , Mr and M rs George John son have given us the most sacred spot on Kansas soil , the site of the Pawnee ll vi age , now mark ed by the state with a granite monument in honor of Zebu lon M . Pik e ; therefore , be it further Res l ved l l o , That it is our privilege on this memorab e occasion to pub i cly ‘ tender to Mr . and Mrs . Johnson the tribute of our love and gratitude .

M R E JR h ir S . . . . a man J M L WIS , , Kinsley , C .

M R . S . . . O E W H C H , M arion M M A R . G E . . RTIN . O W , Topek a l Governor H och moved the adoption of the reso utions , and United States

Senator Long seconded the motion . l The resolutions were adopted by a rising vote of the large assemb y .

— A t a 2 th N O TE l . l 9 the c ose of the annivers ry . Saturday evening . the , Mrs . Johnson gave her

t . G . . house party of for y guests a banq uet . with Mrs Cora Lewis as toastmistress Addresses S G C . were made by enator Long . overnor Hoch . and aptain Mott , of the regular army At the ' 29 1907 meeting of the Woman s Kansas Day Club , January . , the ladies constituting the guests of

. G . Mrs Johnson for the week made Mrs . Johnson a gift of a gold badge . eorge W Martin making the presenta tion address as fol lows : l ’ C l My sympathies are very strong y with the Woman s Kansas Day ub . because you observe — a l r the nat l day of the state along proper lines patriotism and history . There is one fact I wil e a z s z d pe t and emphasi e on all occa ions . and that is . that women are not p roperly recogni e in the

. l history of Kansas Looking through the Annals of Kansas the other day for something e se . my 1856 : f eyes hit the following . concerning the days of The women of Kansas suf ered more than

l . fi the men . and were not ess heroic Their names are not known they were not elected to of ce : they had none of the exciting del hts of an active outdoor l ife on these attract ive prairies : they ig ' endured in silence : they took care of the home and of the sick : if home they brough t her war

d . rior dead . she nor swoone . nor u ttered sigh

~ . an ai n e d l Now . Mrs Johnson , you are not g before this interesting assemb y as a horrible

. Y l specimen of territorial or pioneer woe our innate disposition to be clever and he pful . your l ) broad acres . pleasant and hospitab e home . and splendid companion ( male . of course who shares to a . with you , give us know that you have alw ys had a good time We are not here . however . to celebrate the good times you have had bu t we do sincerel y and j oyousl y desire to celebrate the t r good imes you have given others . I have been to your home six times in the past ﬁve yea s . in - d the interest of an historical task caused and consumate by yourself . There is no necessity on this occasion to repeat the story of your connection with the Paw nee village and Lieutenant ' a fl Y o u Pike s appe rance with the ag in Republic county . are almost solely responsible for one of 190 1 l n l -l the most interesting chapters in Kansas history . Twice in the year y and September 29 z d . you authori e me to invite forty guests to your home . and each time you entertained over '

. 190 6 d th irty in the most royal manner Again . in , when the one hund re th anniversary of Pike s d e Y o u flag raising reache us you authori z ed me to invite ﬁfty to b your guests for a week . had E w over thirty with you for ﬁve days . verything was as free as ater from the time we left the r d l l w a s t ain until we returne to the train for home . and your watch fu ness for the comfort of al K a e ri 8 ns as S tat Histo cal S ociety .

A N A PEACE D C E FOREVER .

E VE KAN O . 25 1906. L A NW RTH , , September ,

in e r t r eo . r Hist ri l ie t G W . M a t S c e a o K an sas S ate ca c T eka K an , y f t o S o y , op , “ M Y D EAR SIR AND FRI E ND — I have your notice of the one hundredth m anniversary of the unfurling of the A erican ﬂag on Kansas soil , etc . , l “ 29th . and fu ly intended to be with you at Pawnee village on the inst , to celebrate my seventy - eighth birthday and pursuit of Pawnees through the

fift - S ix — 1850 b ut a country more than y years ago June , , I am sorry to s y l that my health wi l not permit me to mak e the journey . is s a O f the Pawnees then living it safe to y that all , through their devious “ ! - ways , have landed upon the happy hunting grounds , where the white man has ceased from troubling and the weary warriors are at rest . as O f the pursuing party , so far I know , I am the only one left , and i f in the final wind - u p I find my comrades in as safe a haven as the Pawn ees hoped for we will have a peace dance that Shall last forever . I Sincerely hope that during the celebration you may be blessed with such w an Indian summer as can be found no here outside of Kansas , and that od every man , woman and child may thank G that his or her lot has been l cast within the charmed circ e . I f L ieutenant Pik e could have known how near the heart of the best o f w as i earth he planting his flag , and the wonderful people and nstitutions that were to grow up around it , he should have been a happy man . b an W ith est wishes for all that you d the celebration represent , l E O . I am , sincere y your friend , P . G . L W

i h e t i rt il l l t o . t beyond any words of m ne state And four days of pa riot sm , oratory and a ery c osed t t i 29 l t h e with a banque at your house Sa urday even ng , September , eq ua to Waldorf . and for

l d t l t i w . happy and so i a k . and smar and good look ng women , was never eq ualed any here The story of th e fl ag In Kansas wil l speak strongly and enthusiast ically of t h e duty you per In th e i t th e l t h e i t t b u t th e formed n erest of pub ic and of h story of your s a e , friends who enj oyed your hospital ity woul d be unspeakably ind iff eren t or sel fish if t hey d id not by some token S how i l appreciat on of the deligh t fu time your heart and hands gave t hem . ! in l t h e l t it i t 24 t o 30 1906 Accordingly . beha f of adies cons ut ng your house party Sep ember , , I t it is n o t l b u t hand you a golden badge , so designed hat only a token of appreciation and ove , a i l i i l l li t t l l th e souvenir of h storica s gn ficance . c osely a ed with the mos precious inciden fo owing t ransfer of th e Lo u isiana t err itory by F rance to th e U nit ed S tates . ' ' M rs t . at G 29 1906 z . House party Mrs . eorge Johnson s , September . Alber H Horton , Mrs E t i . . Lee Monroe , Mrs . va M . Murphy . Mrs . Anna D ck Rodgers, Mrs Josephine Mar in , Mrs

E i i E l . . B . B . B ...... t i C . W Hoch , Mrs Noble L Pren s, Mrs . r tt n . Mrs lma Da ton . Mrs A A Adams, i l . F rl an d . . M F . t . c a . G . Mrs Sarah L e , Mrs . James D . Mr eorge W Martin , Mrs James M Lew s .

r. l E . ov E . . C G . j . Mr . Luther M . Nellis , Capt . Char es . Adams . Col . P . H oney , W Hoch , Senator

h r F . e . t B. U . . t . . I Long. Cap . Thos . Mott ( S Ar illery Ralph H axon , Jesse S Leach Miss g eitl u ams . ’ T I KA A 1 l THE WHITE MAN S FOO N NS S .

' P O HN B. UN E-A R B e Address written by J D , of loomﬁeld . N . J and read at Pike s awn e village

e t 27 1906 M RS A M ES . E W IS JR . . S p ember . . by . J M L . . of K insley

N E H U N DRED years ago to - day there were met i n solemn conclave here representatives of the two types of civilizati o n that thus far are rightfully accorded prominent place in the annals of our country . On one side of that assemblage were seen , few in number , the restless , persistent ,

- - b b progressive descendants of the fair haired , blue eyed ar arians that one thousand years earlier were , on sea and land , overrunning and possessing b western Europe . W herever they established themselves , arbarians though a they were , a new phase of li fe , of thought , and conduct soon began to p in pear . Their impress , due time , was recognized as making , in the main , toward a better order of things . The kindlier phases of life , social and civil . became more manifest and controlling ; the thought of home and its value was appreciated and cherished ; the cruel ties of war were mitigated ; forms of civil administration became more benign ; education was encouraged — in short , wherever this new race penetrated an inﬂuence for manifold good was felt and encouraged . So far this trans forming impulse seems to have constituted the noblest heritage , save one , that has fallen to man . All that the much lauded Greek and Roman civilization contri buted to the well - being b of man in thought and in progress , and the contri ution they made is larger insi niﬁcanc e than is usually recognized , pales into g in the presence of this

l . ater , greater and more pervasive inﬂuence t far On the other side i n tha council , in greater numbers , were to be seen t m s t re the representatives of one of the longes known , o inﬂuential and s e - s In p ct e d tawny faced tri bes of the Missis i ppi valley . character and in life o f a they were widely divergent from the small grou p p le faced visitors . Tim e

b t h e t h e out of mind they , with the three other ands o f Pani tribe . had been

— N O TE l d . As to the source whence. the material for this paper was derive . appeal has been l ' constant y made to the published accoun t of Pike s tour th rough central Kansas . as far as the ; a Pawnee village upon the Republican in northern Kansas thence sou thwest to the Arkans s . t h e t il l westward to Rocky Mountains . and ﬁnally south into New Mexico . he was arrested and d F e t t l conveye to Santa . and soon thereaf er to Ch ihuahua . The da a presented in his pub ished

. U . report after his return to the nited States . are ample . varied and always interesting He was l q u ite as ready and effective with his pen as with h is sword . and whatever he records is wel TO worth reading . the material thus at hand certain additions . derived from a brief memoir of V the general prepared by William Whiting . and published as volume of the second series of e V American biograph ies . published und r the general supervision of Jared Sparks . arious arti w cles in certain period icals published early in the last century have also been consulted . as ell as sundry documents in the archives of the War Departmen t in ! Vash ington I n a recent ed ition ' n E l C t of Pike s j our als . by liott Cones: opious anno ations present freq uently collateral informa o t ion that is b th interesting and of essential value . Wi t h in the last month word has appeared in certain Eastern periodicals to the effect that t h e o ri in a l g j ournals of h is expedition . as kept from day to day . bu t taken from h im soon after W a r his arrest by the Mexican authorities . have at last been found among the arch ives in the O ﬁ I f b e - f ce in the City of Mexico . access may had to these documents . the long mooted q uery ’ as to whether Lieutenan t l ike w as in any degree tainted by the syren song of the Burr Con s irac h e l ! b e te m ta p y may at last so v d . Cones seems to convinced that Pike d id yield to the p

. I f l h c o r l e tion this y were proved to be correct . he was in all probabi ity induc d to the step by e G l g l . l u rr the i nob e malap rt eneral Wilkinson . an act ive agent with in planning the establish h e l ment of an independent dominion in the S outhwest . He ad b en essent ia ly befriended by

. l W ilkinson in being appointed to conduct two important exp orat ions . and may have been thus l inf uenced to yield in some measure to the syren song of the w ily Wilk inson . intimat ing that S l me e t h e s c h e . hou ld he be willing to j oin in the enterprise . a ready deeply involv d in better w things wou ld be in store for h im . Till th is fact is actually proven . ho ever . it becomes the part o f u s t ic e . d j l . as well as of charity . to believe that Pike . ike a true sold ier . lived and died untainte o W i l thout spot or wrinkle or any such grave charge marring h is mi itary record . (9 ) 1 0 K ansas S tate Historical S ociet y

r - ecognized suzerains of the fairest hunting grounds of the plains , extending essentially from the M issouri river to the eastern slope of the Rocky Moun

t m . ains , and fro the N iobrara to the Ark ansas In industry , in k indliness ,

a nd w t . in pro ess , they were the peers of any tribe known to hem On each u t of the fo r rivers of heir domain , the M issouri , the Platte , the Kansas , and t h e Ark ansas , evidences of their long occupancy and control may yet be

- traced . The fairest of the hunting grounds was theirs to traverse at will .

But, unhappily , in these very advantages of territory and of easy access to it n was found the occasio of their undoing . Two centuries ago , or earlier , t h e trapper and trader from Ganada or from the South , by way of the Mis s issi i l p p and M issouri , found ready access to them . Though cordially we c omed , these adventurers too frequently proved to be an insidious source of v l e il to them . In trade they were unscrupulous ; in personal re ations , too t o ften conscienceless . As the resul of such continued conditions the tribe steadily degenerated in character , as well as in the physical traits , activity u r a nd endurance . The handful of all the four bands or clans of the tri be s viving to - day in the Indian Territory would not equal one twenty - fifth of the tribe as it e xisted when Lieutenant Pik e stood boldly before the hostile c ouncil here one hundred years ago . In this connection one other more recent adverse condition deserves brief n otice . The opening of the Santa Fe trade early in the last century , and n later the overla d migration to the Pacific coast by way of the Platte , the l Kansas and Arkansas rivers , resu ted too frequently in difficulties between these adventurers and the Panis ; and , with reluctance , the statement is ventured that , at least in a fair proportion of the controversies , the emi g rants were not entirely blameless . Instances were not always wanting m l wherein individual me bers of emigrant trains , in passing from the usua i t restraints of frontier l fe out upon the plains , appeared to feel hat the rigid o bservance of the pri nciple of meu m an d tu u m was no longer strictly in force . A stray Pani pony or other unguarded property was therefore now and then carelessly appropriated . I f the owner by and by appeared , and a s h is ssumed to a sert rights , there were times when rough mean s were taken s at to be rid of him . In uch cases the Pani , by patient watching , ere long t imes found opportunity to liquidate his losses quietly and safely , and per lh a s b p need not always e thought blameworthy . Let it not be forgotten , f urthermore , that this tribe , within the recollection of many now present , has repeatedly rendered heroic and valuable servic e to the government in protecting property and li fe on th e prairies against other hostile tribes . Having thus briefly sketched the two parties with whom we are especially c - da as oncerned to y , with the antecedents and traits of each , now met in t grave consul ation for the first time , we are perhaps prepared to consider the circumstances that brought them , L ieutenant Pik e and the Pani , to

1802 v . gether here . In the year , four years pre ious to this council , Mr Robert

R . Livingston , our minister in France . ascertaining that Louisiana Territory

t h e and two Floridas had been ceded by Spain to France , in order to secure free navigation of the M ississippi river to the states west of the Al l e g h a nies b egan negotiations with Napoleon for the transfer of East Louisiana

n su m a d the two Floridas to the U ni ted States . The of was sug gested as a suitable compensation . For nearly a year no appreciable pro

— O - O TE 2 . N ccupying . as they did two or more cen turies since . the choicest hunting grounds t east of the moun ains , the Pawnees early incurred the hatred and Jealousy of the Comanches , ' s s Th e ! Wife Ma n s Fo o t in Ka n a . 1 1

e e e th e e e n e e e n e e o n gre ss was mad e . To xp dit matt r m a tim , Pr sid t J ff rs To t h n e . n on . e e e appoi nte d Mr . Mo ro to act with Mr Livi gst gr at surpris

e e in on e n e n a n fo r o e o n o f th e latte r , how v r , a c v rsatio , Tall yra d , cti g Nap l , 1 1 1 03 e e th e e th e e n e o n e to April , 8 , sugg st d purchas o f tir L uisia a T rri ry .

th e e e n e n n n n e o comprisi ng pr s t stat s of Louisia a , Arka sas , I dia T rrit ry , n o o a e a nne o Okl ahoma , Missouri , Ka sas , C l r do , N braska , Iow , Mi s ta , South

o n n and o n o e e a and Dakota , North Dak ta . Mo ta a , Wy mi g , t g th r with E st

and n e e n o n o e b e e e . W e st Florida , i quir d what comp sati w uld p rhaps off r d n n e n e e e e n I n re ply , Mr . Livi gsto v tur d to sugg st as probabl M a

o n e e th e e e n e e n o coti e rat e tim e , Mr . M ro , dispatch d by pr sid t as sp cial v y to p

n n in e n n th e n o n a e . oo n e e e with Mr . Livi gsto hast i g tra sacti , rriv d S th r aft r e th e sum o f was nam e d by th e Fre nc h re pr e s e ntativ e . Lat r this off e r was re duc e d to At th e ﬁ nal conclusion of th e whol e h n e w e e n busi ne ss t e titl e to all of Louisia a T rritory , ith W st Florida , as b i g

f n a t he n e e s h e e e i . e . o e to . a part of t stat prop r . , Louisia a , p ss d U it d Stat

e ne n n e th e e the e h ad no t East Florida r mai d with Spai , si c at tim of tr aty it Th n tire t h e n n ac b e e n transfe rre d to Franc e . e e cost of domai as ﬁ ally th e e e and quire d was for purchas prop r , t o b e e xp e nd e d by t he U ni te d State s in liquidati ng th e s o - call e d Fre nch n in e in n e e n e e n Spo liatio claims ; oth r words . payi g claims pr s t d by Am rica h 3 citiz e n s fo r l o ss e s suffe re d from arm e d v ess e ls on t e high s e as . n th e e th e e e e so n Ve ry si gularly , at dat of compl t d tr aty importa t to

e 0 ne e ne th e e n e th e both parti s ( April 3 , ith r k w xact bou dari s of n e e n e an n e no domai n tra nsfe rre d . Oth e r tha b tw e T xas d Louisia a prop r , Th e n e e limits had in any way be e n d e fi nite ly agre e d upon . Fre ch s m to

e n e e n th e Re d e e e n have consist tly ass rt d that , orth of riv r , th ir poss ssio s by s e ttl e m e n t or e xploration e xte nd e d from t h e Mississippi to th e Rocky M o u n h h n and n t e e n . T e n e n e n tai s , orthward to British poss ssio s e M xica gov r m t , on th e e n a on n n o th e Re d e e oth r ha d , l id claim up all la ds rth of riv r astward th e e th e n a n and n to th e to Mississippi , w stward to mou t i s , orthward North ’ e b e e n e the o na e n in Platt . To sur , si c day of Cor do s vagarious xploitatio ,

o as a a o e e an d a e as a o a o f t h e a n a a e an d o o n K i w . Ar p h s . Ut s . Ap ch s . ls th t K s s ; Os g s M iss uris up h e e a e e e n a an d o n n t a . t e a n o e o r e o o n e e st As r su l fr qu t r ids c u t r r ids . i curri g m r l ss l ss up ith r t h e e f t h e d a h e w as o o . a e t e a o a and e e n n e o t h e n o o n e in t h e sid . rd r y L t r D k t s Ch y s fr m rth j i d

a . a e as e e e e e n th e e an d n e e ne t h e e o e fr y Pl c d thus it w r b tw upp r th r millsto . trib put f rth ve r t h e o e o e o t o a n a n e e o n n F o r n e a a e n in a a e m st h r ic ff rts m i t i th ir t rrit ry u d imi ish ed . rly c tury l rg e e e e e e e t h e ne a e a t a a e on a n w ar and t h e a o n o f d gr th y succ d d : but i vit bl l st c m . By c st t visit ti s ' o n a o e a e e n e e an e a t o e ne as e a as e e e c t gi us dis s s th ir umb rs b g rly d cli . till rly Pik s visit th r sur h v ive d o a n o t a t e o na n e . t e n pr b bly h lf rigi l umb r Y e th ir pristi e h e ro ism surviv e d till re c e n t d a ys .

n e t h e o an o f t h e a e M a . an o o f o N e b f o r e e a e a in oo U d r c mm d l t j Fr k N rth , C lumbus . s v r l y rs . c p e ra t ion e a o e e e n e e a a nd e e e e e a e an d o e a s . with r gul r s ld i rs . th y r d r d v lu bl ff ctiv s rvic gu id s sc uts as e a s o n e e a a o n th e e e n o n e a n a Fo r th e e e a t h e a o . w ll v lu t r c v lry . up w st r fr ti r. g i st D k t s tim th ir o n a an a nd n e a ne e n o a e n o o e a o fﬁ e o f rigi l cl sturdy spirit bur d w . liciti g c rdi l c miums fr m r gul r c rs e e h e a n h e - o n e n e o n t . T a n e o f o t o d a 650 an a e e n a n l g xp ri c up pl i s p ltry umb r surviv rs y . . bj ct r m t . ' a re a l l a e to e n o f t h e u ivira n s o f o o n a o d a o r t h e a nee o f a o e th t surviv r mi d us Q C r d s y . P w s m r e e n a e Th e a e na o o f t h e o e n e n h e n e e n e as e f r c t d t . p t r l p licy g v r m t as h ast e d th e ir d cad ce quit fe c t ive l as t h e o n a n a and t o o f t h e y c st t w rs urm ils e arli e r d ays .

— E: 3 . o e e a a e t h e o e o f t h e e o o n a w ar a n e e n a t w a r NOT S m y rs ft r cl s r v lut i ry . Fr c . th w ith ea a n o e a an e o th e n e a e e e o u r o e n e n d e Gr t Brit i . s licit d ssist c fr m U it d St t s This r qu st g v r m t c l in e d e e o n e n e e e a o ed t o a e d o i a a l l e a n me r . Th r up Fr ch cruis rs w r uth riz c ptur a n c nf sc t e Am ric c h a n t me n e n a e in a e d e r o s 17 3 to 18 00 t h e n a n e e a l t i n o n n ed o 9 . g g d tr d with E gl d . Th s p a c ti u fr m Fre n ch cl a imi n g th a t th e y w e re th e re by o ff se tt i n g lo sse s e n t a il ed upo n th e ir citiz e n s by t h e fa il u re o f o u r go v e rn m e n t t o fulfi l pl edge s assum e d by t h e Ame ric a n n e go t ia t o rs o f t h e tre a ty o f a an e e e e n t h e t w o o e i in 8 0 3 o n e n o n 1778 . a e 1 a n e e e a e u r o e lli c b tw p w rs L t r. , Fr c r l s d g v r m t fr m e a n e a e n a e e n and in e a w as e e o a a e e n ed c rt i tr ty g g m ts . r qu it l r li ve d fr m p ayi n g ny cl ims pr s t by o u r e n fo r o e n e e n e e t h e n ed a e e e e n e a e citiz s l ss s i fl ict d by Fr ch v ss ls . U it S t t s th r by s curi g p c by e n a n e o o o Th e e o o t h e n an e n . o r e e e e a e t ili g s ri us l ss up m y citiz s l s rs . th ir h irs . r p t d ly br ught e o 3 ‘ a e e o n e . no o e w as a e 3 5 a e a t h e o n e a o n o f t h . m tt r b f r C gr ss bu t pr gr ss m d t ill 1 . Th t y r c sid r ti e n e e t o n a n a c t o f C o n e w as e e ed to t h e o o in a n o n tir qu s i by gr ss r f rr c urt f cl a ims W shi gt . it h t h e e a a to th e a o n o f a e e e n a o e a nd a a re r sult th t cl ims m u t h v b ppr v d p id . a a n a e n w e a o o n e - o f t h e a o w iti g p ym t . hil b u t third cl ims a re still be fo re t h e c urt . ansas a e s or ca oc e 1 2 K St t Hi t i l S i ty .

r an e and n e n n n towa d ast orth ast still u k ow , by a path almost as um ’ ’ e a e no w t h e th e n trac bl as bird s through air , toward achi e v e m e ts that man s e e e t t o e o c n n e y has y b hold , c asio al comma ds or sp cial en voys from Ne w M e xico had trave rs e d this re gion more or l e ss e xte n siv e ly in various dire c

n n n n e n ff e e n e e e n tio s , co ducti g gotiatio s with di r t trib s , fr qu tly in hostil e n e h e e ea e e n n t h e a e n e e n co flict with th m , t r by at l st pr s ti g pp ara c of e x rcisi g e th e o n e at th e s a e e e n e e rightful authority ov r d mai ; whil m tim Fr ch xplor rs ,

e ne e n w e e n and f ro and e r trad rs or commissio d voys r busily passi g to , by th i c omplaisan t manne rs and e xub e ra nt te mp e ram e n t winni ng and re taini ng th e

oo an on e n e t e e e e n e e g d will d c ﬁd c of h e trib s . Wh r such r latio s e xist d th re n c o uld b e no doubt as to wh e r e th e controlli g powe r r e st e d .

e th e k n e e a an e e e n e n e n n t h e . Of cours , owl dg th t Fr c was v t rtai i g thought of conv e yi ng this e xt e n sive and valuabl e te rritory to th e U n ite d Stat e s could

. o t n b e e e n e e e n e n . w n lo g k pt tir ly s cr t . Spai arly had k owl edge of hat w as

o n and e e n t e n e n e e n e th e t o t h d i g , vid tly dispa ch d at o c i t llig c of e matt r e offi

ial in e th e n a e n c s M xico , with atur l sugg stio that it might b e to th e ir advan e at e e e n n e n e e and far tag to l ast mak a d mo stratio of th ir i t r st , activity , , so

e e n th e e e e e h o as possibl , th ir actual authority amo g s v ral trib s ast of t e m un

e n e e n e e e . tai ns . Lik i t llig c was also probably forward d to M xi co from East d n and . . e e n e e on e n Florida , from Louisia a , from St Louis Pr si t J ff rs , m a e e e e and e no in a e o f e n tim , was quit as ag r activ , doubt , this m tt r xploratio .

e n e e th e e o f th e n fe w . H is purchas had arly doubl d ar a cou try . Not a of his e o e n e e in th e e e n n e th e f ll w citiz s , sp cially old r stat s , through ig ora c of char e and e th e n e w on e e e n n c n e act r valu of acquisiti , w r for a s aso much i li d to

Th e - n e mn e i n t m r m a n . e o u o co . cavil tim ho or d maxim , g o p g iﬁ , which Mr e e on e e e e e n ine e not e n e in J ff rs , at l ast for a tim , s m d i cl d to r gard as tir ly e e e in n n c e n o on e e e e a t applicabl prosp ctiv ly this i sta , was l g r a s ductiv pl wi h th e n a — n e th e n e n e e ploddi g h rd worki g farm rs , as most of populatio th w r .

e e e n w as e n n c o o t n e s e To th m , s i g b li e vi g ; a d as all uld n at o c go forth to e and e th e n e w n h e e e n s e t o e n n e n poss ss cou try , v ry s si bly ab ut s di g forth chos me n to spy out th e s e v e ral parts of th e lan d and bri ng back to th e p e o pl e a I n n h a and e e r e port th e re of . this dir e cti o e was quit e s promptly e ff ctiv ly in n - e e e e e e th e fﬁ in e . e e e x vid c as his slow r foot d rivals , o cials M xico Thr p d ition s e e o n n e an w r s o orga iz d d starte d . Th e and h e n e n e th e fi rst , as thought most importa t , was plac d u d r com n e e e th e e n as e e e ma d of Capt . M riw th r L e wis , at tim acti g his privat s cr

. . a e e o e o n e tary Capt William Cl rk was soon aft r d tail e d as ass ciat c mma d r . . U nd e r th e ir joi nt authority w e r e plac e d fourt e e n soldi e rs s e l e cte d from th e

' e n n e e n e e n on n n e and r gular army , i chos rifl m l g familiar with I dia warfar , e n o t o n e nd n e e e An n two Fr ch v yag e urs s e rve as hu t rs a i t rpr t rs . additio al b ody of six soldi e rs and n i n e boatm e n w e r e to att e nd th e m as far as th e

n n I n th e n o n e n t h e Ma da village o n th e Uppe r Missou ri . i structi s giv by Pre sid e n t th e o ffic e rs w e re dir e c t e d to obse rv e car e fully th e topography o f th e co n e e th e th e o a and n th e ne th e o o r u try trav rs d , soil , ﬂ r fau a , mi rals , pp t u nitie s for o e e th e a e e tc th e n n e o c mm rc , fur tr d , ; I dia trib s , so far as p ssi b l e e e to b e e e nn e e and e e e : , w r approach d , th ir ma r of lif charact r studi d , th ir

o t na e n e n m e t in e e in s t ru c c n e e c . e good will ciliat d , Occasio lly a s t c is th s

n e th e e o f a n e e e a n e e . . e n tio s that , aft r laps hu dr d y ars , r ds stra g ly ; g , wh C aptai n s L e wis and Clark are grav e ly dire cte d to asce rtai n what tributary of th e Up p e r Missouri will affo rd the most dire ct and practicabl e communica n th e th e th e e o n ! e r tio with Pacific by way of Or g , Columbia , or Colorado Aft ’ oo an s Th e Wh it e M an s F t in K s a . 13

s . in n e o o n n e d om e d e lay at St Louis , procuri g suitabl b ats , pr vidi g e ful

4 1 4 t he an ne n o on e tc . 80 e ac e e quipm e ts , pr visi s , , May , , comm d tur d th ir f s Th n h n n no n e n n . e e n n e toward t e dista t , u k w d sti atio sui g wi t r was pass e d e n n e n t he e 7 1 t a t h e e o . e 805 he t e villag s alr ady m ti d R sumi g voyag April , . Paciﬁc was at l ast sighte d at t h e m o uth o f th e Columbia t he l 6 th o f No v b r Th n e e n n e as os s ib l e in a n e m e . e wi t r sui g was occupi d , so far . p , m ki g

23 1 06 e ac e e e i e o n n . 8 r e s e arch e s n th e r gi rou dabout March , , th ir f s w r

ne e and 22 t he n n e e e e tur d hom ward ; August , lo g u h ard of xplor rs qui tly n la d e d at St . Louis .

‘ Th e o f n n e an and a e r sults this dista t tour , occupyi g mor th two a h lf

Th e n n e e a a e th e o an ne e e on . s y e rs , pass d m st s gui xp ctati s i formatio s cur d

h e n e n e t e o n a e e e to t h e to t e e xt t , fe atur s a d valu of h d mai tr v rs d , as w ll as

e and e th e n e e n an o n e n lif charact r of um rous tri b s of I di ccupa ts , wh pub

s t o o l i he e e e e e . d six y ars lat r , was discr dit d almost as highly color d Imagi e n ation fail e d to appr e ciate th e wond e rful disclosure s spre ad b e fo re i t . Lik ’ t h a n n th e e n e e e e story of Mage ll n s circum avigatio , publish d accou t was r c iv d fo r a t ime as a tal e that is told . Th e oth e r e xplori ng e xpe ditio ns o f lik e date planne d by the Pre sid e nt l e and e n n e d . m e rit bri f m e tio . O ne of th m , by Capt . Richard Sparks M r

e n e ne e n th e Re d e e e Thomas Fr e ma , was d sig d to asc d riv r , trac i ts sourc s ,

e t he n e and e xami ne th e re gion drai ne d by th e m . Scarc ly was compa y w ll

e e e the n n e e re e e e me t and ne s t art d , how v r , from Louisia a fro ti r , th y w r tur d

in an e t an e e n e . n n bai k by arm d forc u d r Capt Fra cisco Via a , accord c wi h h e e n n o e e n e . n t ord rs from Col . A to i Cord ro , gov r or of T xas Origi ally third e x ploration cont e mplate d s e e ms t o hav e b e e n i nte nd e d to i nclud e t h e distri c t n n e n n th e e th d rai e d by th e wate rs of th e Arkansas . U po l ar i g of failur of e e n e n th e e n e th e n n e no w t h pr vious u d rtaki g , e Pr sid t modiﬁ d pla , to i clud e c o u ntry adjace n t to t he Black riv e r and Washita no rth o f the Re d riv e r as

- th e e n n i n . n n n . e an far as w ll k ow Hot Spri gs , Arka sas Mr Thomas Hu t r , d

W n e n o f o n e e n c a c o . e n e me n Mr illiam Du bar , a g tl ma r c g iz d sci tiﬁ c mplish ts ,

e e ne and n o n o m w r assig d to this task , withi four m ths had satisfactorily c

le te t h n ‘ p d e e te rpris e . Whil e th e se thre e und e rtaki ngs we r e in co n te mplation or in progr e ss o f

t t h e e o ffic in e e no t n ff e n e e n e e . e e n fulﬁlm , disturb d ials M xico w r i di r t Thr t e r ris s b e i e e e e n n e e e t o e e n a e . n o f p , to x cut d co c rt . s m have b m tur d O e the m w e hav e a lre ady s e e n activ e ly pre s e nt in t h e ne ighborhood o f th e Re d 5 n m e . o e so e o f e e n e t n e n e riv r A th r , far as actual r cord it has b , was i t d d appare ntly to m o v e no rthward along t h e e ast e rn slope o f th e Roc ky Mou n

h e n t o e . e e no e n tai s as far as N rth Platt Th r is thus far discov re d e vid e ce ,

th e o e n o e e e n e e a o o . th e h a how v r , that m v m t was v r ctually f t O f third , p a s f c e n to e t o o o a e pily , d ta uf i i t p rmit us f ll w with tol e r bl accuracy its g e ne ra l

- — f. e n e a n s o n o f a n ba in o an a e to o n NOTE This g t l m . Sir Archib ld Du r. Sc tl d . c m this c u try s oo n a e o e n e a o n e e in 177 1 a t a e s a nd oo n e a e n o n ft r c mpl ti g his duc ti ; s ttl d N tch z . M is . s b c m k w as a e a n He e a o n e to a a e e e a succ ssful pl t e r . rly f u d tim f mili riz hims lf with t h fl o r a nd fa u na o f t h e e o n o e an n e e n e o n o f t h e e and o n b M ississippi r gi . c mpil d i t r sti g d scripti Mississippi riv r . c tri u ted e e a n e e n a e t o t h e e an o o a o e a t a e a a o n s v r l i t r sti g p p rs Am ric Phil s ph ic l S ci ty . Ph il d lphi . m g th e m th e first a tt e mpt e ve r m ad e to e n list i n t e re st a nd a tt e n t io n in t h e study o f t h e sig n l a n gu age o f t h e n an t h e o e a a e o o f n a n o a nd e e a t o t h e o I d i s . m st r m rk bl pr duct I d i th ught . qu it qu l be st f s a e f o o o Th e na o f h e e r imil r f orts put f rth by u r h igh e r civilizati n . j o ur l t t o ur k pt by M Du n bar as e o f t h e e ed o n o ne o f t h e o n e e n a o n o f t h e e n e e e f e x ch i f xp iti . is m st i t r st i g public t i s t ir s ri s o l o ra t io ns e n o t h e o a na a e Th e e a e e o n a nd e e e p r sult i g fr m L uisi purch s . cl r p rc pti sugg s tiv styl a an n a n n e e a e e n th e a a e a e ma o e l l e a ls o e a e ed imp rts u f ili g i t r st th t v c su l r d r y re c g n iz . k pt d ta il o na e J ur l o f t h e geo me trica l surv y o f t h e e xped itio n .

— d e 5 . Re e b n e ood w as t h e e o o n o f t h e ana a n n o t NOTE Th is riv r, it will u d rst , upp r p rt i C d i . th e Red e o f o ana riv r L u isi . an sas a e s or cal oc e 1 4 K St t Hi t i S i ty .

e e n are at n Th e o e in e n ' d v e lopm t h a d . ffic r charg of this d e tachm e t was D on n M al are s n a o f e ne n and e Facu do g , a Spa i rd by birth , mi t w althy family . I n h n e h e characte r e was brav e a d chivalrous . At this tim was s e rvi ng as

’ e e n n in th e e an and e n e li ut a t M xic army , had alr ady highly disti guish d hims e lf in s e v e ral campaign s agai n st t he Apach e s — not an i n sign ificant disti n ction in h n n a e e e n . T e e e n e b e in e d ys mor r c t atural i f r c would that , r cogniti o n of

e e e n h e e e n n e th e c n m such achi v m ts , had b adva c d to omma d of t h e most im

f e n e o n e e n e and o e e e . p rta t , xt d d difﬁcult th s t rpris s

' His i n structions dire ct e d th at h e should move down th e Re d riv e r e e n on th e n e e n e th e n e n l agu s , holdi g way a co f r c with Coma ch tribe ; th e th e n e and n n e n th e n sw e rv e to orth ast , to co ti u u til Pa i vi llage upon this

th e e e e n e e . o n e e o spot was r ach d But way difﬁculti s arly b ga to d v l p . By e in e o e e e n law, at that dat , M xico all s ldi rs s rv d without pay , a d also fur Th i h w n e n and n . e n s e d th e ir o arms , hors s . clothi g ratio s gove rnm e n t sup n on e e e n n th e pli e d th e ammunitio ly . As th y w r movi g dow Re d riv e r

- e e n n e h provision s b e gan to fail th e m . Th r upo i quiry was mad of t e command e r

e h e n and th e e th e e x e as to whith r was goi g , as to what was purpos of p “ ! n Th e e e e e e e e r se e me ditio . curt r ply was r c iv d , Wh r v my hor l ads . A fe w e a e n e n 200 n e e e n e re days lat r p titio b ari g sig atur s was pr s t d to him , b e e e e n th e e n Ne w e . qu sti g that militia might p rmitt d to r tur to M xico .

l r o n e e e n e th e n ~ M a g a es at c ord r d a halt , comma d d dragoo s to e re ct a gal Th e n and th e e n e . e e e e e lows , ass mbly was sou d d p titio rs w r plac d apart ; th e man n e in th e e n n e e and e n who ha d d p titio was si gl d out , ti d , giv fifty e Th e e e n e n an m an e e e e r lash s . thr at was th giv out that y that dar d th r aft to grumbl e would b e hang e d Pik e r e marks that this was th e first i nstan c e n n in h e n e N f e t e w e . w o corporal pu ishm t provi c of M xico Naturally . e may i n fe r that during th e re mai nd e r of th e march r e lations be twe e n command e r and me n w e re not e n tire ly cordial . n e n th e n e e e 240 me n e Whe at l gth Arka sas was r ach d . a d tail of was l ft th e r e to watch ov e r and e nd e avor to re cruit a large n umbe r of e xhauste d or n th e n i n jure d hors e s . Wh e w e r e call that e march was b gu with an outfit n 2 00 e and e o ne th e u se e m an and th e of more tha 0 hors s mul s , for of ach th e th e n e e n e e e not n n e r e st to carry e various suppli s , i f r c s ms u warra t d that

‘

h n e e n e n th e n e c e a . t e adva c e had , for som r aso , partak of atur of a for d m rch n th e o n e e e e ne d Agai , pr lo g d stay of so larg a body of m ag rly provisio e 350 e th e e e e e e n n e troop rs , or mor , at villag h r , was a h avy burd upo th ir h n e n n nd n n . t e e e n e e e a i volu tary hosts Possibly stay h r was i t tio ally xt d d , M l are n n n on the n e on th e e i nst e ad of a g s co ti ui g to Pa i villag s Platt , as his e t h e e e th e n o r n h e e w as i nstructions re qui r d , h ad chi f of Gra d Chaui ba d t r

M al are s e e and an e o o e . p e rsuad e d to visit g h r , amicabl c mpact of s m sort I n th e e e oh s e e ms to hav e b e e n arrang e d b e tw e e n th e m . fac of plausibl

a e th e n n n e in e . j e cti o ns of e stablish e d us g , for I dia is a chro ic stickl r matt rs

“ n d e n e e in n n e o e n e . o of pr e c d e t , th r was this i sta c obvious adva tag It w ul n e e n e n M al are s e e b e con have b e e exc di gly mbarrassi g had g visit d th m , to fron te d pe rhaps daily by th e sight o f Pan i brave s i nnoce n tly ridi ng about .

a e o n e e n n e e t h e villag e on horse s e sily r c g izabl as stol . as cha c would hav it , an e n th e Re d e f w e e from his ow n comm d , whi l upo riv r a e we ks pr vious . ’ Oth e r o mi n ous omissions th e r e we re in th e Span ish command e r s progra m h e had b ee n dire cte d to n e go tiate tr e ati e s with th e Omah a and Kans as h e and a t e e . e e e e trib s , prob bly also with Osag s No att mpt was mad to m t e n h n e e e . e e t e e e any on e of th s trib s Mor tha that , so compl t was k owl dg ' ' h l l h t Man o o in K a ns as T e i e s F t . 15

in e c o e e M al are s e t he e o a o e n n had M xi , b for g start d . of xpl r t ry work th doi g on o u r part that h e had b e e n e spe ci ally charge d to i nte rc e pt and turn bac k e in o e e th e a n o a t h e o n e o f Ne w e Pik his pr gr ss ov r pl i s t w rd fr ti r M xico .

n n o h e e e This most importa t duty was e tire ly ne gl e cte d . Curi usly did r m m

' b r e e t o e s n o n e e and e o e e , how v r , arr st uch u f rtu at trad rs trapp rs as cr ss d his path on his re turn m arch to Santa Fe and to d e liv e r th e m i nt o t h e

e e e a e a a e e n e ha nds of th e authoriti s th re . N rly a y r l t r Pik fou d s e v ral o f

ff e e n in e c e in c e e e . th se hapl ss su r rs livi g abj t pov rty Natchito h s , La Havi ng no w discuss e d bri e ﬂy th e achi e v e m e n ts of this comma nd o fro m

o w e are e e e n e and e e ano e Ne w M e xic , at last pr par d to r cog iz w lcom th r

anne o f man th e man th e o s on n e n n e e s o m r , of cca i , u b k ow , i t would s m , far , n e ne o ne n e e e ff e e e ve to hims lf , divi ly commissi d to i augurat qui tly but ctiv ly th e most cre ditabl e wo rk of s e tti ng back i nto its d u e limits for all tim e th e m ost ruthl e ss and bloody political syste m that e ve r marr e d this conti ne n t “ n n o e e Ze bulo M o tg m ry Pik . n an e f e e no t n n n a At this poi t , as f cti v but u commo illustratio of a f milia r w e e o n e e n th e n e e e n n e and maxim , hav ccasio to m t agai am s of Li ut a t Pik

e n n e e me n e n e n in n e Ge n . Jam s Wilki so , two r markabl , appar tly th i timat h e e e re lations as hon orably ambitious me mb e rs of t e sam prof ssion . Whil n e f e n n n e e n e n Pre sid e t J f rso was maturi g pla s for xp diti g his xploratio s , i t

h e n e n in n th e e e n s e e ms that t e r e stl e ssly activ ge e ral , th comma d of w st r e e t o n e e e . e e n fro ti r , with h adquart rs at St Louis , had also r c iv d p rmissio mak e a re connaissanc e of th e U pp e r Mississippi riv e r and th e adjac e nt re 1 4 on e e he e n e e e n e 30 80 . gi . To discharg this s e rvic d sig at d Li ut an t Pik July , e e e th e e n fo r th e e n e 9 in So xp ditious w e r pr paratio s t rpris e that August , a

- in e n e e th ac k e e l boat s e v e nty fe e t l gth , prop ll d by e twe n ty soldi e rs that

n e and n n nt th e t on compa i d him , carryi g provisio s for six mo hs , par y was

n Th e n n e n th e the way orthward . i structio s giv to e comma nd e r re quir d that , n n th e e h e e t h n n e e e whil e asc e di g riv r , should car fully study e la ds o ith r sid to its sourc e s ; i ndicate site s suitable for military posts ; ne gotiate tre ati e s with the s e v e ral trib e s me t ; e stablish fri e ndly r e lations b e twe e n t he Dakotas and the Chippe ways ; i nquire i nto th e d e ali ngs of th e Northw e st Compa ny n n th e e n n an e e n n e (Ca adia ) , at tim co trolli g xt siv e fur trad e wi thi our t rri

and e e n e e e e e in e e e tory , to corr ct c rtai all g d oppr ssiv abus s th ir comm rc with th e n e n e n and n e and t he ativ s , if fou d actually xisti g ; ﬁ ally to trac map h n e e t e e e n e e . h ad wat rs of Mississippi , with a vi w to asc rtai i g its tru sourc To fulﬁl the s e charg e s th e northe rn portion of th e pre s e n t state of Mi nne e e in e n e and me n n th e sota was trav rs d various dir ctio s , by hims lf his , duri g 1 n o f n e in e . bitte r cold a wi t r that latitud April 30, 806 , with its ma i fold e e th e e e n e e duti s satisfactorily discharg d , xp ditio r port d at St . Louis . Scarc e ly tw o and a half mon ths e laps e d e re an othe r more e xte nd e d and

e e n an n e e n th e e e w as vari d trust . appar tly i dors m t of work j ust compl t d ,

I n ne w n e n e e e e n th e assigne d . this assig m t Pik is ord r d to asc d Miss ouri

— O 6 e e w as o o n n a e a e i n a a t h e o e o f e N TE . Wh il Pik s j ur i g . ft r h is rr st Ch ihu hu . by c urt sy Li u M l are s h e w as n o e to an o f t h e o ne n a e o f h e a a a e n a n a t . n t t t g . i tr duc d m y pr mi t f m ili s city Sp i th t f a e w as n e t h e o n o o t h e e n . e n as e e a t s e a as to e o a e d t u d r c tr l Fr ch B i g thus . it w r . th ir pr b bl e n fo r o a o n w as e in an a o f e o and a t no a e o e fre d sti y . p litic l discussi rif m y p rts M xic . qu rt r m r a n in w e s e n and a e n a a . e as e n e n a d e ba tx qu t rd t th Ch ihu hu Pik fr qu tly h re s t t such t . W he n e ve r i n vite d h e i n sta n tly d e cl are d in fa vo r o f nat io n a l i nd e p e nd e n ce as aga i n st furth e r Eu ro p e an co n o o n o n to th e e a o f o an an e n e a a ed o e w as a o ne tr l . This c duct . c mi g rs C mm d t G r l S lc . Pik c ut i d

o e e n a n . M a l are s a e a a o n o e e n thr ugh Li ut t g th t furth r git ti might se ri usly aff ct h is p rso a l sa fe ty . o e w as e n e th e o n a e d o n n e n e th e e a e o f Th ugh Pik thus sil c d . d iscussi st rt by him c t i u d u d r l d rship h e o e e a o o f C o a e e n o w n as o h w as a an t a . a e e d f m us pri st M igu l H id lg . still . b tt r k H id lg . t ill c ptur d

t o e a . oo n e e a e C a a e a e a e a e n e o f a a o n fo r n e e n e n e put d th S th r ft r hihu hu b c m gr t c t r git ti i d p d c . t il l n e ed o w as e a n a n ed ﬁ ally fr m se cur d d ck o wle dg . Kansas a e His toricat 1 6 St t Society .

. a nd Osage rive rs to t h e villag e of th e Gran d Osage s ; th e n ce to proce e d o v e rland to this plac e ; from h e r e n orth e ast to th e Pa ni villag e s on th e

‘ Pla t e ; th en turn so uthwe st t o ward th e Arkansas in t h e vici nity of Gr e at

e n and n n e e t h e on e Ne w e e B d , co ti u that rout till fr ti r of M xico was r ach e d ; fro m t h is poi n t h e was to dir e ct his co urs e toward th e sourc e s o f th e Re d r e a ef l e e th e e n e e n t h e e th e iv r , c r ul y xplor r gio , d sc d riv r to Mississippi , and e e e n e e l t o e e n proc d th c dir ct y St . Louis . It s ms ﬁtti g and fortu nate h e in n n e and in th e e e e n that was , this i sta c , probably also pr vious xp ditio , a e e e o w n me n n e n in n llow d to s l ct his to accompa y him , tw ty umb e r . I n n n in e n h e n Th o e e . e e e n o ly , both xploratio s , was mistak r st , ve amidst th e e e e f e n e e man and e e ia s v r st su f ri gs , s rv d him to a ably ch rfully , till c apacitate d .

- n . u 15 e ﬁve Starti g from St Louis J ly , aft r thirty days of arduous c ont e n t io n with th e roily shoals and tortuous shallows of th e d e ce ptiv e Missouri and e e h e e e t h e e th e n Osag riv rs , r ach d villag of Gra d Osage s . Twe lve d ays w e re h e r e occupi e d in purchasing an outﬁt of hors e s suffici e n t for th e n n ne e n and e e ne tra sportatio of dful provisio s oth r suppli s . O of thos e days w as mad e sp e cially m e morabl e by th e re storation to the ir k i ndre d of ab o ut e e e n n e forty Osag s , who had b ra som d by our gov e rnm e nt from captivity with th e Pot aw atomie s and e n trust e d to Pik e for d e live ry to th e ir ki ndr e d a e e no e th e e n n s rvic doubt grat ful to him , as was also stablishi g of fri e dly n th e e an n r e lations b e tw e e Osag d Ka sas tribe s . R e suming agai n th e prog e now o e n e e e n ne e e n r ss , v rla d , by a som what dir ct cours , i t days brought e n th e e in n ne 1 0 e on th e Pik , accordi g to r cord his jour al , arly 7 mil s way th e e e n e n in n n n hith e r , as far as to pr s t sit of Mario , Mario cou ty , i this

e h e e n e n n and stat . From that camp s t forward to this plac Doctor Robi so ’ i - t o nn n e . e n e n ne e a Pawne e a ou c his approach F v days adva c , i ty e ig ht mil s and n o n e e n e e e e e e — a c n e e ne are r , i t llig c is r c iv d from h r dis ouragi g f atur . e th e e e e on th e 22d n n e m e t Two days lat r outlook b com s grav ; a Pa i hu t r is , who affirms that th e day afte r th e doctor r e ach e d th e village h e re th e chi e f o e e e and e e t o th e s e t out with forty or ﬁfty h rs s to m t scort th m e villag , but — had lost his way th e on ly k nown i nstance of an I ndian chi e f be i ng fou nd n on n e e e n e u nabl e to ori e t hims e lf his ativ h ath , as w ll as a surprisi g br ach

‘ til io e and n an e e m c in o f I ndian p u n c . Two days furth r strolli g P is w r u h e e n e and e e th e a e e e e vid c , with th m cam displ y of m dals , hors s . bridl s , saddl s , l l a n n n — not an e an e tc . a blank e ts , e , too pl i ly of Spa ish origi amicabl m if sta

Th e n e da e n n e e e e e e m e t e e tion . xt y , aft r adva ci g tw lv mil s , th y w r thr n e e and t h e n e e e a mil e s dista t from h r , comma d was curtly r qu st d to h lt till b n e Th e n e n a formal r e c e ptio n might e arra g d . solutio of th ir u diplomatic e n ow e n n e e e e e e n attitud was b comi g ma if st ; th y had f lt that . till th ir r c t u t o f th e an e e e n an visitors might b e w e ll o way , att mpt to xt d artistic

n c e e n o e e e o e n t e gre e ti g to s arc ly mor tha a sc r of dusty , b draggl d fo tm , af r n e e e n th e n a e e n u th e ir r e c e t gr at display of good f li g toward Spa i rds , v tho gh t h e si nc e rity of th e ir fri e ndship had m e an tim e ve ry large ly a bat e d t o ward

o n e a ne n 350 on b e e e n t o an t h e m u t d , g ily capariso d , lordly do s , str g , would , v

’ - h e n o f n l ne n n c o f an n . t e a e e I ndi a s mi d , too mu h a ti climax Still , bat m t fri d i ss o toward th e Spaniards did no t i ndicat e fri e ndli ne ss toward th e s e ne wc m e rs . Pik e and his m e n w e re k e pt waiti ng till t h e Panis could w e lcom e t h e Osag e

h a a o n e e n the e ra e s d . chi e f and his b v , who cc mpa i d Pik thus far , i to villag

h e c e n e a e a a n e o n e At his l e isure t hi f ﬁ ally app r d g i with a larg body of m u t d , e e n e e n o t o e fully e quipp e d warriors , halt d a mil dista t , divid d th m i t w parti s ,

1 an s as a e s or cal 8 K St t Hi t i Socie ty .

n r e n on n n r ordi a y r latio s , c tai s provisio s that a e e mi ne ntly comm e ndabl e and e n w n sal utary . But wh e co te mplat e th e I ndian as a stat e sman ; as b e i ng e o e e n e n abl to work out a c h r t syst m of political , patriotic co duct , wh e r e by e e b e e e e n n e e th th r may s cur d , wh c ssary , e ab e yan c e of p e rson al pre fe r e nc e n in e th e e ne e e th or ambitio b half of g ral w lfar , e I ndian tak e n in mass e s has e n in w n . Ne n always fail d Ki g Philip E gla d , Pontiac and Te cums e h in th e c e n e and e e in th e e o tral W st , Chi f Jos ph r m t e r Northw e st,e ach of the m e ndow e d n o o n e with rdi ary gifts , sought to stablish a syst e m of e xt e n de d civica c om n n in e e n c e e e th bi atio , ord r to for th r by e r e cogn iti on of th e common rights

nd e - e n th e n n a a . e e e w ll b i g of I dia E ch fail d compl t ly , primarily b e caus e th e n n n not e th e n n e ordi ary I dia was qual to co ditio s r quir e d . I n a much

e n n th e s o - e e n n e e on e small r way a combi atio of call d R publica Pa is h r , was , ’ n e e - a e e e e e hu dr d y ars ago to day , tt mpt d , aft r th y w r e appris e d of Pik e s ’ a r h ri h o o . S a e c e s r n e e th e n r appr ch , A gry Chi f ( Pik s form of am e , Ch a actoris h n e n e e en e , is ma if stly i corr ct) , had vid tly p rsuad e d th e warriors to adopt for th e imp e ndi ng and m o m e n tous e xig e ncy a spe cial policy o f his n n th e e n e e n ow d e visi g . Had brav s o ly b abl e to p e rsist in carryi ng out th e e e e n e t e e e and sch m , had th y o ly h ld og th r , Pik his chos e n m e n would h ave end e d th e ir e xploration s h e r e ; and th e l arg e spac e so ﬁtly occupi e d si nc e in our ann als by th e n arrative of his h e roic s e rvic e s ch e e rfully re nd e re d to ou r cou n try in th e hour of n e e d — and in so doi ng h e gav e all that h e had — wo uld ' ‘ n e e e n e h e e ne h e i v r hav e xiste d . But fortu at ly w ll k w t c ons t tu tional de fe ct th e n n n n n e n of I dia . his i ability to mai tai st adfastly a d carry to a compl e t e issu e a compl e x sch e m e of con c e rt e d action ; and so th e too w e ll de vis e d n e e h e no Th pla of massacr crumbl d , as doubt had for e s e e n that it would . e

n n e e and e n e e th e e n e iw ik k hite I dia who low r d surr d r d off siv colors , K ta a, W Bu l l e e e e e n e n e an d n e n e and n , had y ars b for b a chi f of ot i ﬂu c , aturally his n n h n e e n u e xp e cte d actio compl e te ly brok e t e sp e ll . It was i d d bad m edici e n e e one n n e e en admi ist r d by I dia to his f llow trib sm . I n th e e n e on th e e n w e se e th e e n e littl ba d of soldi rs , oth r ha d , xact cou t r

e a man n e n e n . He n e an part . Pik was of u usual disc r m t was also , u d r m n n e e an H e e e e e a d e . e quabl , usually qui t xt rior , a of otic abl ability forc h n e n e n had hims e lf s e l e ct e d t e me n who accompa i d him . For arly two mo ths n h h ad e n n e n n e nd a d a half e b e daily associati g with th m , trai i g th m , a work

in e n e in em . He e no o t e e e g with th f lt , d ubt , tha th y w r tir sympathy with n h e e e n th e e e e n e e e him , a d so e implicitly trust d th m . Wh m rg cy cam , th r n Th e e n th e re d man e n and e e ot . for , th y did fail him l sso that fail d sig ally e e e n e e e n e e o re p e at e dly to appr ciat , th y . u d r a most comp t t l ad r , had th roughly

n ite d w e s tan d divid ed w e al l n n e e e mast e re d . U ; f . It was this i at d f ct of h e n n e e e n e e e n ne n in th e t I dia , r p at dly ma i f st d , that gav this co ti t f ally to white man . Octob e r 2 i n formation was brought by fri en dly I ndians ( Kan sas) that th e Pani chi e f had de clar e d that his brave s w e re re solve d to pre v e n t Pik e from

o n c e e a e proc e e ding furthe r on his e xpl ratio s . Su h a promis th y had m d , it

th n n e e e e e . e n would s e e m , to e Spa ish comma d r b for his d partur Wh this h a me n e e e e n e e e n e word cam e to t e e rs of his , Pik s m d to ot with vid t prid and pl e asure th e comm e n ts mad e by th e m in antici p ation o f such a crisis .

n e fo r n e n th e a e e an a e As mor e ho rs e s w e r e e e d d co v yi g all b ggag saf ly , tt mpt

o in th e e n e e e . was mad e to purchas e s m e villag , with o ly m ag r succ ss Four h n an e o e 7 s fo r th e e e . t e days lat r , Oct b r , camp was truck d partur As I di s , in cas e an attack w as to b e mad e upo n him whil e movi ng through - th e village ' s o o a ns a s Th e Wh it e M an F t in K . 19

a e u s e th e e e o f e e h e wh e n he b e gan his d e p rtur , could lodg s as plac s r fug ,

n in th e - n o n n and a e form e d his me a compact body , pack trai acc mpa yi g , p ss d th o rou nd th e villag e to th e to p of a hill to e s uth from it . From th e re it a n n b e cam e at onc e e vid e nt tha t th e th o ught of att cki g was actual . Ma y in ne brav e s w e re to b e se e n movi ng ne rvously about with arms re adi ss . But the un a nimity and e n tir e cool ne ss of th e littl e band had e vid e ntly ov e rawe d e e n n e e a n in e e co n th e m . Pik e had b for ha d i struct d th m th t by acti g p rf ct

e e the e e a nd ne e c o ce rt , if attack d outsid villag , with musk t bayo t th y uld n r e e e — 20 e o e m e n n 5 0 k ill a hu ndre d I ndia s e e th e y w r al l kill d r s lut faci g 0 . e e e one e and n e e e e Afte r a bri f paus , Pik , with soldi r his i t rpr t r , gallop d e th e o e t he e and w as o n back i n to t h e village dir ctly to l dg of chi f , s o satis “ no e e n e e b e e e n e . e n n e e e t o ﬁe d that s rious troubl d appr h d d R tur i g , th r for , h e e n n e e th e his me n, e r sum d his march , co formi g his cours som what to trail ’ l re s s e n n and e e e o e th e n of M a g a r tiri g comma d , proc d d s uth by w st till Arka

e 1 ne e e n . n e e n sas was re ach e d , Octob r 8 . at or ar Gr at B d It is i t r sti g to ’ n ote Pik e s e quabl e po is e duri ng this adva nc e ; from th e numbe r of ﬁre s e e e n h e e e th e mad e by Spa niards at th ir diff r t camps , stimat d with accuracy n umb e r of m e n in th e colum n ; from t h e d e m e an or of t he Pa nis who ac com

anie d in e n e n ne f e w th e a e on p him , appar t fri dli ss , for a days , from vill g , n h e n e e e e n th e ir usual buffalo hu t , i f rr d that th ir hostil attitud e duri g his e n in e e e e e stay th e re might hav e b e som m asur a matt r of t mporary policy . Th e ir e xpe rt and e ff e ctive use of th e bow and arrow in th e pursuit of large r

gam e e vid e ntly e licite d his admiration . H is obs e rvation of sc e n e s trav e rse d e n n n e e n e e e e and his al e rt judgm t of co ditio s pr s t d w r r markably corre ct . H is lo ng - conti nu e d study of military sci e n ce in th e t e xt- books th e n most e s e e e e n e e n n n te e m e d , as w ll as his daily xp ri c as a subalt r . had i ﬂu e c e d his e ntire conduct ; and y e t the simplicity and g e nui ne ne ss of his characte r as a a i n e e e e I n e e — man w s n o wis appr ciably aff ct d . both th s phas e s as a sold ie r — h and as man h e e e e . e n t e e e e n e a impr ss d oth rs Ev rstwhil hostil Pa i chi f ,

e n n e 10 e e e e n e e n ne at th ir ﬁ al parti g , Octob r , s m d to vi c a g ui r e spe ct if no t

profo u nd admiration of him .

e e n th e n e 27 e n Som e days aft r r achi g Arka sas , Octob r , Li ut e an t Wilki n

s on ﬁ ve o f th e n e e n e e ne n n , with comma d , was d tai l d to co v y to G ral Wilki s o , h e th e o n . e t e e e e at St Louis , a r port of r sults of xp diti thus far . Pik . with t h e e e n me n e n n n n e e o n t h e e n sixt r mai i g , co ti u d w stward al g riv r , a d No

ve mb e r 2 e n e e th e e e n e e e 3 t r d pr s t stat of Colorado , wh r four days late r h e

fo r th e e th e n e th e n n ne saw ﬁrst tim dista t p aks of Rocky Mou tai s , o o f _ whi c h was e re long most appropriate ly to be com e a p e rma ne n t and m o st in a impre ssiv e m e morial to hims e lf . His last day K nsas was r e nd e r e d

n e o an ne e e e n n e n a n ot w rthy by u xp ct d cou t r with a ba d of sixty Ch ui Pa is , e e and o n e and n e n n w ll arm d with bows arr ws , la c s gu s , r tur i g from an un h e n t e n e . e e i succ ssful foray upo Coma ch s Naturally , th y w re n an ugly

o o and e e e n e e n e e th e e m d . proc d d at o c to tak su dry li b rti s with sixt e n way n o e e e e wor s ldi rs . For a tim it s e m d probabl e that th e ir scalps might soon b e o ne in th e e e in e o f n b r triumph to Platt riv r , li u a ticipate d tro phi e s from Th e e n e e n . e e the o n e th ir south r fo m sturdy attitud of c mma d r , how e v e r , e o n e n me n o n e e e e nn s c d d by his ha dful of . s o fr d th m from furth r a oya nc e .

‘ n e he e e to e e e as Small as his umb r was . s ms xpr ss hims lf almost re gre tful

— Th e e a n n o f a ne e w as a e o n a a e e o NOTE 8 . m i g th is m uv r p rs l ch ll n g t th e chie f to me e t Pik e

at o n e . as e n o r foe ; a o ac t . o e no e e o f n a n e o I n i c fri d b ld pr mpt d by his k wl dg I d i m th ds . th is a

a n e h e o ed t h e e fo r th e e . a e n e o e e n o t a a e s c a e st c c w chi f tim Such ch ll g rs . h w v r. d id lw ys p so fo r

t u na te ly . 20 ans as a e s or cal o e K St t Hi t i S ci ty .

that h e did not at th e outs e t m e e t th e Pan i i nsol e n c e wi th i nstant re sistanc e

th e n e in h e e e e e 9 o ly cas which was v r so tr at d by I ndian s .

e th e n n e e e e on n 2 Aft r mou tai s w r r ach d , for two m ths , till Ja uary 5, 1 807 he and , his party we r e almost conti nuousl y e ngage d in an e nd e avor

e th e e th e n on h to trac out various sourc s of Arka sas am g t e mou ntai ns .

e e e e al l n e e th As th ir hors s w r wor out or had p rish d , e work was prose cu t ed e n e on e e n e almost tir ly foot , through d p s ow , amid bitt r cold , with n e n e n . e o ly light summ r clothi g for prot ctio At tim s gam e , th e ir on ly e e e e e h r sourc for food , b cam so scarc that t e most p e rsiste nt e fforts e u e e e e n abl d th m to accomplish v ry littl e . Th ir o ly prot e ction at n ight much th e e ine b ou h s e n th e n of tim was p . g spr ad upo s ow , and no cov e r t o

e e e . n 18 th e e e me n sh lt r th m Ja uary , r st of th b e i ng compl e te ly brok e n n e n e n e e and e dow by r aso of froz f t lack of food , Li ut e nant Pik e and one o e e n in th e e n n e n n n i th r , as b i g b st co ditio , w t hu ti g , n hope of th e re by se

n e e e e e e . er n in n d a curi g som r li f from th ir dir distr ss Aft trampi g vai all y , rathe r than r e turn to camp e mpty - hand e d and the re by aggravate th e p a e n e e f e n e n ti t . hop l ss su f ri g of th ir starvi g comrad e s , the y pre fe rre d to pass th e n n e e e n e n th e ight u sh lt r d amid ak d rocks upo mou ntai n sid e , almost w n e not e e e e s e e th e e e ishi g that th y might th ms lv s surviv to ch e rl ss morrow . en th e ne e n e t he e e n Provid tially , xt day, aft r crawli g a mil through d p s ow , e e and e e e e th y kill d a buffalo . w r abl to r ach camp at dusk with a w e lcom e e f e n e n th e supply for th ir su f ri g fri ds , ﬁrst food had for four days . Such n e e e e e n e e e was o e of th ir bitt r xp ri c s . Pik r cords with e vide n t prid e that t n e e e e e e h e e an n b u o c , amid all th s xtr m hardships , did h ar y murmuri g or n m an O n th e n e a n n en n o e . f re tful compl i t , a d th from o ly co trary , th re w as

“ throughout a mutual appre ciation and e st e e m e xisti ng b e twe en command e r n 28 e e the n e d e n and m e n . Ja uary it was r solv d to cross Sa gr Cristo mou t n n - e e en for in n th e e n n ai s , a ill starr d mov m t , so doi g party pass d u witti gly , n n th e n Ne w e and e n e e n so Pik e re pre s e ts , i to domai of M xico , b ga to d sc d h f e n n b e t e Re d e . n e e n th e D e l Nort e , supposi g i t to riv r Upo a w st r a flu t e n e e e e e e n of this stre am a stockad was ﬁ ally r ct d , to s rv as a prot ctio for ’ e e o n n e e th e en e th e re mai nd e r of th e win t r . Aft r a f rt ight s sojour th r tir n F party was arre ste d by M e xican troops from Sa ta e . th e i e in an th e e n e O n Fe bruary 27 one of two off c rs comm d of M xica forc , e e n n e e n e e e and Li e ut . D on Bartolom o F r a d z , charg d with um rous l tt rs dis e e e n n S al te lo n patch e s from his associat , Li ut a t , with a comma d of fifty '

n e e e e n n e n Fe . I n an s w e r an n me , start d to scort Li ut a t Pik to Sa ta to i quiry e e e n S alt e l o e ne n n e re from Pik , with som h sitatio , xplai d that his i structio s w th e m e n e e n e t h at h e should r e mai n to coll e ct all of who , b caus of i juri s or

n o t e t e e n e e th e e and e n n e xhaustion , had y b abl to r ach stockad , th co duct n Fe an e n n th e e e th e e ntire party to S a ta , xpla atio that for tim fail d to

on O n . th e th e e S an afford th e i nquire r e nti re satisfacti . way , at villag of man 1 0 n b e th e n e e n e e , r , Jua , Pik was accost d by a claimi g to f om U it d Stat s

— h e e n on of e n o n e n a e a b ol d a a e r th e a n e e e e NOTE 9 . T m ti th is r c u t r i d ic t s wh t m r ud s P w s w r n a n e n n r o n f ar to t h e o e a a n t h e o a e in N e w e o , d e at th at d a te . I cu si s s uthw st g i st C m ch s M xic v

on Th e e o e w as o f o e t o e e o e o r a e . in to M e xico w e re n o t u n c o mm . ch i f bj ct . c urs . s cur h rs s c ptiv s n f o r a e t h e e o a t h e e a an d n o n a e i n pre f e rably boys a d girls , tr d w ith trib s t w rd st rth . As i dic t d n e a e e e n o t a a e i n e o a . o a e o n o . this i n st an ce . th y w r lw ys succ ssful th ir f r ys Th ugh tr v li g h rs b ck

t o o f e n e o r e e n e . e a a e e e to e e in c as e it b e c am e n e ce ssary ﬁght , f siv ly d f siv ly th y lw ys pr f rr d m t

a l e o n a X e n o o n a e e o e an 2000 e a S n e . th e ir e n e mie s o n fo o t . ss th t ph t ught his Gr ks m r th y rs i c ~

‘ o e o a e L a a n e . w as a e n e a e o n o or S t . L ou is . e NOTE 10 . Th is f ll w , B ptist L d r g d fr m I lli is S m . n a e n i n o I II t o c o n e . a o o a a a ye ars e arlie r h e h ad be e n e n gag d by Mr W illi m M rris . m rch t C h ki . . t o t h e a n e e o n an d a o e n n a a e e e to a ra ve y a c o n sign me n t o f goods P w c u try . fter p i g tr d th r . p ss p nd e idly to N e w M e xico with t h e gre a te r p art of th e go ods a dispose o f th e m the re at l arge r pric s . ’ o Th e Wh it e M an s F o t in Kan sas . 21 whose conduct soon i ndicat e d that he was an e missary o f th e local autho ri

e n th e e e e n e in e n e e ti e s , to asc rtai purpos of his pr s c that r gio , a surmis v ry Th e e e e e e e e th e e e n n soon v e riﬁ e d . f llow , as d v lop d lat r , r port d that li ut a t n n a su ﬂi cie nt n n e t was form e rly gov e r or of Illi ois , war i g as to what y might h n e e n n 3 n Fe b e in store . T e followi g v i g , March , Sa ta , at that day a city e e e n n h e on e of vivid con trasts , was r ach d . Aft r dismou ti g , was c duct d at e e n f e e and e onc e through various rooms , carp t d with ski s of buf alo s , b ars oth r n the e n e e e th e n e n e n e large animals , i to audi c room , th r to await co v i c of l l e n t r n D o n d e l e c as e . e n e t h e gov e rnor , n Joaqui R al A Upo his app ara c a n e n and e e e n e i s e ri e s of rapid i t rrogatio s quick r pli s su d , as follows ( n Fre nch) ? GOVERNO R : Do you spe ak Fr e n ch

Y e . PIKE : s . sir e e nn e n ? GOVERNOR : You com to r co oit r our cou try , do you n w n PIK E : I marche d to re con oite r our o . ? GOVERNOR : I n what charact e r are you I n e e an f e th e n e e PIK E : my prop r charact r , of ic r of U it d Stat s army . GOVERNOR : And this Robi nson — is h e attach e d to your party ? o PIK E : N . ? GOVERNOR : Do you k now him

PIKE : Ye s ; h e is from St . Louis . ? GOV ERNOR : How many me n have you

PIKE : Fifte e n . GOVERNOR : And this Robi nson mak e s sixte e n ?l l PIKE : I hav e alre ady told your e xc e ll e n cy that h e doe s not b e lo ng to and n e no e n e o n n my arty , shall a sw r mor i t rrogati s o that subj e ct . V N R n e ? O E R O : Whe did you l ave St . Louis 1 PI KE : July 5 . : n e in ne GOVERNOR I thi k you march d Ju . ! : ! PIK E No , sir

I n not t he n o ne e e e e n th e the this colloquy , o ly that had plac b tw two , conscious dignity of th e official and th e pois e and dire ctne ss of th e plai n

man are not e n e e n e e and e ne Th n tir ly d void of i t r st sugg e stiv ss . e gov e r or e e n ne e e t h e e n was vid tly ttl d , thoug h formally court ous , by b ari g of this

But afte r th is w as do n e h e qui e tly a ppro pria t e d t h e fu n ds re c e ived an d se ttl e d fo r life in S an ta

F e . a o n e w as e e n n e t h e e an a o e a e o f as ce r H is c ll up Pik vid tly i spir d by M xic uth riti s . with vi w a n n t h e a o f e e n e e e I n a e o . a a a e h e o f o e a e to t i i g ctu l m tiv his pr s c th r his wkw rd tt mpt . c urs f il d e licit t h e d e sire d i n form a tio n I n re porti n g t o G o ve rn or A l l e ncas te r h e cl aim ed th a t Pike h ad o e e e n o e n o o f no n o a n a n e o o n t h e a a fo r a e f rm rly b g v r r I lli is . ig r tly b si g his r p rt up f ct th t tim e h ad e e n in o an o f th e oo e n a e e at as a a Pik b c mm d tr ps th qu rt r d K k ski . I ll .

— l l o o o n w m in l e e n in h . o n as s e e a a e t e e e o n a o e a e e e NOTE D ct r R bi s g y fr l c xp diti . ll w d pl c th r

G e n e ral n o n . and fo r a e a e n o na as a n to t h e o an e by W ilk i s tim ct d mi lly physici c mm d . whil h is e a a e w as o e e to o e e t h e o n o f th e e e o n and a e o n n e a n t h e r l ch rg m r lik ly bs rv c duct xp diti . l t r. up ri g o n i n e o f e o to a e w a to an a F e an d t e e e e a a n a n fo r h e c f s M xic . m k his y S t h r s rv s ge t t d o ughty

e n e a a t . o . n o n as t o t h e a a n o n o f t h n e e e e a g r l St L uis by i f rmi g h im ctu l co diti s e pro vi c . B for l v in t h e o an in t h e o a e o n t h e o n e o o n o n o n e t o e a o e g c mm d st ck d up C j s . R bi s c ﬁd d Pik th t his m tiv fo r n N e w e o w as o f a e n a n a e a a e n to o e a n o e e a o o e visiti g M xic p cu i ry tur . pp r tly c ll ct v rdu cl im fr m s m

e n e n e o e e . e a 6 h e s e t o u t a o n e fo r a n a Fe and w as e e a e o e d li qu t d bt r th r F bru ry l S t . th r ft r ccu pi d a e o e a n th e e a (Sf e e n o a e e e e a o n e e o e to n e with m tt rs th r th h lth h is r c t c mr d s . Th r is r s . th r f r . i f r a h e w as in o e e a n n e e a n o n o e n e a n o n w h o w a th t s m guis cti g u d r sp ci l i structi s fr m G r l Wilki s . s n o e o a ne in t h e e a o o e e a ed n u d ubt dly c p rt r with Burr gr t s uthwe st c n spiracy . Aft r Pik e r ch S a ta F e a 3 in an n e e o e n o l l . M rch . i t rvi w with G v r r A e n c as te r h e use d l an gu a ge th at might imply th a t h e h ad no e o na e a o n o n o n n t h e e n e o e o f t h e e ed o n h p rs l r l ti s with R bi s . but duri g tir pr gr ss xp it i e se e ms t o h ave be e n quit e fa miliar with him ; a nd soo n a ft e r re turn i n g to t h e U n it ed Sta t e s h e at e e t o a id in a n e n e a o to e e fo r o n o n a a e in o u e a o n t mpt d d v r s cur R bi s pl c r r gul ar rmy . At th is p i t ’ ' t h e e na a e e n e W as e in a n e e e aw a re o f n o n o e in qu ry tur lly pr s ts its lf . I ik y d gr W ilki s s purp s thus n o n o n a a e in t h e e e d o n an d s o w as e a ls o in a n w a e o na n o e givi g R bi s pl c xp it i ; if . Pik y y p rs lly i v lv d ? in th e g n o e ne a a n a e a o o ll ic e r e e o be e a ood n ed in i bl busi ss Th t l rt . c uti us lik Pik c uld sily h wi k a a e to s a th e e a n Th e a e o e e o f be n n o t a o such c s is . y l st . surprisi g m tt r m st sugg stiv his i g lt ge th e r fre e fro m m a lig n t a i n t is th a t a n o ffice r o f s o high ch a ra ct e r h e re t o fo re a nd such k e e n e n e n o n n o th e an e C o o n a n n o N e w e o e e d isc r m t sh uld u wit ti gly cr ss S gr dc rist m u t i s i t M xic . th r by o e o n t h e Rio a n e e e n fo r o e a n e and i n a o n a e a n e n a c m up Gr d . d sc d it s m d ist c . f lly c struct p rm t c mp ‘ o n a a o f a t e a l l t h e w e o n a h e w as o n t h e Re d e ( h e ( an a up tribut ry th riv r. hil supp si g th t up riv r t — am a l l too e o e to a o f e a ed e n e e n h e re is a in th e o i n tme n d i this is r m t dmit sy cr c . Evid tly t ﬂ u t — h ere a o e an na o a a ed e e a w e o e o n e a to th ugh t r luct tly but u v id bly d mitt . But th r is lc m c u t rp rt ansas a e s or a oc e 22 K St t Hi t ic l S i ty .

n e w e man e e e th e ri s t typ of a , from whom ach r ply , lik adroit p o e of a trai n e d

e n e e n n and e e e . n e e n n e f c r . cam i sta tly ff ctiv ly O a subs qu t i t rvi e w th e sol e th e n e e th e a e n e n di r was i t rrogator , whil ofﬁci l , as r spo d t . was soon re duc e d

n e n n n e e e n to a co f ssio of ig oranc e . No wo d r that his xc ll e cy soon be cam e

e e in th e e e n e e for a e a r stiv pr s c of such a charg ; two d ys aft r his arriv l , with

n e h e on e th e n n e n D o a Spa ish scort , was his way to r port to comma da t , G . n ’ Nime o h e n si e . t e e e e Salc do , at Chihuahua To gov r or s cr dit , how v r , b e it i n e n n er e h e e e e n said , that p rso al i t cours s ms to hav e b e e v e r courte ous and n e e Th e n n e e co sid rat . mor i g that his charg took his d partur e , Gove rnor A l l e ncas te r e e n e e - o and e h e e n pr s t d him with a n ck cl th shirt , mad , as xplai e d , e e in i n nd n e e e t n n for hims lf by a sist r Spa , a v r y wor by a y one ; and d e ig ne d n e e on th e in o w n a to co v y him six mil s way his offici l coach , parting ﬁ nally “ ! th e n a e : e e e A l l e nc ast e r in e e with k i dly ch rg R m mb r , p ac or war . A sugge stiv e i n cid e n t occurre d aft e r th e con voy was w e ll starte d on th e ’ : A n e m e n e n e way southward portio of Pik s , appar tly thos who had suf ﬁ cie ntly re cov e re d from i njuri e s r e c e ive d during th e pre vious wi nt e r by re a on of n e e e e e e e s starvatio or xposure to xtr m cold , w r p rmitte d to carry arms h n th m ar h Th n n n t e e e e c . e e on throughout r mai d r of i vi cibl Spa iard , by l g e e e n e e n e n e n e aw e e n in t h n xp ri c , had com e to t rtai a Vivid s s of , wh e Vici ity t h e n n e nd n e e n of e t e rprisi g Apach s a Coma ch s , who at fr qu e t i n te rvals w e re w ont to r e cre ate th e ms e lve s and th e ir sure - fo ot e d pon i e s in forays o v e r th e h e n n ow e n e e . e n e e e t e r gio b i g trav rs d V ry aturally , th r for , thought had occurre d to th e re c e ptive mi nd of som e one in authority that th e pre s e n ce

fe w e n e e e e e n of a arm e d Am rica s might x rt a whol som , dissuasiv i flu e n ce e th e e Th e e e n e e e n ov r too familiar raid r . d vic was i d d tim ly , though ot e n e tir ly patriotic . ’ e o e ne th e e an e n n e h Aft r a fe w days pr gr ss , ar villag of S F r a d z , on t e n e e n n e e n n M al are s n e th e n Rio Gra d , without for war i g , Li ut a t g joi d comma d . 1 2 F or on t h e e e e - n and fo r c e e e v e n ly pois d Pik quit lost his s lf co trol . a tim e

M al are s e n e a in an e e e e . rod part ffort to r cov r hims lf g , appar tly without a

e o f an e e e e e e n e e e e trac Castili prid or r s rv . court ously d avor d to r assur him .

n e a e e e e n e at e as e . n th e re Withi two hours , Pik dds , th y w r tir ly Duri g m aind e r of th e ir i nt e rco u rs e M alg are s s e e m e d to ﬁnd sp e cial pl e asur e in . n n n io n a c n e a e obligi g or aidi g his compa , o duct that was thoroughly appr ci t d . Th e n a e not t h e n e n e a . e e H appily , Pik was o ly b ﬁci ry arr ti v r cords that this n e n e n a n and e th e and n e e Spa ish g tl ma was h bitually ki d h lpful to poor dy , in e e e e e f n fre qu e n tly e mptyi ng his p ock e ts att mpts to r li v th ir su fe ri g .

n e n a M al are s e n e th e e U po r achi g Chihu hua , g , appar tly f arful that r sults

a a n n o t e e e a e o e e n e e of his c mp ig might r c iv pproval , r p rt d his r tur by l tt r , To no t in e n o n n e ne a a e o . e e e h o w p rso , to C mma da t G r l S lc d his gr at r li f , e e ih an e n e n e th e e ne a th e o o n o n v r , audi c gra t d by g r l f ll wi g day , his c duct h e e n n n th e e e o n was e n e . n t a e e n duri g xp diti comm d d U po tr c of Pik , i tro

al l e ar a e r no w a e - e n e ra e o an n f o r th e me an n e th is . Six y s l t , Brig di r g l Pik . c mm d i g first t i i d n e n o e o n t h e e of a e o a o n e at t h e o e n of or l a n p e d t f rc up fi ld b ttl . m rt lly w u d d m m t vict y . y dyi g n r o a e e w as o o : up o n t h e d e ck o f a warsh ip up o n L ak e O ta io . H is vict ry just chi v d tw f ld a w oe e e o f e e a w as at a e e e a o a w as na at t h e o o f th e o n ful s ri s d f ts l st r tri v d by vict ry th t fi l . but c st y u g ' o an e e He w as n o w n o o n e t h e a n e e o n th e e o e o n e o f e o c mm d r s lif . l g r t i t d s lf up r m t fr ti r M xic . L e t e a e Th e co stly sacrifice just m ad e h ad re h a bilita t e d him . th is xpi t

— f t h e n e e a m e t e o n t o t h e a e o n th e a n 12 . o e o a e NOTE S m P w s th t Pik up h is visit vill g R public , ’ ' n in t h e e a 30 s e o n e o e o f e e o e o n o f to a o n a r e n st ill survivi g rly . r c u t d s m th ir r c ll cti s h im missi y th

h e . e a e e n e re o f a o o n on e . To e h e w as a ne w e re sidi n g with t e trib . Th ir st t m ts w c mm t th m typ h e w as a m a n h im s e l He w as e t e o e h e o f m an as e e e e . o e : t h y xpr ss d it . by f qui . bu t r s lut ; d id m r - th an h e sa id ; w as a lways t h e same ( n e ve r l o st his e v e n p o ise ) h is face n e v e r blan ch e d n o r his e e e e e w as n e e n e a n o r e e e e an n a h e w as y qu a il d ; h is y v r u st dy . d id his lips v r qu iv r. m i g th t with o u t e a a nd h e w as a a r . f r. lw ys t uthful ’ s Th e Whit e M an s F oo t in Kan as . 23

l re s e e n e n d uce d by Li e ute n an t M a g a . a bri f but v ry formal co v rsatio was Th e e th e e had b e twe en th e ge ne ral and Li e ute nan t Pik e . pap rs of latt r w e re care fully e xami ne d by th e ge ne ral and a larg e portio n of th e m ne v e r n n ne n th e e re cov e re d . Duri g his sojour of arly a mo th , through court sy of he e e n e e e and e n e ne n M alg are s , was fr qu tly mad w lcom t rtai d by ma y prom n ine nt citiz e s . ’ ! CORONADO S MARCH TO QUIVI RA .

Th e familiar sayi ngs that actual life pre s e nts more fre qu e nt and impre s siv e surprise s or contrasts than ﬁction can achi e ve ; that e x tre me s so m e e t more fre qu e ntly than the ordin ary obs e rv e r is aware have be com e truisms th e n e e e n e and e n n long si nc e . Ral e igh . fo d favorit of Qu B ss , lat r mou ti g h e e th e e n e e n e th e scaffold at t e b h st of sordid , driv li g Jam s ; Napol o at Aust r

nd fe w e e e e e n and e e . litz , a a y ars aft r a p vish , m tal physical d r lict at St

r n n e b e e e e . e e e n e H e l e na , a e i sta c s that may r adily parall l d Of such xp ri c s , n th e o e n ne n and e n Spai n . o c e pr ud mistr ss of two co ti ts , lat r shor of all do m ai n sav e th e impove rishe d soil and un thrifty population of th e Ib e rian

th e n n e . ne n n e p e nin sula , pre se ts a vivid illustratio of trit truth O such i sta c n e n n e n in nne n n dire ctly co c r s us as a ﬁtti g for grou d co ctio with this writi g . 22 1540 e e e e e e e in th e e Fe bruary , . th r w r ass mbl d at Compost la . stat of n th e e n e n i n h Guadalajara , upo e w st r coast of M xico , for formal i spe ct o by t e n n e e n e n e n n Vic e roy . A to io d M doza , a military forc umb ri g . accordi g to e 260 n e e 0 n n Mota Padilla , a cre ditabl authority , mou t d cavali rs , 7 footme , a d n n e n n e more tha n 1000 fri e dly I dian alli s . To fur ish this comma d with ampl suppli e s of e ve ry ki nd that might b e us e ful th e ars e nals in Spai n had b e e n e e e e e e n n e e n e n e impov rish d , whil M xico had b ra sack d for imm s qua titi s of n e e n th e n e n e n provisio s of v ry ki d , cou try had b e l e vi d upo for hors es for nd e e n n n th n e t he cavali e rs a th ir att da ts . as also for pack a imals for e co v y

' — 1 I n th e e a a o n o f a e h e o n e n e e n n n t o o . a e o a N : 3 . pr p r ti th is p p r f ll wi g d cum ts h v b c st tly co usuptgi R e l acio n d e l a j orn ad a d e Cibo la co mpu e sta p o r Pe dro d e C ast an e d a d e N aj era Do n d e s e a e o a o i s o l n a a d e to o o r te e l ac u a fu e a o d e 1540 . tr t d s qu ll s p bl d s . y y c stumbr s . e a io n e a or e l a a n an a a o d e l a o na a u e a a e o a l a e a n e a R l c h ch p c pit Ju J r mill . j r d q h bi h ch ti rr u v l e n o d e n n o e n e a an a a e o a e o or e n e a an o a e o o a . Nu v Esp y d scubrimi t Cib l . y d p g r l Fr cisc V zqu z C r d e e t w o n a a e as e in th e o e e n an n a e o o f t h e e a of Of th s rr tiv s . publish d f urt th u l r p rt Bur u n o o a n o n o f t h e e e n - a e o f t h e an a o n of th e e o n Eth l gy . W sh i gt . D . C s v ty six p g s tr sl ti first t xt . ly o are o n e n e e t h e a a a o a a th e n e a o n e e a e f ur c c r d dir ctly with ctu l m rch t w rd Q u ivir . i v stig ti s th r m d . a nd th e fi n al re turn th e n ce to N e w M e xico ; wh il e in th e brie f re cord k e pt by Capta i n J aramillo w o o f th e n n e a e are e o e e e to e e a e Th e o e w as an e d e t i p g s d v t d xclusiv ly th s m tt rs . f rm r m if stly fi c ie n t as an o e e and to a e e b e a e t h e a a h e no t o t h e e n o f bs rv r. th t d f ct must dd d f ct th t d id h ld p f t h e an a e a e . o o a a a e e n are no t a a e a e u s e o r dy writ r His t p gr ph ic l st t m ts lw ys cl r. whil h is Sp ish an a e a a e n o e to n e at e e e o n th e e a of e e e a l gu g . pp r tly his m th r gu . is tim s quit b y d r ch pr cis lucid o n a a o o n t h e o n a e e to a e e e n an o fi e os e e n a as e e a th e ti . J r mill . c tr ry . s ms h v b f c r wh m t l c t b sp ks p e s e n ce o f a rare pre cision and e asy m aste ry in t h e re cord i ng o f sc e ne s and e xp e rie n ce s m e t by w a tlre y . To th e se t w o d o cum e n ts sh o uld b e added t w o brie fe r re cord s : Carta d e Fran cisco V azqu e z n al e e a e a ro Co ro ad o E mp re ad o r d and o l cu e n ta d e l a e s p ed ic io n a l a pro vi n cia d e Qu ivir . D st p v in c ia d e Ti u e x 20 e 1541 : a nd e a o n d e l e o d e l a o na a u e an o a e g . Octubr . R l ci suc s j r d q Fr cisc V zqu z o e d n e e n o e o a 1541 . h iz cl d scubrimi t Cib l . Th e a nd o o f h e e o e n m a a o b e o n in o e 9 o f a e e o f first . th ird f urth t s d cum ts y ls f u d v lum s ri s e n o e e a n to e a e o a o n in e a an a e and e n e t h e tw ty v lum s r l ti g rly xpl r ti s Am ric . tr sl t d publish d u d r f e n Te rna x - a n 3 - l h e a a o n a a e a o e e o n o u o a 13 7 t . T ( supp s d ) sup rvisi H ri C mp s . P ris . J r mill rr tiv p i o e p ea rs n v lume 6 o f th sam e se rie s . L a e a o n u e d io a ne a e a d c a a d e lo ac ze s c id o a n a e ro th e an r l ci q Alv r Nu z C b c V c . tr sl t d f m Sp ish e n Th e e h as e a e a e e e as n a n a th e o e t xt by Bucki gh am Smith . t itl l gitim t pl c h r i d ic ti g th t c urs o o f d e V aca a nd C oro nad o a ctu a lly t o uch ed a t o ne p i n t tho ugh a t d i ffe re n t d at e s . o n e e a e - e ne a C o ro na d o 3 M ar h e in th e an n a e o J . H . Simps . br v t brig di r g r l . c . publish d u l r p rt o f th e n a n n n fo r 1869 a e e a ed a e t h e e o f a c o n Smithso i I stitutio . This c r fully pr p r p p r is r su lt ti nu ed and a n a n n e o n o f th e o n a a a e s ed so fa r as e n e a o n p i st ki g i sp cti gr u d ctu lly tr v r . G r l Simps ‘ w as a e to o e h C o o n a o o an a e e a e t h e e o o e o n a n an d e n bl disc v r. y r d s c mm d ft r th y p ss d T c l t m u t i s

te re d t h e a n o t h e a l t e a e o a n o ne n e e e d in th e e . pl i s t ward e st . m rits c r fu l study fr m y i t r st subj ct — o i im S u e t io n o e 10 a ne o f e an o . a u v A . a Cyrus Th m s . Q g g s V lum . M g zi A m ric H ist ry A

- e a a e o n o n to t h e. e ed e o n . bri f. but v lu bl c tributi much v x qu sti ' s H e Th e D is o ve r o N e b ra s ka a nd A 1 is nt to Ne b a ka i n 16 6 3 . I n o n . a . a a e . J m s W S v g c y f . r th e ﬁrst article th e writ e r pre s e n ts an i nsiste n t ple a t o th e e ffe ct th a t C o m nad o fo u nd no Qu ivira h e h d ne e a a a ne a e a a n w as fo r S o e e a o n till a p e tra ted ea ste rn N br sk . As li l N br sk it m y rs my f d ansas a e r a 24 K St t His to ic l Society .

n e man and e Th e e e a c of food for b ast . cavali rs we r furn ishe d with swords , n e e e e and la c s , arqu bus s , shi lds , armor crossbows at will . M e ndoza also con tri bute d suppli e s of various ki nds so lib e rally that h e almost b e ggare d him A e e s e lf . mor impr ssiv e and picture sque proc e ssion has probably not b e e n n e e e in e n e th e n si c b h ld M xico tha was afford d as colum pass ed , Spaniards and e n n in e e e e th e e e th e alli d I dia s , r vi w b for y s of Vic e roy , now at last ac t u al l e n e n n n e n y t ri g upo a campaig for xploratio or conqu e st, as th e cas e b e n n n e e n n th n might , of u k ow xt t or duratio . Naturally e most sa gui ne e x e c tations e e e n e ne e n e e Th p w r t rtai d of its tir succ ss . e route tak e n was to b e n th e e th e n orth so far as h ad of gulf of Califor ia , and th e nce e astward to an un d e te rmi ne d distan ce . At th e he ad of this proud cort e ge rode th e C hi e ftai n whos e actions and e x p e rienc e s afte r h e pass e d e astward from Ne w M e xico w e are to atte mpt to e and e e n e n n e n e n trac lucidat , Fra cisco Vazqu z Coro ado , a Spa ish g tl ma , it is e e e n e e e e n n o f a pl asur to r cord , thus far of u sulli d r put , of ampl fortu e , a d n e e ack owl dg d ability . Scarce ly had two y e ars pass e d e re th e cou nte rpart of this hope ful pic Th e n e e en e . e th e e e n tur was pr s t d ragg d , waywor survivors of xp ditio , e n n e e e e e e th e n r tur i g from th ir futil qu st , scarc ly r ach d fro ti e rs of M e xico e re th e y b e gan to l e av e th e ir ranks and to atte mpt to mak e the ir way u n n n e e e e k ow , by d vious paths , to th ir hom s , if such th y had . The re was e e e e n th e e n e e e n nowh r v s mbla c of a w lcom awaiti g th e m . The proud h e roe s

th e e e e e n in th e on of r vi w at Compost la , xulti g thought of victori e s to b e w nd e b e th e n r a fabulous w alth to had for m e re taki g , afte r two y e a s of wan t and e e e en e n n e e n e m rtiﬁ ation loss w r s r tur i g hom ward mpty ha d d , a o c to n en nd n e n t h e n th e ir ki sm a a malig burd to cou try .

r a h e e o o e o e a e e a e e on a n e on of e n ra K an d e si e th t t th ry migh t pr v c rr ct . Bu t r p t d p rs l i sp cti c t l ’ s as and e a e n e a a o e e a a e of th e n a a e of o on a o o e st r N br sk . t g th r w ith c r fu l study rr tiv s C r d s m v e n a e o n t h e an a a e me a h e n ot o e e n o an t h e m ts ft r cr ssi g Ark s s , s tisﬁ d th t did m v furth r rth th an a r e e a ar e o a in t h e n of n on n r e K s s iv r, with his h dqu t rs pr b bly vici ity Ju cti City . Duri g his b i f - o o n h e m a f or a or an e a e a e n e o e of th e n e a b nor e n a e as . s j ur y sh t dist c h v sc d d s m r y th r tribut ri s , h e n n n e a n f h e n h t e l a a d o e . o o o t o o a o a o t e e e n e a R pub ic th rs C sid r ti s t p gr phy r u d b ut . fr qu t str ms , th e e e - a n a e e a e e e e th e e a n a e an d oro o o f its v r v ryi g surf c f tur s . b d ck d by pl si g v ri ty vig us gr wth ’ n a e ro a a e o t h e e e o f o ona o e o f ar o e e e n n o e an d tiv p ducts , ttr ct d fr m m mb rs C r d s sc rt m r fr qu t tic m e n tion th an its n orth e rn siste r co uld o ffe r as an i n duce m e n t t o p ro ce e d fu rth e r t o ward t h e n o e on s o f ar as th e ra o n of th e a n e e th e o na u ivirans in a e rth . But b y d this , t diti P w s ( rigi l Q ) dic t d ,

e a a w as n ot n a o ie e i t h e e ar ar of th e e e n e e n e n e a . N br sk ﬁ lly ccup d by th m t ll ly p t s v t th c tury . p rh ps r n t h e e a 1620 o e n o na e in e or n o o f 1598 o n th e e o n of th e du i g y rs G v r r O t , his xpl i g t ur , f u d r gi n a o e e K a s s still ccupi d by th m . N e e o a e o n Pa 1 6 Th e an on e o f w . . o 8 9 Sp ish C qu st M xic . by W W H . D vis, D yl st w , . Th is o e in e e e e a re a e o on Th e a o e e n a e in v lum is v ry r sp ct c dit bl pr ducti . uth r, wh il busily g g d multi f ariou s o f ia e in N e w e o oon a e th e e an o a ion e a e a e n e e e f ic l duti s M xic . s ft r Am ric ccup t , rly b c m i t r st d in th e o o f th e e or and on e e e a an e e e e in o n o th e hist ry t rrit y , with ly f bl ssist c succ d d burr wi g fr m accumulat e d Sp an ish archive s in San ta F e m a te ria ls sufficie n t t o sh e d a fl ood of w e lco m e light on h e e e on n r n h e o n e o f h e an o a o n a o n of up t arli r c diti o s du i g t l g p ri d o t Sp ish ccup ti . H is cc u t ’ o o na o o e as h e w as o a n o t a e t o on at th e e t h e or n a an C r d s t ur is bri f , pr b bly bl c sult tim igi l Sp ish n a ra e an d so h e w as o e t o e o n an e e e n ran a o n a re a n o e r tiv s blig d r ly up imp rf ct Fr ch t sl ti , l dy tic d . o a e e of N e w e o o th e a e e or t o t h e e r an a o n H ist ric l Sk tch s M xic . fr m E rli st R c ds Am ic Occup ti , n d a o n of . a or n e an a 1 883 I a e 5 o f o e w e ﬁ n by L Br df d Pri c . K s s City , . ch pt r this v lum d iscussi ’ i i o on a o u iv r an ar . e e e e n e a o o on a o a an e e t o th e C r d s Q m ch As th r pr s t d by this uth r, C r d dv c d quit d o n ff o r e t h e an o e at o e o n e e e n an a an . e Miss uri riv r, s m p i t b tw K s s City C u cil Blu s Of c u s d ist c fro m th e Can adian rive r to this vagu e ly pre se n t e d p oin t . m ig h t h ave be e n trav e rsed with in t h e fo rty - e ight d ays a ll o we d : bu t th e re is an e n tire de arth of e vide n ce th at such a d istan ce w as e a t h e o an e h e o r h e o im a e . o o a e e t t m d I t is simply imp ssibl th t c mm d sh uld h v b h ld M iss u i . m st h e n a n n n i n d s o o n an d e a e a of t o o a d a e o e n on of t . A th e p si g mighty str m st R cky M u t i s , m d m ti ' a a in a e th e e a o n at o on a o o e e n a a o on vit l f ct this ch pt r. x ct p i t which C r d s m v m t ctu lly d id t uch up t h e o e e n e in t h e air. M iss uri , is l ft tir ly — o o f o n a an d N e w e o 1 530 1888 o e 1 7 of th e o o f e r o e Ban H ist ry Ariz M xic . . v lum w rks H ub t H w f h - f h e e o S an an o 1889 . Th e e a e n e o t e e e e e o t a cr ft . Fr cisc . vi w t k by this writ r much v x d th m x ct e o f t h e e e a a s e e re e n e a a a a o n n n a a e n to sit lusiv Quivir , h r p s t d is p rti lly s tisf ct ry . i cli i g pp r tly t h e o n o n e a e e n e a on an e e e n a o t o t h e e e a ra o c c clusi r ch d by G r l Simps . xc ll t uth rity . ff ct th t Qu ivi ie a o n in e a e n an a e t e e n t h e an a an d o e Th e o n e c u p d p i t st r K s s b w Ark s s M iss uri riv rs . ly strictur t o b e o e e as to d e o n t o t h e e f e a o o a a a a as a re a ta e as d e ff r d th is cisi is f ct th t t p gr phic l d t , l dy s t d . ’ ve IO e d in t h e a a o f C o o n a o a an e e e to a o a a o e e n e a p l st d ys r d s dv c , s ms ff rd us s tisf ct ry vid c th t n f r e e o n n a w as in 1540 a d o o e e e a th e an a e in e n a a a . Quivir , s m tim th r ft r. up K s s riv r c tr l K s s o n h e a e e n are n an d a o a e Up on th at p i t t st t m ts disti ct uth rit tiv .

a r a o e 26 K n sas Stat e His to ic l S c i ty . arrow at an e l e vation of about thirty de gre e s in th e dire ction of th e propos e d n o n th e e n th e e h e . t e n adva c N ti g xact poi t at which missil struck grou d , th e e n e - th e n e and e n n e arch r adva c d about two thirds of dista c s t a oth r arrow , n e b e th e e e in th e e e n as arly as might with sam forc , sam dir ctio . As h e e t h e h e e e th e n an pass d first arrow , car fully withdr w it from grou d , d so n n b e co ti u e d as long as th e march laste d . To sure th e re is an e l e m e n t of e n e e n e in e e th e p rso al prid as w ll as ov lty this sch m ; but as day pass e s , it e e e n and e e e e s e and n e b com s m cha ical th r for w ari om , at o c its valu e th e re

e e n e n n . th e e aft r is qu stio abl . A striki g illustratio of possibl e rrancy o f this ’ usag e is afford e d in th e re turn march of Coron ado s army from t h e coun try e n n e n e n th e i of Quivira . R lyi g upo this m thod , upo r achi g C cuy e riv e r th e y n e th e n n n e e e e e e i . e t h fou d th ms lv s thirty l agu s south of poi t i t d d , . , e bridge e o e e n e t n 2 1541 n by which th y cr ss d , wh s t i g out , April 3 , . A othe r of th e d e vic e s r e sorte d to in this conne ction also e vi nc e d a d e gre e of simplicity not a in th e e n e e e usu l stat ly Spa iard . A d tail was mad whos duty for th e tim e it b e cam e to coll e ct stone s or buffalo - chips and arrang e th e m in pil e s at in t e rval s n th e e in e ne e e alo g rout , so that , cas of d , th y might b e e n abl e d e e e e e in e 1 4 th r by to r trac th ir way saf ty . n e th e n n e At this poi t , pr paratory to fi al adva c towards Quivira , an e x n n e n n e e e e en e e b e fitin 2 1 1 pla atio of c rtai i t rm diat mov m ts s ms g . April 3 , 54 , in th e n e e th e e n Cicu e pursuit of lo g sought , vasiv Quivira , army l avi g y , e e e n e e th e e en n Fe e h ight mil s south ast of pr s t Sa ta , cross d t e e ast e rn n n n e t he e e n n and e e n th e n mou tai ra g , T colot mou tai s , d bouch d upo plai s b e h n . e t e e e n n yo d Four days brought th m to Mora , a d p , rapid co flu e t of th e n n e e e e e O e in th e n Ca adia riv r . H r four days w r ccupi d co struction of a th e in h n bridg e . So far march was t e dir e ctio of Quivira ; but in th e sub ’ e en - e e n n an u n e e e n s qu t thirty s v days marchi g xp ct d cha ge took plac e . In e of n n n no e th e e e n e e n h e st ad co ti ui g rth ast , prop r dir ctio , a d fl ctio toward t

' l m h a e and n a os t t o t e e e e o . n e n ast , ﬁ ally south st , d v l ps At i t rvals o this n n in n o n n e n lo g adva c e halts w e re mad e . But i sta c is a e xplan ation mad e th h n e t e e e . e n for halts or for cha g of cours A plausibl solutio may , how e e b e e e n e e n e th e e n n v r , pr s t d . For mor tha a y ar army had b e forci g its w ay n orth thro ugh M e xic o and e astward through th e pr e s e n t Ariz on a and Ne w e th e n e n e e n e nd m e n M xico as far as Rio Gra d . Not i fr qu tly hors s a

e e f e n e n n e Th e n e r e had suff r d from lack of su ﬁci t sust a c . wi t just pass d had e en n e an o e n n n b u usually s e v re d pr p r provisio s sca ty . It was atural , th e r e e 23 t h e e n ot b e n in n n for , that April hors s would fou d good co ditio for a

n and n . n n e n man an lo g tryi g march Coro ado was a ki d , obs rva t , d was of e e n e n e n th e n n n th e cours tir ly co v rsa t with situatio . I st e ad of discussi g

h e e t o e me th e e e n e en e e t e in ow n . matt r g rally , s ms hav xig cy qui tly his way h e n th e e e e th e e th e e W march was r sum d , aft r passag of Mora riv r was c c e n e e a th e e n n n o e a omplish d , it was soo r mark d th t cours was i cli i g s m what t o ward th e e ast ; at succ e ssiv e stage s th e d efl e ction b e c am e more pro

n e n ca Th e e x n ou nc e d e a o e . , till ﬁ ally , as alr ady i di t d , it was lm st south ast

o an n n o n e h a e pl an ati n is e asy and n atural . For u k w p riod th e re s e xist d a fr e qu e n t e d rout e or t rail along t h e north e rn margi n of th e Can adian riv e r

— n a n a n h s - NOTE 14 . Th e e xpla tio n give t th is p o i t as t o t e u e m ad e o f st on e s an d buff al o ch ips e a -in o n o e n a n o t o e e e a e n o n to th e o n a o n is misl d g . D w tr dd gr ss did . if c mpl t ly b t d w gr u d . c di o n n o t a oon e n a ra o o n an d a a e n o e a e t h e a e t an o n e ti usu l . s resum s its tu l p siti pp r tly blit r t tr il ; y y , a n e e t o s e e a t a a an e re a o e o o n n t h e e a with y . h lf gl c migh t dily disc v r . with ut d ism u ti g , qu lly d e e 1 m an e n t 1 a th e ra of t h e or e t h n e n o Th e an e an e o a . m if st mor p t il , t cks h s s m ly h lf hidd s il e e e e - on o an a e e n o t a a 1 e n o w n e d as or a ra e o e e xtr m ly s lf c sci us Sp i rds w r lw ys quick ccu t bs rv rs . ' ‘ Th e l l h ite M a n o o in a n s s F t K sa . 27

e n e th e e th throughout i ts tire cours e . As arly as dat of e Louisia na pur chas e th e I ndia ns claim e d that this trail had lo ng b e en a comm o n thoro ugh far e for e aste rn tribe s wh e n raidi ng i nto Ne w M e xico for hors e s and oth e r

The n e e n th e e e booty . o ly probabl r aso that pathway should xist th r e , e n n e e e b e rath r tha upo som oth r str am , must that i t was more e xp e ditious ;

e e n e e e a e n e e n nd e o it pr s t d f w r obst cl s i t rf ri g with rapid a saf trav e l . Pri r

e e n e : th e n n e w h o to all this , how v r , was a oth r I dia captiv , Turk , was acti ng e n e n the e e n ow n e e as guid , co c ivi g id a of scapi g to his p opl , had so far b e guil e d Coronado as to i nduc e him to mov e in this dire ction as the prope r n n course to re ach Quivira . Turk was o doubt a ativ e of som e tribe ne ar the e n th e e ne e ne one Mississippi , for his d scriptio of sc quot d from Casta da , ’ the n e n an n n of chro icl rs of Coro ado s march , portrays ordi ary , familiar sce e on th e e e e th e e n e t h e n up Mississippi riv r at that tim ; whi l s co d writ r , K ight ’ n e e e n e en an n of Elvas , a chro icl r of Soto s xp ditio , pr s ts or ate naval display h e n n e e t h n e on the part of t I dia s b for e Spa ish C hi ftai n . Though th e co ndi h n n 1 5 n e e e e t e n e e n e e . tio s w r so div rs , u d rli d portio s i dicat ss e ntial re s e mblan c e s e e e n th e e e e e e e n no B tw two writ rs th r could hav b collusion . Th e natural n e e n e e e e e th e n n i f r c is , th r for , that ach of arrators was pe rso ally fami liar e ne and e e n n e e th n with such sc s , vid tly for o c Turk spok e truth . a d was h e e n e th e e n probably , as claim d , a ativ of Mississippi vall y . A d so in his ’ e e e n n e att mpt d misl adi g of Coro ado , Turk s motiv was obviously twofold e to ow n e e and n to e scap his p opl , also m e a tim e to i nvolv e the Spaniards in

e e e e o n e e e n n e som d solat r gi wh r , for lack of sust a c , all would p e rish , as will e e app ar lat r . ene th e e e e e t he As it happ d , rout follow d s ms for tim e to hav e satisﬁ e d th e n e and the e : th e e in both comma d r guid form r , that it a ff ord e d an e asy e e n e on e n e n n progr ss , with at l ast two otabl halts at c v i t poi ts to r e st and e e th e e n t he e in r cupe rat hors s ; a d guid , that e ach march s e rve d to bri ng e e e him ne are r to his kindre d . At ach of th s two halts th e command s e e ms to hav e be e n w e lcom e d and loyally e nte rtai ne d by e a c h of th e I ndian

e me t e n n e nn e ff n th e e e and trib s , th upo th ir a ual summ r bu alo hu t , Qu r chos ,

e e th e Te as th e e e e e n n t h e n farth r ast y , two trib s probably r pr s ti g To kawas

The n n - and Comanch e s of late r days . abu da t growth of bu ff al o grass in the e n e v e o f e n and n t h r gio attract d ast h rds thos a imals , aturally at e prop e r

e n n n on e Th o s aso th e s e I dia s c gre gat d t hith e r . e c nditio ns e xactly suite d ’ He ne e e o f n e e . e e and Coro ado s d sir s also obtai d th r by a supply dri d m at , e c e o e o n t o e n e th e s ur d a fav rabl pportu ity r crui t his wor hors s , as grass was

e a e e th e e e n no t t h quit as gr t ful to th m as to buffalo , v thoug h it did supply e

c o n e the n n e pla e of c r , th e ir prop e r di t . Each of I dia tri b s , it may b e oh e e e e in ne n n e an n s rv d , had pitch d i ts villag a ravi or barra ca , a mi iatur c o , no t n o o n in n a n t he e e a n u c mm that locality , wor bruptly i to prairi by h vy rai

f o e n e e n e e e and e n a o . torr ts , s it a f rd d c c alm t as w ll as sh lt r qui e t Th e s e

th e e e ff o e e n to the m e n o f th e an halts at sam tim a rd d div rsio army , m y of

e no in n o o n n t he n n n t he whom w e r t a ki dly mo d . Acc mpa yi g I dia s upo daily

NOTE I i - Th e tw o p assag e s a re as fo llo ws :

He a e a in n a e o n e e th e a n w as e e e e w as a e ( Turk ) cl im d th t his tiv c u try . wh r l d l v l . th r riv r ' tw o e a e in in w e e e e f e as a e as o e a n d ma n a noe o i o t l gu s width . hich th r w r ish s l rg h rs s . y c s f m ' iz e w i h m o re h a w e n o a r n u o n e i h e r id e Th e boa rrie d s a il s a nd th e c h i s sa t s t t n t t y sm e p t s . ts cu d h e r o e r a e o f a t t e n u n d e r a w n i n e n t h o w as a e e a o . st g s . wh il up p w l rg gl g ld ' Th e n e d a t h a e a w ith 20 0 c a n o e a l tc d w i h me n a n e a o n . Th e e e . xt y c ciqu rriv d . ﬁ t h vi g w p s y e e a n e o e e a n e a n e o f e a nd o e e o f an o o h av w r p i t d with chr , w ri g gr t bu ch s wh it th r pl um s m y c l rs . in e a e e e in e a n e h at e re d th e o a rs mr n u o n e ith e r s id e t h e g f th r d shi lds th ir h ds . with wh ich th y s t p . a b o o e o n b o a nd a o Th e ba e i n wh i h th e o a n n e e o w t n . w rri rs st di g r ct fr m st r . h ld i g ws rr ws rg c a i u e d n a o u n d r w h i h h sa t c c q ca me ha a n a w n i g t th e p o p e c e . r a o e 28 Kan sas Stat e His to ic l S ci ty .

e e e e n h n n e e on chas , th ms lv s mou te d , Whil e t e I dia s w r foot , it is safe to say that in th e e xcite m e n t of th e slaughte r the y did not spare th e ir alr e ady

n e e - e e n n wor hors s . Thus far a progr ss of thirty s v days of actual marchi g , n e e n n e e n e n e 250 e e w e ma with i t rv i g halts , had b mad , a dista c of l agu s , if y e h Th e ne acc pt as corre ct t e daily e stim ate s as re giste r e d . e g ral dire ction e n e h n ne h had m a whil for much of t e way obviously i cli d toward t e south e ast .

Th e e n ne e e e th e e n. farth st poi t thus far attai d was , th r for , short of e w st r e th e e e n e e e n n th e n n bord r of pr s t Pottawatomi r s rvatio , upo Ca adia rive r . n n At this poin t a ﬁ nal crisis occurr e d . Coro ado was u ndoubte dly i som e e e e e d th n n e n e e e d gr alr ady issatisﬁ e d with e co ditio s d e v lopi g . His hors s w r not gai ni ng in stre ngth nor in e ffi ci e ncy ; and long and familiar i nte rcours e th e n n h e w as not n e m e n nor th e Te as with I dia s saw adva tag ous to his to y . Th e lawl e ss conduct of th e soldi e rs had prov e n offe nsiv e to th e trib e as w e ll

e e e Th e n n n o f as a sourc of s rious loss to th m . wa to pillagi g a large store nn e n th e n o h n of ta d ski s by ruthl e ss , turbul e t s ldi e ry , probably t e e tire sup ply so far s e cure d in th e summ e r hun t for u s e as clothi ng and sh e lte r duri ng

th e n n e n n e th e e th e n . approachi g wi t r , was a fair i sta c of attitud of Spa iards 1 6 th e n e Th e e e n n : of that day toward ativ s . r coll ctio of such impositio did ’ no t e e e on th e n n e e , how v r , r adily or so fade from I dia s m mory . D e t rre d , no th e e th e th e n th e advan doubt , for tim , by obvious fact that Spa iard had

e e an e e n e ne m . tag of hors s , mail , d ﬁr arms , the y prud tly r frai d fro atte mpt e n e n e n th e e n ne e e e n at r taliatio ; but b yo d qu stio hostiliti s , mai tai d for thr c t urie s n th e n e and N e w e th e e agai st Spa iards of M xico M xico by Comanch s , ’ had th e ir e arli e st spring in th e e vil doi ngs just m e n tione d of Coronado s . me n Th e n e n e e e n e e e n s e n e . wro gs th qui tly submitt d to hav si c b thu av g d

I h e . e n an n e . n t e e n e e e en no mor tha hu dr dfold pr s c of such d v lopm t , it is

: caus e for wond e r that t h e Tey as guid e s d e s e rte d Coronado e re h e was w e ll i on th e e th e n th e his way toward Quivira ; or that guid s of mai body of army ,

e e n n N n b e e e r o , whil r tur i g to e w M e xico , we re fou d to thirty l agu s ast ay fr m e Ti th ir goal , g u e x !

e n e e e n n e n . But b yo d all th s mbarrassi g circumsta c s , Coro ado was at last n n e e e th e e e e n nn n b e co vi c d that his chi f guid , Turk , had all whil b cu i gly

n th e o e e b ' guili g him far from his tru e aim , disc v ry of Quivira Startl d y

— — — 1 6 . I n on n e on n e n th e l a n of th e n e e an n o e NOTE c cti w ith this i cid t p i l gi g ski s th r is u s lv d , e r a n o e e r al l e e n it on e of t h e n o e or o e n e of a p h ps i s lubl myst y . At v ts is t w thy ccurr c s this m rch a o n e a e h e e o o f th e n an th e a an e - ar of t h e a ot a o t . th t c uld r dily f d fr m m m ry I di s As dv c gu d rmy , a e r a n o th e e e o n e a e th e a o f t h e Te as r e e a th e n an a ft p rt i g fr m Qu r ch s , r d c mp y fu th r st , I di s g th e e n o an e n e e al l th e e e n so f ar a e n a e a o n e a e e e a on r d i t imm s p il dr ss d ski s t k th t s s , with g r xp ct ti

a o e e o an a o o n o n e a e n o n e e e n a w as . th t s m d v ut Sp i rd w uld pr u c bl ssi g up th m . littl susp cti g wh t h n t e a a e o f t h e a oa n o . a e n o a o n e r e o an a e n an ch r ct r ppr chi g visit rs L t r i f rm ti d iv d fr m g d . bli d I di o e a o e ar re se rv e d t o e xpla in th e e xp e cta tion o f th e I n dian s in s o do i n g . I t de ve l p d th t s me y s p o n a e a d e a a an or orn o a e th e o e r or of t h e a ae n a o n of vi s C b c V c d his f l c mr d s , s l su viv s N rv z i v si o a in e an e r n o e a a e o n e on th e e o s o a a Fl rid . th ir w d i g thr ugh T x s . c m up th is trib . up v ry sp t . C st n e a a fi e e o on a o o n e e Jaram il l o re o a w as n e a e e in d f rms , wh r C r d f u d th m , wh il c rds th t it r th r . but th e re on N a n i e o a e o a an e a n o e n e o o th e o a e w . . di cti t w rd Sp i , , t w rd M xic C st d u d ubt dly misu d rst d n e b n or an f or n ot o a e a a a w as e e n o of th e R e d e sig s us d y his i f m t , it is pr b bl th t V c v r rth riv r, ‘ e h a r i a a a e e an a o n m a t h a e of t e e e n o f a a o o . a b e t e wh il st t m t J m ll ll ws pl usibl xpl ti It y . d t ’ a a o n th e e w as f o r o e e a on h u n tin ‘ art o f t h e e a on at o e tan e o a V c s c mi g, trib s m r s g p s s s m dis c t w rd ’ h e an e e a e th e o n o e rn o n of a a an e n at a o a e t so uthwe st . B d li r pl c s m st rth p i t V c s w d ri g b u t l titud - o n e e re e on th e o ora o r e in e a a o n o n o t b e e e as thirty d g s . up C l d iv r T x s ; but th t p i t c uld d scrib d

n e a . n o t o e e at al l o a e a a e e n o at o e an e to r I t is , h w v r, impr b bl th t such m ti g did ccur s m dist c h m e h e h h a t h e o e in e a . a a e re e t t e r ad a e a e r a n e a e w rd s uthw st T x s V c . t ib , lr dy . by c t i cur s th t h ad o o n n an o n a e th e oo o f e r a n e to a e e e a wr ught up sick I di s . c cili t d g d will c t i trib s such d gr th t

h w as a r e as an i e as a e a e ne m an . Th e e s h n e arn e e e a a . . T a ad e e r g d d m gici . , gr t m d ici y vid tly l d m h . h e a . on n n e e e o e e h ad e t a e h e n n t o a o o a o e . T a f ct Up his c mi g m g th m . th r f r , c rd i l w lc m I di s a e e l l e n n n n a e a e an d re e o e i a a a r a e o e t e . e to g th r d th i t d ski s i t gr t p il qu st d h im bl ss th m . imp rt ’ h e o e o n t h e o m a ar e . e o n a oa o f o o n a o c m gic ch m t o th m With this p titi c mpli d . Up ppr ch C r d s an o n e to b e of e a a e a a t h e n a n e n re to o a e m d , sup p si g th m lik ch r ct r with V c . I di s v tu d s licit lik a or th e e a t h e on e n e e a a e to th e a an d e of h e on ﬁd in f v . with r sult th t c sci c l ss c v li rs . d ism y gri f t c g ; o r f e a - w o n n n an e th e ea e r a o . I di s , st l gr t p t th ir h nd ski s ’

. o a s Th e Wh it e Man s F o t in K ns a . 29

h e e e e h e e the e the awkward dile mma , t wast of pr cious tim , fac d crisis r so ut e l n e e c e e n e on e and n e l y a d ff tiv ly . Turk , mad to co f ss at c fully his k av ry , was put i nto chai ns ; thirty of th e most r e solute me n w e re s e l e cte d fro m h an and o n e n the e e e n t e comm d , m u t d upo b st hors s , with six sturdy footm n n h e th e e th e n e a accompa yi g . To t e app al of r st of comma d , that th y lso

n in the e n e e e ne na might joi xploratio , a st adfast r fusal was r tur d by Coro do , and i nst e ad ord e rs w e re at o nc e issu e d that th e y should o ccupy th e ms e lve s e ff e and oo n for a fe w days in se curi ng a supply of dri d bu alo m at , as s as n i o e possibl e th e re afte r should s e t o u t upon th e ir r e tur to T g u e x . S p rsist n t e e e e e in e n e e e n e n e e e , how v r , w r th y th ir solicitatio that th y v s t a d l ga n e n e e o n nd n tion to ove rtak e th e ir comma d e r wh alr ady w ll his way , a agai

e e e e th e n e e e e o e urg d th ir r qu st , with o ly r sult that a mor p r mptory rd r ne e e e e e n e t o e was re tur d , that , without furth r d lay , th y proc d at o c th ir ‘7 d e sti nation . n e n n e e e e n e I so e te n e o f Upo s tti g out Coro ado s ms to hav r cog iz d p , a ativ e e and n e e e e n Te as n n Quivira , as his chi f guid i t rpr t r , though c rtai y I dia s in e Th e n fe w e e n . e e w e re , for a days , pr s t lik capacity hapl ss Turk was tak in n n e n n alo ng as a mal e factor chai s . At this poi t a p rpl e xi g probl e m pre s e ts th n e are e n the e n itse lf . Whil e e othe r arrativ s sil t as to e xact rout e tak by n o Jaramil lo e e t h e e e n th e Te as Coro ad , stat s sp ciﬁcally that cours tak from y e e e e n e fol vi llage was du e north . That such a cours should hav b lit rally — low e d s e e ms scarce ly possibl e at l e ast so doi ng would hav e brought th e h n n n forc e to t e south e r bou dary of Ka sas far towards its e aste rn bord e r ,

the e e en in n th e o whil e topographical data as to th ir mov m ts Ka sas , m st dis l e on the e n e e e e e tinc t y trace abl porti of tir march , r quir that th y should hav

th e e an n . e e e nte re d e stat far w st of y such limitatio It is v ry possibl , how it e e n th e Te as e the n e v e r , that did mov dir ctly orth from y villag till Cimarro e e n n n e n n riv e r was re ach d , th crossi g to its orth r ba k , which is a compara ' e n n e n fe w n h e e tive ly op te rrai , off ri g obstructio s , follow d its cours e toward t h e northwe st till ne ar longitude tw e n ty - thre e d e gre e s ; th e nce two e asy e e n n the n n n n march s dir ctly orth would bri g him to Arka sas , at a poi t k ow ’ i th e e 00 Th e Cach es ne the e e n arly I8 s as , ar mouth of Mulb rry cr e k , a short th e e e n d e e n distanc e e ast of pr s t Fort Do g , th a much us e d crossi ng plac e . Th e promptitud e and pre cision e vid e n t in this progre ss so far w e may e e th e e e n e th e uiviran e I so e te e saf ly attribut to pr s c of Q guid , p , a v ry dif

t e th e . i fe re n charact r from tortuous Turk Such a cours e . n an e ntire ly n nne e th simpl e and atural way , co cts dir ctly with e lat e r move m e n ts mad e

h n o f h e a w a a i 17 . o e as t e a o t s e n to a fo r T u e x NOTE Ab ut th is tim ! m i b dy rmy pr p ri g st rt g ] . n an o a n e a e o a an d e a a a n d l a in a ta ttooe d I di w m sc p d fr m C pt . J u S ld ib r y hid i n g amo n g t h e ra n e as s h e e o n e th e e on e e e e o n as Ti u e x e e s h e h ad o vi s . r c g iz d r gi ! whith r th y w r g i g] g . wh r f rm e rly a e L a e a e t h e a a e fo r Ti u e x in h e r e as a s h e e n e e n a . o b sl v t r ! ft r rmy st rt d g ] fl ight tw rd . f ll i t t h e

an o f o e an a o o a . w h o h ad e n e a e e o n a n e o n e h ds s m Sp i rds fr m Fl rid p tr t d thith r xpl ri g to ur . Aft r ' n n to Ne w a n e a o s bme o f e e m e n o o a t h e o a re tur i g Sp i . I h rd fr m th s ! S t s ] th t w m n to ld the m th a t a s h e w as e e n o m e n as e e e and s h e e e n n a e e o fo r n i ne d ys fl i g fr m just such th y w r . v m ed s v ra l f t h e ca pta i ns Fro m this fact w e w e re l ed t o be lie ve t h a t w e w e re th e n no t fa r dis ' h e o n e e e o o a e e e n e o n ta n t fro m t e r gi wh r th y ! S t s rmy ] w r th xpl ri g . e C o o n a o w as o n t h e o n o f a n fo r a o o w as ro a a a W hil r d up p i t st rti g Qu ivir . S t p b bly ppro chi n g

e e n a n a a e in n e o r e a in . th e a e a a n e o f th e o e w as as w st r Ark s s . l t J u rly J uly If f rth st dv c f rm r . e o e e e o e a e o f t h e. e e n o a a o e e e a o n w as no t o s s e b f r sugg st d . s m wh t w st pr s t P tt w t mi r s rv ti . it imp ibl fo r t h e fugitiv e wo man to trav e rse t h e i nt e rve n i ng d ista n c e withi n t h e limit o f n i ne d ay Th e pro bable pro ximity o f th e t w o force s a t this po i n t natura lly pro mpts t h e qu e ry why th e y d id n o t e e n e e e o f t h e n a n o n a o w as o e t h e e f h e Th e e e o a e . T e m t . prud t r s rv I d i s r u d b ut d ubtl ss f ctiv bst cl n e ighbo ri n g trib es u nd o ubte d ly u nd e rstood t h e e x act co nd it io n s as to t h e d ista n c e a nd plight o f n h ad a ed t o n a e e o n e o o e a a . e a o a e o n e r o e e e ch rmy As ch c mm d r f il c cili t th ir c fid c g d w ill . th y w r i n o n e e e e e o o e e e n a . n a a e so e a e w f simply l e ft t th ms lv s blissfu l ig r c N it h r g r l . ft r m g r sh i n g o n o a e e e n o f an e a a a n a e to t h e o e o actu a l ac h ic me t w uld h v b y gr t dv t g th r . A m ee ti ng o r c n e re n e n e e n a n e o a e o e n a o n an o d e a f c u d r xist i g circumst c s w uld h v pr v mutu lly m rtifyi g . Such r l e w as th e re fo re me rcifully sp are d th m . an sas a e His to ri al o e 30 K St t o S ci ty .

n n o e th e en I so e te th withi Ka sas . Jaramill r marks that mom t p saw e Arkan h e e n e t h e e n n h sas r cog iz d it as south r bou dary of Quivira . As t e str e am

’ d n 2 e e on . e e an e 8 e was r ach d St P t r St . Paul s day , Ju , Jaramillo chos to h e e e an e n e e d . . I s o e t e e e d sig at it as t Riv r of St . P t r St Paul p d scrib d it as n o i e a h i ir n e e . . e n e t e u a b i g b l w , , som dist c south , of Q v villag e s , formi ng th e e e e e n n e e o a n thus xtr m south r fro ti r of th ir d m i .

n th e o e a e th e n e th e e n Crossi g at af r said C ch s , comma d mov d with curr t , i e n e n th e no e n n t h n . dow str am , alo g rth r margi of e riv e r , orth e ast for

O n th e w a e e on e n n e n ff thre e days . y th y cam up som I dia s slaught ri g bu alo e e l e e n e n e e e n to s cur a supp y of dri d m at for co v ya c to th ir villag s , dista t ’ c n e th e ne th e e e n n four days mar h , orth ast from ighborhood of pr s t tow of

t h e o f th e n th e e n an e n r Gre at B e nd . At sight Spa iards wom d childr ais e d ’ a gre at outcry and b e ga n to ﬂ e e ; but at I S O p e t e s calli ng to th e m th e y e n e th e n a e e o w n and n e n a r h n r cog iz d la gu g as th ir , at o c dismissi g all pp e e e t th e e w e n on h n n sion associat d wi h whit s ithout h sitatio . So afte r t e I dia s e e e a e o a h n Th e se t ou t with th e ir dri d m at for th ir vill g s t w rd t e orth e ast . n o e e a e and in du e e e e th e comma d f llow d by sy march s , tim r ach d Smoky

th e e e n e n th e e n e . O H ill riv r , probably at or ar pr s t Fort Hark r way much satisfaction was e xpre ss e d in vi e wi ng th e ﬁne soil and e xc e ll e n t nativ e prod

n n o n th e e e o e e in t h a cts abou di g al g wat rcours s , th ugh th y arriv d e dry

e a n o n th e o in th e e o th e n e s so . F llowi g Sm ky Hill d t ur through cou ti s of M c Ph e rson and ne e e e Ellsworth , , Sali , a tour of thr or four days , th y dis

e n e or e e n c on e e e cove re d m a tim six s v sid rabl villag s , probably at last ar

o n t h e n in u e e rivi ng at th e pre s e nt Solomon City . Foll wi g Ka sas d tim t h e an e e an e th e e astward comm d , it is quit saf to say , adv c d as far as n e n n e e n an en th e pr e s e n t Ju nctio City , as m tio is mad e of m ti g afflu t of h ad e e an an e me t Kansas riv e r which mor wat r th y oth r tributary thus far , n e e e n n e n a disti nctio that still holds tru , as w ll as mor I dia villag s upo its e e n rdut e cours e . B e sid s , that str am was lo g a familiar highway or with n e n n n th e I n dians of that r e gio wh movi g orth or south , probably at that

e e e n e e . tim , as it actually was for two or mor c turi s lat r me t th e e e th e n O ne of th e village s was Quivira , chi f villag of domai n n e e e e nt and k nown as Quivira , i cludi g at that dat , it would s m , all of c ral e e a e th e e e as te rn K ans as . Just wh r that vill g , capital , was situat d , I was ne n n e e m e u nabl e to d e t e rmi . From all i formatio thus far s cur d , fro r cords , e e e e d e n n e n th e publish e d narrativ e s , as w ll as from r p at p rso al i v stigatio of

o on o e h e e e th e n e coun try trav e rs e d by C r ad aft r r ach d Cimarro riv r , I am . h e n ot e ne te n e strongly i n cline d t o b e li e v e that did p tra i to N braska . As a

e n in th e e n th e ne e e n e u iv irans n ative o f that stat , bor days wh li ally d sc d d Q n e in e n e o e n e e th e e ( Pawne e s) y e t abou d d th ir pristi pr w ss , I lo g ch rish d hop that e vid e nce compl e t e and satisfactory might y e t b e disco v e re d that would s e rve to substan tiate th e long ass e rt e d claim that h e did r e ally e nte r and e nor e ff o i n h for a tim e tarri e d in that r e gi on . But tim rt n re s e arch upo t e

on n o r e n e e n e e gro und , traditi , docum tary vid c , has avail d , so far as I may

- n e th e e e e n . discov e r , to substa tiat v r r curri g claim Th e ge ographica l con tour of th e cou ntry i ncli ne s one to conclud e that

’ Coronado s h e adquarte rs w e re e stablish e d at or n e ar th e pre s e nt Junction

e h e and m e n e e e n e in e n th e e n n City , Whil his w r busily gag d xplori g r gio rou d ‘ e n e e w a th e n h e e n re th e . ab o ut . From farth st poi t r ach d to rd orth s t a — — qu e st to th e C hi e ftain of Harah e y a r e gion furth e r towards th e north that o ona h e would cons ent to visit him (C r do) . Shortly afte r th e dignitary ap ' Th e Wh it e Ma n s F o o t in. Kans as 31

ar d an e 200 e e o and o and e p e e with scort of brav s , arm d with b ws arr ws w ar “ ! e n n e e e e n o n - nne ing som sort of thi gs upo th ir h ads , vid tly imp si g war bo ts ’ e e e e o e e o e n e e o o n mad e of agl s f ath rs , but th rwis alm st tir ly d v id of cl thi g

e n an e e n o e o e Th e e o n or armor . Th s e I di s w r u d ubt dly fr m N braska . impr ssi mad e by th e m upo n C o ro nado s e e ms to hav e b e e n favorabl e ; but th e lat e n n n e ss of the se aso n forbad e lo g e r tarryi g .

o r n t he - Th e At this poi nt u last i nte llige c e of ill starr e d Turk is had .

o th e e n e no t n an e o o m e xact tim e f occurr c is giv e , but circumst c s s e e m t c

n n n e o f th e a e n e bi ne in i ndicati g this poi nt in t he re cord . Taki g adva tag bs c of Coronado and a po rti o n of his sm a ll e sc o rt whil e in con fe r e n c e with t h e

r h e o e e n o e in n th I n chi e f of Ha a y , Turk had by s m m a s c m co tact with e h e n n and e an e ne and n dians of t e villag k ow as Quivira , mad ar st pe rsist e t end e avor t o i nduc e the m to u n ite with him in m as sac re ing th e e n tire Spa nish

e The e n e n e e n . e e forc . matt r was commu icat d to Coro ado aft r his r tur Th r

n Th e e n e n t n c on upon a cou cil was call e d . e vid c agai s Turk was appare tly e e e e n e e th e n e lusiv e . It was disclos d by hims lf that v b for comma d had starte d from Cicuy e h e had mad e a c o ve nan t with th e chi e fs o f that vil h e e n n e n t h e n e n e lage that would , wh o c upo plai s , by l adi g th m far away e n e e n e and e e e n n i nto som e d e solate r gio , wh r , o c lost th ir suppli s tire ly co h e e h e e e n . t t sum e d , th y would all p rish by starvatio Thus at last myst ry of e e e l e e march in s e arch of Quivira is disclos e d . Turk had d lib rat ly d th m e n e n e a th e e e in an e south ast , i st ad of orth st , away from d sir d goal , att mpt th i u an n e I n e to discharge his promis e to e C c y mag at s . vi w of such dis d e e ar mil l e at n e n e ne an e . J a o closur s , Turk was o c co d m d put to d ath s cr tly dispose s of him quai n tly and appropriate ly : W e le arn e d of i t ! his intrig u in th e n n and n e and n e n g with I dia s] put him u d r guard stra gl d him that ight , n t e so that h e did o wak up . n n e e n e in n me n th Soo afte r this co f r c was had , a cou cil of his call e d by e n e e e th e e n e e n comma d r , it was d cid d that , as s aso for furth r xploratio was e e the n e in e n e and an e alr ady bri f , wi t r that latitud i hospitabl . att mpt to e n e e e e e me n and e b e ne n r mai th r , wh r suppli s for hors s could obtai d o ly e no t e b e e n e e n with e xtre m difficulty , could saf ly v tur d , th ir o ly cours e was n n e Ti ue x Th e to re tur so soo as might b to g . claim was put forth th at n in e e e n e e n e e th e Coro ado his xtr m orthward mov m t , to m t chi e f from Harah e e e e e e e b e ne in n y , r ach d latitud forty d gr s ; but it must bor mi d that the computatio ns of Spanish e xplore rs at that day w e re almost always too in e n e Th e e n e e e n h large matt rs of dista c . tir tim pass d amo g t e Quiv irans

e n e n - ﬁve no an n t n was giv as tw ty days ; busy days , doubt , d o e tire ly re n s altl e ss to e ith e r I ndians or Spaniards . It will b e otic e d th at duri ng his ’ n in the n th e e n n me n th e n n sojour cou try r latio s of Coro ado s with I dia s .

e e me t n the n e e e n e e wh e r v r orth of Arka sas , w r tir ly amicabl e . Th y fur nishe d e e e e and n suppli s to th ir visitors , act d as guid s , gav e i formati o n e e e e n e ne e n or n e r adily , xc pt wh qu stio d as to p rso al i t rtribal matte rs .

e n t h n e in e n e e e n Evid tly e comma d r this t e rpris e had s l ct d safe me .

e e n the e n e nte ne th e uiv irans h At first m ti g , impr ssio s rtai d of Q w e r e to t e e in e re th e n n e ff ct that th e r e was th e m littl e to comm e nd . But fi al parti g cam e e n e i a e e e n this hasty vi w was e ss e tially modifi d n the ir f vor . Th y w r fou d

e n n o n e n and n in o n e a to b i dustrious , raisi g c r , b a s pumpki s c sid r bl e qua ntity in th e valle ys along th e stre ams ; th e y co nstruct e d su bsta n ti al fram e works of with e s for th e ir wi nte r lo dg e s and thatche d th e m s e c ure ly with prairi e

e nn f e fo r and e n . e f n e grass , ov rlaid this with thi turf Th y ta d bu alo hid s wi t r an sas a e s or ca e 32 K St t Hi t i l Soc i ty .

c n . e e e n th e e n n n e n lothi g Th y also dr ss d ski s with hair r mai i g upo th m , a d t n e e n n e us e . b e e hus obtai d warm b ddi g for wi t r It may also add d that , so e e n e n e n n e e e e th e far as xt d d i v stigatio i dicat s , th y w r ﬁrst to i ntroduce th e c on n in n e n e e th e ultivati of cor our orth r latitud s w st of Mississippi , bring ing it from th e ir ki ndre d trib e s upon th e Re d riv e r wh e n th e north e rn migra n n e th e n tio b e gu . So clos was cultivation a d u se of this ce r e al associat e d w ith th e ir tribal history that in th e ir r e ligious s e rvice s th e y p e rsoniﬁ e d it as

e n th e e e n e th e e th e e e a tok or symbol of pr s c of Gr at Spirit ( Pow r abov ) . T n e e in e e n e his cor , pulv riz d a mortar aft r b i g parch d , mad e a ve ry palatabl e I h i n r b re ad . n t s u se e e o . n e m th e r hasty puddi g th y oft spok of it as o . Th e y " a e e and e e u s e e th e n lso gath r d dri d for dom stic som of ativ e fruits , as ch e r nd e e a . e n n e e o ri s , plums , grap s C rtai wi ld uts w r c ll e cte d and pre s e rv e d for lik e use . th e n e t h e and e th e As to atur of soil charact r of coun try, so far as vis ite d Jaramil l o e h e ne e e , r marks that v e r saw a b tt r r e gio n in all his trav e ls in n n e an n e e h e e e i h Spai , Italy , Fra c , or y cou try wh r had trav l d n t e s e rvic e Th h e n o f th e n a n . e e t ki g of Sp i surfac of cou try was div e rsifi e d by hillocks , e n n and e e in vall ys a d plai s , trav rs d various dire ctions by fine rive rs and e in h e e n e n n e n str ams ; short , writ s as co fid t that u d r prope r cultivatio it w o e in a n n e n uld produc bu da c all k i ds of crops . So favorable was th e im pre ssion made as to th e valu e of th e cou n try that a plan se e ms to have b e e n

n e ne not e e ne e n e h n n e t rtai d , if actually d t rmi d , to r tur thith r t e followi g spri g th e e n e n and n n th e e n e e n for purpos of co qu ri g colo izi g tir r gio ; but hap pily , ’ r e e n e n n - n e e e that tim arriv d , Coro ado s tire army was marchi g , e mpty ha d d , n e n Th e n n e e n e e e e in quite a othe r dir ctio . o ly survivi g vid c th r aft r of his n e e n in n e e in th e e e e v e r havi g b Ka sas was a cross re ct d , chi f villag prob n e e th e n erth e e e n h e ably , upo which was chis l d by comma d stat m t that had — be e n th e re as ge ne ral of an army of thirty - six m e n ! Th e route tak e n by his Quiviran guid e s se e ms to hav e b e e n simply a r e traci ng of his advan c e in th e n en e e e e the e to Quivira so far as Arka sas ; th c th y bor mor to w st , much of th e way followi ng paths mad e by th e buffalo in th e ir annual migra ’ h e n n t n Ti u ex t e e e . e io s , till g was last tim r ach d That Coro ado s r latio s with t h e uivirans e n e e n h e e f Q was tir ly amicabl , so lo g as was with th m , is suf i — cie nt ly e vid e nc e d in th e c on duct of his guid e s th e y w e re faithful . From n e e e e th e de t h e Arka sas th y brought him by a dir ct , much short r rout to s ir e d goal . e n e e n e ne n e n Th e re sults o f this costly t rpris , so far as co c r d Spai , oth r tha n e e ne of th e n e e n and e e e e in th e ge ographical k owl dg gai d cou try s trav rs d , w r t h e e nd d e sti ne d to be co m e to all con c e rne d in it a source of e xtr e m e mortiﬁ ca

n n n ou t and n a n n th e e e n e e e tio . I ﬁtti g mai t i i g xp ditio M xico had impov rish d

h e n e e ne n e n n e an n e th e its e lf . T i d bt d ss i curr d lo g hu g lik i cubus ov r

n e e n th e n e n e n e n n and c ountry . I st ad of s curi g to thro of Spai larg d domi io e e th e ne w n e n w e alth of provin c e s , as tim pass d cou try for mor tha half a n n e n n n e th e c e n tury r e mai n e d u nvisite d a d u occupi d , o ly to fall ﬁ ally u d r n n e no n e e e e e n c ontr o l of an u fri e dly pow r , li al h ir of Castil succ di g to its

ne fo r e n n n e n e e t o e e e n a poss e ssion . Casta da , som u k ow r aso , s ms hav b p pr e h e n siv e that n e ith e r th e fe e bl e band that e xplor e d and discov e r e d so

e n e e e e n nor e e e n much in t h e provin c e that r d r d it d sirabl to Spai , th ir d sc d

n e e e e an n e e . n th e a ts , should v r d riv y adva tage th r from Accordi gly pro p o se d sch e m e of re turning thith e r th e e nsui ng y e ar to c onqu e r and c o loniz e ’ a n e n th e e n n t he cou n try was ne v e r und e rt k e . Wh whit ma s foot was agai

’ ’ a s oo in a ns a Th e l l h ite M n F t K s . 33

no s e e n it cam e from th e more be nign su n risi ng . A th e r m anne r o f man ap e are d th e e n e n o f th e e o n e ne e n e the p , whom d iz s prairi s so l ar d to r cog iz as n and n n th e e and e a e maste r alik e of th e cou try its i habita ts , facil v rs til n Fre nchma . n e n a a O ne furthe r i ncid e n t m e rits otic at this poi t , a f i lure th t s e ri ously

h e e e . no c e mars the re cord of t e discov ri s actually mad It is ti abl e that . whi l e Coro nado was for twe nty - ﬁve days busily e ngage d in his e xploratio ns e e no e n n an in the re gion ro u ndabout . th r is m tio that y of th e se e fforts w e re

he e e a e n th e e f w d ire cte d toward t ast , at l st furth r tha Big Blu , a e mil e s e n n n Th n e e e . e e ast from his probabl h adquart rs , at or ar Ju ctio City atural n n b e th e n n e n e o ne the e xpla atio of this fact may that I dia s , wh qu sti d as to n n in e n e ne n an e co ditio s that dir ctio , diplomatically r frai d from givi g y sp cific n and e n e n e n n e e th e i nformatio , so , wh alr ady withi l ss tha a hu dr d mil s of most e e the n n n and wond e rful wate rcours ast of Rocky Mou tai s , Coro ado his com mand we re fate d to re turn to M e xico blissfully ig noran t of th e e xiste nc e h Th e e and e e and ne ar pre s e nc e of t e Missouri rive r . discov ry arly xplora tion of th e stre am was thus fortu nate ly re s e rv e d for th e ir more complais t th n e and c u reu r d e s b is in and e n t e rprisi ng rivals , e Fre ch voyag urs o o , who due tim e th e re afte r w e re e ag e rly pr e ssi ng w e stward from Can ada along t he ‘ n th e e n n gr e at lak e s and th e e aste rn afil ue ts of e Mississippi . So dish art i g ’ was t h e issu e of Coronado s e xpedition that for fi fty y e ars or more th e h e e n e ne e e n e n e ne dre am of t gold Quivira r mai d qui sc t , as l ast so far as co c r d

e e f e t e th e e e e n any ov rt fort ; y , lik familiar stag ghost , it p rsist tly would n n e e th e n t he n n o t down at th e m e re biddi g . It still i f ct d mi ds of Spa iards e th e e th e e n e n n th e e of M e xico . N ar clos of c tury , appar tly duri g y ars n 1 594 th e gov e rnor of N ue va Vizcaya commissione d Capt . Fra cisco L e iva Bonilla to chastise som e turbul e n t I ndia ns that we re harrassi ng th e e n e e h e n e e th e e e e e n n provi nce . Whil upo this s rvic co c iv d sch m of xt di g his t n and s e t e ope rations to he dista t Quivira , without authority out thith r . At n n e n n h e in e e su b ordi som e poi t , goi g or r tur i g , was a quarr l kill d by a h n e n d e n n e e t e n . Th e e e n at . Jua Huma a , who at o c assum d comma d xp ditio e n n and e e n th e probably r e ach e d c tral Ka sas , possibly pass d b yo d toward — - th e n e e e . e n e northw e st to som gold mi s . Black H ills , p rhaps Whil upo th ir n e n in e n n e n th e e n e n re tur , at som poi t south r Ka sas , appar tly tir comma d e e n in e and was massacred , whil e asl p by ight camp , sav two , a boy a girl , Th e e n w ho e scap e d by th e aid of som e rovi ng I ndians . story of Gov r or ’ n O ﬁ ate s e xp e ditio will appe ar late r . e e e r in e e n in n The r ad e r will hav obs e rv d e e this that his mov m ts Ka sas , n e n e n e an e n n no t ne e an a nd e v e e arli r , Coro ado vi c d habitual p cha t , c ssarily n e e n th e e e me t n u nwis e trait , to co form his mov m ts to cours of str ams upo e n the n h e e n n e n a n th e way . Aft r crossi g Arka sas mov d alo g its orth r m rgi , n till i nformati o n giv e n by the I ndians i ndicate d that h e must aba ndo it .

n e ne e n e e an e e R e tai ni g his g ral dir ctio , how v r , e asy march of thr or four

n e c t h e ne the e e n e d ays would bri g his s ort to Smoky Hill , ar pr s t Fort Hark r .

' e h e n e fol lo w e d in e n e o as a e de This str am u doubt dly its south r d t ur , lr ady

e e e e n o e e e n n n e e n e fe w e s c rib e d , th r by m ti g m r fr qu t I dia villag s ; th c a mil s

e n the n e c to e ast h e cam upo Ka sas riv r , whi h brought him without dou bt ’ d e e to th c n an e e . n an ce th e t h e R e publi a , quit lik ly Big Blu A mom e t s gl at map o f th e stat e wo uld p e rhaps sugg e st to th e Ka nsa ns o f th e pr e s e nt day

e nc o n c o ma b e e t o e e e e e n e e n and that th y , u s i usly , it y , hav som d gr t r d i to — 3 ansas a e s orica o 34 K St t Hi t l S ciety .

’ e n n n p e rpe tuat d Coro ado s liki g for stre ams . Duri g his bri e f e xploitation of th e e n h e e e e n th e e n th r gio was rar ly if v r dista t from R publica , e Kansas , h e th e t e . e e e Big Blu , or Smoky H ill Str ams , mor ov r, as Jaramillo, w h o

e an n th e e en th e n e e r wrot accou t of mov m ts of comma d , wis ly obs rve d , fu n th e e t and th e e and e e ish b s soil most vari d products , th r unto th e y that are wise do e ve r congr e gate ; flourishing towns and citi e s b e d e ck th e m at e asy

n e and e en th e o e n i t rvals , v s rdid railways s e m e ve r so blithe as wh en in n Y t h h th e ir close compa y . e t e bards of t e state le av e th e se fair stre am s still unsung

e n n th e - e e B e for dismissi g ﬁ ally multi local th m , Quivira , it may b e of som e i nt e re st to r e vi e w bri e ﬂy the tre atm ent accord e d to it by th e e arly e The n e e e e n ge ograph rs . umb r of thos that ssay d to give it a actual habitat , e n e e n e e e n n n e as w ll as a am , is at l ast ot worthy , som of th m havi g lo g si c

e n e e n n . in e b e en accord d ho orabl r cog itio First ord e r of tim , so far as som e e e e e en e n th e n e Zaltie ri an n r s arch has afford d vid c , sta ds am of , Italia , e e 1566 e n ne th e e e e e n whos map , dat d , is m tio d as probably arli st that pr s ts contine n t distinct e n h e n Am e rica as a from Asia . B ri g Strait e d sig ate s as n ian n th e e e n e in th e S treto d e A . Upo this map r alm of Quivira is giv plac n e n n e e b e c e ntral part of Alaska , occupyi g appar tly a co side rabl t rritory e n th e n and th e n n n n th e e n twe Yuko Alaska mou tai s , upo south r coast . Once thus locat e d it s e e ms to have b e e n re garde d as con ve n i e n t th e re or

- in n n n e . n e e ot e e 1 4 ar by at will Furla i , a map sk tch d but grav d , 57 , accords ’ h e n e 1 6 e e e n me al it t e sam positio . M rcator s map of 5 9 had , how v r , m a ti th e e e n re ady tran sfe rr ed Quivira to e xtr m southw e st coast of Alaska . O ce ’ an e rt e lin 15 given place th e re by such authority as M rcator , O s maps of 70 ’ ’ ’ 1 D 1596 W t ﬂie t s 1 59 uadu s s 1608 and and 589, e Bry s of , y of 7, Q map of ,

’ ' 16 al l ow its osition t o e n e e n n e Hondius s of 09, j p r mai ss tially u disturb d , save e n e n th e e e n e M olineu x n e a slight t d cy toward ast . M a tim , upo his glob of ne n e e en n e n 1592 , had assig d Quivira a positio ast of Cap M doci o , appar tly n n n n e e ast of th e Coast Ra ge mou tai s . A lik e dispositio was mad of it by

Battista Ag u es e upon an undate d map . n 1 1 e e e e e n e n e th e e A rcan e de l I 66 th r app ar d at Flor c , Italy , u d r titl e n e e e - e e n M are , a coll ctio of maps , s v ral of th m ( thirty thr ) relati g to e e i e n - e e e Am e rica . The author , Rob rt Dudl y , who d ed tw ty two y ars b for , e e n n n e and e ne h e in n m e rits sp cial m tio . Of obl birth ampl fortu , was tur n e an en ne e and n e e a valiant s e am e , a hydrograph r , gi r , ﬁ ally a g ograph r, in n e e n th e e e and of honorabl e r e pute all . O e of th s e maps pre s ts b st arly

- - e vi e w of our we st e rn coast from latitud e thirty e ight to forty nine d gre e s .

n e r e - ﬁve - e e e e Th e une xplore d i t rio , from latitud forty to forty ight d gr s , is h n h e - e e de signate d as t e ki gdom of Quivira . Now that t far fam d r alm has an e n n n th e n n th e e b e com e migratory , as rra t k ight amo g domi io s of arth , its

n n e e - e e n e e e at stride s in this i sta c , from latitud sixty to forty s v d gr s , a

‘

n and a n e e n . singl e st e p, are surprisi g , dmit of o asy lucidatio A map pub ne an n n e e l ish e d in 1710 by John S e x , E glishma , plac s Quivira still furth r ° n e e 39 I n e 1 8 1722 e ast , lo gitud latitud a lat r map , Paris , by Guil th e e e e n e e e e laum e de Lisl e , lusiv r alm from lo gitud latitud gr ts n th h e e n e e us as having place upo e h e ad waters of t e Platt rive r . Th c , lik e n e n e n e o r e e a supe rannuate d actor , it v tur s its ﬁ al app ara c , rath r is forc d

— ’ O n Hond iu s o m a f 1611 th e o n e 1s n e re on th e e a o nn n NOTE 18 . W rld p o , l gitud umb d qu t r, ru i g f ro m 1 to 360 d e gre e s ; be gin n i n g at a p o in t in th e A tlan tic abou t ﬁ ve d e gre e s e ast o f th e e xtre me o n in a e ast e rn p i t Br zil . ' o s s Th e Wh it e M an s F o t in Kan a . 35

th e e an e ne e n and to masqu e rad e for a bri e f s e ason , far to ast , as va sc t ill

h n e e e o o a e b e om e ne d cre ation of t e ig obl Turk , who th r by m st appr pri t ly cam e th e e arli e st k n own crimi nal judicially c ond e m ned and duly e x e cute d n a withi n the limits of fair Ka s s .

OUR EARLIEST KNOWLEDGE OF KANSAS .

’ w e in e o n . e n e n e Such , bri f , was C ro ado s march But wh paus to i quir

n o th e e n e w e are what w e re th e adva tag e s accrui ng fr m costly adv tur , , to W e e e e o n e o n o f o e no n e . our surpris , r strict d to a c f ssi alm st absolut ig ra c

n n e e n e n n 200 e e t he k ow o ly that th r was fou d a r gio . dista t l agu s toward

e Ne w e c o e e e n o e north ast from M xi , d e scrib d as a v ritabl la d of pr mis , fair n e o n o f n and e n e n . to look upo , worthy of futur i v stigatio By a stra g ir y

e e e to Ne w e and e e e e re n fat , how v r , M xico to M xico its lf it prov d lo g a Th e n sourc e of d e trim e n t and ultimat e ly of bitte r mo rtiﬁcat io n . k owl e dg e

e th e o r n n o n in th e n acquir d as to topography e xisti g i dustrial pportu ity cou try , n I n th e e n e n e n e e n n . so far as s , was practically othi g short , tir u d rtaki g and no Th e and e e n was simply all cry wool . activity r sourc s of Spai thus prodigally lavish e d in this and oth e r e xplorations withi n our pr e s e n t d o mai n

‘ e e n o s i n b u t n n n o n e . e l ft absolut ly g of good , abu da t i dicati s of vil Ev ry

e e — o n and n o — s e t e o arly e xplor r de L e , Narva e z , Soto , Coro ad brav ly f rth e and e n ne e ne e e e e e with th ir hosts , of th m all Coro ado alo r tur d , v r th r aft r h n in e n n e e n e and e man . T e a disappoi t d humiliat d Spa iard ach i sta c , sav n e e e b e e o f th e e n e that of Coro ado , s m d to d void amiabl facility to co ciliat

th e n e n e e h n e me t th e th e co ﬁd c or r gard of t e ativ e trib s by way , with

logical re sult that th e ir armi e s p e rishe d and th e ms e lve s wi th the m .

- I n But a cou n te rpart to the s e ill starr e d e nt e rpris e s is not far to s e e k . d u e e n n e e e e n e man e re o n e e s aso , from a oth r quart r , a diff r t typ of l g b cam

n n t he n n . h th k ow to I dia s From t e r e mote East , by way of e Gre at Lak e s , e e th e n e n n not m an app ar d complaisa t Fr chma , as a of authority , but as a e o e n n e e e th e n e e e n e e f ll w b i g , willi g to associat fr ly with ativ s , v to b com one i e in n e e and in e n e n e b e e too w th th m i t r st ffort . H is i ﬂu c , to sur , was e e n not e e n e f w in fr qu tly what it should hav b e . How ve r a b e tt e r class , though e n e e e n e e e and ne b e to umb r , w r willi g to liv with th m , to toi l with th m , i f e d e and e e in e e suff r ch rfully aid th e m b e tte r ways of livi ng . It is to two of th s

e - e e ne e e e n n a and n s lf d vot d pio rs of b tt r thi gs , a missio ry a layma , that I

e e e to n e e n n e e e e th e e e n d sir bri ﬂy i vit att tio , as a s qu l or suppl m nt to pr c di g ’ n e o f n e e e in 1672 n on e n c arrativ Coro ado s tour . It s ms that lat Cou t Fr t a , e n e n Ne w n e th e e n n e th e th gov r or of Fra c , at sugg stio of his subordi at ,

n e n n n e n o e o e in o an e e I t da t Mo si ur Talo , auth riz d L uis Joli t , c mp y with P r

e e e n o me n ven e rabil e e t rae cl a ru m to e e e Jacqu s Marqu tt , p , proc d w st by way of th e gre at lak e s and u nde rtak e an e xploration o f the cours e of th e

th w o e . e t e i e e nc e n M ississippi riv r to its mouth Promptly , aid d by f v Fr hm

e e e n e e e e n n n n as row rs , r port d at Macki aw D c mb r 8 sui g . Whil e wi te ri g e e th e n n h h r , with aid of such i formatio as e was abl e to acquire from t he

n n in th e n e e n o I dia s vici ity , Fath r Marqu tte e d e av re d to sk e tc h t h e c o urs e

t h e e e in a rude n n th e n t aﬁl ue nts o r of gr at riv r , . way , i dicati g poi s at which

e n n b e me t o n e e e 1 16 n o u t villag s of I dia s would up ith r sid . May 7 , 73 , s e tti g

n e e n e e e n and th e e t from Macki aw , th y asc d d Gr Bay Fox riv r , by a shor

a e e n e e th e n n e and ne 1 . n o th a port g t r d Wisco si riv r , Ju 7 pass e d out i t e gre t

e e e n e e o on e e th e n e riv r its lf . Th c th y s r ach d mouth of the Ark a sas . H re th e y w e re i nfo rm e d by t h e Ark ansas I ndi an s that s o m e of th e tribe s b e l o w an sas a e s or ca c e K St t Hi t i l So i ty .

e e e and e n e n w r hostil , that furth r adva c was da ge rous . U nabl e th e re fore to on n e e e e e e fe w c ti u th ir way , th y tarri d h r a days , Marqu e tte m e antim e busily occupi e d in qu e stioni ng th e I ndian s as to th e topography of th e cou n ' n th e o f n try rou dabout . By aid i formation thus gai ne d h e was abl e withi n t h e fe w days to trac e in outli ne upon his map the cours e of th e Wisconsi n and M h e e e ississippi , so far as had actually vi w d it , as we ll as to n ot e th e n th e n n t h e th e n poi ts at which Wisco si , Missouri , Ohio a d th e Arkansas dis e n c harg d i to it . ’ th e ne e e n and So far work do was Marqu tt s o ly , as such was an origi nal and e n n e n e valuabl co tributio to g ographical k owl dge . But wh e n h e pro c e e de d to i nte rrogate th e I ndian s ( th e Arkansas) as to th e location of othe r e and e e e n th e n n trib s th ir villag s , by m a s of sig la guag e , h e b e cam e th e n and th e n n e e in th e e e e willi g pupil , I dia s w r , compl t st s ns e , his i nstructors — an e e ne in th e e n e e and ccl siastic thoroughly trai d curr t lor , s cular sacre d , e n n th e e of his tim , thus sitti g a willi g pupil at f e t of savage s ! But this in n e e e n e h e e structio thus acquir d , v from savag s; was abl to l e ave so re cord e d a e n one th e e e n th t it has prov of most r markabl productio s of th e tim e . e n e n n e n e h e e Though tir ly ig ora t of th ir la guag , has y t l e ft us a chart that in e th e e we n e e n n dicat s sit s of t ty or mor villag s of su dry tribe s , ot more n e e h e e e n th e th tha two or thr of which v r saw , upo Mississippi , e Missouri , th e n n and e e e e n Arka sas , Ka sas Platt riv rs , som of th m at a dista c e of 300 e A nd e t th e n ne e e e mil s . y locatio s assig d to th s villag s by his I ndian tutors e e in n n I n e n w r e ach i sta c e cre ditably accurate . xpla ation of this state m e nt e i e e n e e e e r a bri f d v rg c from our prop r subj ct may p haps b e allo wabl e . I n n th e five e n e n th e e m an the n additio to s s s commo to whit , pristi e Indian e e e in e e in s e ms to hav e poss ss d a sixth , which his mod of lif was som e r e sp e cts — th e n h the most re ady and vigorous of all topographical s e s e . T e d istanc e ’ e e e n th e e e e e n e of a day s trav l , v though rout had r p at dly cha g d dire ction nd e e n h e e e e t he a lay through a rugg d , difficult r gio , could r adily stimat as I n nne n e . e a e h e b e e flie s , with comparativ accuracy lik ma r at y tim could e e e e n on e sk e tch th e g e ne ral surfac f atur s of a r gio c familiar . Tak e a wild n n not e t e th e e m an n in e x I dia , y spoil d by whit , i to a school build g , for e u e n e for n e ampl , p two flights of stairs , allow him to t r a classroom a mi ut , n n e and e e h the n pass him from th e buildi g by a oth r door , at r qu st e will e in e th e n e e in n ame th e numbe r of st ps ach flight of stairs , umb r of d sks n e e th e e e n n th e and e th e room e t r d , approximat dim sio s of room , sk tch h n th e n h e e n e e h with fair accuracy t e fro t of buildi g at which t r d . T e cast ’ n n n in e e e e e n e e e of an in te llige n t I dia s mi d this r sp ct s ms , to a c rtai d gr , e b e in e e n e n an e t o b e fundam e ntal . It app ars to a limit d s s o ly , acquir d trait .

n e e r e t he n e an n en e and I n its actio it s e ms rath to partak of atur of origi al s s , b e com e s thus comparative ly e arly one of th e most facil e and r e spon siv e of ’ n e e e e e in e e n his m e ntal e ndowme ts . Marqu tt s map is th r for , all its ss tial

e e n n e n e . n e e fe atur s , a product of this sp cial I dia s s Co struct d by a whit e c n h e e en e n e man fro m his un aid e d re coll tio of what had s y ars si c , it would f ‘ mal l e e n n e th e n n probably hav e prov e n o s valu . C rtai o s of I dia s with for h e f w on th n wh o m Marqu e tte tarri e d , t e days of his visit e Arka sas , e e e e e e e o who had at some pr vious p riod visit d , or p rhaps m r ly pass d thr ugh , e n e n th e e th e localiti e s h e re trac d , i dicat d to him with si gular accuracy cours

‘ e n e e stre am as e th e e e e e n of ach co sid rabl / w ll as , sit of ach villag app ari g

. h upon t e map . n no e n th e n one th e n on e e re I n this i nsta ce , by m a s o ly , usual co diti s w r

an sas a e s or ca 38 K St t Hi t i l Socie ty .

th e r e e e e e e n th e e e t ib s m to hav progr ss d orthward so far as Platt riv r ,

‘ e not e n n e n an n e e though th y had actually tak fi al poss ssio of y co sid rabl are a , th e e e n e e e e n n e e in n a as gr at r portio of th m s m to hav fo dly li g r d Ka sas , p p arently re luctant to part e n tire ly from th e ple asan t condition s the re once e n e e e n th n joye d . B tw e comi g of Gov e rnor Onate ( 1601 ) and t h e massacre n 1720 n th e of Villazar with his comma d ( ) upo Platte rive r , a fe w mile s e ast th e n n th e n and of ju ctio of orth south forks of that stre am , th e Pawn e e s had tak e n full poss e ssion of all th e d e sirabl e land within th e vall ey of t h e e and f en n n e e n th e Platt its af lu ts , i cludi g th r i all d e sirabl e portion of th e e e e e n th e stat , xc pt a small district adjac t to Missouri , which th e small e th e e O ton tanta and n trib s of Oto s ( ) , Omahas ( Mahas ) Po cas , who had n e e e n e e th e co c d d , or at l ast u succ ssfully disput d , e suz rain ty of th e Pawne es e th e n Th e n i h ov r domai . poi t n t e distant South whe n ce th e Pawne e s first e n e e e n e n n n e th e Paniassa e b ga th ir r mot orth r migratio is i dicat d by villag , n h e n n e ar t orth e r margin of Red rive r . b e n e th e e e n r It will otic d that latitud s , as h re i dicat e d , a e re markably e fi nd no n n e e a accurat , though I i dicatio that Marqu tt had ny i nstrum e nts in th e n n h e I n n n n to aid him co structio of t map . thi s i t e re sti g a d valuabl e e e e e e e w e find e e e n e n sk tch , th r for , m ag r as it is , our arli st d fi it i formation th e e e n the o e en e n as to r lativ situatio of f ur pr s t stat s , Missouri , Arka sas , n n e Th e n e e th e e Ka sas a d N braska . k owl dg of r sults of this tour by th e e e e en e in e and n en n n h roic fath r , as vid c d his sk tch jour al , wh o ce k own, n e e e e n n e n th e e e and soo th r aft r ki dl d upo part of arly voyag urs trad e rs , e ve n the n busily e ngage d in e xploiti ng r e gions toward th e r e mot e W e st by th e e e e ne and e e e way of Gr at Lak s , a g rous patriotic z al that rstwhil was to e e and e e n th e e n e n e s cur a vast most valuabl r gio , tir e xpa s of th e gre at e n th e Re d e e th e n n prairi s orth of riv r as far w st as Rocky Mou tai s , to th e e n n e in ue e alr ady occupi e d re alm of Ca ada , whe c d tim it was transfe rre d th e n th e n e e th e e e e e e n h to co trol of U it d Stat s , first ff ctiv ch ck giv to t e

‘ n n n n n ruthl e ss aggrandiz e m e n ts of Spai upo this co ti e t . ' e e n n th e e M ississi i from n As Marqu e tt was d e sc di g Upp r pp , i formation , alre ady d e riv e d from th e I ndians h e had b e en pre pare d to b e hold in the Mis souri a mighty stre am ; but his first glan c e satisfi e d him that th e half had o n h e e e th e and e n e e e n t b e e told . As vi w d flood , turbid lad with uproot d tr s n e e e n e and oth e r d e bris torn from its ba ks far abov , sw pi g with irr sistibl e e n n th e e n n th e n e e n e mom tum i to Mississippi , b ari g alo g amid ma ifold vid c s e n n n e e n of its d e structive pow e r his frai l bark , his facil imagi atio was at o c n n n e n e th e e ki dle d . As his I dia row rs i form d him of vast prairi s that it e e e n th e n n n the trav rs d , aft r issui g from lofty , far dista t mou tai s toward e n sun th e n e n e n e e e s tti g , fo d hop was at o c co c iv d that by way of this gr at h e th e n e e n n n and e w a stre am e might saf ly pass i t rv i g p lai s , from its h ad n n e n e nh n e e t o th e e th e t e rs amid th e mou tai s p e trat u i d r d sourc s of Colorado , n — a n e e n and th en c e d e scending it re ach Califor ia fo d dr am , that still r mai s

n e e u r aliz d . e a n in th e n e Pe kitan8i 8miss ou rit 8 e Th e charact e r ( 8 ) app ri g am s , , chag , ‘ u d as oo in too Th e n e - a o f th e are and e b e so nde . Pe 8 a, oth rs , is to adva c gu rd

n e t h e e b u e Pa wne e s had at this dat e p e e trat d so far as Platt , t had scarc ly

n n c Th e n a e e y e t con te mplat e d p e rman e t occupa y . Ka s w r slowly approach h e o Th e 8miss ou rit th e and ing th e Kansas riv e r from t s uth . ( Missouris) t h e e e e e e n o e n th e e n n 8chag (Osag s) should , hav b l cat d upo south r margi of ’ an Th e Wh it e M an s F oot in K sas . 39

' n a e th n e in t h e Missouri ( Pe kitan8i ) at th e two poi n ts i dic t d by e am s script . The dotte d marks are an atte mpt to show more e xactly th e cours e o f th e

h n and th e e . Missouri , t e Ka sas Platt

E JUAN D PADILLA .

o n o na of an a Th e Pi ee r M issi ry K s s .

m e e not u nb e ﬁttin e o c e Th e re is a so b r, p rhaps g , phas ass iat d with Coro ' nado s tour to Quivira that should m e rit i nd e pe nd e n t notic e in this conn e c

n th e e e n an n e e the e tion . Wh e march thith r b ga importa t m mb r of forc , e n e e e n n He e vi Fray Juan d e Padilla , was duly titl d to sp cial m tio . was I n e e h e d e ntly a man of mark e d characte r and p e culiar powe r . arly lif had e nne e h e e n e n e s e rve d as a soldi r . This ma r of lif had forsak for a mor obl n h e f e w e n e e e e e e n e vi s e rvic e . I t bri f otic s that surviv of him th r is fr qu t d enc e that in his ﬁ nal calli ng th e re was an i nitiativ e promptitud e and pe r e n n h e e siste ncy that impre sse d oth rs . Upo arrivi g at Quivira must hav e arly be e n impre ss e d and attracte d by traits in the characte r and life of th e in n n e Quivirans ( Pawn e e s) no t y e t obse rv e d othe r I dians . Duri g his bri f th e n n e n association with th e m at that tim e , ma y soo list e d his sympathy by th e ir ki ndly atte n tions and s e rvic e s ; whil e th e m e dici ne - me n s e e m to hav e b e en e qually prompt in avowing th e ir disapproval of him and his proffe re d h e e e e e n e e i i nstructions . Naturally , s ms to hav chos to associat rath r w th

e e . n n th those of th e tri b whos lot was most difﬁcult Accordi gly , duri g e i e he e e e e on e n bri e f stay w th th m , pr f rr d to mov about foot rath r tha

mou nte d . e t Ti u e x Wh e n Coronado s out from Quivira for g , Padilla accompani e d h e e e n th e n e him ; but with t r solv , co trary to urg e t pl as of all oth e rs , that n h e n b e th e n n i t h e ne xt spri g would agai with trib e . Evid e tly duri g h s w n n n bri e f stay th e y had o his k i dly i t e re st . Though h e had me t oth e r h n h one e w e e t e e e e n e . n th t rib e s , to this illi gly yi ld d pr c d c So soo as e warm n e ne e e e e n n s e aso r tur d , th r for , with his littl compa y , taki g as a gift to th e ir e e e e dista nt charg a small ﬂock of sh p , som mul e s , a horse and mi nor arti e e e n s b e e n e h e e e e e th cl s as pr s t to distribut d amo g th m , ag rly r trac d e

w e ary distance of ne arly 700 mil e s . The e o e e e e e n n e I n d v t d l ad r, a Portugu s assista t , A dr s do Campo , two n e n e n and e and ne not n e n e th e dia laym , S bastia Luk , a gro am d , co stitut d ' n e t h e e e n n h in d worki g forc of prosp ctiv missio . R e achi g t e village s ue e n e ne n e e th e e n s aso , with his usual rgy Padilla at o c e r sum d susp d e d work . th e e e n e o f th e e n e e n e e n What was pr s t attitud trib soo b cam ma if st . So cou ra in th e n e t he e e n n th e n e g g was outlook , soo aft r r op i g of missio ary fforts

n e h e e n e to e n n e amo g th m , that v tur d d vot e som e att e tio to oth r villag e s .

e n e e e e o f e e e one o n This st p , misi t rpr t d by som his imm diat charg , so acc u t n n n h e e n n on e n ru s , wrought his u doi g . As was r tur i g from e of th se mi is t rations e ls e wh e re h e fo u nd a portio n of his o w n vill age in hostil e array

n e e e n he nd w s agai st him . Th ir d t rmi e d attitud e satisﬁ e d him that t e a

n e h e e p o e e n n n e th e com e . At o c urg d Cam to scap i sta tly upo his hors ; two

e n d h o ﬂ o n o o e e n e e an a e e e e e . lay br thr , as th y w r you g ctiv , b s ught to f t o e e e a e th e e n e n e Camp imm diat ly disapp r d ; laym , r achi g a hill at som dis

The o e n e e e in th e a n a a th n . ta c , s cre te d th ms e lv e s gr ss a d w ite d e e d h stil

n n in o c e the e as h e ne in a e and a I dia s a body appr a h d fath r k lt pr y r , ﬂight o o Th e t w o e n e e th e o n of arrows cl s e d his lab rs . laym qui tly await d c mi g of th e n e n e ne e e e th e n e ight , th r tur d , dug a grav , piously cov r d ma gl d body , an sas a e s or ca 40 K St t Hi t i l Socie ty .

and en e th e e e e in h sil tly withdr w . Of thr , r port was had d ue tim e to t e e ff e ct that afte r a we ary flight of ne arly 1000 mil e s th e y fin ally e scape d in safe ty n in to Pa uco , M e xico . ’ Such is th e curre nt narrative of Fray Juan de Padilla s atte mpte d mission and e n th n ary work d ath amo g e Paw e e s in c e n tral Kansas . Fortu nate ly e e e n e a n th e n e 2 0 th r is xta t a bri f ccou t of matte r from an i nde pende t sourc . e n e man n e n As alr ady i dicat d , Padilla was a of u usual ability , of quick disc r e n and n n in th e e en e e e n n m t , i sta t pr s c of xigenci s . Wh e w ithdrawi g from th e e n n h e e l e e and Quivira pr vious autum with Coro ado , car ful y pr par d e e e in one th e e e n n th e I n r ct d a cross of villag s , xplai e d its sig ifican c e to n and e e e n n dia s , charg d th m that th y must ot in a y way disturb it ; that such an e n e in th e att mpt would cost th e m d e ar . Though his comma de r and oth rs e e n n e e e n n h ne in forc urg d him to aba do all thought of v r r tur i g , e alo was e n Th e e n n n n sist t . sui g spri g h e accordi ngly s et out ; and to his pl e asa t e n th e n n A c surpris fou d cross still sta ding in its prop e r plac e and conditio . n n e e n e n th n e h compa yi g him w r A dr s do Campo a d e othe rs b e fore am d . Wit e e e n n n him w r also r tur i g to th e ir ativ e country t h e Quiviran guid e s , who , th e e n n e n e Ne w pr vious autum , had co duct d Coro ado by a dire ct rout to e th e e h n in b e M xico . To gr at joy of t e missionary e ve rything was fou d n Th comi g plight . e re c e ption by th e Indian s was e n couraging ; and natur h e e n n e e an e n e n e a ally b ga to co t mplat larg m e t of his fi ld of labor , with e e n e n h e im Vi w to r achi g mor dista t villag e s . Contrary to t e wish s of his e e e e e ev e n e n h e s e t m diat charg , who w r id tly b comi g attach e d to him , out ’ e n n n n me t . with his usual scort . At a day s dista ce a ba d of hostil e I dia s him e n n e e n e n h e e n e R alizi g at o c th ir u fri dly purpose , urg d Campo to mou t hi s hors and e in n h th e e n tak to flight , as so doi g e might b e abl e to assist two laym and th e ne e e fe n en e n gro to arriv at a plac of sa ty . Falli g th hims lf upo his ne e in n h Th e sav k s a last supplicatio , e was pi e rce d by a flight of arrows .

’ e e e cas t h is e e t e n n e and ag s imm diat ly body , scarc ly y d ad , i to a pit ar by , e ene n e e me n buri d it b ath a he ap of stone s . Th e write r be fore am d mak s tion of th e fact that so m e time afte r th e d e ath of th e martyr th e cross rais e d in th e n e n n e e e n by him Paw e village was still sta di g , a mut but loqu t wit n e th e e e e ss of st e m in which h e was h e ld by his adopte d p e opl . Th e fore goi ng accoun t has b e e n v e ntur e d at this poi nt with a vi e w to

e n n ‘ e e off ri g a e w i nte rpre tation as to th e de ath of Fray Padilla . Th r is , to any one familiar with th e Indian charact e r e re h e was d e bauch e d by th e e man an n n n e e n n in e e n e whit , obvious i co sist e cy h r . I dia s all ss tial matt rs e e n n m in and in n th e w r pro e to b e co sist e n t . Si plicity thought co duct was n th e in th e e rul e . If the y approve d t he origin al e re ctio of cross villag ,

ne e e e . Th e u nl e ss rare provocation i nte rv e d , th e y would h sitat to d stroy it n n n n n e e e e e o ly e xpla ation of its r e mai i g u disturb d , th r for , is that a favorabl ’ impre ssion as to th e mission ary s labors among th e m had b e e n wrought in n Th e e th e man e e e in and n e th e ir mi ds . charact r of as r v al d his walk co v r Th e e e e o e e an e l o sation impre sse d the m favorably . cross , v r b f r th m , was

— 2 o a a a His toria d e l a. C on u is ta d e l a N u eva G al i ia e o . 1870. Th e au NOTE 0. M t P dill . q c . M xic f ' o of o e n e th e e n e ra a a e of n to e a e n o n . S o ar th r th is w rk is titl d , by g l ch r ct r h is writi gs , sp ci l m ti e a e o o e in o a o n o e a o e on th e a e as a pp e a l h as be n m d t this v lum . c mp ris with th r uth riti s up s m sub h He w as e e n n e e t o a e an a e c t it h as o e n e as a e as t e e . p j , pr v quit s f b st vid tly willi g v r m k c did

n e o if a e e e re h e or o w n o n on o r on o n . For p e al to e xisti g r c rds , cc ssibl , put f th his pi i s c clusi s this re aso n e sp e ci a lly h is acco u n t of t h e e xpe rie n ce s o f Fray Padill a amon g th e Q u iv iran s h as be e n h e w as n ot a o e e e e n e as o o t o f on e a o n or e e n e . , at e . cc rd d pr c d c m st w r hy c 'sid r ti cr d c Still tim s a bo ve yie ldin g t o t h e pre vale n t se n tim e n t o f t h e d ay ; h e n ce w e fi n d h im grave ly re cordin g th a t t h e ea of a i a w as a e e o a e e a a e e n o e n a imm e d iat e l y t h e re af te r d th P d ll m d m m r bl by r m rk bl ph m ' a of a n e eo an d o e a e e n o e th e s u n gre at ﬂoods . displ ys bl zi g m t rs, c m ts th t v bscur d

42 Kansas Stat e His t orical Socie ty

e e ne e e e e n e e e n n c e rn e d about hims lf . Wh v r sp cial d tachm ts w r s t upo e x l orin in e e n e e e b e e n h p g tours rugg d r gio s , wh r passag could scarc ly fou d , e n e e e n n n th e e was e ve r at ha d ch rfully duri g hardships amo g for most . I n e n e en n n e n e r fact , it se ms that comma d rs s t upo such u d rtak i gs must hav e n e e n no e e qu e ste d that h e accompa y the m . Whil so s rvi g , obstacl s e m e d to

e n n e e . e ne e impre ss him , at tim s choosi g to adva c bar foot Wh v r his prie stly e e e ne e in e ne n h e e e s e rvic s w r dful , cas of sick ss or i jury, was ch rfully at e ff e n in e n n in n n hand to assuag su ri g , to assist dr ssi g wou ds , or admi iste ri g n n not nn th e e r e ligious co solatio . It is u atural that d ath of such a man , e s l l e e b e en e n in th e n th n n p e c ia y if his d mis sudd or viol t , mi ds of e ig ora t ' h rn tur l n n should b e associat e d w it sup e a a ph e om e a . “ n th e Fi e rc e , ﬁ e ry warriors fought upo clouds , e in th e The n ois e of battl e hurtl d air , e and e th e A nd ghosts did shri k squ al about stre e ts . ' X 2 2 GOVERNOR O NATE S E PLORATIONS IN KANSAS .

e n ns e n th e n e N e arly two g e ratio subs que t to ﬁ al , hurri d withdrawal of n Ne w e n e e th e an Coro ado from M xico , a sca t p riod to assuag sorrows d re e e n n th e n n n e t rie ve th e losse s that had b wrought amo g I dia ativ s th e re , a n n e e e n e w and v e ry diffe r e t i nvasio mad its lf f lt . At its h e ad cam e D on e e e e n Z e e J uan de Onat , a w althy r sid t of acat cas , of worthy m mory . Afte r t e dious ne gotiation s with th e vice roys D on Luis de Ve lasco and D on Gaspar de Zufii a e e n e de n e e e e e 1595 n 1598 h e g y Ac b do , Co d Mo t r y , S pt mb r , , to Ja uary , , ne n e w e e ﬁ nally was commissio d to co duct to N M xico a larg r , more vari e d and n I n e e e an e e 400 me n 1 use ful comma d . this body w r compris d arm d forc of , 30

— l His t ia d e xi o omo Prime ro ol i o me n to ara a or M e . T . F A M e o 22 . D o u . M xic NOTE c s p c , , ol e is t h e o f th e e r e of o e n t o o f e e rto u n u b 1 856 . This v um ﬁrst third s i s d cum s (m st th m hith p r f e o Th e a e r a o ri e in e e o e a e ar l ish ed ) re latin g to th e e arly histo y o M xic . m t i l c mp s d th s v lum s pp e d ‘ h e o of e e o n in th e D i ari o O icial in th e of e o . e e n a f ew e s in t f rm f uill t s ﬁ , city M xic Subs qu tly s t e e e an d o n Th e o e al l e of t h e e e is of th e se fe u il l e ton s w re ass mbl d b u d . v lum ( publish d third s ri s) t h e ra e and e a e at on e n o a na e . e re are n n e ff e e n e d is c u s sed in r st . b c m c u bt i bl Th i di r t subj cts j th is e I n on on e of e o e e are w e e e on e rne n e th e o o in e : R e vo lum . ly th m , h w v r, h r c c d , u d r f ll w g titl s d a l as o as u e e n e l N u eva- M e x i o s e h a n vis ta abid o d ead e cl an o d e 1 538 ha s ta l aci on e d e to s c s q c y s ,

d e er n im o d e Z ara te al m eron . 208 l d e 1 62 6 er cl Pa r o S . e , p G , p e n e re h e io n a e in N e w e o e a in th e e e n e e n e n Th is a uthor t d t miss ry fi ld M xic rly s v t th c tury , an d f o r a p e riod of e ight y e ars se e ms to h av e be e n an active an d e arne st labore r a m on g th e Pu e blo n n e e ia l at e m e z e e h e a e a n a e o h e h ad a i e o e an I dia s , sp c l y J , wh r cl im d th t duri g th t p ri d b pt s d m r th n e r an n a re a e re or if o e a e e e w as o e e a e re e 6000 co v ts, u usu lly c dit bl c d , c rr ctly st t d . Th r , h w v r, d g f re s e n e in a a e as h e w as e e e n t o e n a e in n e w e of a o n o t-a a o tl ss ss h is ch r ct r, v r urg t g g fi lds l b r, lw ys in or Th e ol e n e on s e a on a e e e n t o a l a a de sirabl e f e ature such w k . v um u d r c id r ti must h v b h im i o a on n o n a e e re are e e n e of a o in a e in t h e h or on s c mp il ti ; but u f rtu t ly th vid c s h sty w rk its p g s , f re e on i n e n i e a e e n an d as i an e l e n e n an e n e e an o b vi form o p titi s . d fi t st t m ts , , d st c ds ch tm t . th r is o ne n e t o e a e s e e th e a and e as i th e ore o e n e n o u s pr ss d l qu it a fr ly with p st futur w th m s b r, u yi ldi g pre se n t . ’ o far as a e e e n a e to ea n n o o n e o an eo e o of o e no r O n ate s e or n S I h v b bl l r , c t mp r us r c rd G v r xpl i g to ur is now in e xiste n ce ; h e n ce w e are l e ft to re ly l arge ly upon t h e vo lum e just m e n t io n e wh ich o e a e on e e n l h ad n ot th e a e n e is u n fortu n ate ly a co mpil ation fro m various s urc s. S lm r vid t y p ti c n or acum e n t o p roduce fro m such vario us m ate rial a coh e re n t or logica l n arration of t h e re ce n t n e e o e n an n in N e w e i o e n e n o o a e n e e n o r pre se t d v l pm ts tr spiri g M x c . H c it is , d ubt . th t curr t v ts o f o an e are at e n ot e n on e e th e a or r o are o e a e ra e as imp rt c tim s m ti d , wh il t lk um rs b ldly x gg t d ; wh e n h e i n sists up on t h e e xist e n ce o f rich go ld - min e s as -alrea dy u n d e r o p e ra tion withi n th e h e o n fl e o n t h e E s can s a u e s and A i ad os l i o f . u ivira o r a n e to 1000 or o e t mits Q . m g ifi s m r l ss i ict d up q j ’ n e e a o e o f e m e n Th e o o a a a a as t o t h e o e and o e a e by O t f rc ighty . t p gr phic l d t r ut pr gr ss m d by O na t e are also s o me age r th at w e are sadly at a loss t o d e t e rmi n e t h e dire ctio n ta k e n or th e dis an a a e e e a n o f e e a e e n on e are a o n a o e t o re t ce actu lly tr v rs d . C rt i th s c r l ss i c gruiti s cc rdi gly ll w d

a n o a e at e an a o n as e e are n o a a e e n t o e e as e . I n o e m i . with ut tt mpt xpl ti , th r d t pr s t s rv g uid s th r a e o e n e ro th e e h as e a e e an n e e a on a a o f a a o c s s , m r um us , t xt r dily p rmitt d i t rpr t ti th t dmits s tisf ct ry Th e e on of t h e o an o f adjustm e n t with i n th e limita tio n s o f a ctu al tim e an d place . d structi c mm d

an a t h e re o a n w as in al l ro a an a a a a o e as a e . Th e H um , p vi us utum , p b bility ctu l c t str ph st t d timid oa e a e ity o f t h e Q u iviran s wh e n e ve r th e E s c an s aqu e s or A ij ad os appr ch e d w as probably r l . Th y h ad n ot y e t be co me e stablish e d in t h e do m ai n th e n o ccupi e d an d h ad n o t arms th a t e n abl e d th e m ’ Th e o o f O n ate s e e o f t h e u iv iran e n o an d to m e e t th e se e n e mie s up on e qu a l t e rms . st ry s izur Q v y h is almo st imm e di a te re scu e by h is fe llo w tribe sm e n be ars al l t h e e vid e n c e o f be i n g an actu a l o re n e - I n e a n e x e e n n a n e o f n a e a e n e an d e e o n t h e a ccur c . bri f , it is c ll t i st c tiv stut ss d xt rity up p rt f o e n o t e e n e n n e a e n o f th e n e n an . e o n e e o . pristi I d i Such div rsi s w r , c urs , fr qu t ; but wh u d rt k a a a e n a n e o f a n a o an d e e ne e n e th e y we re usu lly dmir bl i st c s borigi l h um r cl v r ss . Wh pitt d thus ‘ a a n th e ta e an d o a an a a e e n n a a th e o e a o and a e t h e g i st s t ly f rm l Sp ish c v li rs , b i g tur lly m r dr it f cil . h a w a a I n dian usu ally d his y t will . ' a o o in a as Th e Wh it e M n s F t K n s . 43

n e n th e n e e a e e e e n e in of whom , upo r achi g provi c with th ir f mi li s , w r to gag

n n e e n n t he n c e farmi g , O at hims lf u d e rtaki g to supply e ssary agricultural

e e n and n e e e in o n n e impl m ts provisio s till th y w r a c ditio to support th ms e lves . Th e n n e n o e the ne e and n n k i g of Spai appar tly pr vid d dful arms ammu itio , at n n th e e e . e e e e n l ast a larg portio of th m To co v y r quisit subsiste ce , whil e

n th e and n the e o e e e - n n upo way u til farm rs c uld b com s lf supporti g , a trai e e e n e Th e n e n of ighty h avily load d wago s was provid d . colum , wh at last

n the b e e e 700 e fo r n upo march , was to clos d by a h rd of cattl , partly co n on th e th e n n n sumptio e way , whil portio survivi g upo re aching th e ir d e sti n b e e n th e e e n e h natio was to distribut d amo g xp cta t s ttl e rs . To d e fray t e e n e n e e re n n e e e e xp s s thus i curr d starti g , O at had alr ady disburs d ducats . The e e n e n n 26 159 an progr ss , wh at last b gu , Ja uary , 8 , was from S Bar e n th e n e in e n h tolom , upo Co chos riv r , Nu va Vizcaya , d ue orth till t e D e l

e e e 20 . n e n th e e e n Nort was r ach d , April Soo aft r crossi g to ast r sid e of this stre am th e advanc e was con ti nu e d in a l e isure ly way ti ll th e long - ch e rish e d n n domai n of Ne w M e xico was at last e n te re d . O ate at onc e s e t hims e lf e e rg e tically to th e task of visiti ng and con fe rri ng with t h e I ndian occupan ts ' e e e Th e e ne e n of all the pu blos that h could th n approach . g ral d e m a or of n n me t e e e e n e n n th e I dia s , so far as , s m d to vi c a amicabl e dispositio . Th e y volun tarily appr o ach e d t h e immigran ts with offe ri ngs of corn and oth e r sup

h f r nt n e t e e e o e s e e . L e t n n e b e n e n n pli e s , for r li f . p ds this i sta c ot d : I dia s , ’ n are ne n e e e e e h an as huma , pro to urs grudg s to k p th m warm , as Tam O S ’ he r n e e r e e . e e a e no t e n e the t r s wif did a g r If th s grudg s glutt d duri g lif , in n n e e e n th e son . e e e e e charg d sc ds to But this i sta c , at th ir arli st app ar in and e e n th e n e e e n e n g , v till colo ists w r distribut d upo th ir farms , ma y of th e nativ e s che e rfully aid e d th e m in buildi ng th e ir hous e s and op e ni ng th e ir e e n n n en ne e Y e t h n e n farms , v supplyi g clothi g wh d ed . t e e arli e r k i sm of ’ e e e e e n the e n n th s v ry h lp rs had , duri g ruthl ss occupa cy by Coro ado s com n e e e e n and in nd in ma d , doubtl ss suff r d bi tt r wa t loss prop e rty a life . A ﬁ t n n e e e e e e n e and n ve n ne not u n i sta c , th r for , this , of rar forb ara c ati ki dli ss , of e n n now e in n e worthy m tio , that r qui tal ki d is too lat . I n n n n n b But not all w e re such . at l e ast o e startli g i sta c e the fact e n e n n e e n e h e cam e ma ife st . Aft r holdi g a co f r c with t e chi e fs of thirty pu blos , 7 in e e n e e e e n e n e e n ne July , which all xpr ssio s mad s m d to i dicat e tir fri dli ss n th e th e n n th e e e n e n e e in o part of I dia s , xp cta t farm rs b e ga to s parat dif fe re nt e n e ne w o e and th e e in e e n e e dir ctio s to th ir h m s , soldi rs d tachm ts w r n in e n e e 1 e n movi g various dir ctio s . S pte mb r 9 , a much large r gath ri g of

’ e n e e n ri e s e t I ndians was ass e mbl e d with lik e re sult . M a tim Gov r or O at had

n e n th e e e e e su b ordi out upo a tour of obs rvatio toward r mot W st , whil his na e D on e n e Z n e e e t h e ff t , Vic t aldivar , was movi g astward to xplor bu alo n n the e n Z a w as e to t h e n e plai s . U po r tur of aldivar , visit mad stro g pu blo

Th e on o e and me n so e e of Acoma . e re c pti acc rd d to him his , far as app ar d ,

Th e n e t he o e e e in e n t he was most cordial . xt day , as s ldi rs w r parti s visiti g ’

e e n e n e . e e e c o n e plac , a sudd attack was mad upo th m Aft r a thr hours t st n e n an e a a o n t o a e n e c e c e o ly ight surviv e d . I st t pr p r ti v g su h tr a h ry was

he n o e and e n . n 22 1599 an a o n t b gu J a uary , , ass ult up stro gh ld was mad ,

n c e only aft e r thre e days o f u nr e mitti g e ff ort was a victo ry s e ur d . O f a

Th e e o n fo r t he o n 6000 in the e o n a o (500 e . populati of pu bl s , o ly b ut surviv d l ss

tim e was e ff e ctive .

The e n e e e a o n o f e n n e e e n e r aso abl xp ct ti Gov r or O at , as r comp s for his ansas a e s or ca c 44 K St t Hi t i l So ie ty .

n e e an phila thropic s rvic s , was ultimate in cre ase of his fortune from the ne h e e e e in th e mi s that hop d to d v lop t e rritory . But prior to that h e ch e r ish e d an n e n e e e ho orabl ambitio to achi v good for oth rs ﬁrst , by hast en i ng th e e e e n and n s ttl m t thrift of his immigra ts . as w e ll as advan ci ng th e com arative n th e A n p civilizatio of Indians . auspicious b egi nni ng gav e ground e n . n e e e . e e for hop But u toward limitatio s also d v lop d Soldi rs d s e rte d , and e e e e e e n farm rs , dissatisﬁ d , att mpt d to mak th ir way back i to M e xico , as

e - e n e e e n e e e . Th e e e proph ts of ill om , ag r to diss mi at vil r ports b tt r part , e e e e e at n e how v r , p rsist d , whil i t rvals oth e rs cam e to join and share with

e . I n n n e n an th m additio to farmi g , prosp cti g d mi ni ng we re in tim e at e e e n e o f e n e n t mpt d , with appar t prosp ct fair r tur s b i g re ache d . ne 1601 e on the n At last , Ju , ( Salm r says gov e r or s e e ms to hav e

e e n h e e e e th e e f lt that , for a s aso , might saf ly dir ct his fforts toward ast , e n th e n n Th e e n n n n b yo d mou tai s . sir so g of a dista t , gold e Quivira was not 2 3 n n n . e n e n u k ow to him A M xica boy that had se s e rvice , not e n tire ly h on orabl e n th e e e n n n , upo ast r plai s had told him much , but had ot altoge th e r ’ e e n h n b guil d him . At all e v e ts t e gov e r or s thought se e ms to have b e e n e th e e e n that it was high tim that much moot d qu stio of Quivira , wh e re it and n e b e e n and n e A n was what it was , should o c for all tak up fi ally solv d, i ndustrious chronicl e r of th e s e ve n t e e nth ce ntury re cords that h e s e t out n Fe n e e e an e n from Sa ta , accompa i d by Padr s V lasco d V rgara , a d th e M e xi c an e and n e e an - boy as guid i t rpr te r , d e ighty we ll moun te d hors e m en . Th e cours e tak e n b e yond th e mou n tai ns is som e what p e rpl e xing : one authority state s that th e move m ent was due e ast upon th e buffalo plains ; anoth e r e e n n e th e n se a an s ms to mai tai that his ultimat goal was orth , d with that in e h e n e th n e n vi w adva c d toward e orth e ast 300 l agu e s . Ba croft s e e ms t o e h th e e e b e e e e n e nd n sugg st t at cours follow d was varia l , b tw ast a orth e ast , ’ n e th e e n for a dista c of pe rhaps 200 l e agu e s . As gov r or s primary purpos e was to asce rtai n what e v e r i n formation h e might by a pe rsonal visit thith e r e th e n e e e e and e e e e in to Quivira , as w ll as of i t rm diat t rritory , th r aft r mov e th e n se a 2 4 b e not n e e en s arch of orth , it would stra g that his mov m ts may e e e e n hav at tim e s b e com som e what p rpl xi g . I n th e e e n e n n e e e e e e pr s c of such co ditio s i t b com s , th r for , a sourc of last ’ in re e th e n e fi ate s n th e e e n l ains is s g gr t that arrativ of O tour upo ast r p , o H n e man n n n no n e in e e n e . e far as k ow , lo g r xist c was ma if stly a of u usual and e e n n n e e th e n e e o f vari d dowm e ts . Ho orably ambitious to s rv i t r sts e e n own h e e e e n in n e th e oth rs quit as willi gly as his , must hav b far adva c of e e n He an e e se e e n e e r av rag Spa iard of his day . had y to , as w ll as a mi d v re e e unse lfishl th e n e e n the n n ady to appr ciat y , varyi g r v latio s that virgi cou n e w e e try disclos e d from day to day . Had his jour al surviv d would hav e n n e n th e doubtl e ss fou n d th e re i n valuabl e re cords of fre qu t i cid ts by way , as we ll as of nov e l and us e ful discove ri e s upon th e vast e xpa ns e s e ve r op e n th e e e in in e in e e e n h e ne . g b fore him what v r dir ctio tur d Not l ast pl as g ,

— 23 e e e on a e o e or Jn e e n a e w as a e e of th e a n a NOTE Th is lusiv p rs g , J s s p by m , m mb r r idi g p rty ,

e o e e n on e l e d a a n o n a an d e e n an a in a e f or o . n o b f r m ti d . by C pt i B ill subs qu tly by Hum qu st g ld rth o r n o e o a e th e o e h ad a e t h e o e e n e o a e e o n o f rthw st fr m Quivir . Aft r f rc p ss d m r d s ly p pul t d r gi a o n on a oa e e o a t h e a e e th e an ar e e Q uivir , c mi g up br d riv r, v ry pr b bly Pl tt . wh il Sp i ds w r busily n i n n a a ra o e t w o o e e an n an o e th e e gage d n cro ssi g upo b ls s ! fts ] , J s , with th r M xic I di s , impr v d e e r n a e e in a m e t im an d o o e e a n e of t h e o a on t o . cc si d s t O t , wh il Quivir , h , thr ugh h is discl sur s l r d de ath o f B on illa as we ll as th e subse qu e n t e n tire d e structio n of th e co mm an d .

— h e n o s ea e e e n o n e w as o a a e e o an d an . Tu NOTE 24 . T rth h r m ti d pr b bly L k s Sup ri r M ich ig d ian s fro m t h e l ak e co u n try h ad n atura lly co mmu n ica te d t h e fact o f th e ir e xist e n ce t o t h e I n n n an d o e t h e an ar in N e w e o h ad a a e n l o n e e d d ian s upo t h e pla i s . thr ugh th m Sp i ds M xic pp r t y c c iv n e an o f th e m as p art o f th e north e rn Atla tic oc . ’ oo in Kan s Th e Wh it e M an s F t as . 45

e e b e th e o o n e e n and n n e e mor ov r , would pp rtu ity of m ti g havi g i t rcours with

in r th e n e e e e e e n o n e e . e e e e e n e ativ trib s , wh r v r c u t r d Th r must hav b his p sonal d e ali ngs with th e m an e as e and si nc e rity o f ma nne r that c o ncili ate d

e on n The o e a e e t o e in d ire c th ir c ﬁd e c e . fact that his r ut v ri d from tim tim

n no t e o n h e e e ne e o s o far tio was without r as ; was rath r ar stly d sir us , as

e and n e e to e o e o ou e e o n e . tim opportu ity p rmitt d , xpl r th r ghly ach r gi visit d ’ n e e n in S al me ron s n e e n e e o Occasio al xpr ssio s compilatio , vid tly d riv d fr m ’ n t s n e n e h n o n n c O a e jour als , afford e vid c that e was e ag e rly a d c sta tly s e ar h Th e e e ing out th e cou ntry rou ndabout as O pportu nity p e rmitte d . stre ams w r n e e e n th e n e e e e e to t he e e e e at ot d as fr qu t ; plai s w r v r grat ful y , div rsiﬁ d i nt e rvals by g e n tly ro lli ng hills admirably adapt e d to tillag e ; t he climat e was n n a n ki dly a d e xhilar ti g .

In n th e uivirans e e me t e e to e n co trast with Q , oth r trib s s m hav b e e almost n n n n e e e in e e e o n co sta tly roami g , ma y of th m without sh lt r , what v r dir cti “ h e n e e e e n n e . T e e e e th r w r i dicatio s of gam pri m val law of xist c , what ! w e e at w e n and e e w e b e e shall , what shall dri k , wh r withal shall cloth d , n f s e e m e d to absorb most of the ir thought and co trol th e ir volu n ta ry e f orts . e n th e uivirans e e e e e n no e me t t h e Oth r tha Q th r w r appar tly trib s , so far as e f e e n e e e in an e e n e e e e e n r cords af ord vid c , that w r y ss tial d gr s d tary , or e vi nc e d any i n cli nation to cultivate th e soil with a vi e w to thus s e curi ng a ’ Ye t th e n e e n n e e th e e dive rsity of di e t . comma d r s p rso al i t rcours with trib s m e t e e e th e n n the n e e s m d to satisfy him that I dia s of plai s , abj ct as th y

e e e e e o in ne an o some tim s app ar d , w r far supe ri r e rgy d courage to m st of h n e h e n n in e t e se de tary trib s that had k ow M xico . th e e ne e n t h e Ne w e That ﬁrst g ral dir ctio of march from M xico , for a n e 200 e e and e e n e b e e e e n dista c of l agu s v furth r , should astward , with fr qu t h n e n Th n e t e . e e e e d tours to south or orth , was quit atural r gio thus xploit d in e n e . e n e e ne n e was div e rsiﬁ d a d attractiv At som u d t rmi d poi t , howe v r , th n e n e e e and e n e th e n e adva c , a cha g of cours was mad , h c forth mai pro n Th n n th gre ss was ste adfastly orthward . e occasio al otic e s as to e nature th e n e and e ne h e e e n ne m e to t h e of cou try visit d xami d , as progr ss d , i cli opi nion that h e probably e nte re d t h e pre s en t Kan sas as far e ast as Chau

t au ua o n . e n e e e n e e e n e un q c u ty Th c his mov m ts , as will b com appar t lat r , n t he e e t he doubte dly b e cam e more d e libe rate . Addi g to d lays thus caus d

n e n e e e n tim e d e vote d to d e tours upo e ith r ha d , it s ms saf to say that his ﬁ al

n e n e e n e n t h e n e adva c , probably to a co sid rabl dista c orth of Ka sas riv r , must n p e rforc e hav e b e e som e what slow . I n th e cours e of this fi nal move m en t w e are abruptly me t by one of th e n n e n in e e nn e to th e p e rpl e xi g probl e ms , no t i fre qu t our arli r a als , r lative u ne xp e cte d pre se nc e and i nflu e nc e of c e rtai n I ndia n tri be s at po i nts far re ’ Th e n e o o n o e in mov e d from th e ir origi nal habitat . arrativ s of C r ad s qu st n e e e n n n o f e e n n n Ka sas , fi fty y ars arli r , afford sca t i timatio m ti g or k owi g

t o th e c o n o n . W e are e e e o e e of such tribe s forc d , th r f r , clusi that th y had forc e d th e ir way thith e r duri n g t he half c e ntury imm e diat e ly pre c e di ng th e

’ appe aranc e of O nat e s c o mma nd .

Th n n e nc o n e e e e th e A i ado s o na e o n e ﬁrst I dia s thus u t r d w r j , wh m O t f u d

e o o f a e e c o e occupyi ng t e rritory imm e diat ly s uth Quivir . Th y w l m d the ' n o e e o e e ﬂ us ive l e e n fo r e a n a Spa iards , it w uld s m , s m what y , vid tly r so s th t

e a a e e e n h e A i e e . e e n e e t ado s d e v lop lat r Aft r r sti g s v r l d ys th y w r i vit d by j , th e u ivirans n e n th e n e ngage d in h ostiliti e s with Q , to u it with th e m in a

Fo r e a n o f o w n na e e o amicable visit to that tribe . r so s his O t r adily c mpli e d an sas a e or a 46 K St t His t ic l Socie ty .

and e e th e Ai ados 2000 n s e t , scort d by j , stro g , out with his command . A s e ne e e e n n u ivir n th y ar d th ir d sti atio , a Q a e mbassy advan cing to w e lcom e th e e n n th e n n e th e Ai a a gov r or , catchi g sight of accompa yi g forc of j dos , nd at n e e e n n e n e e in e e e n o c appr h di g som si ist r motiv th ir pr s ce , withdre w imme di e e e e e e e e l at ly , with th ir p opl , to a r mot part of th ir r a m . Th e re upon th e A i ados n e in th e n e crafty j , disappoi t d a ticipat d slaughte r , b e gan to pillage d n th e e n and e an bur forsak lodge s villag s . This ruthl e ss d e vastation O fi at e n e e e e n n n e e n he at o c forbad . R s ti g this i t rf re ce t disappointe d warriors e e e n th n promptly dir ct d th ir fury agai st e Spa iards , with th e gratifying out e e n 1000 e e e e th e n n com that mor tha of th m w r kill d , Spa iards suffe ri g no e e n n th e n n loss . Th s I dia s , so accou t ru s , had for som e y e ars b e e n wagin g e en e n th e uivirans and n e e in e n r l tl ss war agai st Q , had fi ally succ de d wr sti g e e - ne e th e n n from th m a valuabl gold mi situat d toward orth or orthwe st . I n a pre vious battl e with anothe r trib e th e gov e rn or re scu e d two ‘had e A i ados n captiv j boys . To display his k owle dge of gold and its qualiti e s th e e n e e n n e th e r n e t e old r boy , u aid d , built a small sm lti g fur ac , so sto y ru s , x ract d th e h e r an m e tal from t o e , d wrought articl e s with a skill that e licite d th e ad mir i e at on of the goldsmiths of M e xico . Th e y tri d to d e ce ive him with various in n n n e I n e o e e e . e h e e alloys or or s , but i sta c succ d d ach case r adily de t e te d th e th e e n e e Th c gold alloy by s s of sm ll or touch . e gold from th e ne in e n e e a e and mi Quivira was so pl t ous , so it is claim d , that rrow h ads h e n e e e . T e ne e oth r commo articl s w r wrought from it li age of this trib , th e Ai s e e n e n j ado , I hav dilig tly sought to trac , but without avail . Playi g ' ’ so ne n e in th e ri at e s e n promi t a part as th y did story of O tour of xploratio , e n e e e e e e n it is scarc ly co ce ivabl that th y should hav disapp ar d utte rly , l avi g n e n w e n e th e e n e en e e no sig . Wh co sid r xtravaga t stat m ts mad as to th ir i n n e th e e e n e e n th e familiar g ora c of valu of gold , as s rvi g bas us s o ly , most n l e th e e e e b e in th e e e e b e atura issu from dil mma , if such th r cas , s ms to to e n n ne e r re j e ct th e e ntire awkward fabrication . C rtai ly Ka sas v laid claim to such a Golconda ; nor did O fi at e e ve r actually counte nanc e its e xist e nce . Anoth e r trib e of which Onate had e xpe ri en ce was k n own as th e E scan

e n e th e ui irans and th e e e saqu e s , also e mi s of Q v , at tim of his arrival th ir

“ ne e e e e n e n e and n e e e no ne ar ighbor , m rits mor xt d d otic , fortu at ly th r is e e e n e e qu e stion as to th e ir actual e xiste n ce . So far as I hav b abl to trac th e ir history I am much i n cline d to b eli e v e that th e y we re of Ute stock , and so long as th e y app e are d upon th e plain s we r e probably pre datory ih h n e e n e n e and t ru de rs . T e m e ag e r re s e mbla c b twe e th ir tribal am that of th e Arkansas Indians ( now e xti nct) has b e en urge d as e vid e n ce of a li ne al Th e e e e re lationship ; but th e claim m e rits no consid e ration . two trib s w r n e n th e n e e e e e n radically disti ct . Th ir habitat upo plai s s ms to hav b sub

‘ n e me e n n e e e not j e ct to cha g from ti to tim , i dicati g probably that th y w r n n n e n the e e n e e n abl e to conqu e r or re tai a y p e rma e nt abod . Duri g s v t th ce ntury th e tribal nam e app e ars at varying date s in th e annals of Ne w

h n e are e e e in th e M e xico and e ve n of M e xico . If t e umb rs corr ctly r port d ’ h e h e e e en n . T n arrativ e of O nat e s tour , t e trib must hav b stro g n n e e e th e n n 100 e e ﬁrst locatio assig d to th m , ast of mou tai s , was l agu s

‘ i e n F z s e en n e Ne e . . e . northe ast of w M xico , , of Sa ta Lat r m tio is mad of

— 25 Th e o on e e e n on e as th e a o e of th e E s can s a u e s e e e e a NOTE . p siti h r m ti d b d q , if th y w r r lly w s o a t h e a e of e : o o n on h e a n a e e e n o of U te stock , a pr b bly pl c th ir ﬁrst s j ur up t pl i s ft r m rgi g fr m n n e a n n in d u e e o f th e e e n e of t h e u iv iran s an d e e a e o n th e m o u ta i s . L r i g tim pr s c Q th ir d sir bl c u n r e a e a a o e in a e o n a i e o e e to t ry toward th e o th st , th y gr du lly m v d th t dir cti , with v w , it w uld s m . n e o on a o e in a e e to a e h ad n o no e e of e disp o sse ssi g th m . C r d , wh il Q uivir , s ms h v k wl dg th m , wh ich in 41 e e re an t h e o n of n a e e e e to a e e e n l o i n dicat e s th at 15 th y w still dist t . A t c mi g O t th y s m h v b ' ' Th e l l h i e M a n s o o in a n sas t F t K . 47

e e n n ne th e e e t h e s n n th m as b i g upo or ar h ad wat rs of Mi souri . O ate fou d

e e n n th o u th e rn n ne th m bord ri g upo q s co ﬁ s of Quivira . At his comi ng the y we r e in th e act of m o vi ng northward agai nst th e u ivirans o n e on the t h e n Q , d i g much damag way to aba done d village s . At th e e n o n e a on th e o th c e e sight of th ir wa t d vast ti c mmissary of e for , Padr

n de e e n e h o n Fra cisco V lasco , mov d with compassio b caus e of t e want de

n n on e o th e n e e e e o n th e structio goi g , b s ught comma d r to stay th m . Th r up

n n ne n th e n and in t h e e n n e e e r I dia s tur d upo Spa iards , sui g struggl e th r p ish e d ne 1000 n n e e o e no t n e man o arly I dia s , whil th ir f s lost a si gl , th ugh a r n e Th e Esc ansa u e s a e in numbe w e re wou d d by arrows . q cl im d that this vi cinity the y had som e tim e be fo re d e stroy e d H umana and his e n tire forc e as e e e e n n the n in n T th y w r r tur i g from mi e s Quivira lad e with gold . h e forc e thus annihilate d at this e ncampm e nt was originally s e n t by t he gov e rnor o f e chas tise a e n n n e e Th e e Nu va Vizcaya to turbul t I dia trib of that stat . e l ad r , n e n e n e e e Capt . Fra cisco L iva Bo illa , aft r accomplishi g his charg , as dir ct d ,

n e se t the - ne n n n n had , co trary to ord rs , out for gold mi s of Ti da , orth or orth e 2 6 w st of Quivira . Th e n n the n n e e th e th e ne campaig agai st I dia s , tog th r with march to mi s , e th e The e n e th e must hav e consum d at le ast half of e summ r . r mai d r of e e e th e n b e e in summ r , tog th r with a part of autum , would busily occupi d m n n e e n e th e n n i i g . W e may th re for co clud , from slow re tur march , ma y of ‘ on e e e e e e e e th n th e m foot , w ight d to som d gr with tr asur s from e mi e s , that e e e e n th e the n n n e by hard usag , dis as , or th ft upo part of I dia s , a co sid rabl e e n n e n th e n n umbe r of th ir hors e s we re o lo ge r availabl . Ma y of wayw or n th e e n e and in n me , e narrativ e r cords , cam i to camp lat daily , such co dition n n n e e th e E n a u e n would sl e e p lo g a d sou dly . Just h r watchful s ca s q s fou d e n I n e the a e e th ir opportu ity . such cas s attack was always m d e just b for n n e e e Th e the n n in e daw , wh e slumb r is h avi st . task for I dia s such cas , was simply to ﬁre the tall grass simultane ously upon e v e ry sid e of t h e

and e e n th e - e ne e e e camp , with arrows s cur ly shoot dow half wak d sl p rs as th e e e ne th e y atte mpte d to e scape through th e ﬂam e s . From compl t ss of th e e e th e e n e n massacre wrought h r spot was appropriat ly am d Mata za , s l au h ter g . h n n e a n n th e e The abs e nc e of t e origi al comma d r , Capt i Bo illa , at tim of h t h e n e . e e n n t e e catastrophe , was cl arly u d rstood At som pr vious poi t upo n e e n e in n e march h e and his li e ute nant , H uma a , b cam i volv d a co trov rsy , with th e n n e h e w as n n e e n e u fortu at e r sult that l wa to ly murd r d by Huma a , who imm ’ Th e th e me n e n diate l y assum e d Bonilla s p lace and authority . fact that wh awak e ne d atte mpte d no d e fe n se would sugge st th e i ncompe te nc e of th e ne w n the n e no e e e e e e e . Th comma d r , as ffort s ms to hav b mad to guard camp e

ca ted at a o an e o o r o e a ro a e n a ed in a e a a re a sh rt d ist c s uth s uth st f m Quivir . g g p tty w rf ith th t Th e n o n i n t h e e o f th e E s an eo e a e o f o e n e . e c s a u e s e p pl . with vi w d isp ss ssi g th m m ti t xt q . wh il

o n no in o an o r a t. a o ta n e e n n a e o n o n o n no m vi g rth c mp y w ith sh rt dis c b hi d O t s c lum . c m i g up u c o e a e oe n o t ne e a a as e a a e to be o e e ) e an c p i d vill g s . d s c ss rily ( p ciﬁc th y lw ys tri d with th r trib s m o e th a t t h e Q u iv iran s h ad ﬂed at t h e a pproach o f t h e E s can s aq u e s . M uch m r p ro ba bly th e y Th e a e o f t h e a a o f na e i n h w e re at th e tim e up o n th e ir an n u al bu ff a lo hu nt. d t rriv l O t t e vici n ity w h e a e wo u ld i n dica te th at such as t c s .

— Th e e u iviran s Tind an e s an o r a n ee in a e are o e as N 26 . ed OTE t rms Q . . P is P w s this p p r pr p rly us w a e to b e no n n e e n n e a n e a e . A n n an e s e a e a o n a o r i t rch g bl y I d i trib lik ly k w u d r d iff r t pp ll t i s . cc d h o n a o o n o f e a o ed t h e n a e as e n o e r e n Th e in g to t e pe rs l disp siti trib s th t imp s m s b i g h stil o fri dly .

u iv i ans as n im a ed e e in t h e o rs e o f e n o n e a o f th e e na o n a o e Q r . just i t t , w r c u tim k w by ch d sig ti s b v w a n a ne e n a a e n e o e a e a o n o e e as a n o o f . Th e giv . Th ir c rr ct p p ll ti . h w v r. P i . P w e b i g v ri t f rm it e u iv iran s and Tind an e s e e ro a o n e e o e e as e ro a o n n a e t rms Q w r p b bly c f rr d by th r trib s d g t ry ick m s .

F o r a e o e e e ra n th e o f C o ro na o a nd na e . o e e t h e n e e n n tim . h w v r. mb ci g visits d O t t g th r with i t rv i g o iv i n s e e e e to a e e e n e n e a no n n as u ra . n an e e re no t p riod . th y s m h v b g r lly k w ly Q Such i st c s w n o n u c mm o . ansas a e s orica 48 K St t Hi t l Society .

n e n n fi re had appare tly sw pt th e e tire grou d . Thos e that e ssay e d to e scape th e e e e e e n through flam s w r m rcil ssly shot dow with arrows . So d e structive w e re th e flam e s that no fragm e nts of clothing or othe r combustibl e mate rial h e n r e e n . O n t e en n w r fou d oth r ha d . f agm ts of iro , bone s and hoofs of

e - e e e e n m hors s , bits of top boots , scatt r d sk l to s of en, and a chance nugg e t o f e e e e and e e b e e e n e e n gold w r h r th r to s , as ghastly m m tos of th e occur re n e Th e e in e en e c . littl gold that was vid c was , I suspe ct , obtaine d among th e not in n n e Th n Black H ills , but abu da c . e Paw e e s , as late as ﬁfty y e ars n e e e e e e en si c , som tim s xhibit d small sp cim s from that sourc e . Two I ndian n and the e e c hildre , a boy a girl , latt r som what burne d whil e e scaping from h e e th e e t e . e e e camp , w r sol survivors Som y ars aft rwards th e r e was a th e n n e e e n e i rumor that boy , Alo zo Sa ch z , had b com a ot d chi e f n his tribe .

Th e e e ve n e e e e . e r port , how r , was v r v riﬁ d Each of th m had b e en purchase d e e e e th e n e e from som trib by a m mb r of comma d to s rv as slave s . Such on th e e e e n e in e n was e of trag di s act d pr historic days of Ka sas . Th e e xact th e e se e ne e n n n n locality of slaught r is , of cour , d sti d to r mai u k ow . Th e e e e n e e n e i e t xt , how v r , i dicat s that it was som dista c south of Quivira , . . , p e rhaps mid way b e twe e n th e Kansas riv e r and the southe rn borde r of th e state . ’ J ust how long O ﬁ at e s sojourn in or ne ar Quivira ! Kansas] continu e d w e e e e n e e n n h av e no pr cis m a s of d t rmi i g . It may b e safe to surmis e at l e ast n e n e th e n a mo th , probably som what lo g r , with all ti me busily a d use fully o ccupi e d in various i nve stigations . Such s e e ms to hav e be e n his n ative

‘ e s e e n e e e n Hi b e nt , to h ar , to , to k ow what v r was valuabl to ma . s me n e e e e e e e n in e e n e n e e th e n w r th r for ag rly movi g diff r t dir ctio s , sp cially to orth - ne e e e n e ward , as rumor had it that gold mi s xist d at som poi t thith rward . h e th e n But in this se arch e fail d , though e de avor s e rve d happily to i n form h th n him fully as to t e characte r of e cou try . I n contrast with th e arid

w e and n e n e e x r re gions of Ne M xico orth r M xico , it s e m e d to him no e a e a _ gg e e e n e Th e e en e tion to sp ak of it as a v ritabl la d of promis . fr qu t str ams , e e n e e en n l and ad t h e wid e prairi s , pl asa tly div rsiﬁ d with g tly rolli g hi ls

r l e n th e n ne e e mi ab y adapt d to cultivatio , rich soil , spo ta ously afford d a vari o f e n n an n e n n n gate d growth grass , ﬂow ri g pla ts d ati v fruits , uts , I dia e e t c e th e e ne th e e n e e n potato s . . , that add d much to attractiv ss of tir r gio , e e s o far as h e was abl to vi w it . n e e n t n th e e e Th e I ndia s me t impr ss d him o a lway s pl e asa tly . Of thr e n n e h e e e e e e e e e trib e s spe cially m tio d , s ms to hav obs rv d littl that licit d h v r I n th e E s cansa u e s and admiration save in th e cas e of t e Qui i ans . q A ij ados his soul fou nd no pl e asure ; and ye t h e was e ve r re ady to re cogniz e e ne in e m e n e e e me t and appre ciat e g rously traits of good his f llow , wh r v r . m e n e e e e th e n e n e e n th e W e ay saf ly co clud , th r for , that pu ishm t b stow d upo th e A i ados and t h e E scans a u e s e n e two tribe s , j q , was giv with h arty good Th e u ivirans and h e e n n e e im will . Q , had ampl opportu ity to k ow th m w ll , I n e e e e e e e n e pre ss e d him v e ry diffe re ntly . charact r th y s m to hav b affabl e e n e and e e n and e e and ki ndly , dispos d to r cog iz d al op ly fairly with th ir f llow m n ne th e e m e t n th e in e e o n e . Alo of trib s thus far upo pla s th y cultivat d c r ,

e in n e e n e th e e b e an s and squash s co sid rabl qua titi s , ﬁrst st p toward civiliza T e n e e o f e : th e n e n n tio n . h y co struct d lodg s two typ s commo lodg , co sisti g o f tann e d skins ‘ care f ully s e w e d into th e re quire d form and stre tch e d upon a

’ e u s in e e e n e c on ical fram e work of light pol s , for e warm w ath r or wh trav l in a d th e e e e n e n n n e o e s e t in e g ; n larg r arth lodg , co sisti g of stro g r p l s a circl

' ansas a e or a 50 K St t His t ic l Socie ty .

— uppe r and ne the r millstone s th e tribe was gradually worn down to scarce ly e n e n n e e e e mor tha a r m a t of th ir form r s lv s . To this issue th e de signi ng e n th e n e e n Th whit s upo fro ti r mat rially co tribute d . e tribe , notabl e as long e n n e e e n th e e e b i g si c r fri ds of white s , m rit d a b e tte r re compe nse . I n this conne ction the re is a ce rtai n phase in our k nowl e dge o f th e Qui virans and e ne e en n th e n in th ir li al d sc da ts , Pa is , or its late st form , th e ne e e n e e e n n I n th e n Paw s , that is titl d to sp cial m tio . survivi g re cords of th e e e e and e e in th e e and e arly xplor rs s ttl rs w st southw st , as also in th e e ast and n e e e n e e n e e en e th e e e n e in th r orth ast , th r is fou d fr qu t r f r c to pr s c z ose e n n Th e n gio s of Pa i slave s . comi g of such u nfortu nate s éfrom that dire ction n e e a n in th e n e N soo b cam a familiar f ct throughout Ca ada , provi c of ew York ,

‘ and e e e e in e e e n e e en e to a l ss d gr oth r ast r s ttl m ts . Th re is r e pe ate d re fe r e n e e in th e n n I n c to th m Ca adia archiv e s . lik e manne r Pan i slav e s w e re

e n n n in n e e n e e Ne w e b comi g k ow co sid rabl umb rs as far southw st as M xico , nd e e n n th e e n e n e a v i to Chihuahua , as xisti g stat a d ccl e siastical archiv e s e Th e n n still amply c rtify, atural i nfe ren ce i both cas e s was to th e e ffe ct n i iran h e e e e u v . t e uivirans that all such p rso s w r r ally of Q stock That Q , e n e e n n e e e n e ne e e n n in e wh arli st k ow , w r r ally of a paciﬁc atur , v r gagi g ov rt e e e n e e e n e hostiliti s sav as a last r lucta t r sort , has b alr ady brought to notic e . Th e e asy e nlarge m e n t of th e state m ent would mak e it appe ar that th e y w e re ’ en n n e e e e th n n n m e vid tly k ow as a spiritl ss p opl , so b re ft of e I dia s fo d e st a bition e e n n e e e e e , to b com k ow as a warrior , as to passiv ly p rmit th ms lv s or the ir childre n to be tak e n prisone rs at will and bart e re d as abj e ct slave s e e n e e th e n e e e en ne n e from trib to trib i to ith r of cou tri s b for m tio d , is , u l ss h e n n b e e n e th e e e t actual co ditio s cl arly u d rstood , to say l ast , som what sur n n n e in h m e e e e e prisi g . A atural i te r st t e trib e prompt e d , th r for , som y e ars n e e n e an n e n th e e e e n si c , to v tur i v stigatio of matt r , with a Vi w to asc rtai ing more e xactly just how much of g enui ne foundation the re might b e to

- n o justify th e tim e ho ore d ass e rti n . n n th e e n in n an e an n e e e Lo g si ce trib , occupyi g Ka sas d N braska i t rm diat position b e twe e n th e Mississippi riv e r and th e Gre at Lak e s toward th e e ast n and Ne w e h e e e b e e e a d north e ast M xico toward t southw st , cam to r gard d n n n n With no fri e dly fe e li gs by othe r trib e s rou dabout , as holdi g by right of

' n e e e n n e e n long occupa cy a som what strat gic or c tral positio , as it w r , upo t h e n atural highway b etw e e n th e tw o e xtr e m e s — th e re mote lak e r e gion and h th e th e S outhw e st . As e arly as t e arrival of Coron ado in Quivira , fact was d e v e lope d that th e Qu ivirans we re alre ady familiar with th e Pu e blo I ndian s e h e e n e n e e th e of Ne w M e xico , whil t Pu blos had e qually i timat k owl dg of u i ir ns Th e e Xab e and e s n e n o in Q v a . two guid s , Isop t , who co duct d Coro ad e e e e e n e n his ﬁ nal dire ct march to Quivira , w r th ms lv s ativ s of that cou try ,

in w e n e n . and . had s e rv e d as slav e s Ne M xico till ra som d by Coro ado As e n e e e e n th e e e e e e no th e re w e r e xisti g hostiliti s b tw two trib s , th r w r doubt E x e ri Pu e blo slav e s in e qual numb e rs h e ld by the Qu ivirans or Pawne e s . p n e e n e e e th e e e ne in n e c e , how v r , soo d v lop d fact that such slav s , if r tai d bo d

ne e e e e not e e . ag e by th e ir captors so ar th ir old hom , w r always saf prop rty e e n n e n e e The y we re naturally e age r to scap a d r e tur to th ir ki dr d , as th ir e e e e e and th e e e e e trib e was qually d sirous to r cov r th m , at sam tim r taliat h in ki nd upon t e captors . n n n e th e e e e e e e e n Such co ditio s , u l ss trib s w r r mot from ach oth r , aturally n e e and so e n e n o e e th e u n b e came i tol rabl , a syst m soo cam i t vogu to av rt e n Th e ne e n n e e e n e pl e asan t e xig cy . Paw s , fi di g by familiar xp ri c that cap ’ T W an oo in a h e hit e M s F t K ns as . 51 t ive s from tribe s too ne ar by in e ith e r dire ction we re liabl e to b e raid e d from

e e n e n th e e e and o th m by th ir ki sm from southw st or ast , s w e re an e l e m e n t n e n e e e in e of da g r to th e m so lo g as th y w r th ir midst , gradually d e v e l o p e d

e n e n e the e e o n to n a syst m of tra sf rri g th m at arli st pportu ity dista t trib e s . Thos e comi ng to the m from th e re gion of Ne w M e xico w e re conv e y e d from e e th e e n and e e n e trib to trib to lak cou try , v so far as low r Can ada ; whil e e th e n e e e e e e e in th thos from orth ast or ast w r bart r d to trib s e southw e st . I n e e e n e e e e e th e whichso v r dir ctio th y w r mark t d , fact of th e ir comi ng from n n e e n in th e Pa nis was of course soo k own . Wh th r it origi ate d a natural mis ’ or th e n e an n e u d es rit th e n n n tak e , was atur of aborigi al j p , I dia s i to whos e n th e e c e n e ne e n e e n ha ds captiv s am soo l ar d to d sig at th m as Pa is slav e s , as d e n n h i f th e y we re of th e bona ﬁ Pani stock . Though comi g i to t e ha nds of h e ne e e e e ne e e e e e n n in t Paw s from div rs trib s , ar or r mot , th y w r k ow trad e n e e in e n e e n as Panis o ly , a p opl that curr t b li f amo g tribe s that did not k now th e m we re b e li e ve d to b e so i ne rt and spiritl e ss as to suffe r th e ir childr e n to e e e th e e e n e e and n e e b ravish d from th m at will of th ir mi s sold i to r mot , ah

the e - n n an - n e ct n e . e e n d e n j bo dag To such a d pth , th , w ll k ow wid ly k ow l es en te l hommes d a rairie th e e n v a eu rs e e warriors g p , as Fr ch oy g styl d th m , who for two and a half ce nturi e s trave rse d and con troll e d at will th e domai n n e and e e n n ! C re da t Ju da’ u s A of Ka sas , N braska ast r Colorado had su k p p e l l a ! At this poin t it may b e pe rmitte d to re ve rt bri e ﬂy to our pr e viou s h E w n n e t e s cans a ue s . n e e e e n e n acquai ta c s , q Livi g , as hav s , appar tly for e n th e e n and e e n n ne th e uiviran in u l som e tim upo south r ast r co ﬁ s of Q s , d g ing me anwhil e th e fond hope that th e y might ultimat e ly disposs e ss th e m n i e n e e e e e e th e n n an e t r ly , a d so b com th ms lv s h irs to fair domai of Ka sas d e e e e n e n n ne N e braska , the y w r to th ir bitt r disappoi tm t at last co strai d to dismiss the ir sangu i ne anticipations and turn re luctantly agai n as wa nd e re rs

n - e n e e e e e e no to s e e k a re sti g plac e ls e wh e re . For a co sid rabl p riod th r aft r

e en n t e e . e n e e e sp ciﬁc m tio of h m app ars Half a c tury lat r , how v r , to our e e n e e n e e n e n gr at surpris , i t llig c is had of th m as occupyi g by actual poss ssio , ' i w l in e n e 3 e e n th a t ou d s e e m , t e rritory latitud lo gitud stat m t e c n o n n e e ce ptance of which mak e s ne c e ssary awk ward co c e ssi s . To co c d such n e e e n e w e are e e a migratio as a v ritabl occurr c oblig d to assum that , dis c u r e d e n an n an e e th e u ivirans o ag at last as to achi vi g y substa tial adv tag ov r Q , th e and e n e a e th e n n o the y migrate d toward e w st , as th y r d mou tai s , b r e for h e o e e n n an i nd e ﬁ nite distanc e toward t e northw st . That s m arly I dia mi r t ion n and e in e t h e g a s w e re surprisi g rratic is a familiar fact , but this cas conditions pr e suppos e a too facil e cre d e nc e ; for th e state m e n t s o on follows n t h uivirans n that the y are again at no gr e at dista ce from e Q or Paw e e s . That the y w e re still num e ro us is manif e st from th e fact that th e y w e re in e n n n an o e 5000 me n e e . e said to mai tai a co st t f rc of activ s rvic Each y ar ,

e e in th e n o f e e e n the ne e e e mor ov r , mo th F bruary , th y raid d upo Paw s , d stroy d

e e a e e e e n a b u t o ne or more villag s , massacr d all th t w r capabl of b ari g rms , a or e a e sav e d all that w e re t e n y e ars of g e l ss , as all such had mark tabl e in N w i e in e e e a e e e e . e valu e . Lat r , midsumm r , th y app r d r gularly M xico ,

d e o e a nne n Th e e c e an . at Santa Fe , with th s e aptiv s gr at st r s of t d ski s

a and o us e in e n e e latte r th e y e xcha ng e d for m e l ﬂ ur for div rsi fyi g th ir di t . at th e c o e o f t he n The captiv e childre n the y off e re d for sal e . I f l s fai r a y

n o e o n e e e e a e of th e s e childre n we re le ft u s ld , th ir w rs imm diat ly d capit t d

e n the e o o f a e o n c th e m in th e public mark e t . Wh r p rt such sav g c du t an sas a e s ori ca 52 K St t Hi t l Society .

e e th e n th n r ach d Spa ish court , e ki g at once issu e d i nstructions that h enc e forth any such u n fortu nate s thus e xpos e d to cru e l d e ath should b e ransom e d by th e authoriti e s in Ne w M e xico with fu nds suppli e d for that purpose from t he e Th e e royal tr asury . r cord state s that such a butch e ry occurre d as 1 4 I n e th e e n e late as 69 . vi w of tir disapp e aran ce of th e trib e soon th e re e th e e nn e e n aft r from arly a als of our w st r history , it r e quir e s no stre tch of

n n n e e e e e e imagi atio to co c iv that , as th y had m t d out to oth rs , Provid e nc e not e e b e e ne e f forgot that lik r quital should r tur d to th m . ’ I n conne ction with O ﬁ ate s sojourn in Quivira th e re occurre d an i n cid ent

in light e r v e in that may s e rv e . quit e pl e asantly as an illustration of th e com parative facility of th e v e rsatil e I ndian and th e more state ly Span iard in th e n th e casual matte rs of diplomacy . As Spa ish force was ne aring a larg e e th e th e e e villag , camp at clos of day was pitch d upon th e south e rn margi n e e th e n e e e n of a riv r , pr sumably Ka sas , that lay b tw th e m and the ir de sire d e n n Th e e th e e n e d sti atio . chi f of villag at o c dispatch e d an e nvoy with a s e l e ct e scort to m e e t and we lcom e th e command ; but as the y approach e d

the e n e e e ne e t h e Es can sa u es i str am , catchi g sight of som of th ir mi s , q , n the th e n e n e e th e camp , dig itary b ga to h sitat as to wisdom of proce e ding

‘ ri e n e n n th e e n furth e r . O at , upo l ar i g dil mma , fe ari g that furthe r fri endly n e e b e n e e n e e e i t rcours might i t rrupt d . co c iv d a sch m e to qui e tly s end a body of chosen m e n by a d e tour that would pre clude th e e nvoy discov e ri ng th e h h n e e n . n n t e e e e e e e e mov m t Ha di g l ad r som gyv s , i struct d th m to p roce e d e e n th e e e e e e n th e e th e e l isur ly alo g str am till th y w r b yo d Vi w of mbassy , e n th e e and e n th e e th e e n e e th cross riv r , clos rapidly i to r ar of voy , s iz him , place t h e gyv e s upon him and bri ng him at on c e across th e riv e r i nto the Th e e e n n e e . e n camp upo th ir should rs charg was of cours u d rtak e , and in n th e e e n e e e th e e n due s e aso captiv voy was plac d b for gov r or . h e e e n e e e Th So far t e adroit d vic w ll a sw r d its purpos . e Indians w e re n th n w n e e . e e e n o e titl d to th ir opportu ity Shortly aft r , surpris havi g som e e one one a fe w n n e e e n th what abat d , by I dia s straggl d d mur ly i to e camp ;

n e - e en e e e e e n re u arm d , with a child lik abs c of guil , th y w r complaisa tly p

pare d to e vinc e surpris e or admiration at e ve ry turn . This rol e w as qui e tly mai ntaine d till e v e n t h e astute Spaniards we re apparen tly satisﬁ e d that no furthe r thought ne e d b e b e stowe d u pon such guil e l e ss childre n of th e wild n u e e e e an e n e e n e ne prairi e s . I d tim , how v r , at hour wh th ir t rtai rs we re in n e and e e n busily occupi e d burnishi g th ir arms armor pr paratory , as th y a

ic i at e d n an n e n n th e u iviran e t p , to maki g imposi g try i to Q villag , a rumor h e e n e e n hurri e dly spre ad that t e captur d mbassador was owh re to b fou d . th e e H asty i nve stigation d e v e lop e d that r port was corre ct . H is rustic fri e n ds had m e an tim e qui e tly gaine d acc e ss to his pl ac e of con ﬁne m e nt and th e e and no n n n e e e sp irite d him from camp , gyv s all , Spa iard taki g ot th r of . Onate was wise e n ough to waive all atte mpt to n am e a committe e of inves e e n n Th i ation e e e e e no a d . e t g . Th r was , th r for , br athl ss hurryi g to fro e e e n th e ne e qui e t in th e camp was impr ssiv . Evid tly adroit ma uv r had Th e n prov e n to b e of a n ature that sugge ste d sil e nc e as wisdom . Spa iard

r n ow n n e own e e and had b e e n squa e ly m e t upo his grou d , aft r his xampl , had n n bor e off no ho ors . ’ C e rtain e xpre ssions in th e surviving fragm en tary re cord of O nat e s tour of e xpl oration se e m to i ndicate that his i n te ntion was to e xplore mor e g e n

r l l and e th e e n e e n n n e e n e a y car fully tir r gio of Quivira , i cludi g what is at pr s t

n nd e e n n a e n e e n e . ce tral a ast r Ka s s , as w ll as a co sid rabl portio of N braska ' ’ a s o o in an s s Th e l l h ite M n F t K a . 53

The mani fe st i ndicati o ns are to t he e ffe ct that h e had b e e n e s p e c ially pl e as e d

th e o n s o e t e e n e n a n th e with c u try far as y s . as w ll as with its i h bita ts , u ivir n an e e n e o ne e in t h e Q a s . That th e y w e re to such xt t alr ady pi rs amia b l e e and e e e e n e to e in e n e art of agricultur , w r also vid tly d sirous liv tir

e e e e e e an a e ne an n e e amity with adjac nt trib s , s ms to hav pl as tly aw k d i t r st in n na e e n e e e n e th e m . But u fortu t ly all his furth r pla s w r abruptly susp d d

th e e n ne e e nt e e nc e o Ne w e o to the e f by r ce ptio of u xp ct d i llig fr m M xic , f e ct

n n e e e n ab e n i that his imm e diate pre s e c e was e c ssary th r . Duri g his s c e t s e e ms

e n e e e n n th e n e e e o a the e that a c rtai l m t amo g colo ists th r , quit pr b bly v ry one s whom h e had brought thith e r and e stablish e d as farm e rs upon l ands

e fo r e n e e and e o e ow n e x suitabl such t rpris s , thus far p rhaps supp rt d at his n n e n e e n e e n on p e s e , had duri g his abs c v tur d to fom t dissatisfacti among

e e e e th e n e n e e n e th ir f llow s ttl rs , with atural r sult that a co sid rabl umb r ,

n n e e n s e t o e n n to e o n aba ndo i g v rythi g , had abruptly ab ut r tur i g M xico . Up his hurri e d arrival in Ne w M e xico th e gov e rnor fou nd too soo n that his fo nd e xp e ctations w e re sadly marre d . Just wh e re th e re al fault r e ste d it is d iﬂi cu l t to state e xactly ; nor do e s t h e discussion of th e a c tual conditions as Onat e found th e m re late dire ctly Th e n e n to the subj e ct that conc e rns us h e re . co sid ratio most p e rti ne n t in n n th e ne e e e e ﬁat for N this co ne ctio is that abrupt , u xp ct d d partur of O e e w M e xico disp e ll e d for al l tim e a sch e m e that had alre ady appare ntly be e n n e n e in u iviran e o Th d e v e lop e d in his mi d whil e gag d his Q xpl rations . e e e th e n e d e scriptiv e t rms ap pli d to cou try , so far as visit d . summ e d up in e e a ve ritabl e l an d o romis e e in th e concis e pith t , f p , sugg st that , comparison th e ne e e n t in Ne w e th e e n with e g ral aridity pr val M xico , gov r or may hav e b e e n qui e tly con sid e ri ng wh e th e r his furth e r g e ne ro us e fforts in colon izi ng might not with advantage b e tra nsfe rr e d to the mor e r e m o te but far

n n e n e o n o and more promisi ng provi c e of Quivira . Such a tra sf r o c fo t suc ce ss fu l might to our future disadvan tag e hav e re stricte d our ﬁ nal d e v e lop n e n o n Th n m e nt to limits far short of our pre se t w e st r fr ti e r . e fortu at e n n r e sult was man ife stly co troll e d by a pow e r high e r tha ours e lv e s .

BI RAPHY F J HN BR WN D NBAR OG O O O U .

e n fo r th e an a a e o a o e Z U D M S a n ec e a Writt K s s St t H ist ric l S ci ty by M iss A A . Assist t S r t ry .

BRO W N e e e on th e HI S author , J OHN DUNBAR , is w ll qualiﬁ d to s p ak sub

e cts th e n n e e e e n n fo r h j of accompa yi g articl s . R ar d by par ts strivi g t e mast e ry of the Paw ne e and ki ndre d tongu e s and for i nsight i nto th e I ndian

e h e n e th e n n e and n e e - a n charact r , aturally acquir d k ack of la guag s a v r f ili g i n te re st in th e history of our nativ e tribe s and of th e southw e ste rn U nite d

e e Re v . n n a n e e Stat s . H is fath r , Joh Du bar , was ativ of Palm r , Mass . , n 7 1804 e e e in 1832 and bor March , , graduat d from Williams Coll g , lat e r th n n e th e e n h from e Aubur The ological S e mi ary . Whil at s mi ary e r e c e iv e d n e n t o o n o n th e e e n n n 1 his appoi tm t missi ary work am g w st r I dia s . May , h 1834 h e ne Y . n t , was ordai d at Ithaca , N . , as a missio ary of e Am e rica n

ne e n n t h e e e Board of Commissio rs for For ig Missio s , by Cayuga Pr sbyt ry , th e v n n l e n e n e e Re e . n ortl n vil l s rmo b i g pr ach d by . Natha i l E Joh so , of C a d e .

e r. n e n . n Mr . Samu l Allis , j , a ativ of Co way , Mass , who accompa i e d Mr . n in n in h h n Du bar his missio ary work , says , t e history of t e missio publish e d by th e N e braska H istorical Soci e ty in its s e con d vo lume of Tran saction s : “ I n th e n e 1 34 th e e e wi t r of 8 , ! R form d Dutch ] Church of Ithaca was de s irous n n n n th e n n n of raisi g fu ds to support a missio amo g I dia s , a d conse qu en tly mad e k nown th e ir obj e ct to th e Am e rican Board of Commissione rs e n n Th e e and e e e n for For ig Missio s . board approv d acc pt d th ir propositio , n v n H a d n Re . n n e e fou d a Joh Du bar who was willi g to go . cam to Ithaca , n e v e nd e n a d R . e a e , with Samu l Park r mys lf as assista ts , was ﬁtt d out by th n e th e n th - n e church u d r patro ag e of e above am e d board of missions . W e l e ft in th e spri ng of 1834 ! May with i nstructi o n s to cross th e Rocky ‘ n n nd n h N z Mou tai s a pe e trate to t e Flath e ads or e Pe rce s .

Th e e . 2 and n t h e party arriv d at St Louis May 3 , fou d that e trad rs to th e

n n e n e n e n e ne . mou tai s , whom th y had i t d d to accompa y , had alr ady go As c e rt inin n n t o th n n a . e e e e e g from Maj Joh Dough rty , ag t Paw s , that missio e n e n and ari e s we re ne e d d amo g that trib , Mr . Du bar Mr . Allis , as the ir in n e e e th e ne e and e e n e structio s provid d , d cid d to visit Paw s , i f advisabl t r n I n ne e e e e th e e i to mission ary work th e re . Ju th y proc d d up Missouri riv r n n e n e e n e e e e e e e o a to Ca to m t L av worth , wh r th y w r tr at d with much h spit lity n n e e n ne e d by Majors Thompson and Morga a d th e ir ladi s . B i g c ssarily e taine h e n e o e t h e n e e e d by t e abs c of Maj r Dough rty , missio ari s occupi d th m s e lv e s in acquiri ng a k nowl e dge of th e I ndia n characte r and habits by n n n n th e ne e nd c mi gli g with th e missio ari e s amo g e D e lawar s , Shaw s a Ki k ' a M r n ne the e e e n n e oos . . e p B rryma , statio d with latt r trib , v ry ki dly fur ish d M o e e fo r e e e . e a e n e e n e nc e . th m with a hom som w ks Th y lso visit d I d p d , ,

n h e 22d o f e e the th en th e sc e ne of Mormon disturbanc e s . O t S pt mb e r mis r n n n e e n and o e e e to o n s iona ie s l e ft Ca to m e t L av worth , pr c d d C u cil Bluffs ,

n h e n nn e and e e e e n e to th e ne e atte d e d t distributio of a uiti s , w r pr s t d Paw ' 1 h a n e e a e o n e n e t he w a chi e fs . Octobe r 9 t e P w s st rt d th ir wi t r s tour by y n a o an e th e e n e of the i r village s o n th e Pl atte . Mr . Du bar cc mp i d s co d chi f

’ - i a f F r . M s i o n r He ral d 8 34 . mm rs o r o . 1 1 A m Bd o f Co . . NOTE . . . M iss s y p

— a a n - o e e n e d t h e oe a a o n and o me O 2 C o n f . . N TE . u cil Bluf s . tr d i g p st fr qu t by Ot s Om h s l w s . s a h e a n e e w as a e a o e n - e e n e a o e t h e o o f t h e a e wh t by t P w s . situ t d b ut tw ty s v mil s b v m ut h Pl tt h d e e o n t h e e e n an o f th e o . e a as 1832 a o e a e n n o e a riv r. up w st r b k M iss uri As rly it . h w v r. f ll i t d c y . — w a n n ed J . ) and as soo n a ft e r ab do . B I ansas a e s or cal 56 K St t Hi t i S ociety .

t h e n ne e 3 and th e n e e e n of Gra d Paw s , Mr . Allis Paw Loups , b i g s e parat e d

' e ach o th e r n th e n n e n th e n n o from u til followi g spri g , wh I dia s re turne d t e e n e n e in me n e n Th h th ir p rma t villag s ti to pla t th ir cor . e village of t e Grand ne e e on t he e th e e 120 e Paw s was situat d south sid of Platt , about mil s from Th n n e th on a its mouth . e I dia s tr at e d e missi ri e s with gre at ki ndne ss through th e n ne e n e in 1 out lo g jour y , which t rmi at d March , 835 . n th e and n e 1 e n Duri g e summ r wi t r of 835 M ssrs . Du bar and Allis agai n

n e th e n n e e n th e e n e e n and e n accompa i d I dia s , r c ivi g sam ki d tr atm t , dir cti g e e n n n th e n th e n I n th ir att tio pri cipally to acquisitio of la guag e . this Mr . Du n bar m ade such proﬁci e ncy as to b e abl e to und e rst an d n e arly all th e I a n and e e e on n dia s said to xpr ss his thoughts with littl difficulty commo topics , but could as y e t mak e hims e lf but v e ry imp e rfe ctly u nd e rstood o n re ligious 4 subj e cts . h e ne e e e Y . ne t e n e n at Dr . B dict Satt rl , of Elmira , N . , joi d Paw e missio h n e e e 5 130 e th e ne e n 2 t e age cy at B ll vu , about mil s from Paw cou try , May 7,

e Fairﬁ e l d Y n e 1 6 e . 83 , his wif , Miss Martha A Math r , of , N . havi g di d at 6 h r th n w M o f e on e e e e . e ne e Libe rty , , whil way to ﬁ ld Miss Em li Palm r , of

— 3 e S are ch e ris h n C e e o f o n o n a e w as a e r c om NOTE . This chi f , . A gry h i f . spit h is m i us m . v y p an ion ab l e an d in t e re sti n g p e rson age ; t o h is fe llo w trib e sm e n h e w as e ve r a ki n dly advise r an d i n e e n . o a or in a e n ra a e on e h e w as o n e o f t h e o e e e h lpful fri d Th ugh sub d t k , s c d ch i f , m st r sp ct d l n a e of t h e e in e o f e a e o r w r n o n - e n n fl e n a a . To . a a d i u ti dig it ri s trib tim p c Mr Du b r , his l g tim e an d a o a e h e w as t o t h e d a of e a a e o n e o an d e a a e n e ro gu st ss ci t , y his d th w is c u s ll r st df st . g us e n ra e a w as ara e ri an d n o e o e r n e th e o n o f D u n fri d . H is t gic d th ch ct stic t w rthy . Ev si c c mi g Mr. t h e a o a h a V e e o e n e n h e e ff o a n f or t h e e a b ar and Mr . A llis D k t s d i w d w ith h stil i t t t rts m ki g st b n f on a on h e a n e e e e a e ora e e a or n a e n e a l is h m e t o a missi m g t P w s . R p t d f ys w r cc di gly m d rly e e e ar n t h e a e n e o f th e r e on t h e an n a e n a V e to v ry y , duri g bs c t ib up u l summ r hu t , with i w cu t o n th e o n o n - fi e l d s an d rn n t h e e an e n o e in t h e a an V a e ti n g d w gr wi g c r bu i g p rm t l dg s v c t ill g s . e e e r n e e a on e e s o e o a in 1 843 w a s e e a a o ra e Th s r cu ri g d pr d ti s w r s ri us th t it d cid d th t b ut sixty b v s, o e e a o n e a e n e o f t h e a e an d e e e w h o o - e n re th e a e o f t g th r with c sid r bl umb r g d f bl . c uld ill du f tigu t h e n as e as a n e of re n o b e a o e t o on n e at t h e a e t o b e hu t , w ll umb r child , sh uld ll w d c ti u vill g o e e t h e ar w h o n e t h e on ro of S are c h e ris h e e t o e e a an pr t ct d by sixty gu ds , u d r c t l . w r k p vigil t n n r e a e e e a on of h e orn - fi l e a e o a o n a n e y e up o a y fu th r tt mpt d d vast ti t c e d s . As tim p ss d cc si l sig s f a e an e r n a o a e e n o e in t h e n n o o e r an n o an e o r n r w as o f w w d i g D k t s w r t d vici ity . but v t y c i ju y h e i im e e . e e n an on e o w as a e S are c r sh h ad a o e i e t o re c iv d H r i h is first d ly rr r m d . ll w d h ms lf a t h e fe o a n a o a e e n e a e f n ff e e n e n t h e on a e agi n e th t w r m i g D k t s s w re a m tt r o i d i r c . O c tr ry th y o n u e n on n Th e a o a o h ad a e e o t o e w e re cauti usly spyi g o t xisti g c ditio s . D k t sc uts m d r p rt th ir in a an n e ar 200 on a a e th e a e e re a o a e f or an o n a . b d , ly str g . th t m tt rs vill g w f v r bl sl ugh t Th t n a o e o f n e a 200 ar o e o e t h e o or an d e re e e e e in ight f rc rly w ri rs qui tly cr ss d L up F k . s c t d th ms lv s t h e d e n se bush e s an d V in e s th a t co ve re d th e l ow gro u n d lyin g be twe e n th e V illage an d t h e rive r f o r a an e o f a a e o f a e d ist c qu rt r mil . a at t h e e a e in a on of a roa n a n n e 27 1843 S are ch e rish o n e As usu l . rli st dic ti pp ch i g d w , Ju , . m u t d on e of on e an d th e e o o n o e o n n o t h e e an d a n a o a a his p i s . . r st f ll wi g, r d d w i t bush s by rr w p thw y e o r e o a th e e r or an e o n w as a e e re an e n e o n e a e di re ct d h is c u s t w rd riv . A sh t dist c ly m d my c c l d e e t h e a an o a th e e w h o w as e n ire n a e and a e a n e in b sid p th spr g t w rd chi f , t ly u rm d , w ith h vy k if fl ict e d a a o n a o a o e n Th e o n at th e a e n an a e a e o e gh stly w u d cr ss his bd m . p y s m i st t m d d m iv lt n d a o e o a t h e a e Th e n e a e an e ff o t o e a n o n o e a g ll p d t w rd vill g . dyi g ch i f m d rt r t i h is pr trudi g b w ls in e a e in a n e e t o th e ro n an d e re o e n on th e e ro - e n th ir pl c , but v i . Th y f ll g u d w tr dd by t r r strick n o n re a n th e a e th e e w as a e t o o n th e a a c r an d n an e t o p o y . Up ch i g vill g chi f bl s u d l rm y i st tly f ll ro n a a e e n t o an o e m a a or of an a e a t o an a a e t h e g u d d e d . This st t m t utsid r y s v much pp l mi bl e e t th e e n e a o n th e e r n a orn e an d a n cr dulity ; y tir cc u t is simpl t uth . u d d pl i . e an e n e a 200 a o a a e f or th e a e e re n e a e o ar th e M tim rly D k t s , fully rm d fr y . w r p ssi g g rly t w d a e Th e a n e e h ad a e e t o a e e e in e e ar e n o e e re t h e e n e vill g . P w s sc rc ly tim t k r fug th ir th l dg s my h ad m o u n t e d t h e lodge s an d w ere disch argi n g th e ir arro ws a t th e i n ma t e s thro ugh t h e o p e n o o e Th e a ne e n e e e a in a n e a ro an d re a sm k e h l s. P w s withi w r qu lly busy disch rgi g th ir r ws fi rms h n e e Th e e o o o e a e in t e o e a at e e e e as o o n o . thr ugh h l s m d l dg w lls th ir mi s . pp rtu ity ff r d d sult ry fightin g con tin u e d at i n t e rva ls till midday and afte r Fin ally t h e e n e my gradu a lly b e gan to re

re a n e e o n e an d e a . e a a o w as n e e a e a n e ro a ti . t ki g with th m th ir w u d d d d Th ir ctu l l ss v r sc rt i d p b

b l n t o e an o a e e e e and a a e n e o n e ore o r e e r o . th f rty br v s w r kill d . l rg umb r w u d d m l ss s i usly y§ Imr

' mm r 98 4 . . Bd C o rs F o . e o 1836 . 97 . NOTE A m . . M iss R p rt , . pp .

— 5 e e e w as a t ra in ~ o s t n n e e a o e th e o of th e a e on th e NOTE B ll vu d g p i mil s b v m uth Pl tt . up in i n e ~ is o n e a e e o f th e o . n a e to d a an n a e re m s ce c s m sid Miss uri Its m this y , u f d d . still f dly ch r ' h e d O n e o f t h e a e o o o f a an n Z u W ie d s n a a e of a e in is . l rg ph t s M ximili Pri z rr tiv h is tr v ls this r o n n th e e a 1832 e e n an a ra e e of th e a e at a a e . I n c u try . du i g y rs pr s ts dmi bl vi w pl c th t d t th e a n - o e as e e e e n w as orn e n t h e o n t h e a n e e w as a an one tr di g h us , th r s . I b ; wh missi with P w s b d d , ' o n o f n e w o n w as a e in n Th e re o e on of o e a are a so j ur arly t o m ths p ss d th at bu ildi g . c ll cti s th s d ys Th e o n o t: an o e a o e e s o a e n n ow e . vivid still , th ugh bj ct b u t wh ich th y clust r rd tly surviv s mighty — h e a e a o n e re a n e e t e J . . riv r l m i s v r s m . B D

— l l e e o f t h e o n as 6 Th e e n e a o f . a e e e w as e a e a NOTE . sudd d th Mrs S tt rl r g rd d by m mb rs missi F o r o e e a s h e h ad o e an a e e n a n in a o F o r a a grie vo us l oss . s m y rs h p fully ticip t d g gi g th t w rk .

58 Kan sas Stat e His t orical Socie ty

Y n e th e e e e an Ithaca , N . had accompa i d Satt rl s , d was u n ite d in marriage 1 e 23 836 . e with Mr . Allis , at Lib rty , April , Th y conclud e d to re mai n at e e e e e e n n e e B l l vu , wh r th y could co ti u th ir work among th e Pawne e s who e th e e n and th e ne e e an visit d ag cy , with ar r trib s of Omahas d Otoe s . Doctor e e e n e n on th e Satt rl accompa i d Mr . Du bar summ e r hun t among th e Pawne e s e e n th e e in e till th ir r tur to villag , e arly S pte mb e r . n the e 183 n It was duri g y ar 5 that Mr . Du bar was abl e to giv e valuabl e

a n e . . t he n e e wh o ssi sta c to C A Murray , E glish trav l r, publish ed an accoun t o f e e en e in e e n e e in e n his xp ri c s a volum titl d Trav ls North Am rica , I clud ! in e e e n e n th e n e e e n n n n g a Summ r R sid c amo g Paw Trib of I dia s , Lo do ,

I n 1 6 n e e e 83 . e ne S pt mb r , , Mr Du bar r tur d to Massachus e tts , to confe r w th e e n e n n th e n e e th e ne e ith authoriti s co c r i g i t r sts of Paw mission , and t e e e n 12 1837 e n e h r marri d , Ja uary , , Miss Esth r Smith , bor at Hadl y , August

1 7 1805. n e ne n e 1 , Duri g this Visit , which d tai d him u til F bruary , 837 , h e

e n e n e th e n n e e en e e n - e 8 sup ri t d d pri ti g of a small l m tary book of s v ty four pag s , w h e e e in th e ne e n e Th hich had pr par d Paw la guag . e e dition n umb e re d 500 e e e e e e on 1 copi s . Th y arriv d at B ll vu May 6 , 837, wh e re th e y began house

n n n - 9 k e e ping i a old tradi g hous e . n d I n e e e 1839 e . an e the n S pt mb r , , M ssrs Du bar Allis visit d Paw e e village s , and e n e e n e th e e e e e e th n , aft r a co f r c with chi fs , s l ct d a sit for e missio and

i n e a e e of o f n e e n t ime h e r d e c sio w as d l y d be caus sympt ms o co sumption . Th s i dicatio n s with d u e c a e oon a e a e an d at t h e o i a on of o o a e e e s h e e e t o o n th a nee r s d is pp r d , s lic t ti D ct r S tt rl d cid d j i e P w

on . r n th e o ne e a in n e s h e n a i o n a e a e e e o missi Du i g j ur y w stw rd midwi t r u h pp ly c tr ct d s v r c ld .

W e e a n a f e w a at . o th e in a on of th e e a e a e e e o e S h e w as h il d l yi g d ys St L uis . dic ti s dr d dis s d v l p d . a e o e e a an a th e e air o n th e e o o b e e n e al dvis d . h w v r, by physici . th t dri r up Upp r Miss uri w uld b ﬁci t o h e r. on t h e w a s h e a e a e ea an d a e an n o th e oa at e M Up y r pidly b c m w k . ft r l di g fr m b t Lib rty . o . , s h e ra e n e n th e a e e in r 1836 e a e n e h e r o e e e r n pidly d cli d till , d uri g l st w k Ap il . , d th d d h p l ss suff i g . i - e e are t h e e a a d e in t h e o . J B l ss d d d th t L rd . B . D .

— Th e a a e a an e e n e e to r a on o e n in 7 . a e NOTE v lu bl ssist c t d r d Mr. Mu r y is c sp icu us by its bs c n f n a as e re n e e e h e o e . o n o o n n t e publish d v lum s H is pi i Mr. Du b r th i xpr ss d is by o me a s favor a l e an d f or e a on . a a a e o a th e n an w as n o t o a an an n o r b . r s H is h bitu l ttitud t w rd I di s c mpl is t . c did . h ra e o e as e e o e an on e e o a e o . n ar g t ful , th ugh with th m th ir gu st . M r th c s ught dvic fr m Mr Du b , th e n an an d n o m re e e as o n as e e n a s to an n e r o ar o . a a e h is m t w d I di s , u if r ly j ct d it s utt r d Fi lly , ft r tw o e e h ad e e n oo e o e of th e n an t o e e e e e e o f re e n e e a sch m s b m t d by s m I di s r li v th ms lv s his p s c . ch o f at t h e o a on o f M r n ar w as a e S are ch e ris h h e w as o a n wh ich , f s licit ti . Du b . thw rt d by , t ld pl i ly a on a e o r e w as t o a e o e n e n o n and e n e a o r t o a e th t h is ly s f c u s withdr w qui tly , if p ssibl u b k w , d v m k h i w a ra to o e a e n o n e a 200 e tan F or on e t h e on n an e of s y p idly F rt L v w rth , rly mil s dis t . c , ly i st c — t h e n on e o h e a e e t h e a a a e J. . . ki d r c rd , cc pt d s lut ry dvic . B D

— h e a n e e on e e a e fo r u s e n in h e o n e 8 . Th e oo e in t . a t NOTE b k l t P w t gu , pr p r d by Mr Du b r c t m ’

a e oo for t h e n an e n w as oo n a e in a a u s e . S o e n e ra w as t h e in e re pl t d sch l I di ch ildr , s ft r ctu l g l t st an i e e in th e oo as on e a o e of th e a a e t o b e a o e to m f st d sch l c duct d by Mr. Allis th t s m dults sk d ll w d

l e arn t o re a . Th e a l fo r th e oo w as on an of o e on en e e a o e to d c l b ks c st t . but c urs ly ch ildr w r ll w d u se e . e n t h e on w as e n e e f e w of th e o o e re a n e . a e on e th m Wh missi susp d d v ry b kl ts m i d I h v , — a n d n o of on o or ﬁ ve o e s J. . k w ly f ur th r B . D

— h e u h o ri 9 e e e 1836 . n a e ne to a a e to on e t a t NOTE . S pt mb r. . Mr Du b r r tur d M ss chus tts c f r with h e o n e rn n th e n e e o f t h e a n e e on . e an e o o a e e e in t e a ti s c c i g i t r sts P w missi M tim D ct r S tt rl . f ll o f 1 836 a o an e t h e an o r a a n e e o n e n e n . Th e n e o e . cc mp i d Gr d Ch u i P w s up th ir w i t r hu t wi t r pr v d u n usu ally se ve re an d th e y th e re fo re e xte n d e d th e ir hu n t fu rth e r th an usu a l to w ard t h e re m o t e S o u t h vVe s t t o a an e o f ore an 300 e o e of e o on e d a o in o . dist c m th mil s . S m th ir sc uts y br ught w rd a e h ad m e t a a a o f e e n n e w h o n a e a e r e w as e o o f th t th y sm ll p rty Ch y s , i tim t d th t th ir t ib d sir us a n e a e e on h a ne e A n n e e w as a or n a an e e st blishi g p c abl re l ati s with t e P w s . i t rvi w cc di gly rr g d , e o th e e ff o r of o o a e e e a o th e l 0t h o f 1837 and a a n e larg ly thr ugh ts D ct r S tt rl , b ut A pril . p ciﬁc u d r s an n w as e a e e t o th e a o a of t h e e of t h e t w o e in a e n e a o n . t di g r ch d . subj ct ppr v l ch i fs trib s g r l c u cil N e arly a m on th l a te r w ord w as h ad fro m t w o trapp e rs th at whil e d e sc e n di n g t h e so uth e rn bran ch o f th e a e an n e a 200 e e h ad m e t th e o o tw o a n e e e o n Pl tt . dist t rly mil s , th y d ct r with P w guid s m vi g e a a f e w a a e or w a s o a n a e e e no o o f t w o o r e e stw rd . A d ys l t r w d br ugh t th t . duri g s v r s wst rm thr d a th e o o an d e h ad a e e as to th e o e o e t o b e o o e in o e t o ys . d ct r h is guid s dis gr d pr p r c urs f ll w d rd r to oo e e o w n o e e re a th e a n e e a e . n a e t o a e e e e e a o e ch P w vill g s U bl gr , th y w r ll w d ch s th ir r ut . whil t h e o o as oo n as o e w as ﬁ e n re e o o e e a on e e d ct r. s h is h rs suf ci tly cruit d , w uld pr c d l , gu id d by his M a 1 th e n e e a e t o e e e to e e e e an n e e e o e o e o a . 7 a p ck t c mp ss y P w s c m B ll vu r c iv th ir u iti s . Th y r p rt d O n e of t h e e e e e th a t th e y h ad n o t se e n or h e ard o f him sin ce his guid e s l e ft him . ch i fs xpr ss d Th e on o e e e e w as a fe ar th a t h e migh t h ave m e t w ith f o ul tre a tm e n t by t h e w ay . ly h p xpr ss d th t ’ h e migh t h a ve turn e d we stward an d re ached on e o f th e trapp e rs forts up o n t h e upp e r Platte . ' n a e rn n ro t h e a an o n e o f e e a e oa as d e Mr. Du b r, r tu i g f m E st . xi usly i quir d v ry tr d r s b t , it e n e t h e a e d a d a n o o w as e e e o an o e o n e n n a e n sc d d Pl tt , but y by y w rd r c iv d fr m y s urc c c r i g his bs t ’ Th e Wh M an s o o n a sas it e F t i K n . 59

on n and m o n he n h farms , Cou cil Plumb cre e ks , t orth sid e of t e Loup Fork the e e e n n nd 10 12 of Platt , about thirty mil s from th ir ju ctio , a from 0 to 5 e e e e and n mil s from B ll vu , about e ight to ﬁfte e mil e s from th e pri ncipal vil e th I n 1 h e ne e . 840 t e ne e in th e e and lag s of Paw s Paw s had bad luck chas ,

e e n ne s e e th e n e e e e n I n w r i cli d to adva tag s of b tt r m thods of farmi g . May , 1842 n h , a umb e r from e ach of t e four Pawne e ba nds mov e d to th e vici nity the n a d n . of farm missio . Mr Allis re ce iv e d an appoi ntm e n t as go v e rnm e nt e e th e ne e in 1841 and e t ach r to Paw s , Mr . G e org B . Gaston as farm e r . The n e e e th e ne w n in 1 41 an n missio famili s r mov d to statio May , 8 , d w e r e ki dly me t th e e an n n e n n by chi fs with abu da c of buffalo m e at a d cor . At ﬁrst ’ ' . e e e e n in n Mr Allis s family was s parat d som mil s from Mr . Du bar s , but Ja 1844 e e uary , , for saf ty , th e y w re re mov e d to withi n thre e mil e s of Mr n h Du bar at t e uppe r station . For som e ye ars back th e Pawn e e s had b e e n

nn e the e n in a e sadly a oy d by Sioux , who would com si gly or small p rti s , n off e n drivi g hors s , or k illi g such straggl e rs as th e y might e ncou n te r about n th e Paw e e village s . I n 1843 th e e th e ne w e e e n n e forc at s ttl m t was i cr as e d by a te ach e r , thre e n e farme rs , two blacksmiths a d two h e lp rs ; but th e s e ttl e me nt of gove rn m en t e mploy e e s among the Pawne e s s e e m e d to i n cit e more p e rsist e nt hos

i i h e e e e n til t e s on t e part of th e Sioux . Th y s m d to b e off e d e d be caus e of th e n e e n n th e e e th e ne e and i t r st show toward promoti g w lfar of Paw s , so h “ e e e n e . n t e 27th n 1 r doubl d th ir attack s upo th m O day of Ju e , 843 , e arly in the n n n n mor i g , a stro g party of Sioux cam e upon o e of th e Pawne e vil e e e n e n and n n lag s by surpris , wh a cours of ﬁghti g plu d e r e su e d which e and e e in th e n 67 n n last d till midday , r sult d killi g of Paw e e s , wou ndi g 20 e e n 200 e and n n 20 41 e oth rs , s izi g about hors s , bur i g out of lodg s of which

th e e e . e e n e e e n villag was compos d Som childr w r tak captive . Som e of th e nt e and e and e m e h most importa chi fs brav s , thos ost favorabl to t e improv e h en e e e e e e . T e e e m th n m t of th ir p opl , w r kill d battl was a mil fro e missio an n 1 1 Th e e e in th e e n house d in plai vi e w . Sioux attack r sult d d structio of

h n n n - ﬁe ld e th e ne e n ma ny of t e I dia cor s . Whil Paw s had b e e ass e mbli ng at ’

n w e e n e e e e . n th e ir e r sid c , th y had r quir d much of M r Du bar s tim e and at e n n h e not e e n e e e e n n t tio , so that had b abl to giv stat d r ligious i structio , but

o e a o e e a o n a n e o f a e w h o e e e e n n t h e a e in a e br th r . At l st . h w v r . m g umb r tr pp rs w r d sc di g Pl tt c r o f e bo a a e n a e n n th e n e a nd ea S n a o n man w as m e t th ir ts . l d w ith furs t k duri g wi t r rly pri g . y u g w h h e n n a an d o o a e e e n t h e f a o n o f t h e e o o ad be w ith Mr. Du b r D ct r S tt rl duri g buf l hu t pr vi us e He e or e a e e e n n t h e e a o 150 e e o f t h e an a n e e summ r. r p t d th t wh il d sc di g riv r b ut mil s w st Gr d P w o S a e rl e e a u n a e n e a th e e an e h ad n a an e a ed B . vill g . r riv r b k th y f u d bl k t m rk tt . g upright w ith its d a n o f o n 8 e e e n f e e in t h e o n e an e . o . ea e o a muzzl ﬁx d gr u d . shr ds fr gm ts cl th i g silv r p ck t p cil l v s a e o an oo t w o e e e n ed t o at th e o t o b e o a ed to t h e a sm ll m m r dum b k . l tt rs trust h im f rt f rw rd E st . t h e o o w as a t e e h e h ad e x e e n a n n e and n a ed an o ne . e o ss ti lly u i jur d . g w hum b s Whil d ct r th s f rts e e a o f t h e a e n ch an ge d so m e o f his clo thi n g fo r h e avie r garm e n ts . S v r l g rm ts thus o bta i ned by e w n e e e e n h e him w e re ea sily re cog n iz ed Th e e x act c ause o f his d a th as v r asc rta i n ed . Evid tly He h ad o a e o e e e e and an e e fo r o e h ad n o t n n an . be e k ill ed by I di s . pr b bly b c m b wild r d w d r d s m e n o t no n a o e t a e : e o a o h e h ad e e n n a e t o e e an tim . k wi g wh t c urs o t k qu it p ssibly ls b u bl s cur y e a d a nd at a too e a to e na n e a e h o a n e d at t h e o w as e . sust c ft r t e sma ll supply bt i f rts xh ust l st . w k n d e ne e to a e o f e a . o ee e h e s e t u n as a na . pr c d furth r. up h is g sig l d istr ss r sig d h ims lf his f t Thus w ithi n a ye ar afte r t h e p athe tic d e mise o f h is c o nso rt Pro vid e n ce ca ll ed him to j o i n h e r in a b e t e o n t r c u try . Duri n g his bri e f mi n istry with t h e tribe h e h ad by his m e dica l se rvice s re nd e re d himse lf e x

re me l n n e to e in e o f e and e n w as n e a n . and o t y use ful . H is ki d ss th m t im s d istr ss suff ri g u c si g m r e — e n d a e e e e e d J . . th an a ge ne ra ti o n aft e r his d e a th his na m a tr its w r st ill r m mb er B D .

— O I am o e a m a n o t at a n e e an e a o o a a N TE 10 . much m rtiﬁ d th t I y this d ist c giv y x ct t p gr phic l n o a o n s o r o n e e n o r as to t h e e a o a o n o f t h e n e e c ed i f rm ti a t Plumb o C u cil cr k . x ct l c t i bu ild i gs r t by o th e o n I n 1877 a e a e o f t h e o n a nd f e a in o r n e a e . Th e fo l m issi . I m d sk tch gr u ds str ms r th m o e e a e e e e o o r o e n lo wi n g wi n t e r I lo an e d th e m to a N e brask a ge n t l e m a n . S m t im ft r th y w r l st st l — ro a e h ad no o o n n e to e a e e . J . . . f m h im . I h v pp rtu ity si c r pl c th m B D

' — o 3 m o 1 13 168 S e e a no e e 1 . e 8 . . a mm r f r Fo r. . . . , 1 1 . m Bd C o s o g NOTE A . . M iss R p rt p ls t p an sas a e s or cal 60 K St t Hi t i Society . during th e wi nte r of 1843 h e tran slate d portion s of th e scripture i nto th e ne e an e Paw l guag . Re v nne and e ne th e n i . n Timothy E Ra y wif joi d missio work August , 1844 e e h n . N e v r b for e have t e Pawne e s ma ife st e d so strong a d e sir e to

e e e n e e th e na e and e n e hav th ir childr r sid with missio ri s b i struct d by th e m . En ough have b e e n off e re d to con stitut e a larg e boardi ng school Th e mission ari e s hav e tran slat e d th e Gospe l of Mark i n to th e Pawn e e l an ! 1 2 e . I n n e en e n e n th e e th e guag co s qu c of a oth r attack upo villag s by Sioux , in h e n r . t e e e e n which Mrs Allis was shot at , missio ari s solv d , aft r holdi g a

n th e e n e n e o e e not e f r cou cil with gov r m t mpl y s , that it was saf o th e m to re n an n e in n e e e e e e and mai y lo g r , as doi g so th y imp rill d th ms lv s famili e s . e e e e e e e e n e e and in Th y th r for cach d such goods as th y w r u abl to tak ,

1846 e e e e e e e n e n r August , , d part d for B ll vu with th ir famili s , havi g sp t fou h e e and o n t e . y ars f ur mo ths with trib . Mr L . W . Platt took with him six t e e n n n e n e e n I dia childr for th ir prot ctio . “ n i n e . : W e e e n th e e e I quot agai from Mr Allis w r cou try ight y ars , n w e e e th e e w e e n doi g what could to pr par way , b for e could mov amo g th e m n e e un and e e e d with our famili e s . Duri g that tim Broth r D bar mys lf trav l with th e m som e e ighte e n mon ths for th e purpos e of acquiri ng a knowl e dg e n a n h h e e ne and . T e e n e t e e w e of th ir la gu g , ma rs , customs r mai d r of tim e e e e e e n in en e n th e w r with our famili s at B ll vu , livi g susp s , hopi g that way e o e n e n e w e h ad might b p d that w e could go among th e m . Duri g that tim e e e e th nd e e but littl acc ss to th m , but mor with e Oto e s a Omahas , who w r n th e e ne e e e n e n n e e livi g most of tim ar B ll vu . I could u d rsta d co sid rabl of e n e e e th e e e n e e an d th ir la guag , sp cially that of Oto s , whos la guag is pr tty ! e e asily acquir d .

' n n e e n th e Paw n e e e e Mr . Du bar , soo aft r l avi g e villag s , r mov d to Holt

n o n n e in on He e cou ty , Miss uri , a d e gag d hom e missi ary work . purchas d a a n e e n th e n e a e e and e n e d f rm ar Or go , cou ty s at , t ught school , pr ach d , att d

e e n in e e e h e m to his farm . Pr f rri g to r e ar his family a fr stat , sold his far

in 1 856 and e e n a and e e n o e tw o e e . r mov d to Ka s s , s ttl d upo W lf riv r , mil s w st

th e o n n n in o n n e e a 16 1857 h e w as of t w of Robi so , Br w cou ty , wh r , M rch , , n n appointe d tr e asur e r of th e coun ty board of commissio e rs . Mrs . Du bar th e n one e e e 4 1 an . n e di d th e re Nov mb r , 856 , d Mr Du bar surviv d loss o ly

nd . n r 1857 e e e e n . a e e e 3 . y ar , till Nov mb r , Th r w r bor to M r Mrs Du ba s e v e n childr e n

5 5 a an 2 1 37 at e e e N e b m ar D e c . 1 187 t C O M I H U . o e r 7 8 . , J A B S T D NBAR , b Oct b . . B ll vu . , , Ev s hi l d re n an o o an C . . o o . t o a e o e n . e e n re e n e an o o . C l , M tti H dg Pr s t sid c , Ev s . C l , b Ev s , C l Fr k

S e . e e J S e . 22 1 877 . B p N lli p , ( 18 1877 at M ar 6 1 3 a e e e N e b m ar. . D I L . 9 t C U . 8 . BENE T SATTER EE D NBA R , b . . B ll vu . first ) Oct .

n e K n e an at o on n . . o e a a e a t o a . . J . W b u s . Ell A Dibbl , b Guildf rd . C , d with ut issu

2 1 at an a a n K an . to e e N o v 2 1 1 at o e a K an . m ar e o n 0 898 8 89 . . . . . , T p k , ; ( s c d ) Apr . . M h tt , N lli an a an 1861 t a n e e K an no e . e e n e e n e o . . 7 a a , S . Grisw ld , b Oct , , W b u s . issu Pr s t r sid c , M h tt

K an .

m 22 1 76 at o e a K an N e b ar. . 8 W r e e e . H U . 3 1841 at , JO N BRO N D NBAR , b Ap il , , B ll vu , Aug , , T p k 27 C h il d re n : a o n . . t o a e a C oo . e e n e e n e oo e . . . Alid St ll k Pr s t r sid c . Bl mﬁ ld . N J P ul J h , b Oct 7 1881 a t a S e . 1879 a t in n e a t o r o Te x . oo . , . busi ss F t W rth . W illis C k , b p ,

3 1 8 at oo e . a Te x o . 88 a e e a o n an a t a a . , ch rt r d cc u t t D ll s , L uis Smith , b July , . Bl mﬁ ld N J

e n o f a e e at n e o f e n n an a stud t rchit ctur U iv rsity P sylv i .

m r n e 30 1880 at o n n . D e 2 a n e e n N e b . a . Y U . c 13 1 84 at o MAR D NBAR , b . . , P w M issi . Ju . . Clift Spri gs

Y C h il d re n a l e o e .. Y t o . . a . e e n e e n e i on r n . . N . H S Ad ms Pr s t r sid c , Cl ft Sp i gs , N H w y F st r

e n h iC w h o r sid e s i C ag o .

— ’ 2 m d m m F o r 1 4 1 97 . 1 A . B C o rs for . e o 8 6 . NOTE . . Miss . R p rt . . p ' T e W a s o o in a s s h h it e M n F t K n a . 61

H U M ar 8 N e b Ju n . 1 1906 a t D e e . D a . . 14 1 45 a t a n ee o n k SARA D NBA R . b . . P w M issi . d . . . Sm t . S

m 0 o ar Jan . 5 1 7 a t a a n o n e e n d in a e f o n ne . 8 e K . t a . e . o . e . . T p k . . B r tt C B ict . b st t C ct icut Pr s

e n t e e n e D e me D a h il rr n e n 8 d : a n e . 1 0 a a a n e . k . C 8 7 t e r sid c . S t . S Esth r F i . b . Oct . . W b u s .

K an a o e F e b 28 a n K n n e 5 8 W a . . 1872 at a e a a M a 1 74 at a M ry Ch rl tt . b . . W b u s e . Bl ch . b . y . .

bau ns e e K an n 15 e n 8 1877 at o e n . a a e . No v 2 o . e . . . : Clift . b J u ly . . R ch st r. M i : S r h J w ll . b . 3 t D e e D m r 0- a k . a . 2 1 19 1 a t D e e . D a k o e n on . a : t . e . e Sm t . S J uly . . Sm t . S G ilb rt A B s Th ir

e n : o 1 1 3 n N o v 0 e o Ju n . 4 90 . . 29 19 5 e e n e n e D e . : . e . ch ildr D r thy . b . Orri . b . Pr s t r sid c . Sm t . S

D ak .

H L 54 U . Jan . 5 184 a t e o n o o n m a r o v Y M . 8 o N . 21 1 77 : . C AR OTTE R ANNE D NBA R . b . . Or g . H lt c u ty . . .

t a n a a n K an . to eo e o a . a H a a e e f t h e a n o e R G o e n . a o f e M h tt . . W . H l l b ck w s m mb r K s s H us p

iv o o n o re s e n ta t e s a e n a e o f 1 91 . e e n e 8 e n e e e ne a Ka n . . fr m C m ch c u ty . l gisl tur Pr s t r s id c . L x .

C h il d re n a a Z e a o v 8 : N . 1 78 a t o o K an o e 8 . . Jan . 1 1 8 1 8 . 3 M rth lm . b . . F rt Sc tt . ; L tti Ruth . b . .

a t o o K a n e n d n a Ju n 28 1 83 at Go l w a te r K an e e 8 d eo as a . F rt Sc tt . B ict Du b r. b . . . . . : G rg M s . b

S e . 27 1886 at Go ld w ate r K an p . . . .

H U e b 2 t n o n ( 0 F . 5 1850 a e o o M o mar ) 1 . Fe b . 1 882 MA RT A ANN D NBAR . b . . Or g . H lt c u ty . . ﬁrst . .

a a n e e K a n n w N o v 3 1 3 t o an e t a to e a a e h o . 9 a a . . 8 O re . e W b u s . Sh rm J C stl . d . . J rd V ll y . Th y

h a o n e s o n a o n . a e 3 1 6 at o an a e O re h e e d . ( . 88 . S a e s c , R ym d S C stl . b Oct . . J rd V ll y . m rri d

nd at o an a e a o n n o e n e n e n o ) . . . e e e a O re . . J rd V ll y . F C B rt ; ch ildr Pr s t r sid c . V il .

n . n e e e e n e one Joh B Du bar r c iv d his primary ducatio from his fath r , was

e n e e . and e e y ar at Hopk i s Acad my , Hadl y , Mass , graduat d from Amh rst in 1 64 He e e in h in e e 8 . t e the e Coll g s rv d civil war capaci ty of privat , e e n and e e n n in an n e e n e n n s rg a t , li ut a t i d p d t light artill e ry compa y . one y e ar in n n i Louisiana a d ne arly two a d a half y e ars n Virgi nia . From 1869 to 1878

. n e th e in n and e e in n e e e Mr Du bar h ld chair Lati Gr k Washbur Coll g , Top ka , h e e K an . e e e e e n Whil h r marri d Miss Alida St lla Cook , whos pare ts , Mr . and e e e . Y e e th e e n Mrs . Caspar Cook , lat of Roch st r , N w r for tim co ne cte d w th e e e e e e e n n ith Coll g . Th y hav thr so s , Paul Joh , born Octob e r 27 1879 in ne in Te x . n e e e 7 , , busi ss Fort Worth . ; Willis Cook , bor S pt mb r , 1 1 n n 88 e e n ow Te x . n , a chart r d accou ta t , at Dallas , ; Louis Smith , bor July 3 1888 e n e e in th e n e e nn n , , a stud t of archit ctur U iv rsity of P sylva ia . Afte r e n e e n e e e e e e n n e n l avi g Top ka , Prof ssor Du bar b cam for thr y ars sup ri te d t the e e b e th of public schools of D posit , N . Y . Lat r e fill d e sam e position i e e n e in e . and n 1897 e e nne e for sixt y ars Bloomfi ld , N J b cam co ct d with ’ th i h n e n n . Y . e e e e r Boy s High School Brookly , N , wh r still r mai s , whil e e i n n e e n e n e . . tai i g his r sid c Bloomfi ld , N J Professor Dunbar is a philologist and d e e ply i nte re ste d in th e e arly his tory and e xploration s of th e Span ish and Fre nch in th e southw e ste rn U nite d in on on e n State s . H is library is e sp e cially rich publicati s this r gi o n a d the n e th e n e e n e and I n la guag s of ativ trib s of Ka sas , N braska , M issouri . ’ 1 2 n i the e a 87 h il l n . n e assiste d Fathe r G a a d , of St Mary s Missio , pr par n e nd n e e e not tio of a Pottawatomi grammar a dictio ary , which , how v r , hav e t e e n e He e b u t not e b rie f rammar y b publish d . has also compil d , publish d , a g 1 and n e . I n an 885 e partial vocabulary of th e Pawne e la guag J uary , , Prof ssor Du n bar was e le cte d a corre spondi ng m e mb e r of the Ka nsas Stat e H istorical

e He n e e e n th e o e in th e Soci ty . has b e e a valuabl m mb r , assisti g S ci ty pur e of n e e fo r o o f e an chas ma y books , has pr par d it a bibli graphy arly Sp ish an n n h e o n a n e e e e e e d Fre ch authoriti e s o t e r gi , has alw ys a sw r d ch rfully qu ri s e n na n n e n and in th e c o an n a r lati g to local m e s of I dia d rivatio , a c mp yi g p pe rs is g e ne rously shari ng his wid e k no wl e dge with o th e r s tud e nts of K ansas

o e e n e to t h e o e o t e n e a a o t he history . He c pi e d and pr s t d S ci ty , ab ut y rs g , ’ Fre nch t e xt in manuscri pt o f Bou rg mo nt s j o urne y in fro m Fo rt O r

in e e n n a . e n . th e Pad ucas l a s , Mo , to w st r Ka s s the n on e . n a e Am g oth r works , Mr Du b r has publish d followi g an as a e r a 62 K s St t His t o ic l Socie ty .

Th e e e se th e e n n n I n K an sas it i D cr a of North Am rica I dia s . ( C y R ev ew o S cien ce an d I nd u s tr e e e f y , S pt mb r, Th e ne e n n e and n 2 Paw I dia s : Th ir H istory Eth ology ( 9 pp . , ill . 8 e n e th e M a az in e o A me rican Hist r e 1 ( R pri t d from g f o y , April , Nov mb e r , 880 e e Nov mb r , A n e n th n n f w articl o e I dia craz e of a e ye ars ago . ’ Th n n n nne e Paw e e La guage ; an appe dix to G e orge B . Gri ll s Pawne e e e nd e e e n H ro Stori s a Folk Tal s , as w ll as fr qu e t mat e rial for u se in othe r h e parts of t e volum . h n T e Life of a I ndian ( Pawn e e ) Boy . n n I dia Gam e s . n n n A Study of th e Lipa I dia s . ’ A Comparison of th e iUsag e s of th e Gre eks of Hom e r s Day and th e Paw ne e 1850 and e s of Aft r . Th e n th e ne e n e Migratio s of Paw Cla s or Subtrib s .

Profe ssor Dun bar has aide d various p e rsons i nt e re ste d in I ndian matt e rs n n n n with in formation for publicatio by t h e m , as Dr . Da i e l G . Bri to , of Phila e n Ne b e e e nne e d lphi a; Maj . Fra k North , of Columbus , . ; also s v ral writ rs co ct d

th e e n n n . n e n with Bur au of Eth ology , at Washi gto Most of his i v stigatio s ar in n n n now e e e e , howe ve r , still ma uscript . To Doctor Bri to , d c as d , Pro n n n — ne e f e ssor Dunbar furnishe d a coll e ctio of I ndia so gs Paw , Arikara , n n e e and e and e r Caddo a d Wichita ; also a pape r o r ligious b li e fs usag s , a pap h n e n e e e e t e ne e . . o m dical practic s as obs rv d by Paw s . To Dr Joh G Sh a , of h e n e e en n e n n e for E lizab e th , N . J fur ish d fr qu t assista c as to I dia matt rs , ’ n th n e e six u s e by him in his e dition of Charl e voix s Trav e ls i e U it d Stat s , volum e s ; in volum e 1 of his H istory of th e Catholic Church in th e U n ite d e e Stat s , as to various trib s .