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Arapaho Dialects UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN AMERICAN- ARC-HAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 71-138 June 28, 1916 ARAPAHO DIALECTS BY A. L. KROEBER UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY ;SITY-UN OF ALIFORNIA ?U3LIOATION5 ::PA$~MEW' O:.F AmTTiROPOLOGY, ;The follow1g UtliOatiOfs dealig with acaeologic-al nd ethnologickl Subjects issued nuder the:-direction :of the-Departoet,on rolo eaesent in exchange for thFtepublli- .-tions of athroog department and museu and rjournals dvteto -genoal a.thropology or to arhaeolo aTnd holog. They iar for sle at th pices stae Exchanges shtuld be direcd to The ;ch Departmet, Ueiversit-Librar -Berkeley, CaIorMNia, U. s. A. I11 orders and rtafcshouldb ds to theUiserlt of California Press. ur'peanagenDt for tie .'rles..i Amerca Achaelogy a4E1t~olo'gy, 'ClaaicalPhl-' Lpaig, 'FPojr te inBOrth ,eolg PaEtZys olog d 0Ainoa - -can ArchaeolOgy and EtbnelogK 3.X're sopes & Su- Dl .> XAERICAN A-;ReAE%QiY AND ETNLGY--. L,.' 0reber, B d1tr. Prices, - ~.-,:'Volume; 1, ., Volib-es 2R. t 1,O incbisVe; $3.50 each; -Volwe; 1-, an& folowing g =d -it d*L Ui` ai PubL Axc A -!bn. ' .- 'Price V),K/-0'loL '-l.Ife Xal JUtnr othe Hupa, by :Pliny Earle oddad Pp. 148;-- plate's-}40. September,1903 -.-......-... *1.2: --2. Eipa Texts, byPinyEarle Goddard. Pp.-8:9-3GB. M-farch,1e, --o 3.0 - X, - 0-nex, p. 369*.878- r->:t :-. ->- ,-, - VOL' 2. A1.<Th explotatlon;o the oter Cek a, y Wia . Sar Pp. --27k plates 14;e ieo0d .. ....p.. .so -Vol,, -`2 The.a guages of the.oast otfCa1ltO nlS of San FVo by ?~~~~A L. -Kr e er Pp. 29-80 with a map. Am.,9lIZQ* _v...-";;.Xw .00 - .ypes -f Indita CultureofClfoia, - >~~~~~~~-'J.----wZoss*>-. r2 4.- BasketofDesigns Qth ndagqf a by . Z Pp . ...... .. ..x... 1.7 -. ..... 2.25 In0-:dex,-z-pp 379-392pte. 1- X21. - su. VroL; 3.' -The '1(,hplo of the llpa uago, by Pliny B-eGoddard.- 844 -p. Juno 1905--- 3.50 '-;--^xVoL 4. 1. Th rllt Mstortca Selatons beteiwMe:ico andn, from f. -rg~laddocunens pesre In Spail andJpa, by.ZlI NiittaIl. <---V -2. Contributiontothe-Phs icalAtOeo oCiforsna,aeon-c- - * lectis in -the flvpa4tnent of' AitlwqoIo ofthle. fUniversity o 7 C--;:bGifora: andeiW te US o la;e y < . : .-I . 49s64, wiith"-5tblets; pte140, ndmap.;Jne 1:906--.. ............................;_ .-.7-6 __;!,->u 0Q *,.;t3 rThe Sh>oshonean- Dlle~t of Ca,tliforia by A. 2,Koebe3. Pp.**65466s .Febru*,;.s 19Qt -.*-t--- ~- ;-.-.--*.-.-*---_----.~EFw50~* 0- '4. Indian yhs from 8outh Centa liOnia I. .Pp --2 i;;167-25O0 M y- 1907- ....-.7 byt 4> ;roeber, .: - 65. The Washo.Languag of c:ast Centrl Californa &nd Nevd, by'A L ;> ; -oebeSr, -P. 25418........Seteber, 1907.. ......~.S - .7 : - ~~. ThRgon - f th* Indiani of Calietforna,by . L. Krober Pp. $19-3 So6. September, P1907- -L,19.6f0V..7 .oA,f VbL 5. 1. The PhLoogy;to the linpa Langu hpg ParS:I,; Iu4Jiduyal Sernda, by y Earled., Pp1-t2,-plto 1 M-1907.....De. .. 5n.3 - 2. Nv M thrayers- mdUg; -i e d Trlti by: .--~~~WahngoMat-thews.-,..,8 .-= edited by Plfini Ele (lddar, Pp.P;2163.: -64Se<nexr,0 be19pp. 381-384-. .. ... -.75 -n- ~.----Z ;~ iKCto TeXts,. b3yPlny EXbrle --tdd&rdZ Pp. 5-8, plt -. Pcb.belh r,0 - - - -. - . - . ;. - 2 .~~~4-b-aera99-a,-,-smESJi3..-4urtb1of-rX k amatli ¢- and. od lnan Of..D*+*.0 e -4. trheas Cfoi d e b*'go . .Ba'tt. ,,'< 239-Z plates W-25 J ie,...........1910 ....-..--- .75 -5::. ;he OhrLke $Anan-d-a -t.Clegtga bygUfansdIB.Dixon P 293. 3. On- th of . f :ertin :.:.-; io byeith theoiand,>*tot a;- Indians, by0A . Ztoebe Pp. 39480I-, s. 2and na oaeitcoer. 'r ' ; ; -rebuay,<- Ind'ez% pp.D1o9083$1400''-...~.-'< '; r S ',,,y,;. .-'si.. ..,...j. , 56w .:or- UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 71-138 June 28, 1916 ARAPAHO DIALECTS BY A. L. KROEBER CONTENTS PART I-DIALECTS OF THE ARAPAHO GROUP PAGE The Dialects ....................................................7................................. 73 Comparative Vocabulary ...................-.-.-.-.-.... 75 Notes on Vocabulary .................... 76 Additional Words-Arapaho Proper -. 76 External Phonetic Correspondences of the Group ............................... .................... 77 Vowels ............------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.79 Internal Phonetic Correspondences of the Group----------------------------------------- 80 ............Basa winena ....................................................... 80 Gros Ventre ----------------------------------------- 81 N&nwaa iniih nan8 81 PART II-SKETCH OF ARAPAHO PROPER PhoneticElements ------------------------ 83 Composition ------------------------------------------85 A. Nouns Compounded of Two Separate Words.-....-.......-- 85 B. Nouns and Verbs Formed with Prefixes------------------------------------ 86 C. Nouns and Verbs Formed with Suffixes------------------------------------ 87 Verbs ......................................................9.................................. 90 Word-forming Prefixes ........................................9.................................. 90 A. Prefixes used also as independent verbs, etc 97...................................... 97 B. Prefixes used also as independent adverbs, etc ................ 99 C. Prefixes not yet found as independent parts of speech 103 1. Apparently verbal 103 2. Apparently adverbial, referring to manner 103 3. Apparently adverbial, referring to space -... 104 Word-forming Suffixes ............................................105.................... 105 Grammatical Prefixes .....................1................0........... 109 Grammatical Suffixes---------------------------------------------------109 Pronominal Endings - ...110 Connective Suffixes -... 112 Classified List of Stems -...--...--.......----...--113 Transitive -. 113 Intransitive-----------------------------------------------------------------115 72 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 12 PAGE Nouns - 117 Plural -. 117 Cases - 118 Possession - 119 Pronouns - 120 Adverbs ---------- 121 Numerals - 122 Texts -.------.---- .-- 123 Text I-A Prayer - 124 Notes - 124 Text II-An Adventure - 125 Notes - 126 Text III-Tangled Hair -. 127 Notes -- 128 PART IIT-NOTES ON GROS VENTRE Phonetics ------------------ 131 Composition - 131 Verbs - 133 Affixes of Mode and Tense --------------------------------------- 133 Pronominal Endings and Connectives --------------------------------------- 133 Nouns -.----------------------------. 135 Pronouns -- 136 Numerals ----------------------------------------137 Text IV-Tangled Hair 137 The in,vestigations upon which this essay is based were carried on, in 1899, 1900, and 1901, through the generosity of Mrs. Morris K. Jesup, and under the direction of the Trustees and officers of the American Museum of Natural History, to whose courtesy the writer expresses his indebtedness. 1 916] Kroeber: Arapaho Dialects 73 PART I DIALECTS OF THE ARAPAHO GROUP THE DIALECTS According to the latest authority, Dr. Truman Michelson,1 the languages of the great Algonkin family fall into four primary, sub- stantially co-ordinate, but very unequal groups. Three of these are Blackfoot, Cheyenne, and Arapaho. The fourth, or Eastern-Central, comprises all the other dialects of the family. The Blackfoot, Chey- enne, and Arapaho were buffalo hunters in the open plains. The other tribes with scarcely an exception were timber people. It is erroneous, however, to look for an exact repetition of this primary cultural cleavage in the linguistic organization of the family. The Blackfoot, Cheyenne, and Arapaho tongues are as distinct from one another as from the remaining languages. This fact had indeed been asserted, in so far as the imperfect evidence permitted opinion, before Dr. Michelson 's exact comparative studies, and has long rendered very improbable, at least as regards the Blackfoot and the Arapaho, the prevailing assumption, which is still largely current, that all the Plains Algonkin tribes are recent offshoots from the main body of the stock in the wooded region. It cannot be emphasized too strongly that wherever these tribes may originally have lived, they were not, for a long time past, close relatives and perhaps not even neighbors of the Cree, Ojibwa, or any other known Algonkin division. The recent brilliant discovery of Dr. E. Sapir that the far-away Yurok and Wiyot languages on the Pacific Coast of California are Algonkin proves that the history of this great assembly of tongues cannot be deduced by any off-hand inference from recent habits of life or dis- tribution of the Indian tribes involved. The writer believes that the Arapaho have been separated from the Central and Eastern Algonkins for more than a thousand years. The Arapaho recognize five former divisions of their people. As placed by them in order from south to north, these were the NanwaOi- niiha'nan or South- ?-people, the Hananaxawf1ne'nan or Rock-people, the Hinana'e'inan or Arapaho proper, the Basanw&ne'nan or Wood- ' Science, xxxv, 675, 1912, and Bureau of American Ethnology, Twenty-eighth Annual Report, Washington, 221-290, 1912. 74 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 12 house-people, and the Hitpune'nan or Begging-people. The last are the tribe that calls itself Ha'a'ninin and has long been known as Atsina or Gros Ventre of the Prairie. The Arapaho proper have for a considerable time been divided into a northern and a southern branch. As the language of these two halves scarcely differs even dialectically, the distinction, however important historically,
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