DOCSLIB.ORG

Bulletin1121936smit.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bulletin1121936smit.Pdf Ill k \ \ A. \ \ SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 112 AN INTRODUCTION TO PAWNEE ARCHEOLOGY BY WALDO RUDOLPH WEDEL SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 112 AN INTRODUCTION TO PAWNEE ARCHEOLOGY BY WALDO RUDOLPH WEDEL UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1936 W sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. ----- - Price 30 cents LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Smithsonian Institution, BuEEAu OF American Ethnology, Washington, D. C, July i, 1935. Sir: I have the honor to submit the accompanying manuscript, entitled " An Introduction to Pawnee Archeology ", by Waldo Rudolph Wedel, and to recommend that it be published as a bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology. Very respectfully yours, M. W. Stirling, Chief. Dr. C. G. Abbot, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. m CONTENTS Page Preface ix Introduction 1 Linguistic affiliations of the Pawnee 1 Origin of the name Pawnee 2 Names and general organization of the bands 3 Historic habitat and its geographical features 3 Historical background 7 Traditions 7 Documentary history 9 Archeology 23 Historic village sites • 23 Skidi Pawnee sites 25 Palmer site 25 Fullerton site 27 McClaine site 28 Genoa site 29 Grand Pawnee sites 29 Linwood site 29 Clarks site 31 Plum Creek site 32 Republican Pawnee sites 32 Kansas Monument site 33 Hill site 34 Horse Creek site 36 Cottonwood Creek site 37 Protohistoric sites 38 Schuyler site 39 Burkett site 40 Material culture. 42 Habitations 43 Earth lodge 43 Tipi; other types of shelter 60 Caches 52 Earthworks 54 Horse corrals 55 Foods : agriculture 57 Ceramics 62 Work in stone 74 Manos and metates 74 Anvil stones 75 Arrowpoiuts 75 Scrapers 76 Rubbing stones 76 Discoidal hammerstones 76 Pecking stones 76 V VI CONTENTS Material cultui-e—Continued. Work in stone—Continued. Page Balls 77 Grooved mauls and axes 77 Celts 78 Incised tablets ("molds") 78 Drills 79 Pestle 79 Crystals 79 "Whetstones" 79 Shaft polishers 80 Pipes 80 Work in bone and horn 81 Awls 81 Shaft straighteners 82 Picks 82 Hide scrapers 82 Paint brushes 82 Hide tanners 83 Beaming tools 83 Digging tools 83 Fleshing tools 84 Plume holders 84 Roach spreader 85 Chipping implements 85 Teeth 85 Corn shellers 86 Horn spoons 86 Work in sheU 86 Clamshells 86 Tubular beads 86 Work in wood 87 Mortars ._ 87 Bowls 88 Platters 88 Cradle board 88 Miscellaneous 89 Miscellaneous objects 89 Glass beads 89 Metal work 89 Weaving and textiles 90 Cloth and cordage 90 Matting 90 Basketry 91 Mortuary customs 91 Conclusions 94 Bibliography _ 103 Index 111 Explanation of plates 121 ILLUSTKATIONS 1. Modem Pawnee earth lodge and excavated historic house site. 2. Vegetable material and textiles from the Hill site (historic Pawnee). 3. Historic Pawnee vessels from various sites. 4. vessels, Complete probably Pawnee. i 5. Pawnee type rim sherds from various historic sites. 6. Selected rim sherds from Burkett site (protohistoric Pawnee). 7. Stonework from Hill site (historic Pawnee). 8. Pipes and mortuary offerings, various sites (histoi-ic Pawnee). 9. Bonework from historic Pawnee sites. 10. Bone tools from historic Pawnee sites. 11. Pawnee burials (historic sites). 12. Metal trade material from the Hill site (historic Pawnee). MAPS 1. Tribal map of the Central Plains about 1800. 2. Historic and protohistoric sites in the northern Pawnee area. Based on early maps and journals, and on archeological investigations. 3. Marquette's map, 1673-74. From the Jesuit Relations, volume LIX, page 108. 4. LeSeuer's map, 1701. From the South Dakota Historical Collections, vol- ume I, page 49. 5. Du Pratz's map of Louisiana, 1757. From Histoire de la Louisiane, tome premiere, page 138. 6. CoUot's map, 1796. From a Journey in North America, volume 1, page 281. 7. Du Lac's map of the Missouri, 1802. From Travels Through the Two Louisianas. 8. Lewis and Clark's map, 1804. From Travels to the Source of the Missouri River, volume 1. 9. Pike's map, 1806. From An Account of Expeditions to the Sources of the Mississippi, etc. 10. Long's map, 1819. From Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, atlas. TEXT FIGUEES Page 1. Cross section of a Pawnee earth lodge showing interior arrangement of posts and beams 44 2. Ground plan of historic Pawnee earth lodge, house 1, Hill site 47 3. Ground plan of historic Pawnee earth lodge. Hill site 49 4. Ground plan of historic Pawnee earth lodge. Hill site 50 5. Cross section of cache 1, Hill site 52 6. Plan of horse corral (?), Hill site 56 7. Rim types characteristic of Pawnee pottery 67 8. Incised rim designs of Pawnee type 68 9. Incised tablets ("molds") of stone from the Hill site (Hill collec- tion) 78 10. Incised tablets ("molds"), Linwood site 79 11. Tubular bone object, probably a plume holder, from Hill site (Hill collection) 84 12. Roach spreader from Hill site (Hill collection) 85 vu PKEFACE The Pawnee have been known to white men since, probably, 1541, and certainly since 1G73. They were the most numerous and power- ful of the tribes constituting the Caddoan linguistic stock and one of the most important of the entire Plains area. Since the earliest definite historic mention of them they have been resident in Ne- braska and the extreme northern portion of Kansas, particularly on the Loup, Platte, and Republican Rivers. As a tribe they were always friendly to the Europeans and later to the Americans, ren- dering invaluable aid as scouts in the Indian troubles on the Plains during the middle half of the nineteenth century; and that despite the half-hearted and tardy attentions that too often characterized the Government's relations with them. The tribe has been variously described by early explorers, mission- aries, fur traders, Army officers, and travelers, many of whom left very valuable and worth-while accounts concerning them in their native habitat in the Loup and Platte Valleys. In more recent years, on their reservation in Oklahoma, they have been studied by linguists and ethnologists, though much of this material is still unpublished. Of outstanding note among the available treatises in this field is the work of Dunbar in general ethnology, of Dorsey in mythology, of Grinnell in folk-tales, and of Murie in social and political organiza- tion. Archeological remains, surprisingly rich and numerous at many of the old village sites formerly occupied by the tribe, have received but little systematic attention up to the present, save for the excellent beginnings made by a few local collectors. Yet it is this latter, long-neglected field of research which must come to be more and more drawn upon for information regarding this fast-van- ishing tribe and its native culture. The primary purpose of this paper, as originally planned, was to present a purely objective preliminary report on the archeology of the Pawnee, drawing together all data at present available and re- cording it in systematic fashion. More or less inadvertently, the scope was broadened to include a review of the traditions dealing with the origin and early movements of the tribe, as well as a con- cise summary of the documentary history of the tribe from 1541 to 1876. To this were added brief notes on the environment of the group, and such other significant facts as may be helpful to an un- derstanding of the subject. The social, political, and religious phases X PREFACE of Pawnee culture, as well as their general ethnology, have been deliberately avoided, since most of these have been treated at length elsewhere. Finally, correlations have been made with other cultures of adjoining areas with a view to determining as far as possible where the roots of Pawnee culture lie. The principal source for the archeological data embodied in this paper is the Hill collection at the Hastings (Nebr.) Museum. This collection, gathered over a period of more than 18 years by Mr. A. T. Hill, Hastings business man and director of the Nebraska State His- torical Society Museum at Lincoln, is unequaled by any in the field of Pawnee archeology. Most of the specimens were secured from the Hill site, now the property of Mr. Hill, but there is in addition much comparative material from other historic Pawnee and prehistoric sites in central and southern Nebraska. Through the courtesy of Mr, Hill the writer was enabled to spend 2 weeks in a study of these exhibits, at which time the bulk of the information was obtained. The known Pawnee material recovered by the Nebraska Archaeologi- cal Survey, of which the writer was a member during the summer of 1930, has also been drawn upon. This was secured mainly from the Hill site and corroborates generally the facts reached through study of the Hill collections. Mention should also be made of the excellent collection of surface material in the possession of Mr. Alfred Ticha- cek, of Linwood, Nebr., all of which comes from the early Pawnee site near that town. On two different occasions access was had to these specimens for study purposes. In addition, small collections made by various amateur collectors and, as far as available, those of the Nebraska Historical Society, were also examined. The paper, intended as a basic approach to the study of prehistory in the Pawnee area, was originally completed in the spring of 1931. Lack of funds prevented publication at the time, however, and the rapid accumulation of new data from the region has made possible revision from time to time of the sections dealing with archeological details. Final revision was made in November 1935, bringing the paper so far as possible up to date in the light of researches made since its inception.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • “Sent out by Our Great Father”
    “Sent Out By Our Great Father” Zebulon Montgomery Pike’s Journal and Route Across Kansas, 1806 edited by Leo E. Oliva ebulon Montgomery Pike, a lieutenant in the First U.S. Infantry, led an exploring expe- dition in search of the source of the Mississippi River in 1805–1806. Soon after his return to St. Louis in July 1806, General James Wilkinson sent Lieutenant Pike, promoted to cap- tain a few weeks later, to explore the southwestern portion of the Louisiana Purchase, de- parting from the military post of Belle Fontaine near St. Louis on July 15, 1806. His expedition began as Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were nearing completion of their two-year expedition up the Missouri River and across the mountains to the Pacific Ocean and back. Pike crossed present Mis- Zsouri, most of the way by boat on the Missouri and Osage Rivers, where he delivered fifty-one mem- bers of the Osage tribe to the village of the Grand Osage in late August. On September 3 Pike entered present Kansas at the end of the day. His command, including Lieutenant James B. Wilkinson (son of General Wilkinson), Dr. John H. Robinson (civilian surgeon accompanying the ex- pedition), interpreter Antoine François “Baronet” Vásquez (called Baroney in the journal), and eighteen en- listed men, was accompanied by several Osages and two Pawnees as guides. Because of bad feelings between the Osage and Kansa Indians, some of Pike’s Osage guides turned back, and those who continued led his party a Leo E. Oliva, a native Kansan and a former university professor, became interested in frontier military history during the centennial celebration of the founding of Fort Larned in 1959 and has been researching and writing about the frontier army ever since.
    [Show full text]
  • Roger T1." Grange, Jr. a Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The
    Ceramic relationships in the Central Plains Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Grange, Roger Tibbets, 1927- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 09/10/2021 18:53:20 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565603 CERAMIC RELATIONSHIPS' IN THE CENTRAL PLAINS ^ > 0 ^ . Roger T1." Grange, Jr. A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 6 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by Roger T, Grange, Jr»________________________ entitled ______Ceramic Relationships in the Central_____ _____Plains_______________________________________ be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the degree of _____Doctor of Philosophy________________________ April 26. 1962 Dissertation Director Date After inspection of the dissertation, the following members of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and recommend its acceptance:* 5 / ? / ^ t 5 /? / C 2-— A / , - r y /n / *This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination. The inclusion of this sheet bound into the library copy of the dissertation is evidence of satisfactory performance at the final examination. STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in The University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library.
    [Show full text]
  • Sahnish (Arikara) Ethnobotany
    Kindscher, L. Yellow Bird, M. Yellow Bird & Sutton Yellow M. Bird, Yellow L. Kindscher, Sahnish (Arikara) Ethnobotany This book describes the traditional use of wild plants among the Arikara (Sahnish) for food, medicine, craft, and other uses. The Arikara grew corn, hunted and foraged, and traded with other tribes in the northern Great Plains. Their villages were located along the Sahnish (Arikara) Missouri River in northern South Dakota and North Dakota. Today, many of them live at Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota, as part of the MHA (Mandan, Hidatsa, Arikara) Ethnobotany Nation. We document the use of 106 species from 31 plant families, based primarily on the work of Melvin Gilmore, who recorded Arikara ethnobotany from 1916 to 1935. Gilmore interviewed elders for their stories and accounts of traditional plant use, collected material goods, and wrote a draft manuscript, but was not able to complete it due to debilitating illness. Fortunately, his field notes, manuscripts, and papers were archived and form the core of the present volume. Gilmore’s detailed description is augmented here with historical accounts of the Arikara gleaned from the journals of Great Plains explorers—Lewis and Clark, John Bradbury, Pierre Tabeau, and others. Additional plant uses and nomenclature is based on the field notes of linguist Douglas R. Parks, who carried out detailed documentation of the Sahnish (Arikara) Ethnobotany tribe’s language from 1970–2001. Although based on these historical sources, the present volume features updated modern botanical nomenclature, contemporary spelling and interpretation of Arikara plant names, and color photographs and range maps of each species.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3 Arapaho Ethnohistory and Historical
    Chapter 3 Arapaho Ethnohistory and Historical Ethnography ______________________________________________________ 3.1 Introduction The Arapaho believe they were the first people created on earth. The Arapaho called themselves, the Hinanae'inan, "Our Own Kind of People.”1 After their creation, Arapaho tradition places them at the earth's center. The belief in the centrality of their location is no accident. Sociologically, the Arapaho occupied the geographical center among the five ethnic distinct tribal-nations that existed prior to the direct European contact.2 3.2 Culture History and Territory Similar to many other societies, the ethnic formation of the Arapaho on the Great Plains into a tribal-nation was a complex sociological process. The original homeland for the tribe, according to evidence, was the region of the Red River and the Saskatchewan River in settled horticultural communities. From this original homeland various Arapaho divisions gradually migrated southwest, adapting to living on the Great Plains.3 One of the sacred objects, symbolic of their life as horticulturalists, that they carried with them onto the Northern Plains is a stone resembling an ear of corn. According to their oral traditions, the Arapaho were composed originally of five distinct tribes. 4 Arapaho elders remember the Black Hills country, and claim that they once owned that region, before moving south and west into the heart of the Great Plains. By the early nineteenth century, the Arapaho positioned themselves geographically from the two forks of the Cheyenne River, west of the Black Hills southward to the eastern front 87 of the central Rocky Mountains at the headwaters of the Arkansas River.5 By 1806 the Arapaho formed an alliance with the Cheyenne to resist against further intrusion west by the Sioux beyond the Missouri River.
    [Show full text]
  • The Symbolic Role of Animals in the Plains Indian Sun Dance Elizabeth
    17 The Symbolic Role of Animals in the Plains Indian Sun Dance 1 Elizabeth Atwood Lawrence TUFTS UNIVERSITY For many tribes of Plains Indians whose bison-hunting culture flourished during the 18th and 19th centuries, the sun dance was the major communal religious ceremony. Generally held in late spring or early summer, the rite celebrates renewal-the spiritual rebirth of participants and their relatives as well as the regeneration of the living earth with all its components. The sun dance reflects relationships with nature that are characteristic of the Plains ethos, and includes symbolic representations of various animal species, particularly the eagle and the buffalo, that once played vital roles in the lives of the people and are still endowed with sacredness and special powers. The ritual, involving sacrifice and supplication to insure harmony between all living beings, continues to be practiced by many contemporary native Americans. For many tribes of Plains Indians whose buffalo-hunting culture flowered during the 18th and 19th centuries, the sun dance was the major communal religious ceremony. Although details of the event differed in various groups, certain elements were common to most tribal traditions. Generally, the annual ceremony was held in late spring or early summer when people from different bands gathered together again following the dispersal that customarily took place in winter. The sun dance, a ritual of sacrifice performed by virtually all of the High Plains peoples, has been described among the Arapaho, Arikara, Assiniboin, Bannock, Blackfeet, Blood, Cheyenne, Plains Cree, Crow, Gros Ventre, Hidatsa, Kiowa, Mandans, Ojibway, Omaha, Ponca, Sarsi, Shoshone, Sioux (Dakota), and Ute (Spier, 1921, p.
    [Show full text]
  • 2018NABI Teams.Pdf
    TEAM NAME COACH TRIBE STATE TEAM NAME COACH TRIBE STATE 1 ALASKA (D1) S. Craft Unalakleet, Akiachak, Akiak, Qipnag, Savoonga, Iqurmiut AK 33 THREE NATIONS (D1) G. Tashquinth Tohono O'odham, Navajo, Gila River AZ 2 APACHE OUTKAST (D1) J. Andreas White Mountain Apache AZ 34 TRIBAL BOYZ (D1) A. Strom Colville, Mekah, Nez Perce, Quinault, Umatilla, Yakama WA 3 APACHES (D1) T. Antonio San Carlos Apache AZ 35 U-NATION (D1) J. Miller Omaha Tribe of Nebraska NE 4 AZ WARRIORS (D1) R. Johnston Hopi, Dine, Onk Akimel O'odham, Tohono O'odham AZ 36 YAQUI WARRIORS (D1) N. Gorosave Pascua Yaqui AZ Pima, Tohono O'odham, Navajo, White Mountain Apache, 5 BADNATIONZ (D1) K. Miller Sr. Prairie Band Potawatomi, Kickapoo, Yakama KS 1 21ST NATIVES (D2) R. Lyons AZ Chemehuevi, Hualapai 6 BIRD CITY (D1) M. Barney Navajo AZ 2 AK-CHIN (D2) T. Carlyle Ak-Chin AZ 7 BLUBIRD BALLERZ (D1) B. Whitehorse Navajo UT 3 AZ FUTURE (D2) T. Blackwater Akimel O'odham, Dine, Hopi AZ 8 CHAOS (D1) D. Kohlus Cheyenne River Sioux, Standing Rock Sioux SD 4 AZ OUTLAWS (D2) S. Amador Mohave, Navajo, Chemehuevi, Digueno AZ CHEYENNEARAPAHO 9 R. Island Cheyenne Arapaho Tribes Of Oklahoma OK 5 AZ SPARTANS (D2) G. Pete Navajo AZ (D1) 10 FLIGHT 701 (D1) B. Kroupa Arikara, Hidatsa, Sioux ND 6 DJ RAP SQUAD (D2) R. Paytiamo Navajo NM 11 FMD (D1) Gerald Doka Yavapai, Pima, CRIT AZ 7 FORT YUMA (D2) D. Taylor Quechan CA 12 FORT MOJAVE (D1) J. Rodriguez Jr. Fort Mojave, Chemehuevi, Colorado River Indian Tribes CA 8 GILA RIVER (D2) R.
    [Show full text]
  • For-Hire Motor Carriers-Unrestricted Property
    For-Hire - Unrestricted Property September 23, 2021 PIN USDOT MC Name DBA Name Phone Street Suite City State Zip 172318 2382342 1ST CALL HOTSHOT SERVICE LLC 1ST CALL HOTSHOT SERVICE LLC (405) 205-1738 Mail: 2410 W MEMORIAL RD STE C533 OKLAHOMA CITY OK 73134 Physical: 406 6TH ST CHEYENNE OK 73628 106139 1129401 2 B TRUCKING LLC 2 B TRUCKING LLC (936) 635-1288 Mail: 1430 N TEMPLE DIBOLL TX 75941 Physical: 214671 3131628 2 K SERVICES LLC 2 K SERVICES LLC (405) 754-0351 Mail: 2305 COUNTY ROAD 1232 BLANCHARD OK 73010 Physical: 142776 587437 2 R TRUCKING LLC 2 R TRUCKING LLC (402) 257-4105 Mail: 1918 ROAD ""P"" GUIDE ROCK NE 68942 Physical: 152966 2089295 2 RIVERS CONVERSIONS LLC 2 RIVERS CONVERSIONS LLC (405) 380-6771 Mail: 3888 N 3726 RD HOLDENVILLE OK 74848 Physical: 227192 3273977 2 VETS TRUCKING LLC 2 VETS TRUCKING LLC (405) 343-3468 Mail: 9516 TATUM LANE OKLAHOMA CITY OK 73165 Physical: 250374 3627024 2A TRANSPORT LLC 2A TRANSPORT LLC (918) 557-4000 Mail: PO BOX 52612 TULSA OK 74152 Physical: 10055 E 590 RD CATOOSA OK 74015 144063 1885218 3 C CATTLE FEEDERS INC 3 C CATTLE FEEDERS INC (405) 947-4990 Mail: PO BOX 14620 OKLAHOMA CITY OK 73113 Physical: PO BOX 144 MILL CREEK OK 74856 193972 2881702 3 CASAS TRUCKING LLC 3 CASAS TRUCKING LLC (405) 850-0223 Mail: 3701 KEITH COURT OKLAHOMA CITY OK 73135 Physical: 3701 KEITH COURT OKLAHOMA CITY OK 73135 251354 3678453 3 FEATHERS LOGISTICS LLC 3 FEATHERS LOGISTICS LLC (918) 991-4528 Mail: 411 N HODGE ST SAPULPA OK 74066 Physical: 134041 1728299 3 LANE TRUCKING LLC 3 LANE TRUCKING LLC Mail: RR1
    [Show full text]
  • Tribal and House District Boundaries
    ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Tribal Boundaries and Oklahoma House Boundaries ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 22 ! 18 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 13 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 20 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 7 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Cimarron ! ! ! ! 14 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 11 ! ! Texas ! ! Harper ! ! 4 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! n ! ! Beaver ! ! ! ! Ottawa ! ! ! ! Kay 9 o ! Woods ! ! ! ! Grant t ! 61 ! ! ! ! ! Nowata ! ! ! ! ! 37 ! ! ! g ! ! ! ! 7 ! 2 ! ! ! ! Alfalfa ! n ! ! ! ! ! 10 ! ! 27 i ! ! ! ! ! Craig ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! h ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 26 s ! ! Osage 25 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! a ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 6 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Tribes ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 16 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! W ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 21 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 58 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 38 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Tribes by House District ! 11 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1 Absentee Shawnee* ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Woodward ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 2 ! 36 ! Apache* ! ! ! 40 ! 17 ! ! ! 5 8 ! ! ! Rogers ! ! ! ! ! Garfield ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1 40 ! ! ! ! ! 3 Noble ! ! ! Caddo* ! ! Major ! ! Delaware ! ! ! ! ! 4 ! ! ! ! ! Mayes ! ! Pawnee ! ! ! 19 ! ! 2 41 ! ! ! ! ! 9 ! 4 ! 74 ! ! ! Cherokee ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Ellis ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 41 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 72 ! ! ! ! ! 35 4 8 6 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 5 3 42 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 77
    [Show full text]
  • Crow and Cheyenne Women| Some Differences in Their Roles As Related to Tribal History
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1969 Crow and Cheyenne women| Some differences in their roles as related to tribal history Carole Ann Clark The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Clark, Carole Ann, "Crow and Cheyenne women| Some differences in their roles as related to tribal history" (1969). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 1946. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/1946 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COPYRIGHT ACT OF 1976 THIS IS AN UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPT IN WHICH COPYRIGHT SUB­ SISTS. ANY FURTHER REPRINTING OF ITS CONTENTS MUST BE APPROVED BY THE AUTHOR. IVIANSFIELD LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA DATE : U-- - ~ CROW AND CHEYENNE WOMEN r SOME DIFFERENCES IN THEIR ROLES AS RELATED TO TRIBAL HISTORY by Carole Ann Clark B.A., University of Montana, 1?66 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA 1969 Approved by Chairman, Board of iicaminers L, 'Graduate 'School UMI Number: EP35023 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted.
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. House Committee on Appropriations
    N A T I O N A L C O N G R E S S O F A M E R I C A N I N D I A N S U.S. House Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies American Indian and Alaska Native Public Witness Hearing Written Testimony of Kevin J. Allis Chief Executive Officer of the National Congress of American Indians E X ECUT IV E C OMMITTEE February 12, 2020 PRESIDENT Fawn R. Sharp Quinault Indian Nation On behalf of the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI), thank you for FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT holding this American Indian and Alaska Native Public Witness hearing. Founded in Aaron Payment Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa 1944, NCAI is the oldest and largest national organization composed of American Indians Indian and Alaska Native tribal nations. NCAI’s testimony will discuss funding for RECORDING SECRETARY Juana Majel-Dixon the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) and Indian Health Service (IHS). Pauma Band of Luiseño Indians TREASURER Clinton Lageson This testimony is rooted in the treaties and agreements that tribal nations made with Kenaitze Indian Tribe the U.S. Government. A recent assessment from the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights R E G IO NAL V ICE - P RESIDENTS (USCCR) found that “federal funding for Native American programs across the ALASKA government remains grossly inadequate to meet the most basic needs the federal Rob Sanderson, Jr. 1 Tlingit & Haida Indian Tribes of government is obligated to provide.” Tribal leaders and citizens have known this for Alaska decades, and we urge Congress to fully fund the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register/Vol. 73, No. 45/Thursday, March 6, 2008/Notices
    12212 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 45 / Thursday, March 6, 2008 / Notices known individual was identified. No Nebraska State Historical Society and Box 1286, Hastings, NE 68902, associated funerary objects are present. museum records are consistent with telephone (402) 461–2399, before April Research conducted at the Nebraska information on the site known as the 7, 2008. Repatriation of the human State Historical Society identifies at Hanna Larson Site. The site was remains and associated funerary objects least 15 sites in the area around Palmer. occupied form A.D. 1650 to A.D. 1750 to the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma may One site is known as the Palmer Village and is culturally identified with the proceed after that date if no additional (25HW1), which is a well known site Lower Loup Focus of the Pahuk Aspect claimants come forward. that was occupied by the Skidi band of of the late Ceramic Period. The Hastings Museum is responsible the Pawnee from at least A.D. 1804 to The Lower Loup Phase sites are for notifying the Crow Tribe of Montana; A.D. 1836, and was observed and located in areas also associated with Omaha Tribe of Nebraska; Otoe– recorded by a number of explorers to the historic Pawnee sites. The Lower Loup Missouria Tribe of Indians, Oklahoma; area. Museum officials have been able to material culture suggests that they are Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma; Ponca document Mr. Brooking and Mr. Hill as ancestors of the Pawnee. Descendants of Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma; Ponca having conducted excavations at the the Pawnee are members of the Pawnee Tribe of Nebraska; Sac & Fox Nation of Palmer Village.
    [Show full text]
  • The Otoe-Missouria Flag Song
    Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics, Vol. 30 (2008), p. 98 The Otoe-Missouria Flag Song Jill D. Greer Social Science Department, Missouri Southern State University Introduction As the title suggests, the focus of this paper is upon a single important song within the Otoe- Missouria tribe. This is a preliminary sketch, or a truly working paper as the KU publication series denotes. In subject and approach, it has been inspired by the venerable tradition of collecting, preserving, and analyzing Native American texts begun with 19th century BAE ethnographers such as James Owen Dorsey, encouraged by Franz Boas and his Americanist students, and celebrated by more recent scholars of verbal art as Hymes, Tedlock, Sherzer, and Basso. The particular esthetic principles used in the text will link it clearly to other tribal songs, and to the performance context as well. I will also raise issues of cultural change and continuity in the context of language shift, and finally, I argue that this Flag Song compellingly demonstrates the value of maintaining a heritage language within endangered and obsolescent language communities.1 By a heritage language, I mean a language which may no longer exist as an “everyday spoken medium of communication” but which may persist in special settings, such as the realm of sacred language in songs and prayer.2 The Western tradition has the familiar example of Latin preserved by use in the Church and as the common written language of scholars, but unlike Latin, the majority of Native languages were not represented in written form by their respective speech communities.3 The numerous circumstances leading to language shift within the Otoe- Missouria community have been similar to that documented elsewhere for the First Nations peoples in the U.S., and it is beyond the scope of this paper to review that tragic process in detail.
    [Show full text]