DOCSLIB.ORG

Thesis Strategies of the Arapahos and Cheyennes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Thesis Strategies of the Arapahos and Cheyennes THESIS STRATEGIES OF THE ARAPAHOS AND CHEYENNES FOR COMBATING NINETEENTH CENTURY AMERICAN COLONIALISM Submitted by Stephen Hilger History Department In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Summer 2009 Copyright by Stephen Hilger 2009 All Rights Reserved E99 .A7 H545 2009 COLORADO STATE UNIVERSI1Y July 13, 2009 WE HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER OUR SUPERVISION BY STEPHEN HILGER ENTIlLED [STRATEGIES OF THE ARAPAHOS AND CHEYENNES FOR COMBATING NINETEENTH CENTURY AMERICAN COLONIALISM] BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING IN PART REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF HISTORY. ii COLORADO STATE UNIV. USRARla ABSTRACT OF THESIS STRATEGIES OF THE ARAPAHOS AND CHEYENNES FOR COMBATING NINETEENTH CENlURY AMERICAN COLONIALISM The nineteenth century was a period of ttttbulence for the Cheyenne and Arapaho people and both tribes relied on existing culttttal systems of socio-political organization to confront the new challenges brought by this new era of change. At the dawn of the century, the two tribes elected to embrace the horse and a nomadic equestrian lifestyle on the Great Plains. Although the adoption of the horse offered a path to acquire great wealth, the animal's ascendance as the critical material good within both societies stressed existing social relationships. The second new phenomenon confronting the Cheyennes and the Arapahos during the nineteenth century was the influx of American settlers onto the Front Range following the Colorado gold rush. American setders not only brought a contending ecological relationship with the nattttal environment, but also competing conceptions of property and power. These new dynamics threatened the viability of equestrian lifestyles as nattttal resources were put under high levels of stress and became privatized by the new boundaries of capitalism. To confront the challenges brought by the horse and American expansion, the Cheyennes and Arapahos developed indigenous political strategies expressed through their respective socio-political institutions. In Arapaho cultttte, males were progressively organized into peer groups through the lodge system. The lodge system directed Arapahos' interactions with foreign actors, as the tribe utilized intermediaries to relay pre-established iii political decisions made by the tribe's elders known as the Water Pouring Men, functioning to avert instances of violence with the United States and limit tribal factionalism. Similarly, the Cheyennes own socio-political institutions, the Council of Forty Four and the warrior societies, directed their relationship with United States in a different historical trajectory. While the chiefs of the Council of Forty Four strived to use peace and diplomacy in solving critical political issues, the warrior societies preferred methods of violence to advance Cheyenne interests. After the violent massacres of Cheyennes at Sand Creek and along the Washita River, however, a new generation of Cheyenne council chiefs, who embraced policies of both war and peace rose to leadership and were more successful in achieving Cheyenne political goals. Stephen Hilger History Department Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO 80523 Summer 2009 iv Table of Contents Illustrations ........................................................................................................................................ vii Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter I: "The Pull of the Great Plains." The Cheyennes' and Arapahos' Choice to Adopt Nomadic Equestrian Cultures ........................................................................................................... 8 I Development of Arapaho and Cheyenne Tribal Structures of Social Organization ................... 12 The Cheyenne Village at Biesterfeldt ............................................................................................... 16 II Weighing the Pros and Cons of Equestrian Life ............................................................................... 19 The Pre-Contact Trade Network ...................................................................................................... 21 Economic Advantages afforded by the Horse and Bison ............................................................ 23 III Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 27 Chapter II: "To Walk a New Road." The Arapahos' use of Technology in Confronting Nineteenth Century Political Dilemmas ........................................................................................ 30 I Origins and Structure of the Lodge System ........................................................................................ 36 II Arapaho Strategies Facilitating the Assimilation of the Horse....................................................... .41 Early Diplomatic Interactions with American Traders and Explorers ...................................... .43 III 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie ................................................................................................................ 48 Discovery of gold along the Front Range ....................................................................................... 52 Niwot's journey to the East ............................................................................................................... 53 Little Raven's and Niwot's bands first encounters with American Settlers ................. 55 IV Arrival of Gov. John Evans to Colorado, 1863 ............................................................................... 60 The Sand Creek Massacre & Treaty of the Little Arkansas .......................................................... 62 Little Raven secures a new reservation after the confusion at Medicine Lodge ...................... 67 V Red Cloud's War .................................................................................................................................... 70 Diplomatic outreach to the Shoshones and ChiefWashakie ....................................................... 72 Sharp Nose and Black Coals' audience with President Hayes, 1877 ............................ 74 VI Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 78 Chapter III: "Some man might be at the same time both a Warrior Chief and a Tribal Big Chief." Violence and the Evolution of Cheyenne Political Structures in the Nineteenth Century ............................................................................................................................................... 81 I Sweet Medicine and the creation of the Council of Forty-Four .................................................. 88 II The Horse's Impact on Cheyenne Domestic and Foreign Affairs ................................................ 91 The Plains Indian Peace of 1840 ..................................................................................................... 94 III The Colorado Gold Rush .................................................................................................................... 96 v The Sand Creek Massacre ................................................................................................................. 99 IV A New Generation of Council Chiefs participate in Red Cloud's War...................................... 103 V Massacre Along the Washita River and the Dilemma of American Power .............................. 107 The War to Save the Buffalo .......................................................................................................... 111 VI The Cheyennes in the Great Sioux War .......................................................................................... 114 The Dull Knife Fight ....................................................................................................................... 118 The Diplomacy of Sweet Taste Woman ...................................................................................... 122 VII little Wolf and Morning Star's Trek North ................................................................................... 125 Morning Star's Breakout From Fort Robinson, January 9, 1879 ............................................. 128 VIII Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................... 131 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 134 Work Cited ....................................................................................................................................... 137 vi Illustrations Fig. 1.1 Old map of the Great American Desert.......................................................................... 10 Fig. 1.2 Map of Cheyenne Eighteenth and Nineteenth century migrations ............................. 18 Fig. 1.3 Map of the Western Comanche trade center ................................................................. 26 Fig. 2.1 Map of Arapaho territories in the nineteenth century................................................... 50 Fig. 2.2 Denver in late 1858 ..........................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Thesis-1973D-A431h.Pdf (8.798Mb)
    HEALTH AND MEDICAL CARE OF THE SOUTHERN PLAINS INDIANS, 1868-1892 By VIRGINIA RUTH ALLEN ll Bachelor of Science Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 1952 Master of Teaching Central State University Edmond, Oklahoma 1968 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY July, 1973 OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY FEB I;; 1974 HEALTH AND MEDICAL CARE OF THE SOUTHERN PLAINS INDIANS, 1868-1892 Thesis Approved: Dea/] ~ ~Iege 87321~ ii PREFACE During the years from 1868 to 1892, the Southern Plains Indians were defeated in war, their population decreased by battle and disease, and their economic system destroyed. They were relocated on reservations where they were subjected to cultural shock by their white conquerors. They endured hunger, disease, and despair. Many studies have been made of the warfare and the ultimate defeat of the Indians. None have explored the vital topic of the health of these people. No other factor is so vital to the success or failure of human endeavor. This study focuses on the government medical care provided the Plains Indians on the Cheyenne-Arapahoe and Kiowa­ Comanche reservations. It also expl6res the cultural con­ flict between the white man's medicine and the native medicine men, and what effect that conflict and other contacts with white men had on Indian health. I wish to acknowledge the generous and kind assis­ tance I received from numerous people during the research and writing of this dissertation. First, I would like to thank Doctor Homer L.
    [Show full text]
  • Strangers in a Strange Land: a Historical Perspective of the Columbian Quincentenary
    Journal of Civil Rights and Economic Development Volume 7 Issue 2 Volume 7, Spring 1993, Issue 2 Article 4 Strangers in a Strange Land: A Historical Perspective of the Columbian Quincentenary Rennard Strickland Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.stjohns.edu/jcred This Symposium is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at St. John's Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Civil Rights and Economic Development by an authorized editor of St. John's Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STRANGERS IN A STRANGE LAND: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE COLUMBIAN QUINCENTENARY* RENNARD STRICKLAND** The title Strangers in a Strange Land comes from a letter which John Rollin Ridge, the first Native American to practice law in California, wrote from the gold fields back to his Uncle Stand Wa- tie in the Indian Territory. "I was a stranger in a strange land," he began. "I knew no one, and looking at the multitude that thronged the streets, and passed each other without a friendly sign, or look of recognition even, I began to think I was in a new world, where all were strangers and none cared to know."' The last five hundred years-the Columbian Quincentenary-is captured for the Native American in the phrase-"a new world, where all were strangers," with Native Americans as the "stran- gers in a strange land [which] none cared to know." I believe from my historical studies that the so-called "Columbian Ex- change" symbolizes the triumph of technology over axe- ology-the ascendancy of industry over humanity.
    [Show full text]
  • Young Man Afraid of His Horses: the Reservation Years
    Nebraska History posts materials online for your personal use. Please remember that the contents of Nebraska History are copyrighted by the Nebraska State Historical Society (except for materials credited to other institutions). The NSHS retains its copyrights even to materials it posts on the web. For permission to re-use materials or for photo ordering information, please see: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/magazine/permission.htm Nebraska State Historical Society members receive four issues of Nebraska History and four issues of Nebraska History News annually. For membership information, see: http://nebraskahistory.org/admin/members/index.htm Article Title: Young Man Afraid of His Horses: The Reservation Years Full Citation: Joseph Agonito, “Young Man Afraid of His Horses: The Reservation Years,” Nebraska History 79 (1998): 116-132. URL of Article: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/publish/publicat/history/full-text/1998-Young_Man.pdf Date: 1/20/2010 Article Summary: Young Man Afraid of His Horses played an important role in the Lakota peoples’ struggle to maintain their traditional way of life. After the death of Crazy Horse, the Oglalas were trapped on the reservation , surrounded by a growing, dominant, white man’s world. Young Man Afraid sought ways for his people to adapt peacefully to the changing world of the reservation rather than trying to restore the grandeur of the old life through obstructionist politics. Cataloging Information: Names: Man Afraid of His Horses; Red Cloud; J J Saville; Man Who Owns a Sword; Emmett Crawford;
    [Show full text]
  • Wind Through the Buffalo Grass: a Lakota Story Cycle Paul A
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Paul Johnsgard Collection Papers in the Biological Sciences 2008 Wind Through the Buffalo Grass: A Lakota Story Cycle Paul A. Johnsgard University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/johnsgard Part of the Indigenous Studies Commons, Other Languages, Societies, and Cultures Commons, and the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons Johnsgard, Paul A., "Wind Through the Buffalo Grass: A Lakota Story Cycle" (2008). Paul Johnsgard Collection. 51. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/johnsgard/51 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Papers in the Biological Sciences at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Paul Johnsgard Collection by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Fiction I Historical History I Native Ameri("an Wind Through the Buffalo Grass: A Lakota Story Cycle is a narrative history of the Pine Ridge Lakota tribe of South Dakota, following its history from 1850 to the present day through actual historical events and through the stories of four fictional Lakota children, each related by descent and separated from one another by two generations. The ecology of the Pine Ridge region, especially its mammalian and avian wildlife, is woven into the stories of the children. 111ustrated by the author, the book includes drawings of Pine Ridge wildlife, regional maps, and Native American pictorial art. Appendices include a listing of important Lakota words, and checklists of mammals and breeding birds of the region. Dr. Paul A. Johnsgard is foundation professor of biological sciences emeritus of the University of Nebraska-lincoln.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 7 Comanche Historical Ethnography And
    Chapter 7 Comanche Historical Ethnography and Ethnohistory ______________________________________________________ 7.1 Introduction The earliest mention of the Comanche in the historical record date to 1706. Comanche ethnogenesis took place about two centuries earlier, after their separation from the Shoshone near the Wind River region. In a step-wise migration bands left the parent society and moved south along the eastern flank of the Rocky Mountains. Initially Comanche bands inhabited the central plains along the Platte, Republican, and Arkansas rivers in eastern Colorado. According to numerous scholars, the Comanche quickly transitioned from a Great Basin culture to a Great Plains life way, although the Comanche retained many Great Basin cultural beliefs and practices.1 However seeking greater trade opportunities and horses, along with the rapidly changing political economic conditions, Comanche bands migrated southeast. By the latter part of the eighteenth century the Comanche consolidated their position on the southern Great Plains after a series of territorial and economic conflicts various tribes and the Spanish.2 Strategically employing warfare, treaty negotiations, and alliances the Comanche controlled the region between the Arkansas and Pecos rivers, an area comprising present-day western Texas and Oklahoma, eastern New Mexico, southeast Colorado, and southwest Kansas.3 By 1820 the Comanche occupied primarily the territory south of the Arkansas River, while the Cheyenne and Arapaho occupied the lands north of the river.4 They controlled this region until the reservation period. The Comanche were never a tribe, unified under a centralized political structure. Rather Comanche ethnicity and social unity was based on common cultural traditions, 600 language, history, and political economic goals.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3 Arapaho Ethnohistory and Historical
    Chapter 3 Arapaho Ethnohistory and Historical Ethnography ______________________________________________________ 3.1 Introduction The Arapaho believe they were the first people created on earth. The Arapaho called themselves, the Hinanae'inan, "Our Own Kind of People.”1 After their creation, Arapaho tradition places them at the earth's center. The belief in the centrality of their location is no accident. Sociologically, the Arapaho occupied the geographical center among the five ethnic distinct tribal-nations that existed prior to the direct European contact.2 3.2 Culture History and Territory Similar to many other societies, the ethnic formation of the Arapaho on the Great Plains into a tribal-nation was a complex sociological process. The original homeland for the tribe, according to evidence, was the region of the Red River and the Saskatchewan River in settled horticultural communities. From this original homeland various Arapaho divisions gradually migrated southwest, adapting to living on the Great Plains.3 One of the sacred objects, symbolic of their life as horticulturalists, that they carried with them onto the Northern Plains is a stone resembling an ear of corn. According to their oral traditions, the Arapaho were composed originally of five distinct tribes. 4 Arapaho elders remember the Black Hills country, and claim that they once owned that region, before moving south and west into the heart of the Great Plains. By the early nineteenth century, the Arapaho positioned themselves geographically from the two forks of the Cheyenne River, west of the Black Hills southward to the eastern front 87 of the central Rocky Mountains at the headwaters of the Arkansas River.5 By 1806 the Arapaho formed an alliance with the Cheyenne to resist against further intrusion west by the Sioux beyond the Missouri River.
    [Show full text]
  • Streamflow Depletion Investigations in the Republican River Basin: Colorado, Nebraska, and Kansas
    J. ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS, Vol. 27(3) 251-263, 1999 STREAMFLOW DEPLETION INVESTIGATIONS IN THE REPUBLICAN RIVER BASIN: COLORADO, NEBRASKA, AND KANSAS JOZSEF SZILAGYI University of Nebraska–Lincoln ABSTRACT Water is a critical resource in the Great Plains. This study examines the changes in long-term mean annual streamflow in the Republican River basin. In the past decades this basin, shared by three states, Colorado, Nebraska, and Kansas, displayed decreased streamflow volumes as the river enters Kansas across the Nebraska-Kansas border compared to values preceding the 1950s. A recent lawsuit filed by Kansas challenges water appropriations in Nebraska. More than half of the source area for this water, however, lies outside of Nebraska. Today a higher percentage of the annual flow is generated within Nebraska (i.e., 75% of the observed mean annual stream- flow at the NE-KS border) than before the 1950s (i.e., 66% of the observed mean annual streamflow) indicating annual streamflow has decreased more dramatically outside of Nebraska than within the state in the past fifty years. INTRODUCTION The Republican River basin’s 64,796 km2 drainage area is shared by three states: Colorado, Nebraska, and Kansas (see Figure 1). Nebraska has the largest single share of the drainage area, 25,154 km2 (39% of total); Colorado can claim about 20,000 km2 (31%), while the rest, about 19,583 km2 (30%), belongs to Kansas [1], from which about 12,800 km2 (20%) lies upstream of Hardy, near the Nebraska-Kansas border. Exact figures for the contributing drainage areas (portions of the drainage areas that actually contribute water to the stream) are hard to obtain because these areas in the headwater sections of the basin have been shrinking constantly in the past fifty years.
    [Show full text]
  • 2018NABI Teams.Pdf
    TEAM NAME COACH TRIBE STATE TEAM NAME COACH TRIBE STATE 1 ALASKA (D1) S. Craft Unalakleet, Akiachak, Akiak, Qipnag, Savoonga, Iqurmiut AK 33 THREE NATIONS (D1) G. Tashquinth Tohono O'odham, Navajo, Gila River AZ 2 APACHE OUTKAST (D1) J. Andreas White Mountain Apache AZ 34 TRIBAL BOYZ (D1) A. Strom Colville, Mekah, Nez Perce, Quinault, Umatilla, Yakama WA 3 APACHES (D1) T. Antonio San Carlos Apache AZ 35 U-NATION (D1) J. Miller Omaha Tribe of Nebraska NE 4 AZ WARRIORS (D1) R. Johnston Hopi, Dine, Onk Akimel O'odham, Tohono O'odham AZ 36 YAQUI WARRIORS (D1) N. Gorosave Pascua Yaqui AZ Pima, Tohono O'odham, Navajo, White Mountain Apache, 5 BADNATIONZ (D1) K. Miller Sr. Prairie Band Potawatomi, Kickapoo, Yakama KS 1 21ST NATIVES (D2) R. Lyons AZ Chemehuevi, Hualapai 6 BIRD CITY (D1) M. Barney Navajo AZ 2 AK-CHIN (D2) T. Carlyle Ak-Chin AZ 7 BLUBIRD BALLERZ (D1) B. Whitehorse Navajo UT 3 AZ FUTURE (D2) T. Blackwater Akimel O'odham, Dine, Hopi AZ 8 CHAOS (D1) D. Kohlus Cheyenne River Sioux, Standing Rock Sioux SD 4 AZ OUTLAWS (D2) S. Amador Mohave, Navajo, Chemehuevi, Digueno AZ CHEYENNEARAPAHO 9 R. Island Cheyenne Arapaho Tribes Of Oklahoma OK 5 AZ SPARTANS (D2) G. Pete Navajo AZ (D1) 10 FLIGHT 701 (D1) B. Kroupa Arikara, Hidatsa, Sioux ND 6 DJ RAP SQUAD (D2) R. Paytiamo Navajo NM 11 FMD (D1) Gerald Doka Yavapai, Pima, CRIT AZ 7 FORT YUMA (D2) D. Taylor Quechan CA 12 FORT MOJAVE (D1) J. Rodriguez Jr. Fort Mojave, Chemehuevi, Colorado River Indian Tribes CA 8 GILA RIVER (D2) R.
    [Show full text]
  • Tribal and House District Boundaries
    ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Tribal Boundaries and Oklahoma House Boundaries ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 22 ! 18 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 13 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 20 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 7 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Cimarron ! ! ! ! 14 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 11 ! ! Texas ! ! Harper ! ! 4 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! n ! ! Beaver ! ! ! ! Ottawa ! ! ! ! Kay 9 o ! Woods ! ! ! ! Grant t ! 61 ! ! ! ! ! Nowata ! ! ! ! ! 37 ! ! ! g ! ! ! ! 7 ! 2 ! ! ! ! Alfalfa ! n ! ! ! ! ! 10 ! ! 27 i ! ! ! ! ! Craig ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! h ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 26 s ! ! Osage 25 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! a ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 6 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Tribes ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 16 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! W ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 21 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 58 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 38 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Tribes by House District ! 11 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1 Absentee Shawnee* ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Woodward ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 2 ! 36 ! Apache* ! ! ! 40 ! 17 ! ! ! 5 8 ! ! ! Rogers ! ! ! ! ! Garfield ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1 40 ! ! ! ! ! 3 Noble ! ! ! Caddo* ! ! Major ! ! Delaware ! ! ! ! ! 4 ! ! ! ! ! Mayes ! ! Pawnee ! ! ! 19 ! ! 2 41 ! ! ! ! ! 9 ! 4 ! 74 ! ! ! Cherokee ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Ellis ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 41 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 72 ! ! ! ! ! 35 4 8 6 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 5 3 42 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 77
    [Show full text]
  • Republican River Valley and Adjacent Areas, Nebraska
    A, Economic Geology, 97 B, Descriptive Geology 119 M, General Hydrograpmc investigations, 26 (0, Underground Waters, 72 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES I>. WALOOTT, DIKECTOR GEOLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES OF THE REPUBLICAN RIVER VALLEY AND ADJACENT AREAS, NEBRASKA G. E. CONDRA -FERTY OF -LOGICAL Sl'». WASHINGTON (GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1907 CONTENTS. Page. Introduction __'___________________________________ 7 Geography _____________________________________ 8 Topography______________________.._ 8 Drainage _____________________________.____ 8 Climate "_________________________ _ _________ ._..__ 9 Temperature_______l_____________________ 9 Rainfall _____________________________________ 9 Winds_____________________________________ 10 Descriptive geology ________________________________ 10 General relations _____ _________ ___ ________ 10 Structure____________________________ 11 Description of the rocks____ ______________________ 11 Carboniferous system_______________________ 11 Cretaceous system.__________________________ 12 Dakota formation_________________________ 12 Character and thickness______________ 12 Distribution_________________ 13 Benton group________________________ 13 Members represented________________ 13 Graneros shale_ ________________________ 14 Character and thickness_________________ 14 Exposures,_________ _______ _-_________ 14 Greenhorn limestone_____________________ 14 Character and thickness___________________ 14 Fossils_________________________ 16 Carlile shale______.___________________
    [Show full text]
  • SPIDER in the RIVER: a COMPARATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY of the IMPACT of the CACHE LA POUDRE WATERSHED on CHEYENNES and EURO- AMERICANS, 1830-1880 John J
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Dissertations, Theses, & Student Research, History, Department of Department of History Spring 4-21-2015 SPIDER IN THE RIVER: A COMPARATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY OF THE IMPACT OF THE CACHE LA POUDRE WATERSHED ON CHEYENNES AND EURO- AMERICANS, 1830-1880 John J. Buchkoski University of Nebraska-Lincoln Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/historydiss Part of the Cultural History Commons, and the United States History Commons Buchkoski, John J., "SPIDER IN THE RIVER: A COMPARATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY OF THE IMPACT OF THE CACHE LA POUDRE WATERSHED ON CHEYENNES AND EURO-AMERICANS, 1830-1880" (2015). Dissertations, Theses, & Student Research, Department of History. 83. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/historydiss/83 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, & Student Research, Department of History by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. SPIDER IN THE RIVER: A COMPARATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY OF THE IMPACT OF THE CACHE LA POUDRE WATERSHED ON CHEYENNES AND EURO-AMERICANS, 1830-1880 By John J. Buchkoski A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts Major: History Under the Supervision of Professor Katrina L. Jagodinsky Lincoln, Nebraska April, 2015 SPIDER IN THE RIVER: A COMPARATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY OF THE IMPACT OF THE CACHE LA POUDRE WATERSHED ON CHEYENNES AND EURO-AMERICANS, 1830-1880 John Buchkoski, M.A.
    [Show full text]
  • DAR-Colorado-Marker-Book.Pdf
    When Ms. Charlotte McKean Hubbs became Colorado State Regent, 2009-2011, she asked that I update "A Guidebook to DAR Historic Markers in Colorado" by Hildegarde and Frank McLaughlin. This publication was revised and updated as a State Regent's project during Mrs. Donald K. Andersen, Colorado State Regent 1989-1991 from the original 1978 version of Colorado Historical Markers. Purpose of this Project was to update information and add new markers since the last publication and add the Santa Fe Trail Markers in Colorado by Mary B. and Leo E. Gamble to this publication. Assessment Forms were sent to each Chapter Historian to complete on their Chapter markers. These assessments will be used to document the condition of each site. GPS (Lat/Long) co-ordinances were to be included for future interactive mapping. Current digital photographs of markers were included where chapters participated, some markers are missing, so original photographs were used. By digitizing this publication, an on-line publication can be purchased by anyone interested in our Colorado Historical Markers and will make updating, revising and adding new markers much easier. Our hopes were to include a Website of the Colorado Historical Markers accessible on our Colorado State Society Website. I would like to thank Jackie Sopko, Arkansas Valley Chapter, Pueblo Colorado for her long hours in front of a computer screen, scanning, updating, formatting and supporting me in this project. I would also like to thank the many Colorado DAR Chapters that participated in this project. I owe them all a huge debt of gratitude for giving freely of their time to this project.
    [Show full text]